1935:
1404:
997:
1481:
35:
1213:
3772:
version 3.0 in 1999.) The Nôm Na Group, led by Ngô Thanh Nhàn, published a set of nearly 20,000 Nôm characters in 2005. This set includes both the characters proposed earlier and a large group of additional characters referred to as "V6". These are mainly Han characters from Trần Văn Kiệm's dictionary which were already assigned code points. Character readings were determined manually by Hồng's group, while Nhàn's group developed software for this purpose. The work of the two groups was integrated and published in 2008 as the
1688:
219:
2343:
3456:
2384:
4165:
4151:
2335:
4688:, p. 141: "Because the Chinese characters were pronounced according to Vietnamese preferences, and because certain stylistic modifications occurred over time, later scholars came to refer to a hybrid "Sino-Vietnamese" (Han-Viet) language. However, there would seem to be no more justification for this term than for a fifteenth-century "Latin-English" versus the Latin written contemporaneously in Rome."
178:
5370:父母恩重難報經 Fùmǔ Ēnzhòng Nánbàojīng, Phụ mẫu ân trọng nan báo kinh ("Sūtra on the Difficulty of Repaying the Heavy Debt to Parents"), in which the Chinese text is accompanied by a vernacular translation (called 解音 giải âm in Vietnam) in a rudimentary form of Chữ Nôm, where vernacular words are written with Chinese characters and modified versions thereof.
2405:
4211:
The word is still used in some dialects of
Vietnamese, and is found fossilized in some words such as gà cồ 𪃿瞿 and cồ cộ 瞿椇. It is also used with the meaning of 'big' in the text, Cư Trần lạc đạo phú 居塵樂道賦, Đệ thất hội 第七會, where it reads 勉德瞿經裴兀扲戒咹㪰 (Mến đức cồ kiêng bùi ngọt cầm giới ăn chay). Other
1659:
The decline of the
Chinese script also led to the decline of chữ Nôm given that Nôm and Chinese characters are so intimately connected. After the First World War, chữ Nôm gradually died out as the Vietnamese alphabet grew more and popular. In an article published in 1935 (based on a lecture given in
4817:
Laurence C. Thompson A Vietnamese
Reference Grammar 1987 Page 53 "This stele at Ho-thành-sơn is the earliest irrefutable piece of evidence of this writing system, which is called in Vietnamese chữ nôm (chu 'written word', nom 'popular language'), probably ultimately related to nam 'south'-note that
1566:'s poetry. Although literacy in premodern Vietnam was limited to just 3 to 5 percent of the population, nearly every village had someone who could read Nôm aloud for the benefit of other villagers. Thus these Nôm works circulated orally in the villages, making it accessible even to the illiterates.
1547:
until the early 20th century, Nôm was the preferred script for literary compositions of the cultural elites. Nôm reached its golden period with the Nguyễn dynasty in the 19th century as it became a vehicle for diverse genres, from novels to theatrical pieces, and instructional manuals. Although it
1407:
The fourth page of Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) which shows text in
Literary Chinese alongside an earlier form of chữ Nôm (phonetic rebus) representing Old Vietnamese pronunciation. Some pairs of characters are used to represent the consonant clusters and polysyllabic that
838:
missionaries, with the earliest known usage occurring in the 17th century, replaced chữ Nôm as the preferred way to record
Vietnamese literature from the 1920s. While Chinese characters are still used for decorative, historic and ceremonial value, chữ Nôm has fallen out of mainstream use in modern
5369:
The document, 佛說大報父母恩重經 Phật thuyết Đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh ("Sūtra explained by the Buddha on the Great
Repayment of the Heavy Debt to Parents", henceforth Đại báo), is held in the Société asiatique, Paris. It is a version of a popular Chinese apochyphon more commonly known under the title
1437:(1428–1433). Based on archaic features of the text compared with the Tran dynasty poems, including an exceptional number of words with initial consonant clusters written with pairs of characters, some scholars suggest that it is a copy of an earlier original, perhaps as early as the 12th century.
4618:
Asian research trends: a humanities and social science review – No 8 to 10 – Page 140 Yunesuko
Higashi Ajia Bunka Kenkyū Sentā (Tokyo, Japan) – 1998 "Most of the source materials from premodern Vietnam are written in Chinese, obviously using Chinese characters; however, a portion of the literary
4642:
Viện nghiên cứu Hán Nôm (Vietnam), Vietnamese Nôm
Preservation Foundation – 2006 "The Di sản Hán Nôm notes 366 entries which are solely on either medicine or pharmacy; of these 186 are written in Chinese, 50 in Nôm, and 130 in a mixture of the two scripts. Many of these entries ... Vietnam were
3771:
to get its own registration code. V5 is a set of about 900 characters proposed in 2001. As these characters were already part of
Unicode, the IRG concluded that they could not be edited and no Vietnamese code was added. (This is despite the fact that national codes were added retroactively for
5006:, 2001 "... to a word, is most frequently represented by combining two Chinese characters, one of which indicates the sound and the other the meaning. From the fifteenth to the nineteenth century many major works of Vietnamese poetry were composed in chữ nôm, including Truyện Kiều"
1626:
discouraged or simply banned the use of classical
Chinese, and promoted the use of the Vietnamese alphabet, which they viewed as a stepping stone toward learning French. Language reform movements in other Asian nations stimulated Vietnamese interest in the subject. Following the
4628:
Vietnam Courier 1984 Vol20/21 Page 63 "Altogether about 15,000 books in Han, Nom and Han—Nom have been collected. These books include royal certificates granted to deities, stories and records of deities, clan histories, family genealogies, records of cutsoms, land registers,
1660:
1925), Georges Cordier estimated that 70% of literate persons knew the alphabet, 20% knew chữ Nôm and 10% knew Chinese characters. However, estimates of the rate of literacy in the late 1930s range from 5% to 20%. By 1953, literacy (using the alphabet) had risen to 70%.
1311:, a national hero who succeeded in briefly expelling the Chinese in the late 8th century. The two characters have literal Chinese meanings 'cloth' and 'cover', which make no sense in this context. They have thus been interpreted as a phonetic transcription, via their
1969:, like Chinese, and has nearly 5,000 distinct syllables. In chữ Nôm, each monosyllabic word of Vietnamese was represented by a character, either borrowed from Chinese or locally created. The resulting system was even more difficult to use than the Chinese script.
1828:(even within a single text), with some coming fairly close to the modern concept of translation, while some are closer to annotations with "word-matching" between Literary Chinese and Vietnamese, with little to no regard to the structure or syntax of Vietnamese.
1643:
suggested that broad reform was possible. In 1910, the colonial school system adopted a "Franco-Vietnamese curriculum", which emphasized French and alphabetic Vietnamese. The teaching of Chinese characters was discontinued in 1917. On December 28, 1918, Emperor
5419:
Thus, the Literary Sinitic preface overtly claims the present dictionary to be an explication (giải nghĩa 解義) of Sĩ Nhiếp's original work—that is, the vernacular glossary to southern songs and poems entitled Guide to Collected Works (Chỉ nam phẩm vị
2467:
As in the Chinese writing system, the most common kind of invented character in Nôm is the phono-semantic compound, made by combining two characters or components, one suggesting the word's meaning and the other its approximate sound. For example,
4892:, p. 83: "An exception was during the brief Hồ dynasty (1400–07), when Chinese was abolished and chữ Nôm became the official script, but the subsequent Chinese invasion and twenty-year occupation put an end to that (Helmut Martin 1982:34)."
4905:
2001 Page 68 – "In part because of the ravages of the Ming occupation — the invaders destroyed or removed many Viet texts and the blocks for printing them — the earliest body of nom texts that we have dates from the early post-occupation era
812:
until the early 20th century (except for two brief interludes), chữ Nôm was widely used between the 15th and 19th centuries by the Vietnamese cultured elite for popular works in the vernacular, many in verse. One of the best-known pieces of
5165:, p. 126. This is a translation of a lecture Chau gave in Saigon in 1925. "Even at this moment, the so-called "Confucian scholars (i.e. those who have studied Chinese characters, and in particular, those who have passed the degrees of
1044:
is the logographic writing system of the Vietnamese language. It is based on the Chinese writing system but adds a large number of new characters to make it fit the Vietnamese language. Common historical terms for chữ Nôm were
4643:
written in either Nôm or Hán-Nôm rather than in 'pure' Chinese. My initial impression was that the percentage of texts written in Nôm was even higher. This is because for the particular medical subject I wished to investigate-
1359:. The first and third Chinese characters mean 'great' and 'Viet'. The second character was often used to transcribe non-Chinese terms and names phonetically. In this context, cồ is an obsolete Vietnamese word for 'big'.
4660:
2010– Page 31 "At least one Buddhist text, the Cổ Châu Pháp Vân phật bản hạnh ngữ lục (CCPVP), preserves a story in Hán script about the early years of Buddhist influence in Vietnam and gives a parallel Nôm
1636:, "so-called Confucian scholars" lacked knowledge of the modern world, as well as real understanding of Han literature. Their degrees showed only that they had learned how to write characters, he claimed.
1523:
5333:
The material used in this study is obviously older than the poems of Nguyễn Trãi and belongs to the text type called giải âm 解音, which includes word-for-word translations of Chinese texts into Vietnamese.
1264:
for official purposes in 1010. For most of the period up to the early 20th century, formal writing was indistinguishable from contemporaneous classical Chinese works produced in China, Korea, and Japan.
1631:
of 1905, Japan was increasingly cited as a model for modernization. The Confucian education system was compared unfavourably to the Japanese system of public education. According to a polemic by writer
5173:) do not know anything, I am sure, of Confucianism. Yet every time they open their mouths they use Confucianism to attack modern civilization – a civilization they do not comprehend even a tiny bit."
1648:
declared that the traditional writing system no longer had official status. The traditional Civil Service Examination, which emphasized the command of classical Chinese, was dismantled in 1915 in
2338:
Here is the character tự 自 is written with the nháy mark (𖿱) showing to use its alternative reading từ or vice versa. (Depending on the context, the alternative reading could also be tợ instead)
1988:
alphabet. Moreover, most Vietnamese literati viewed Chinese as the proper medium of civilized writing, and had no interest in turning Nôm into a form of writing suitable for mass communication.
1824:), etc. Often these translations attempt to match the word order as the original Literary Chinese text with no regard for Vietnamese syntax). There is significant diversity within works called
1934:
1794:
1218:
3763:
The V2, V3, and V4 proposals were developed by a group at the Han-Nom Research Institute led by Nguyễn Quang Hồng. V4, developed in 2001, includes over 400 ideograms formerly used by the
1268:
Vietnamese scholars were thus intimately familiar with Chinese writing. In order to record their native language, they applied the structural principles of Chinese characters to develop
1505:
2434:
on the right suggests that the meaning of the character is linked to people. (The character after is the word Việt 越 meaning "Vietnamese"). The two characters mean "Vietnamese people".
2235:
Alternatively, a native Vietnamese word could be written using a Chinese character for a Chinese word with a similar sound, regardless of the meaning of the Chinese word. For example,
2120:
2293:
When a character would have two readings, a diacritic may be added to the character to indicate the "indigenous" reading. The two most common alternate reading diacritical marks are
1728:(1820) The poem is full of obscure archaic words and Chinese borrowings, so that modern Vietnamese struggle to understand an alphabetic transcription without clarifications.
5057:
Ostrowski, Brian Eugene (2010). "The Rise of Christian Nôm Literature in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam: Fusing European Content and Local Expression". In Wilcox, Wynn (ed.).
4225:. This mention was often cited, including by DeFrancis and Thompson, but according to Nguyễn Đình Hoà no-one has been able to find the inscription that Maspero referred to.
1588:
with a series of unsuccessful petitions (written in classical Chinese, like all court documents) proposing reforms in several areas of government and society. His petition
4728:
1976 – Page 220 "The earliest example of Vietnamese character writing, as we have noted earlier, is for the words bo and cai in the posthumous title given to Phung Hung."
2464:), which are mostly rarely used characters for indigenous natural phenomena, Vietnamese scribes created thousands of new characters, used throughout the language.
1604:('Please tolerate the national voice'). He proposed to replace classical Chinese with Vietnamese written using a script based on Chinese characters that he called
1403:
3480:. A revised standard, TCVN 6909:2001, defines 9,299 glyphs. About half of these glyphs are specific to Vietnam. Nôm characters not already encoded were added to
801:. This composite script was therefore highly complex and was accessible to less than five percent of the Vietnamese population who had mastered written Chinese.
538:
4647:-the percentage of texts written in Nom or Hán-Nôm is even higher than is the percentage of texts in Nôm and Hán-Nôm for general medical and pharmaceutical .."
2114:
1362:
The oldest surviving Nom inscription, dating from 1210, is a list naming 21 people and villages on a stele at the Tự Già Báo Ân pagoda in Tháp Miếu village (
470:
68:
2573:
A smaller group consists of semantic compound characters, which are composed of two Chinese characters representing words of similar meaning. For example,
1472:, chữ Nôm printing blocks, texts and inscriptions were thoroughly destroyed; as a result the earliest surviving texts of chữ Nôm post-date the occupation.
744:
1376:(r. 1278–1293) ordered that Nôm be used to communicate his proclamations to the people. The first literary writing in Vietnamese is said to have been an
6437:
2606:
A few characters were obtained by modifying Chinese characters related either semantically or phonetically to the word to be represented. For example,
164:
1908:
works focus on extracting as much meaning as possible from the source texts, with little to no regard to the structure and syntax of Literary Chinese.
1422:('Sūtra explained by the Buddha on the Great Repayment of the Heavy Debt to Parents') was printed around 1730, but conspicuously avoids the character
10427:
7082:
6566:
5600:
6320:
10432:
7512:
7502:
7077:
6314:
996:
911:, meaning 'south'. It could also be based on the dialectal pronunciation from the South Central dialects (most notably in the name of province of
7492:
7482:
7072:
7067:
7062:
2232:
is actually an earlier Chinese loan that has become accepted as Vietnamese; William Hannas claims that all such readings are similar early loans.
1996:
Chữ Nôm has never been standardized. As a result, a Vietnamese word could be represented by several Nôm characters. For example, the very word
1528:
1948:) with the original Literary Chinese text on the top, and Vietnamese translation on the bottom. The Vietnamese text is written in chữ Nôm and
1147:'Han and chữ Nôm characters') in Vietnamese designates the whole body of premodern written materials from Vietnam, either written in Chinese (
9208:
7497:
526:
481:
1980:
morphology. Partly for this reason, there was no development of a phonetic system that could be taught to the general public, like Japanese
1449:(1400–07) Classical Chinese was discouraged in favor of vernacular Vietnamese written in Nôm, which became the official script. The emperor
705:
462:
6516:
fonts which require special software. The following web pages are collections of URLs from which Chữ Nôm capable fonts can be downloaded:
4619:
genre is written in Vietnamese, using chu nom. Therefore, han nom is the term designating the whole body of premodern written materials.."
6641:
6407:, a Windows-based Vietnamese multilingual keyboard driver that supports typing chữ Nôm in addition to Traditional and Simplified Chinese.
1779:
5829:
9240:
5235:
Les trois écritures utilisées en Annam: chu-nho, chu-nom et quoc-ngu (conférence faite à l'Ecole Coloniale, à Paris, le 28 mars 1925)
2216:
One way to represent a native Vietnamese word was to use a Chinese character for a Chinese word with a similar meaning. For example,
2038:). Both characters were invented for Vietnamese and have a semantic-phonetic structure, the difference being the phonetic indicator (
1816:) - a category of chữ Nôm texts that translates the "sounds" (word-for-word) of the original Literary Chinese text. Examples include
1894:) - a category of chữ Nôm texts that translates the "meaning", often having no regard for Literary Chinese syntax. Examples include
1783:– French manuscript with illustrations depicting Vietnamese culture in French Indochina, the illustrations are described in chữ Nôm.
3472::1993, or VSCII), as well as a 16-bit standard for Nôm (TCVN 5773:1993). This group of glyphs is referred to as "V0." In 1994, the
1701:. This novel was first published in 1820 and is the best-known work in Nôm. The edition shown was printed in the late 19th century.
1261:
737:
5795:
5062:
4502:
Nguyễn, Hữu Vinh; Đặng, Thế Kiệt; Nguyễn, Doãn Vượng; Lê, Văn Đặng; Nguyễn, Văn Sâm; Nguyễn, Ngọc Bích; Trần, Uyên Thi (2009).
797:
and some native Vietnamese words, with other words represented by new characters created using a variety of methods, including
191:
8430:
10310:
6559:
6154:
6135:
6069:
6050:
6031:
6012:
5993:
5974:
5932:
5721:
5406:
5162:
2387:
Usage of diacritical mark nháy (𖿱) can be seen here. The character yết (揭) with the mark ' 𖿱 ' changes the reading to xiết
1298:
The use of Chinese characters to transcribe the Vietnamese language can be traced to an inscription with the two characters "
1293:
8879:
6388:
There are a number of software tools that can produce chữ Nôm characters simply by typing Vietnamese words in chữ quốc ngữ:
1656:
on January 4, 1919. The examination system, and the education system based on it, had been in effect for almost 900 years.
1510:
10417:
6392:
1159:). Hán and Nôm could also be found in the same document side by side, for example, in the case of translations of books on
489:
6336:
1253:
1230:, the fourth emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty. In this primer, chữ Nôm is used to gloss the Chinese characters, for example,
10422:
8316:
6628:
4260:
1614:'Han characters with national pronunciations'), though he described this as a new creation, and did not mention chữ Nôm.
730:
195:
6852:
4131:. It has been part of the Unicode standard only since version 8.0 of June 2015, so there is still very little font and
3481:
1469:
5090:
10078:
10064:
10034:
9173:
6185:
5847:
5281:
5070:
1480:
844:
6329:
10296:
9013:
8410:
6552:
6451:
by character shape. Supports over 70,000 characters. Users may add their own characters and character combinations.
6230:
618:
578:
381:
6857:
8736:
7997:
146:
6376:
1581:
1504:(1380–1442). The corpus of Nôm writings grew over time as did more scholarly compilations of the script itself.
1272:. The new script was mostly used to record folk songs and for other popular literature. Vietnamese written in
1226:), a 19th-century primer for teaching Vietnamese children Chinese characters. The work is attributed to Emperor
10437:
10303:
8869:
8508:
1747:
5738:
Country Report on Current Status and Issues of e-government Vietnam – Requirements for Documentation Standards
1536:(指南玉音解義; 'guide to Southern Jade sounds: explanations and meanings'), a 24,000-character bilingual Hán-to-Nôm
410:
8978:
8503:
7561:
6145:
Sun, Hongkai (2015), "Language policy of China's minority languages", in Sun, Chaofen; Yang, William (eds.),
6022:
Kornicki, Peter (2017), "Sino-Vietnamese literature", in Li, Wai-yee; Denecke, Wiebke; Tian, Xiaofen (eds.),
5386:
5191:
4956:
991:
7840:
6430:
5891:
2380:) where a character is represented by a simplified variant with two points on either side of the character.
10289:
10268:
7556:
7331:
6847:
6623:
4946:
Phan, John (2013). "Chữ Nôm and the Taming of the South: A Bilingual Defense for Vernacular Writing in the
3473:
1764:
388:
5897:
4469:
2242:
2209:
2193:
2177:
160:
156:
10169:
10148:
8828:
8823:
8518:
8420:
6942:
6633:
6365:
2053:
Another example of a Vietnamese word that is represented by several Nôm characters is the word for moon,
852:
289:
2155:
A large proportion of Vietnamese vocabulary had been borrowed from Chinese during the Tang period. Such
1465:, lasting twenty years, during which use of the vernacular language and demotic script were suppressed.
10236:
8833:
8400:
7813:
6874:
6128:
Lexicon of reconstructed pronunciation in early Middle Chinese, late Middle Chinese, and early Mandarin
4263:
block in Unicode 13.0, but they are poorly supported as of April 2021. is a visual approximation.
4100:
3791:
2156:
2106:
1759:
1679:
and Vietnamese, but their priests use songbooks and scriptures written in chữ Nôm in their ceremonies.
1570:
794:
718:
611:
405:
365:
327:
275:
7566:
6884:
1733:
8486:
8208:
7761:
7348:
6398:
6281:
5535:
5099:
4183:
4178:
1846:. It features the original text on the top of the page and the Vietnamese translation on the bottom.
1462:
393:
230:
218:
5128:. Yale Southeast Asian Studies Monograph. Vol. 11. New Haven: Yale University. pp. 99–102.
1772:
1563:
9986:
9972:
9277:
7860:
7663:
6879:
9591:
7007:
5683:
10275:
9303:
8260:
7937:
7916:
7796:
7776:
7608:
7279:
7183:
6660:
6618:
6575:
6245:
2110:
1843:
1706:
1204:
in current use, but was used to refer to chữ Nôm before the Vietnamese alphabet was widely used.
798:
5709:
4866:
3468:
In 1993, the Vietnamese government released an 8-bit coding standard for alphabetic Vietnamese (
1976:, Vietnamese was a better fit for a character-based script than Japanese and Korean, with their
8993:
7932:
7922:
7855:
7365:
6798:
1246:
913:
548:
533:
449:
142:
34:
10377:
10282:
10071:
10020:
9480:
9402:
9166:
9105:
9090:
8659:
8538:
8280:
8240:
7972:
7648:
6832:
6820:
6793:
6778:
5737:
5594:
5313:"Sino-Vietnamese initials reflected in the phonetic components of 15th-century Nôm character"
1752:
1598:'Eight urgent matters', 1867), includes proposals on education, including a section entitled
1516:
1397:
814:
521:
350:
312:
267:
9085:
8290:
4202:
The reconstruction of Middle Chinese used here is Baxter's transcription for Middle Chinese.
1367:
10141:
9892:
9569:
9065:
8720:
8684:
8089:
8012:
7845:
7593:
7583:
7422:
7405:
6721:
6444:
6285:
6208:/ (licencié en droit Nice, France : Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, R.I.A.S.E.M.)
6123:
2709:
As an example of the way chữ Nôm was used to record Vietnamese, the first two lines of the
1716:
1558:
1412:
had completely died out in the Vietnamese language, giving a development phase for chữ Nôm.
819:
4515:
4511:
4507:
1645:
1381:
8:
8968:
8864:
8586:
8109:
6815:
4917:
4867:
Sesquisyllabicity, Chữ Nôm, and the Early Modern embrace of vernacular writing in Vietnam
4103:
readings that are based on the characters given in parentheses. The common character for
1392:. Four poems written in Nom from the Tran dynasty, two by Trần Nhân Tông and one each by
1201:
1172:
831:
780:
771:
682:
677:
332:
81:
7131:
5297:
4932:
1817:
1787:
1363:
1212:
10127:
10104:
9738:
9627:
9617:
9509:
9452:
9438:
9395:
9100:
8983:
8818:
8710:
8669:
8623:
8618:
8513:
8495:
8163:
8094:
8059:
8007:
7820:
7808:
7219:
7141:
7042:
6597:
6267:
5087:
4973:
2342:
1966:
1640:
1628:
1073:
784:
284:
210:
103:
9360:
9018:
6395:, a Windows-based Vietnamese keyboard driver that supports Hán characters and chữ Nôm.
6104:
5233:
2057:. It can be represented by a Chinese character that is phonetically similar to trăng,
1633:
1501:
10250:
10243:
9979:
9965:
9877:
9766:
9676:
9655:
9634:
9562:
9494:
9353:
9311:
9263:
8998:
8988:
8633:
8628:
8533:
8528:
8435:
8390:
8213:
8193:
8183:
8173:
8168:
8104:
8099:
8027:
7962:
7947:
7897:
7892:
7835:
7771:
7729:
7571:
7457:
7380:
6896:
6891:
6768:
6181:
6150:
6131:
6065:
6046:
6027:
6008:
5989:
5970:
5942:
Gong, Xun (2019), "Chinese loans in Old Vietnamese with a sesquisyllabic phonology",
5928:
5717:
5402:
5277:
5158:
5066:
4977:
1973:
1668:
1574:
1544:
1454:
1176:
809:
342:
307:
302:
6082:(1912), "Etudes sur la phonétique historique de la langue annamite. Les initiales",
5865:
5815:
4079:
1585:
1227:
1099:
762:
10384:
10322:
10215:
10176:
10162:
10120:
9995:
9941:
9922:
9856:
9848:
9834:
9827:
9752:
9548:
9523:
9459:
9431:
9346:
9332:
9249:
9222:
9159:
9070:
8973:
8795:
8638:
8265:
8245:
8235:
8230:
8114:
7870:
7803:
7791:
7756:
7751:
7734:
7673:
7638:
7598:
7400:
7395:
7343:
7294:
7178:
7112:
7052:
7002:
6947:
6864:
6842:
6827:
6773:
6763:
6697:
6308:– Dictionary of Nôm characters with excerpts, Institute of Vietnamese Studies, 2009
6105:"Graphemic borromings from Chinese: the case of chữ nôm – Vietnam's demotic script"
6091:
5951:
5582:
5394:
5358:
5324:
4965:
4170:
1724:
1693:
1385:
1257:
1160:
10222:
9417:
9043:
8694:
8064:
2424:
on the left suggests that the pronunciation of the character is linked to that of
2279:
1797:– a 32,004 character bilingual Literary Chinese – Vietnamese character dictionary.
1450:
839:
Vietnam. In the 21st century, chữ Nôm is being used in Vietnam for historical and
644:
10208:
9900:
9841:
9787:
9780:
9759:
9745:
9729:
9707:
9662:
9555:
9530:
9502:
9487:
9410:
9388:
9381:
9339:
9299:
9270:
8958:
8928:
8751:
8674:
8440:
8370:
8275:
8223:
8203:
8139:
8129:
8119:
8084:
8049:
8044:
8039:
7952:
7907:
7902:
7786:
7781:
7628:
7618:
7472:
7437:
7432:
7412:
7306:
7264:
7204:
7087:
7057:
6967:
6927:
6869:
6803:
6783:
6731:
6714:
6702:
6448:
6441:
6344:
6249:
6180:. Westminster, California: Institute of Vietnamese Studies, Viet-Hoc Pub. Dept..
5140:
5094:
4069:
2159:
could be written with the original Chinese character for each word, for example:
1393:
1308:
840:
499:
322:
240:
8405:
7588:
6284: – wiki encyclopedia in chữ Nôm with many articles transliterated from the
6231:
http://www.academia.edu/6797639/Rebooting_the_Vernacular_in_17th-century_Vietnam
4290:
3768:
1339:
1125:
1115:
570:
10345:
10229:
10113:
10093:
10002:
9870:
9801:
9700:
9648:
9641:
9473:
9466:
9445:
9424:
9325:
9318:
9125:
9080:
9008:
9003:
8854:
8838:
8813:
8756:
8746:
8741:
8581:
8455:
8415:
8385:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8295:
8270:
8218:
8158:
8124:
8074:
8022:
7987:
7942:
7912:
7865:
7825:
7724:
7678:
7633:
7551:
7487:
7442:
7427:
7390:
7370:
7338:
7326:
7274:
7269:
7259:
7249:
7244:
7161:
7146:
7136:
7102:
7092:
7037:
7022:
6987:
6837:
6741:
6689:
6579:
5920:
5141:
Văn bản quản lý nhà nước và công tác công văn, giấy tờ thời phong kiến Việt Nam
4156:
2173:
1446:
1373:
1312:
1277:
897:
876:
669:
431:
360:
337:
5956:
5398:
5363:
2716:
1949:
1687:
907:
886:
789:
255:
99:
10411:
10352:
10201:
10134:
10057:
10027:
9885:
9863:
9794:
9690:
9669:
9516:
9374:
9292:
9285:
9256:
9215:
9130:
9120:
9115:
8902:
8596:
8255:
8198:
7850:
7623:
7507:
7462:
7417:
7385:
7234:
7151:
7124:
7097:
7027:
7012:
6997:
6952:
6709:
6261:
6079:
5705:
5328:
4222:
2016:(Vietnamese-only semantic-phonetic character). For another example, the word
1977:
1698:
1553:
1549:
824:
7171:
6194:. Vietnamese Studies Papers. : Indochina Institute, George Mason University.
6095:
5754:
5586:
5346:
4128:
3491:
code points. The characters that were encoded earlier have four-digit hex.)
3455:
2391:(Middle left). For lâm (林) with the mark ' 𖿱 ' changes the reading to chấm
2151:
Unmodified Chinese characters were used in chữ Nôm in three different ways.
1543:
While almost all official writings and documents continued to be written in
1434:
1408:
were present in Old Vietnamese. After the 15th century, polysyllabicity and
9808:
9773:
9714:
9201:
8963:
8859:
8772:
8664:
8565:
8375:
8188:
8153:
8134:
8069:
7957:
7719:
7643:
7452:
7447:
7358:
7353:
7289:
7229:
7209:
7166:
7156:
7107:
6992:
6972:
6962:
6810:
6788:
6746:
6544:
5741:
5312:
4132:
2711:
1577:
compiled a Nôm dictionary, helping with the standardization of the script.
1540:
compiled between the 15th and 18th centuries, most likely in 1641 or 1761.
1457:
into Nôm and pushed for reinterpretation of Confucian thoughts in his book
1335:
1334:
After Vietnam established its independence from China in the 10th century,
1281:
1104:
398:
8017:
5570:
4969:
4017:
3977:
3897:
3866:
3347:
3238:
3172:
3100:
3057:
3013:
2969:
2926:
2684:
2675:
2669:
2639:
2612:
2575:
2527:
2473:
2414:
1190:
1084:
10391:
10155:
10086:
9367:
9058:
8918:
8679:
8523:
8380:
8285:
8054:
7982:
7967:
7875:
7668:
7578:
7477:
7467:
7321:
7284:
7239:
7224:
7199:
7119:
7047:
7032:
6736:
5845:
Institute of Hán-Nôm Studies and Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation,
3488:
2383:
2262:
1676:
1623:
1377:
1243:
297:
46:
5904:
2404:
554:
9048:
9023:
8591:
8034:
7524:
7519:
7375:
7316:
6957:
6303:
5391:
Rethinking East Asian Languages, Vernaculars, and Literacies, 1000–1919
4458:. Nhà xuất bản Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. pp. 5, 215.
4086:, "Code Charts – CJK Ext. E" (N4358-A). The Han-Viet readings are from
3764:
2257:
1664:
1537:
1409:
597:
422:
415:
6521:
6513:
6252:"This site is about Chữ Nôm, the classical writing system of Vietnam."
4604:
Trần, Văn Chánh (January 2012). "Tản mạn kinh nghiệm học chữ Hán cổ".
4029:
4026:
3989:
3986:
3949:
3946:
3937:
3909:
3906:
3869:
3862:
3853:
3825:
3822:
3813:
3427:
3413:
3407:
3389:
3368:
3332:
3321:
3303:
3281:
3271:
3260:
3215:
3205:
3194:
3143:
3133:
3122:
3085:
3079:
3046:
3035:
3002:
2991:
2954:
2948:
2690:
2663:
2651:
2624:
2599:
2593:
2559:
2553:
2541:
2533:
2530:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2497:
2485:
2430:
2420:
2269:
2237:
2199:
2183:
2163:
2046:
2040:
2004:
2002:('character', 'script'), a Chinese loanword, can be written as either
1424:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1303:
1300:
1196:
1193:
1143:
1140:
1087:
10359:
10338:
10331:
9110:
8947:
8643:
8610:
8445:
8336:
7885:
7613:
7529:
7254:
6024:
The Oxford Handbook of Classical Chinese Literature (1000 BCE-900 CE)
3469:
2119:
1389:
9053:
6533:
6227:"A Comparative Study of Writing Systems"). Beijing: Yuwen chubanshe.
6043:
The Chinese Writing System in Asia: An Interdisciplinary Perspective
5274:
Encyclopedia of World Cultures, volume 6: Russia and Eurasia / China
851:
is the main research centre for pre-modern texts from Vietnam, both
9075:
9038:
9033:
8913:
8874:
8715:
8474:
8359:
8250:
7992:
7880:
7830:
7701:
7214:
7017:
6977:
6758:
6751:
6602:
6404:
5126:
Patterns of Vietnamese Response to Foreign Interventions, 1858–1900
4644:
4164:
4064:
3685:
2334:
2287:
2283:
1667:, descendants of 16th-century migrants from Vietnam to islands off
1440:
1164:
776:
697:
658:
651:
355:
152:
9095:
5657:. Nhà xuất bản Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. p. 56.
5642:. Nhà xuất bản Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. p. 63.
5571:"Research of square scripts in Vietnam: An overview and prospects"
5195:
2278:, in which characters are used only for their sound value, or the
692:
9182:
8689:
8560:
8450:
8425:
8311:
8148:
8002:
7977:
7746:
7653:
7301:
6915:
6726:
5347:"Chinese loans in Old Vietnamese with a sesquisyllabic phonology"
5238:, Bulletin de la Société d'Enseignement Mutuel du Tonkin 15: 121.
4491:. Nhà xuất bản Văn nghệ Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. pp. 293, 899.
4365:. Nhà xuất bản Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. p. 5.
4060:
3477:
1653:
1433:, suggesting that it was written (or copied) during the reign of
1175:
both in Hán script and in a parallel Nôm translation. The Jesuit
805:
132:
6379:, digitized manuscripts held by the National Library of Vietnam.
6255:
5833:, Nôm Na Group, Hanoi, 2005. The set contains 19,981 characters.
5194:[Towards 1000 years of Thang Long-Hanoi]. Archived from
2649:'work', 'labour') is a simplified form of the Chinese character
10183:
7927:
7739:
7658:
7603:
7311:
6982:
6460:
Fonts with a sufficient coverage of Chữ Nôm characters include
6270:, Bathrobe's Chinese, Japanese & Vietnamese Writing Systems
3377:'to be', using the character of near-homophone Sino-Vietnamese
2688:(một 'one') comes from the right part of the Chinese character
2622:'that', 'those') is a simplified form of the Chinese character
2439:
1985:
1649:
1500:
Among the earlier works in Nôm of this era are the writings of
1249:
835:
587:
6171:
A Collection of Chữ Nôm Scripts with Pronunciation in Quốc-Ngữ
5967:
Sinography: The Borrowing and Adaptation of the Chinese Script
4669:
4667:
8550:
8545:
8395:
8178:
8079:
7766:
6677:
6410:
6273:
4964:(1). Oakland, California: University of California Press: 1.
4398:
4396:
2449:
2274:
1672:
848:
250:
245:
6295:
5105:
4083:
9028:
8923:
6416:
6192:
The State of Chữ Nôm Studies: The Demotic Script of Vietnam
5672:. Nhà xuất bản Văn nghệ Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. p. 838.
5536:"Proposal to Encode Two Vietnamese Alternate Reading Marks"
5387:"4 Rebooting the Vernacular in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam"
4664:
4119:, a rare variation shown in the chart above. The character
1981:
1719:. The original is Hán, and there is also a Nôm translation.
1652:
and was given for the last time at the imperial capital of
1552:(1820–1840), apogees of Vietnamese literature emerged with
637:
5500:
5488:
5464:
5454:
5452:
5038:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4755:
4731:
4706:
4393:
4088:
4073:; J = Japan; KP= North Korea; K = South Korea; T = Taiwan.
1617:
1461:. These efforts were reversed with the fall of the Hồ and
1284:(1778–1802), but in both cases this was swiftly reversed.
6242:
5476:
5002:
B. N. Ngô "The Vietnamese Language Learning Framework" –
2897:
word talent word destiny clever {to be} hate {each other}
2418:), a term for people or humans (in general). The radical
1790:– Used to teach beginners Chinese characters and chữ Nôm.
1276:
briefly replaced Chinese for official purposes under the
5740:". The character list for the 1993 standard is given in
5253:
5241:
5214:
5202:
4821:
4784:
4782:
4212:
variant characters for cồ include 𡚝 (⿱大瞿) and 𬯵 (⿱賏瞿).
3319:
variant character of the near-homophone Sino-Vietnamese
1744:(1851). A Hán-to-Nôm dictionary for Vietnamese speakers.
1242:
Chinese characters were introduced to Vietnam after the
5552:
5550:
5548:
5517:
5515:
5449:
5425:
4984:
4794:
4435:
4330:
4115:(insects). This radical is added redundantly to create
3688:", Unicode, Inc., "Code Charts – CJK Ext. E" (N4358-A).
6005:
Việt Nam: A History from Earliest Times to the Present
5272:
Friedrich, Paul; Diamond, Norma, eds. (1994). "Jing".
5028:
5026:
5024:
4767:
4743:
4696:
4694:
4640:
Nghiên cứu chữ Nôm: Kỷ yếu Hội nghị Quốc tế về chữ Nôm
4408:
4381:
4318:
3695:
Characters were extracted from the following sources:
2115:
Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters
1622:
From the latter half of the 19th century onwards, the
1179:(1605–1656) had also used parallel Hán and Nôm texts.
6366:"The Hán-Nôm Special Collection Digitization Project"
6149:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 541–553,
6026:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 568–578,
5533:
5437:
4848:
4779:
4573:
4543:
4342:
2905:
Derivations of Nôm characters in the first two lines
1380:
in verse composed in 1282 by the Minister of Justice
6178:
Chuyên Khảo Về Chữ Nôm = Monograph on Nôm Characters
5607:
5545:
5512:
5009:
4838:
4836:
4593:. Nhà xuất bản Văn hoá Thông tin. pp. 281, 900.
4369:
4234:
The original line in the Chinese version is 人不學,不知義.
4146:
2147:
has a diacritic to indicate different pronunciation.
901:
880:
853:
Chinese-language texts written in Chinese characters
151:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
6206:
Dictionnaire Historique Des Idéogrammes Vietnamiens
6130:, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press,
5021:
4691:
4533:. Nhà xuất bản Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội. p. 16.
4531:
Nguồn gốc và quá trình hình thành cách đọc Hán Việt
1103:'Confucian characters', due to the connection with
6201:. Honolulu: Asia Collection, University of Hawaii.
6112:Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology
4871:
4608:. Nhà xuất bản Tổng hợp Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh: 82.
4501:
3459:Chữ Hán characters compared to chữ Nôm characters.
2370:Other alternate reading diacritical marks include
2022:('middle'; 'in between') can be written either as
6401:which enables chữ Nôm and Hán typing on Mac OS X.
6337:"Southeast Asia Collection: Hán Nôm Studies 研究漢喃"
6315:Vấn đề chữ viết nhìn từ góc độ lịch sử tiếng Việt
5619:
5098:. This is a revision of a dictionary compiled by
4833:
4099:The characters that do not exist in Chinese have
2012:(Vietnamese-only compound-semantic character) or
1856:Without learning, one does not understand reason.
1853:𠊚空𭓇別𨤰夷麻推 (Người không học biết nhẽ gì mà suy)
1573:literature until the late 19th century. In 1838,
1129:) refers literature written in Literary Chinese.
10409:
5534:Collins, Lee; Ngô Thanh Nhàn (6 November 2017).
5271:
5004:Journal of Southeast Asian Language and Teaching
4948:
4306:
4276:is also used in Chinese as an alternate form of
4254:
4248:
3444:
3433:
3417:
3395:
3378:
3372:
3356:
3337:
3325:
3309:
3287:
3264:
3248:
3221:
3198:
3182:
3160:
3149:
3126:
3110:
3089:
3067:
3039:
3023:
2995:
2979:
2958:
2936:
2695:
2656:
2644:
2629:
2617:
2586:
2580:
2564:
2546:
2521:
2502:
2490:
2478:
2371:
2353:
2347:
2322:
2308:
2294:
2246:
2227:
2221:
2203:
2187:
2167:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2017:
1997:
1939:
1921:
1911:
1895:
1885:
1871:
1861:
1833:
1807:
1605:
1599:
1589:
1521:
1441:Hồ dynasty (1400–07) and Ming conquest (1407–27)
1428:
1417:
1343:
1326:
1320:
1252:in 111 BC. Independence was achieved after the
1183:
1154:
1148:
1133:
1108:
1092:
1077:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1039:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
973:
931:
925:
891:
870:
856:
165:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
5589:(inactive 2024-04-04) – via SageJournals.
3482:
2719:of Vietnamese verse, consist of 14 characters:
2069:) which is composed of two phonetic components
1715:This history of Vietnam was written during the
1488:(日用常談; 1851). Characters representing words in
6447:for Windows that allows keyboard entry of all
6084:Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient
5885:
4563:. Nhà xuất bản Văn hoá Thông tin. p. 281.
4429:Giáo trình lịch sử ngữ âm tiếng Việt (sơ thảo)
4221:The Hộ Thành Sơn inscription was mentioned by
2443:
2399:
2331:, with a diacritic at the upper right corner.
9167:
6560:
6431:
6321:
6222:
6212:
5599:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
5065:, Cornell University Press. pp. 23, 38.
4139:, the corresponding character in Vietnamese.
738:
6574:
6413:, a browser-based editor for typing chữ Nôm.
6199:A Short Bibliography of Sources on "Chữ-Nôm"
3476:agreed to include Nôm characters as part of
3443:character of near-homophone Sino-Vietnamese
2459:
2453:
2255:The first two categories are similar to the
2226:('capital, funds'). In this case, the word
861:) and Vietnamese-language texts in chữ Nôm.
6122:
5925:Colonialism and language policy in Viet Nam
5704:
5506:
5494:
5482:
5470:
5153:Phan Châu Trinh, "Monarchy and Democracy",
4921:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001, p. 68.
2798:A hundred years—in this life span on earth,
2715:(1871 edition), written in the traditional
1780:Mechanics and Crafts of the People of Annam
1366:, Hanoi). Another stele at Hộ Thành Sơn in
67:Top-to-bottom, columns from right to left (
9174:
9160:
6567:
6553:
6147:The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics
5818:", (N4358-A), JTC1/SC2/WG2, Oct. 10, 2012.
5155:Phan Châu Trinh and His Political Writings
4933:Thanh Hóa, thế và lực mới trong thế kỷ XXI
2483:'three') is composed of the phonetic part
1200:'national language script') refers to the
779:writing system formerly used to write the
745:
731:
5955:
5919:
5894:, Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation.
5362:
5259:
5247:
5220:
5208:
5111:
5056:
5044:
4939:
4805:
4761:
4737:
4712:
4441:
4414:
4402:
4336:
2366:with two dots on its left and right side.
1419:Phật thuyết Đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh
10428:Writing systems using Chinese characters
6062:Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920–1945
6021:
5810:
5808:
5787:
5686:. Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation
5190:Phùng, Thành Chủng (November 12, 2009).
5185:
5183:
5181:
5179:
4990:
4324:
3454:
2438:In contrast to the few hundred Japanese
2403:
2382:
2341:
2333:
2118:
2093:(lăng) and a semantic component meaning
1933:
1737:("National Language Poetry Compilation")
1686:
1479:
1402:
1400:, were collected and published in 1805.
1211:
995:
10433:Writing systems without word boundaries
6341:Yale University Library Research Guides
6078:
6002:
5841:
5839:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5747:
5310:
5290:
5226:
5102:in 1772–1773. It was reprinted in 1884.
4827:
4773:
4749:
4679:
3881:wound, injury, to love non-romantically
3159:character of homophone Sino-Vietnamese
1618:French Indochina and the Latin alphabet
1475:
196:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
16:Chinese-based Vietnamese writing system
10410:
6419:, a rime-based IME for typing chữ Nôm.
6256:Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation
6102:
5983:
5964:
5830:Manual, the Nôm Na Coded Character Set
5800:Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation
5652:
5637:
5613:
5568:
5556:
5521:
5458:
5443:
5192:"Hướng tới 1000 năm Thăng Long-Hà Nội"
5123:
5079:
5015:
4909:
4889:
4854:
4788:
4673:
4528:
4453:
4426:
4387:
4360:
4084:Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation
2272:respectively. The third is similar to
2138:Tự Đức thánh chế tự học giải nghĩa ca.
2100:
1639:The popularity of Hanoi's short-lived
1307:", as part of the posthumous title of
1169:Cổ Châu Pháp Vân phật bản hạnh ngữ lục
924:There are many ways to write the name
10311:American Printing House for the Blind
10087:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
9739:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
9155:
8945:
8900:
8793:
8472:
8357:
7699:
6913:
6675:
6658:
6548:
6330:Chữ Nôm to Vietnamese Latin Converter
5854:
5805:
5684:"Truyện Kiều – An electronic version"
5569:Nguyễn, Tuấn Cường (7 October 2019).
5380:
5378:
5189:
5176:
4135:support for it. It is a variation of
3767:of northern Vietnam. This allows the
3572:Basic Block (763), A (151), B (2,291)
3526:Basic Block (593), A (138), B (1,515)
1991:
1795:Tự Đức thánh chế tự học giải nghĩa ca
1484:A page from the bilingual dictionary
1331:'father and mother' (of the people).
1294:List of early inscriptions in Vietnam
1219:Tự Đức thánh chế tự học giải nghĩa ca
770:
8794:
6274:Han-Nom Revival Committee of Vietnam
6059:
5941:
5836:
5764:
5716:. Yale University Press. p. 3.
5431:
5384:
5276:. New York: G.K. Hall. p. 454.
5059:Vietnam and the West: New Approaches
5032:
4945:
4877:
4700:
4685:
4658:Vietnam and the West: New Approaches
4603:
4431:. Nhà xuất bản Giáo dục. p. 47.
4293:, the Vietnamese variant is 𢀭 giàu.
3757:Góp phần nghiên cứu văn hoá Việt Nam
3487:. (These characters have five-digit
3463:
2245:) may represent the Vietnamese word
1453:even ordered the translation of the
1287:
1029:), a Literary Chinese – Vietnamese (
1011:) was used historically to refer to
490:Standard Form of National Characters
155:. For the distinction between ,
9181:
6144:
5872:
5821:
5344:
4924:
4588:
4558:
4348:
4289:This character is only used in the
4261:Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation
3727:Vũ Văn Kính & Nguyễn Quang Xỷ,
3666:Proposed in 2001, but already coded
3330:'hole', Sino-Vietnamese reading of
2900:talent and destiny are apt to feud.
2894:Chữ tài chữ mệnh khéo là ghét nhau.
2135:(bottom), meaning turban/towel, in
2089:) composed of a phonetic component
1842:), a Vietnamese translation of the
1569:Chữ Nôm was the dominant script in
1548:was prohibited during the reign of
13:
8901:
6258:. Features a character dictionary.
6163:
6064:, University of California Press,
6040:
5742:Nôm Proper Code Table: Version 2.1
5667:
5625:
5575:Journal of Chinese Writing Systems
5375:
5317:Journal of Chinese Writing Systems
5311:Shimizu, Masaaki (4 August 2020).
4842:
4486:
4375:
4312:
3774:Hán Nôm Coded Character Repertoire
2557:'woman' as semantic component and
2172:('service', 'corvée'), from Early
1850:人不𭓇不知理 (Nhân bất học bất tri lý)
1470:Ming dynasty occupation of Vietnam
14:
10449:
6236:
5902:Kiệm, 2004, p. 424, "Entry giàu."
5796:Giới thiệu Kho chữ Hán Nôm mã hoá
5759:The Unicode Standard, Version 5.0
4915:Mark W. McLeod, Thi Dieu Nguyen,
4470:""Mi ở Quảng Nôm hay Quảng Nam?""
3595:Basic Block (91), A (19), B (425)
3449:'bountiful, abundant, plentiful'
2282:script that became the origin of
2192:('root', 'foundation'), from EMC
2077:(lăng) for the Middle Vietnamese
1801:
1338:(r. 968–979), the founder of the
1319:, of a Vietnamese phrase, either
890:, meaning ' character'. The word
5944:Journal of Language Relationship
5351:Journal of Language Relationship
4901:Mark W. McLeod, Thi Dieu Nguyen
4283:
4163:
4149:
3743:Bảng tra chữ Nôm sau thế kỷ XVII
3165:'little, few; rather, somewhat'
2795:hundred year in world person our
2591:'sky', 'heaven') is composed of
1713:Đại Việt sử ký tiệp lục tổng tự.
1707:Vietnamese literature § Nôm
1519:, is generally given credit for
1171:(1752) gives the story of early
930:in chữ Nôm characters. The word
875:'character' is derived from the
579:Literary and colloquial readings
217:
176:
33:
8946:
6372:. Northern Illinois University.
5730:
5698:
5676:
5661:
5646:
5631:
5562:
5527:
5338:
5304:
5298:Đại Việt sử ký tiệp lục tổng tự
5265:
5147:
5132:
5117:
5050:
4996:
4895:
4883:
4860:
4811:
4718:
4650:
4632:
4622:
4612:
4597:
4582:
4567:
4552:
4537:
4522:
4495:
4480:
4462:
4447:
4420:
4266:
4237:
4228:
4215:
4205:
4196:
4067:); G3 = China (GB 7589); GHZ =
1580:The reformist Catholic scholar
896:'Southern' is derived from the
804:Although all formal writing in
147:International Phonetic Alphabet
6640:Languages by writing system /
6377:The Digital Library of Hán-Nôm
6370:Southeast Asia Digital library
5988:, University of Hawaii Press,
5892:Detailed information: V+63830"
5088:Dictionarium Anamitico-Latinum
4918:Culture and Customs of Vietnam
4903:Culture and Customs of Vietnam
4574:Hội Khai-trí tiến-đức (1954).
4544:Hội Khai-trí tiến-đức (1954).
4354:
4277:
4273:
4244:
4136:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4024:
4016:
3984:
3976:
3944:
3936:
3904:
3896:
3860:
3852:
3820:
3812:
3644:Unencoded V4 and V6 characters
3621:Defined as sources 1, 3, and 6
3485:Unified Ideographs Extension B
3426:
3412:
3406:
3388:
3367:
3351:
3346:
3331:
3320:
3302:
3280:
3270:
3259:
3242:
3237:
3214:
3204:
3193:
3176:
3171:
3142:
3132:
3121:
3104:
3099:
3084:
3078:
3061:
3056:
3045:
3034:
3017:
3012:
3001:
2990:
2973:
2968:
2953:
2947:
2930:
2925:
2689:
2683:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2650:
2638:
2623:
2611:
2598:
2592:
2574:
2558:
2552:
2540:
2526:
2508:
2496:
2484:
2472:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2392:
2388:
2377:
2363:
2359:
2328:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2300:
2236:
2217:
2198:
2182:
2162:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2045:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1953:
1945:
1927:
1917:
1901:
1891:
1877:
1867:
1839:
1821:
1813:
1611:
1595:
1445:During the seven years of the
1423:
1348:
1299:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1189:
1139:
1124:
1114:
1098:
1083:
1065:
1053:
1025:
1007:
985:
979:
969:
965:
961:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
761:
482:Nan Min Recommended Characters
25:
1:
10079:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
10035:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
8473:
8358:
7700:
6268:The Vietnamese Writing System
5869:, 2004, "Entry càng", p. 290.
4957:Journal of Vietnamese Studies
4548:. Văn Mới. pp. 141, 228.
4300:
2061:(lăng), a chữ Nôm character,
1960:
992:History of writing in Vietnam
10290:National Braille Association
10269:Braille Institute of America
9987:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
6914:
6223:
6213:
5385:Phan, John D. (2014-01-01),
3474:Ideographic Rapporteur Group
2792:Trăm năm trong cõi người ta,
2352:would be with the character
902:
881:
864:
845:Institute of Hán-Nôm Studies
823:, was written in chữ Nôm by
140: This article contains
7:
10418:Logographic writing systems
10170:Refreshable braille display
10149:Optical braille recognition
9746:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
9278:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
8421:New Epoch Notation Painting
6383:
6007:, Oxford University Press,
5986:Asia's Orthographic Dilemma
5157:, SEAP Publications, 2009,
4142:
3713:Nguyễn Quang Hồng, editor,
2883:
2872:
2861:
2850:
2839:
2828:
2817:
2806:
2781:
2770:
2759:
2748:
2737:
2726:
2400:Locally invented characters
1941:Tam tự kinh lục bát diễn âm
1835:Tam tự kinh lục bát diễn âm
1624:French colonial authorities
1492:(Chinese) are explained in
474:(Hong Kong, 2007)
463:General Standard Characters
59:13th century – 20th century
10:
10454:
10423:Vietnamese writing systems
10237:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
6676:
6417:Bộ gõ Hán Nôm: Phương Viên
6358:
6296:Han-Nom Research Institute
5655:Chữ Nôm: cơ sở và nâng cao
5640:Chữ Nôm: cơ sở và nâng cao
5345:Xun, Gong (4 March 2020).
5331:– via SageJournals.
4950:Chỉ Nam Ngọc Âm Giải Nghĩa
4506:. Viện Việt-học. pp.
4456:Chữ Nôm: cơ sở và nâng cao
4363:Chữ Nôm: cơ sở và nâng cao
3706:Institute of Linguistics,
3549:Basic Block (3,110), C (1)
2704:
2694:(Sino-Vietnamese reading:
2655:(Sino-Vietnamese reading:
2628:(Sino-Vietnamese reading:
2563:(Sino-Vietnamese reading:
2501:'three'. 'Father' is also
2489:(Sino-Vietnamese reading:
2157:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary
2107:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary
2104:
2081:, or a chữ Nôm character,
1897:Chỉ nam ngọc âm giải nghĩa
1704:
1524:Chỉ nam ngọc âm giải nghĩa
1370:(1343) lists 20 villages.
1291:
1280:(1400–1407) and under the
1207:
989:
795:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary
719:Transliteration of Chinese
276:Neolithic symbols in China
10369:
10320:
10260:
10193:
10103:
10049:
10012:
9973:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
9952:
9933:
9914:
9819:
9725:
9686:
9613:
9540:
9239:
9232:
9193:
9151:
8954:
8941:
8909:
8896:
8847:
8806:
8802:
8789:
8765:
8729:
8703:
8652:
8609:
8574:
8494:
8487:Chinese family of scripts
8485:
8481:
8468:
8366:
8353:
8304:
7712:
7708:
7695:
7557:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
7544:
7192:
6935:
6926:
6922:
6909:
6684:
6671:
6667:
6659:
6654:
6642:by first written accounts
6611:
6590:
6586:
6432:
6322:
6305:Tự Điển Chữ Nôm Trích Dẫn
6176:Nguyễn, Đình Hoà (2001).
6173:. Tokyo: Keiô University.
6169:Chʻen, Ching-ho (n. d.).
6124:Pulleyblank, Edwin George
6103:Nguyễn, Đình Hoà (1990),
5957:10.31826/jlr-2019-171-209
5399:10.1163/9789004279278_005
5364:10.31826/jlr-2019-171-209
5232:Cordier, Georges (1935),
5138:Quyền Vương Đình (2002),
5100:Pierre Pigneau de Behaine
4591:Hán-Việt từ-điển giản yếu
4561:Hán-Việt từ-điển giản yếu
4504:Tự điển chữ Nôm trích dẫn
4184:Sino-Xenic pronunciations
4179:Chinese family of scripts
4054:
3736:Bảng tra chữ Nôm miền Nam
3686:Unibook Character Browser
3679:
3665:
3383:'net for catching birds'
2460:
2454:
2444:
906:
885:
231:Chinese family of scripts
138:
126:
116:
92:
87:
77:
63:
53:
41:
32:
21:
9960:Chinese semi-syllabaries
9223:Unicode braille patterns
9209:International uniformity
7664:Thomas Natural Shorthand
6455:
6411:Chunom.org Online Editor
5898:List of Unicode Radicals
5866:Giúp đọc Nôm và Hán Việt
5816:Code Charts – CJK Ext. E
5367:– via De Gruyter.
5329:10.1177/2513850220936774
5124:Truong, Buu Lâm (1967).
4529:Nguyễn, Tài Cẩn (2001).
4427:Nguyễn, Tài Cẩn (1995).
4259:marks were added to the
4189:
3722:Giúp đọc Nôm và Hán Việt
2569:) as phonetic component.
2495:) and the semantic part
2448:) and handful of Korean
1984:syllabary or the Korean
1906:giải nghĩa or diễn nghĩa
1682:
1463:Chinese conquest of 1407
1069:, 'national language').
1057:, 'national sound') and
799:phono-semantic compounds
471:Commonly-Used Characters
10297:Blindness organizations
10276:Braille Without Borders
10065:Canadian currency marks
9687:Egyptian lineage family
8870:Southwest Paleohispanic
6399:Vietnamese Keyboard Set
6219:Bijiao wenzi xue chutan
6096:10.3406/befeo.1912.2713
6060:Marr, David G. (1984),
5984:Hannas, Wm. C. (1997),
5755:Han Unification History
5587:10.1177/251385021986116
4606:Suối Nguồn, Tập 3&4
4578:. Văn Mới. p. 228.
4111:) contains the radical
3411:'heart' classifier and
2362:) which was written as
2321:is meant to be read as
2111:Sino-Vietnamese reading
1844:Three Character Classic
1793:Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Nhậm,
1017:. Such as in the book,
444:Collation and standards
143:phonetic transcriptions
9614:Russian lineage family
9014:Great Lakes Algonquian
7923:Greco-Iberian alphabet
7856:Gabelsberger shorthand
6799:Inscriptional Parthian
6449:Unicode CJK characters
6204:Schneider, Paul 1992.
6190:Nguyễn, N. B. (1984).
5848:Kho Chữ Hán Nôm Mã Hoá
5393:, Brill, p. 122,
4949:
4255:
4249:
3720:Father Trần Văn Kiệm,
3684:: Nguyễn Quang Hồng, "
3460:
3445:
3434:
3418:
3396:
3379:
3373:
3357:
3338:
3326:
3310:
3288:
3265:
3249:
3222:
3199:
3183:
3161:
3150:
3127:
3111:
3090:
3068:
3040:
3024:
2996:
2980:
2959:
2937:
2880:
2869:
2858:
2847:
2836:
2825:
2814:
2803:
2778:
2767:
2756:
2745:
2734:
2723:
2696:
2657:
2645:
2630:
2618:
2587:
2581:
2565:
2547:
2522:
2503:
2491:
2479:
2435:
2408:The Nôm character for
2396:
2372:
2367:
2354:
2348:
2339:
2323:
2309:
2303:), (a variant form of
2295:
2247:
2241:(Early Middle Chinese
2228:
2222:
2204:
2188:
2168:
2148:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2018:
1998:
1957:
1940:
1922:
1912:
1896:
1886:
1872:
1862:
1858:
1834:
1808:
1702:
1675:, now speak a form of
1606:
1601:Xin khoan dung quốc âm
1600:
1590:
1584:presented the Emperor
1522:
1497:
1429:
1418:
1413:
1344:
1327:
1321:
1239:
1184:
1155:
1149:
1134:
1109:
1093:
1078:
1059:
1047:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1019:
1013:
1001:
974:
932:
926:
892:
871:
857:
834:created by Portuguese
772:[t͡ɕɨ˦ˀ˥nom˧˧]
706:Slavonic transcription
549:Japanese script reform
534:Traditional characters
184:This article contains
73:Left-to-right (modern)
10438:Vietnamese inventions
10378:Accessible publishing
10304:Schools for the blind
10283:Japan Braille Library
10072:Computer Braille Code
9726:Indian lineage family
9106:Old Persian cuneiform
7973:Carolingian minuscule
6779:Ancient North Arabian
6423:Other entry methods:
6197:O'Harrow, S. (1977).
6003:Kiernan, Ben (2017),
5668:Vũ, Văn Kính (2005).
5653:Nguyễn, Khuê (2009).
5638:Nguyễn, Khuê (2009).
5301:, NLVNPF-0105 R.2254.
5198:on December 15, 2009.
5085:Taberd, J.L. (1838),
4978:10.1525/vs.2013.8.1.1
4970:10.1525/vs.2013.8.1.1
4676:, pp. 78–79, 82.
4589:Đào, Duy Anh (2005).
4559:Đào, Duy Anh (2005).
4487:Vũ, Văn Kính (2005).
4454:Nguyễn, Khuê (2009).
4361:Nguyễn, Khuê (2009).
4127:) is specific to the
3837:(slightly formal) and
3458:
3297:Sino-Vietnamese word
3231:Sino-Vietnamese word
2520:), while 'turtle' is
2407:
2386:
2345:
2337:
2122:
2008:(Chinese character),
1937:
1848:
1690:
1483:
1406:
1292:Further information:
1215:
999:
815:Vietnamese literature
522:Simplified characters
10142:Mountbatten Brailler
9497:(largely reassigned)
9280:(largely reassigned)
8829:Southeastern Iberian
8824:Northeastern Iberian
6722:Egyptian hieroglyphs
6510:FZKaiT-Extended(SIP)
6445:Cangjie input method
6286:Vietnamese Knowledge
5965:Handel, Zev (2019),
5794:Nguyễn Quang Hồng, "
5061:. Ithaca, New York:
4726:The Birth of Vietnam
4724:Keith Weller Taylor
3650:V04-4022 to V04-583E
1818:Tam thiên tự giải âm
1742:Nhật Dụng Thường Đàm
1486:Nhật dụng thường đàm
1476:15th to 19th century
1388:to expel a menacing
1384:and thrown into the
1342:, named the country
1153:) or in Vietnamese (
1107:) and uncommonly as
869:The Vietnamese word
10094:Nemeth braille code
9880:(reassigned vowels)
9405:(extended to 8-dot)
8979:Canadian Aboriginal
8865:Khitan small script
8587:Khitan large script
7777:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
5880:Tự điển chữ Nôm Tày
5670:Đại tự điển chữ Nôm
5434:, pp. 141–142.
5114:, pp. 101–105.
4489:Đại tự điển chữ Nôm
4378:, pp. 102–103.
4351:, pp. 552–553.
3750:Đại tự điển chữ Nôm
3701:Tự điển chữ Nôm Tày
3655:V6: 4, manuscripts
3366:simplified form of
2906:
2346:An example of what
2327:, it is written as
2220:may also represent
2208:('head'), from EMC
2101:Borrowed characters
1938:The second page of
1765:Chinh Phụ Ngâm Khúc
1571:Vietnamese Catholic
1506:Trịnh Thị Ngọc Trúc
1254:Battle of Bạch Đằng
1202:Vietnamese alphabet
1173:Buddhism in Vietnam
1119:'Han characters').
1091:'Han characters'),
917:, known locally as
832:Vietnamese alphabet
781:Vietnamese language
493:(Taiwan, 1982)
485:(Taiwan, 2009)
10128:Braille translator
10105:Braille technology
10081:(science; GS8/GS6)
10050:Symbols in braille
9980:Taiwanese Mandarin
9495:Taiwanese Mandarin
9101:Nwagu Aneke script
8653:Other logosyllabic
8575:Chinese-influenced
8514:Oracle bone script
8496:Chinese characters
8431:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
7821:Eclectic shorthand
7809:Duployan shorthand
7762:Caucasian Albanian
7562:Canadian syllabics
6598:History of writing
6440:2013-12-14 at the
6323:越南北屬時期漢字文獻異體字整理與研究
6248:2020-12-19 at the
5744:by Ngô Thanh Nhàn.
5093:2013-06-26 at the
4830:, p. 7, n. 1.
4405:, pp. 32, 38.
3755:Nguyễn Văn Huyên,
3627:V4-4021 to V4-4B2F
3604:V3-3021 to V3-3644
3581:V2-6E21 to V2-9171
3558:V1-4A21 to V1-6D35
3535:V0-3021 to V0-4927
3461:
3275:'character; word'
3209:'character; word'
2904:
2891:𡨸 才 𡨸 命 窖 𱺵 恄 饒
2682:the Nôm character
2637:the Nôm character
2610:the Nôm character
2436:
2428:ngại. The radical
2397:
2368:
2340:
2149:
2141:The character for
1992:Variant characters
1958:
1832:Here is a line in
1703:
1641:Tonkin Free School
1629:Russo-Japanese War
1515:, consort of King
1498:
1414:
1368:Ninh Bình Province
1240:
1074:Chinese characters
1037:
936:may be written as
785:Chinese characters
505:(Japan, 2010)
211:Chinese characters
104:Chinese characters
10405:
10404:
10401:
10400:
10323:tactile alphabets
10251:William Bell Wait
10244:Sabriye Tenberken
10045:
10044:
9910:
9909:
9895:(Japanese vowels)
9693:-mediated scripts
9620:-mediated scripts
9147:
9146:
9143:
9142:
9139:
9138:
8999:Ditema tsa Dinoko
8937:
8936:
8892:
8891:
8888:
8887:
8785:
8784:
8781:
8780:
8605:
8604:
8464:
8463:
8349:
8348:
8345:
8344:
7691:
7690:
7687:
7686:
7540:
7539:
6905:
6904:
6892:Teeline Shorthand
6650:
6649:
6522:Fonts for Chu Nom
6156:978-0-19985-634-3
6137:978-0-7748-0366-3
6071:978-0-520-90744-7
6052:978-1-00-069906-7
6033:978-0-199-35659-1
6014:978-0-19-516076-5
5995:978-0-8248-1892-0
5976:978-90-04-38632-7
5934:978-90-279-7643-7
5736:Luong Van Phan, "
5723:978-0-300-04051-7
5710:Huỳnh, Sanh Thông
5461:, pp. 80–81.
5408:978-90-04-27927-8
5163:978-0-87727-749-1
5063:SEAP Publications
5047:, pp. 44–46.
4764:, pp. 23–24.
4740:, pp. 22–23.
4715:, pp. 21–22.
4638:Khắc Mạnh Trịnh,
4390:, pp. 82–83.
4243:Properly written
4097:
4096:
4093:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3464:Computer encoding
3453:
3452:
2507:, but written as
1974:analytic language
1771:Various poems by
1748:Nguyễn Đình Chiểu
1575:Jean-Louis Taberd
1545:classical Chinese
1455:Book of Documents
1325:'great king', or
1288:Early development
1234:is used to gloss
1177:Girolamo Maiorica
810:classical Chinese
755:
754:
619:Zetian characters
451:Kangxi Dictionary
192:rendering support
172:
171:
10445:
10394:
10387:
10385:Braille literacy
10380:
10362:
10355:
10348:
10341:
10334:
10313:
10306:
10299:
10292:
10285:
10278:
10271:
10253:
10246:
10239:
10232:
10225:
10218:
10211:
10204:
10186:
10179:
10177:Slate and stylus
10172:
10165:
10163:Perkins Brailler
10158:
10151:
10144:
10137:
10130:
10123:
10121:Braille embosser
10116:
10096:
10089:
10082:
10074:
10067:
10060:
10038:
10030:
10023:
10005:
9998:
9989:
9982:
9975:
9968:
9961:
9945:
9942:American Braille
9926:
9923:Algerian Braille
9903:
9896:
9888:
9881:
9873:
9866:
9859:
9852:
9844:
9837:
9830:
9812:
9804:
9797:
9790:
9783:
9776:
9769:
9762:
9755:
9748:
9741:
9718:
9710:
9703:
9679:
9672:
9665:
9658:
9651:
9644:
9637:
9630:
9604:
9599:
9594:
9587:
9582:
9577:
9572:
9565:
9558:
9551:
9538:
9537:
9533:
9526:
9519:
9512:
9505:
9498:
9490:
9483:
9476:
9469:
9462:
9455:
9448:
9441:
9434:
9427:
9420:
9413:
9406:
9398:
9391:
9384:
9377:
9370:
9363:
9356:
9349:
9342:
9335:
9328:
9321:
9314:
9307:
9295:
9288:
9281:
9273:
9266:
9259:
9252:
9237:
9236:
9225:
9218:
9211:
9204:
9187:
9176:
9169:
9162:
9153:
9152:
8943:
8942:
8898:
8897:
8804:
8803:
8796:Semi-syllabaries
8791:
8790:
8492:
8491:
8483:
8482:
8470:
8469:
8355:
8354:
7710:
7709:
7697:
7696:
7599:Japanese Braille
7184:Zanabazar square
7053:Nepalese scripts
6943:Bengali–Assamese
6933:
6932:
6924:
6923:
6911:
6910:
6828:Pitman shorthand
6673:
6672:
6669:
6668:
6656:
6655:
6588:
6587:
6569:
6562:
6555:
6546:
6545:
6435:
6434:
6429:
6373:
6354:
6352:
6351:
6335:Bianchi, Brent.
6325:
6324:
6313:
6302:
6294:
6280:
6226:
6225:
6216:
6215:
6159:
6141:
6119:
6109:
6099:
6075:
6056:
6037:
6018:
5999:
5980:
5961:
5959:
5938:
5908:
5889:
5883:
5878:Hoàng Triều Ân,
5876:
5870:
5862:
5858:
5852:
5843:
5834:
5827:Thanh Nhàn Ngô,
5825:
5819:
5812:
5803:
5793:
5789:
5762:
5751:
5745:
5734:
5728:
5727:
5714:The Tale of Kieu
5702:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5680:
5674:
5673:
5665:
5659:
5658:
5650:
5644:
5643:
5635:
5629:
5623:
5617:
5611:
5605:
5604:
5598:
5590:
5566:
5560:
5554:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5531:
5525:
5519:
5510:
5507:Pulleyblank 1991
5504:
5498:
5495:Pulleyblank 1991
5492:
5486:
5483:Pulleyblank 1991
5480:
5474:
5471:Pulleyblank 1991
5468:
5462:
5456:
5447:
5441:
5435:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5382:
5373:
5372:
5366:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5308:
5302:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5269:
5263:
5257:
5251:
5245:
5239:
5230:
5224:
5218:
5212:
5206:
5200:
5199:
5187:
5174:
5151:
5145:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5121:
5115:
5109:
5103:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5054:
5048:
5042:
5036:
5030:
5019:
5013:
5007:
5000:
4994:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4952:
4943:
4937:
4928:
4922:
4913:
4907:
4899:
4893:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4869:
4864:
4858:
4852:
4846:
4840:
4831:
4825:
4819:
4815:
4809:
4803:
4792:
4786:
4777:
4771:
4765:
4759:
4753:
4747:
4741:
4735:
4729:
4722:
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4710:
4704:
4698:
4689:
4683:
4677:
4671:
4662:
4654:
4648:
4636:
4630:
4626:
4620:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4576:Việt-nam tự-điển
4571:
4565:
4564:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4546:Việt-nam tự-điển
4541:
4535:
4534:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4476:. 6 August 2016.
4466:
4460:
4459:
4451:
4445:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4424:
4418:
4412:
4406:
4400:
4391:
4385:
4379:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4358:
4352:
4346:
4340:
4334:
4328:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4294:
4287:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4270:
4264:
4258:
4252:
4246:
4241:
4235:
4232:
4226:
4219:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4200:
4173:
4171:Languages portal
4168:
4167:
4159:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4138:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4089:Hán Việt Từ Điển
4063:); G1 = China (
4055:
4032:
4021:
4020:
3992:
3981:
3980:
3952:
3941:
3940:
3912:
3901:
3900:
3872:
3857:
3856:
3828:
3817:
3816:
3779:
3778:
3708:Bảng tra chữ Nôm
3699:Hoàng Triều Ân,
3680:
3494:
3493:
3484:
3448:
3437:
3430:
3421:
3416:
3410:
3399:
3392:
3382:
3376:
3371:
3360:
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3350:
3341:
3335:
3329:
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3313:
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3291:
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3274:
3268:
3263:
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3244:
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3208:
3202:
3197:
3186:
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3130:
3125:
3114:
3107:
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3103:
3093:
3088:
3082:
3071:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3049:
3043:
3038:
3027:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3005:
2999:
2994:
2983:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2940:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2907:
2903:
2789:𤾓 𢆥 𥪞 𡎝 𠊛 些
2699:
2693:
2687:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2536:
2525:
2519:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2447:
2446:
2433:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2394:
2390:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2250:
2244:
2240:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2166:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1965:Vietnamese is a
1955:
1947:
1943:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1865:
1841:
1837:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1725:The Tale of Kieu
1694:The Tale of Kieu
1613:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1593:
1582:Nguyễn Trường Tộ
1559:The Tale of Kiều
1534:
1532:
1514:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1364:Mê Linh District
1358:
1347:
1330:
1324:
1306:
1258:Literary Chinese
1237:
1233:
1225:
1199:
1187:
1161:Chinese medicine
1158:
1152:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1118:
1112:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1081:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1043:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1020:Đại Nam quốc ngữ
1016:
1010:
1009:
1004:
981:
977:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
954:
949:
945:
944:
939:
935:
929:
910:
905:
895:
889:
884:
874:
860:
820:The Tale of Kiều
774:
769:
765:
747:
740:
733:
466:(PRC, 2013)
432:Digital encoding
351:Modern typefaces
234:
221:
207:
206:
198: instead of
180:
179:
168:
162:
158:
37:
27:
19:
18:
10453:
10452:
10448:
10447:
10446:
10444:
10443:
10442:
10408:
10407:
10406:
10397:
10390:
10383:
10376:
10365:
10358:
10351:
10344:
10337:
10330:
10316:
10309:
10302:
10295:
10288:
10281:
10274:
10267:
10256:
10249:
10242:
10235:
10228:
10221:
10214:
10209:Charles Barbier
10207:
10200:
10189:
10182:
10175:
10168:
10161:
10154:
10147:
10140:
10133:
10126:
10119:
10112:
10099:
10092:
10085:
10077:
10070:
10063:
10056:
10041:
10033:
10026:
10019:
10008:
10001:
9994:
9985:
9978:
9971:
9964:
9959:
9948:
9940:
9934:Frequency-based
9929:
9921:
9906:
9899:
9891:
9884:
9876:
9869:
9862:
9855:
9847:
9840:
9833:
9826:
9815:
9807:
9800:
9793:
9786:
9779:
9772:
9765:
9758:
9751:
9744:
9737:
9730:Bharati Braille
9727:
9721:
9713:
9706:
9699:
9688:
9682:
9675:
9668:
9661:
9654:
9647:
9640:
9633:
9626:
9615:
9609:
9602:
9597:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9568:
9561:
9554:
9547:
9536:
9529:
9522:
9515:
9508:
9501:
9493:
9486:
9479:
9472:
9465:
9458:
9451:
9444:
9437:
9430:
9423:
9416:
9409:
9401:
9394:
9387:
9380:
9373:
9366:
9359:
9352:
9345:
9338:
9331:
9324:
9317:
9310:
9304:Unified English
9298:
9291:
9284:
9276:
9269:
9262:
9255:
9248:
9233:Braille scripts
9228:
9221:
9214:
9207:
9200:
9189:
9185:
9180:
9135:
8950:
8933:
8929:Stokoe notation
8905:
8884:
8843:
8798:
8777:
8761:
8725:
8704:Logoconsonantal
8699:
8648:
8601:
8570:
8477:
8460:
8441:Siglas poveiras
8362:
8341:
8300:
8204:Younger Futhark
7908:Gregg shorthand
7704:
7683:
7536:
7188:
6918:
6901:
6680:
6663:
6646:
6619:Writing systems
6607:
6582:
6580:writing systems
6573:
6506:FZKaiT-Extended
6458:
6442:Wayback Machine
6427:
6386:
6364:
6361:
6349:
6347:
6345:Yale University
6334:
6312:(in Vietnamese)
6311:
6301:(in Vietnamese)
6300:
6293:(in Vietnamese)
6292:
6279:(in Vietnamese)
6278:
6250:Wayback Machine
6239:
6166:
6164:Further reading
6157:
6138:
6107:
6072:
6053:
6041:Li, Yu (2020),
6034:
6015:
5996:
5977:
5935:
5921:DeFrancis, John
5911:
5903:
5901:
5895:
5890:
5886:
5882:, 2003, p. 178.
5877:
5873:
5863:Trần Văn Kiệm,
5861:(in Vietnamese)
5860:
5859:
5855:
5844:
5837:
5826:
5822:
5813:
5806:
5792:(in Vietnamese)
5791:
5790:
5765:
5752:
5748:
5735:
5731:
5724:
5703:
5699:
5689:
5687:
5682:
5681:
5677:
5666:
5662:
5651:
5647:
5636:
5632:
5624:
5620:
5612:
5608:
5592:
5591:
5567:
5563:
5555:
5546:
5538:
5532:
5528:
5520:
5513:
5505:
5501:
5493:
5489:
5481:
5477:
5469:
5465:
5457:
5450:
5442:
5438:
5430:
5426:
5413:
5411:
5409:
5383:
5376:
5343:
5339:
5309:
5305:
5295:
5291:
5284:
5270:
5266:
5258:
5254:
5246:
5242:
5231:
5227:
5219:
5215:
5207:
5203:
5188:
5177:
5152:
5148:
5137:
5133:
5122:
5118:
5110:
5106:
5095:Wayback Machine
5084:
5080:
5073:
5055:
5051:
5043:
5039:
5031:
5022:
5014:
5010:
5001:
4997:
4989:
4985:
4944:
4940:
4930:Viết Luân Chu,
4929:
4925:
4914:
4910:
4900:
4896:
4888:
4884:
4876:
4872:
4865:
4861:
4853:
4849:
4841:
4834:
4826:
4822:
4816:
4812:
4804:
4795:
4787:
4780:
4772:
4768:
4760:
4756:
4748:
4744:
4736:
4732:
4723:
4719:
4711:
4707:
4699:
4692:
4684:
4680:
4672:
4665:
4655:
4651:
4637:
4633:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4613:
4602:
4598:
4587:
4583:
4572:
4568:
4557:
4553:
4542:
4538:
4527:
4523:
4500:
4496:
4485:
4481:
4474:Người Quảng Nam
4468:
4467:
4463:
4452:
4448:
4440:
4436:
4425:
4421:
4413:
4409:
4401:
4394:
4386:
4382:
4374:
4370:
4359:
4355:
4347:
4343:
4335:
4331:
4323:
4319:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4298:
4297:
4288:
4284:
4271:
4267:
4242:
4238:
4233:
4229:
4220:
4216:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4197:
4192:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4101:Sino-Vietnamese
4080:Unihan Database
4074:
4070:Hanyu Da Zidian
4015:
3975:
3935:
3895:
3851:
3811:
3792:Sino-Vietnamese
3731:, Saigon, 1971.
3729:Tự điển chữ Nôm
3715:Tự điển chữ Nôm
3654:
3466:
3236:
3170:
3098:
3055:
3011:
2967:
2924:
2902:
2889:
2878:
2867:
2856:
2845:
2834:
2823:
2812:
2800:
2787:
2776:
2765:
2754:
2743:
2732:
2707:
2402:
2395:(Middle right).
2123:Characters for
2117:
2103:
1994:
1963:
1920:) - synonym of
1870:) - synonym of
1804:
1734:Quốc âm thi tập
1717:Tây Sơn dynasty
1709:
1685:
1634:Phan Châu Trinh
1620:
1591:Tế cấp bát điều
1526:
1508:
1478:
1443:
1315:pronunciations
1296:
1290:
1210:
1072:In Vietnamese,
994:
988:
951:
941:
867:
793:) to represent
767:
751:
711:
710:
702:
689:
666:
632:
631:Derived systems
624:
623:
614:
604:
603:
593:
583:
574:
563:
562:
545:
517:
509:
508:
496:
477:
458:
445:
437:
436:
384:
380:Properties and
373:
372:
347:
319:
294:
281:
270:
241:Written Chinese
237:
228:
205:
204:
203:
190:Without proper
181:
177:
139:
129:
119:
112:
95:
88:Related scripts
72:
56:
49:
28:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10451:
10441:
10440:
10435:
10430:
10425:
10420:
10403:
10402:
10399:
10398:
10396:
10395:
10388:
10381:
10373:
10371:
10370:Related topics
10367:
10366:
10364:
10363:
10356:
10349:
10346:New York Point
10342:
10335:
10327:
10325:
10318:
10317:
10315:
10314:
10307:
10300:
10293:
10286:
10279:
10272:
10264:
10262:
10258:
10257:
10255:
10254:
10247:
10240:
10233:
10230:Harris Mowbray
10226:
10219:
10212:
10205:
10197:
10195:
10191:
10190:
10188:
10187:
10180:
10173:
10166:
10159:
10152:
10145:
10138:
10131:
10124:
10117:
10114:Braille e-book
10109:
10107:
10101:
10100:
10098:
10097:
10090:
10083:
10075:
10068:
10061:
10053:
10051:
10047:
10046:
10043:
10042:
10040:
10039:
10031:
10024:
10016:
10014:
10010:
10009:
10007:
10006:
9999:
9992:
9991:
9990:
9983:
9976:
9969:
9956:
9954:
9950:
9949:
9947:
9946:
9937:
9935:
9931:
9930:
9928:
9927:
9918:
9916:
9912:
9911:
9908:
9907:
9905:
9904:
9897:
9889:
9882:
9874:
9867:
9860:
9853:
9845:
9838:
9831:
9823:
9821:
9817:
9816:
9814:
9813:
9805:
9798:
9791:
9784:
9777:
9770:
9763:
9756:
9749:
9742:
9734:
9732:
9723:
9722:
9720:
9719:
9711:
9704:
9696:
9694:
9684:
9683:
9681:
9680:
9673:
9666:
9659:
9652:
9645:
9638:
9631:
9623:
9621:
9611:
9610:
9608:
9607:
9606:
9605:
9600:
9595:
9588:
9583:
9578:
9566:
9559:
9552:
9544:
9542:
9535:
9534:
9527:
9520:
9513:
9506:
9499:
9491:
9484:
9477:
9470:
9463:
9456:
9449:
9442:
9435:
9428:
9421:
9414:
9407:
9399:
9392:
9385:
9378:
9371:
9364:
9357:
9350:
9343:
9336:
9329:
9322:
9315:
9308:
9296:
9289:
9282:
9274:
9267:
9260:
9253:
9245:
9243:
9241:French-ordered
9234:
9230:
9229:
9227:
9226:
9219:
9212:
9205:
9197:
9195:
9191:
9190:
9179:
9178:
9171:
9164:
9156:
9149:
9148:
9145:
9144:
9141:
9140:
9137:
9136:
9134:
9133:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9098:
9093:
9088:
9083:
9081:Linear Elamite
9078:
9073:
9068:
9063:
9062:
9061:
9056:
9051:
9046:
9041:
9036:
9026:
9021:
9016:
9011:
9006:
9001:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8955:
8952:
8951:
8939:
8938:
8935:
8934:
8932:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8910:
8907:
8906:
8903:Sign languages
8894:
8893:
8890:
8889:
8886:
8885:
8883:
8882:
8880:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
8877:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8855:Espanca script
8851:
8849:
8845:
8844:
8842:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8814:Linear Elamite
8810:
8808:
8800:
8799:
8787:
8786:
8783:
8782:
8779:
8778:
8776:
8775:
8769:
8767:
8763:
8762:
8760:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8733:
8731:
8727:
8726:
8724:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8707:
8705:
8701:
8700:
8698:
8697:
8695:Yi (Classical)
8692:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8656:
8654:
8650:
8649:
8647:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8615:
8613:
8607:
8606:
8603:
8602:
8600:
8599:
8594:
8589:
8584:
8578:
8576:
8572:
8571:
8569:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8548:
8543:
8542:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8521:
8519:Bronze scripts
8516:
8511:
8506:
8500:
8498:
8489:
8479:
8478:
8466:
8465:
8462:
8461:
8459:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8367:
8364:
8363:
8351:
8350:
8347:
8346:
8343:
8342:
8340:
8339:
8334:
8332:Flag semaphore
8329:
8327:New York Point
8324:
8322:Telegraph code
8319:
8317:Maritime flags
8314:
8308:
8306:
8302:
8301:
8299:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8278:
8273:
8271:Visible Speech
8268:
8263:
8258:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8241:Sorang Sompeng
8238:
8233:
8228:
8227:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8145:
8144:
8143:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8125:Galik alphabet
8122:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8031:
8030:
8025:
8023:Tironian notes
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7889:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7868:
7866:Garay alphabet
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7817:
7816:
7806:
7801:
7800:
7799:
7794:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7743:
7742:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7716:
7714:
7706:
7705:
7693:
7692:
7689:
7688:
7685:
7684:
7682:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7649:Sorang Sompeng
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7575:
7574:
7572:Déné syllabics
7569:
7559:
7554:
7548:
7546:
7542:
7541:
7538:
7537:
7535:
7534:
7533:
7532:
7527:
7517:
7516:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7409:
7408:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7362:
7361:
7356:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7335:
7334:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7298:
7297:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7196:
7194:
7190:
7189:
7187:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7175:
7174:
7169:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7128:
7127:
7117:
7116:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6939:
6937:
6930:
6920:
6919:
6907:
6906:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6867:
6862:
6861:
6860:
6855:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6833:Proto-Sinaitic
6830:
6825:
6824:
6823:
6813:
6808:
6807:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6755:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6718:
6717:
6707:
6706:
6705:
6694:
6693:
6685:
6682:
6681:
6665:
6664:
6652:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6644:
6638:
6637:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6615:
6613:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6605:
6600:
6594:
6592:
6584:
6583:
6572:
6571:
6564:
6557:
6549:
6543:
6542:
6539:hannom-rcv.org
6530:
6462:Han-Nom Gothic
6457:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6433:倉頡之友《倉頡平台2012》
6421:
6420:
6414:
6408:
6402:
6396:
6385:
6382:
6381:
6380:
6374:
6360:
6357:
6356:
6355:
6332:
6327:
6318:
6317:, Trần Trí Dõi
6309:
6298:
6290:
6289:
6288:
6271:
6265:
6259:
6253:
6238:
6237:External links
6235:
6234:
6233:
6228:
6211:Zhou Youguang
6209:
6202:
6195:
6188:
6174:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6160:
6155:
6142:
6136:
6120:
6100:
6080:Maspero, Henri
6076:
6070:
6057:
6051:
6038:
6032:
6019:
6013:
6000:
5994:
5981:
5975:
5962:
5950:(1–2): 55–72,
5939:
5933:
5916:
5915:
5910:
5909:
5884:
5871:
5853:
5835:
5820:
5804:
5763:
5746:
5729:
5722:
5697:
5675:
5660:
5645:
5630:
5628:, p. 103.
5618:
5606:
5561:
5544:
5526:
5511:
5509:, p. 218.
5499:
5497:, p. 311.
5487:
5475:
5473:, p. 371.
5463:
5448:
5446:, p. 153.
5436:
5424:
5407:
5374:
5357:(1–2): 58–59.
5337:
5323:(3): 183–195.
5303:
5289:
5282:
5264:
5262:, p. 240.
5260:DeFrancis 1977
5252:
5250:, p. 218.
5248:DeFrancis 1977
5240:
5225:
5223:, p. 205.
5221:DeFrancis 1977
5213:
5211:, p. 179.
5209:DeFrancis 1977
5201:
5175:
5146:
5131:
5116:
5112:DeFrancis 1977
5104:
5078:
5071:
5049:
5045:DeFrancis 1977
5037:
5035:, p. 142.
5020:
5008:
4995:
4993:, p. 570.
4983:
4938:
4923:
4908:
4894:
4882:
4870:
4859:
4857:, p. 396.
4847:
4845:, p. 104.
4832:
4820:
4810:
4806:DeFrancis 1977
4793:
4791:, p. 395.
4778:
4776:, p. 138.
4766:
4762:DeFrancis 1977
4754:
4752:, p. 141.
4742:
4738:DeFrancis 1977
4730:
4717:
4713:DeFrancis 1977
4705:
4703:, p. 141.
4690:
4678:
4663:
4649:
4631:
4621:
4611:
4596:
4581:
4566:
4551:
4536:
4521:
4494:
4479:
4461:
4446:
4442:DeFrancis 1977
4434:
4419:
4415:DeFrancis 1977
4407:
4403:DeFrancis 1977
4392:
4380:
4368:
4353:
4341:
4339:, p. 252.
4337:DeFrancis 1977
4329:
4327:, p. 569.
4317:
4315:, p. 102.
4304:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4282:
4272:The character
4265:
4236:
4227:
4214:
4204:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4160:
4157:Vietnam portal
4144:
4141:
4095:
4094:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4022:
4012:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3982:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3942:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3902:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3858:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3818:
3808:
3807:
3806:Other sources
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3761:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3710:, Hanoi, 1976.
3704:
3691:
3690:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3552:TCVN 6056:1995
3550:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3529:TCVN 5773:1993
3527:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3465:
3462:
3451:
3450:
3441:
3438:
3431:
3423:
3422:
3403:
3400:
3393:
3385:
3384:
3364:
3361:
3354:
3343:
3342:
3317:
3314:
3307:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3285:
3277:
3276:
3256:
3253:
3246:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3219:
3211:
3210:
3190:
3187:
3180:
3167:
3166:
3157:
3154:
3147:
3139:
3138:
3118:
3115:
3108:
3095:
3094:
3075:
3072:
3065:
3052:
3051:
3031:
3028:
3021:
3008:
3007:
2987:
2984:
2977:
2964:
2963:
2952:'hundred' and
2944:
2941:
2934:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2879:
2868:
2857:
2846:
2835:
2824:
2813:
2802:
2801:
2777:
2766:
2755:
2744:
2733:
2722:
2721:
2717:six-eight form
2706:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2680:
2635:
2571:
2570:
2551:'mother') has
2538:
2401:
2398:
2253:
2252:
2233:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2196:
2180:
2174:Middle Chinese
2102:
2099:
1993:
1990:
1967:tonal language
1962:
1959:
1932:
1931:
1909:
1882:
1881:
1830:
1829:
1803:
1802:Types of texts
1800:
1799:
1798:
1791:
1786:Ngô Thì Nhậm,
1784:
1776:
1775:(18th century)
1769:
1768:(18th century)
1757:
1756:(19th century)
1745:
1740:Phạm Đình Hồ,
1738:
1729:
1720:
1684:
1681:
1619:
1616:
1607:Quốc âm Hán tự
1477:
1474:
1442:
1439:
1374:Trần Nhân Tông
1313:Middle Chinese
1289:
1286:
1209:
1206:
990:Main article:
987:
984:
978:is written as
898:Middle Chinese
877:Middle Chinese
866:
863:
843:purposes. The
753:
752:
750:
749:
742:
735:
727:
724:
723:
722:
721:
713:
712:
709:
708:
701:
700:
695:
688:
687:
686:
685:
680:
672:
670:Jurchen script
665:
664:
663:
662:
655:
648:
633:
630:
629:
626:
625:
622:
621:
615:
610:
609:
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601:
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591:
582:
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575:
569:
568:
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564:
561:
560:
559:
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544:
543:
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541:
531:
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518:
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511:
510:
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486:
476:
475:
467:
457:
456:
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443:
442:
439:
438:
435:
434:
429:
428:
427:
420:
408:
403:
402:
401:
391:
385:
382:classification
379:
378:
375:
374:
371:
370:
369:
368:
363:
358:
346:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
318:
317:
316:
315:
310:
305:
293:
292:
287:
280:
279:
271:
265:
264:
261:
260:
259:
258:
253:
248:
243:
236:
235:
223:
222:
214:
213:
194:, you may see
182:
175:
174:
173:
170:
169:
163:⟩, see
136:
135:
130:
128:Sister systems
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
111:
110:
98:
96:
94:Parent systems
93:
90:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
65:
61:
60:
57:
54:
51:
50:
45:
43:
39:
38:
30:
29:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10450:
10439:
10436:
10434:
10431:
10429:
10426:
10424:
10421:
10419:
10416:
10415:
10413:
10393:
10389:
10386:
10382:
10379:
10375:
10374:
10372:
10368:
10361:
10357:
10354:
10353:Night writing
10350:
10347:
10343:
10340:
10336:
10333:
10329:
10328:
10326:
10324:
10319:
10312:
10308:
10305:
10301:
10298:
10294:
10291:
10287:
10284:
10280:
10277:
10273:
10270:
10266:
10265:
10263:
10261:Organisations
10259:
10252:
10248:
10245:
10241:
10238:
10234:
10231:
10227:
10224:
10223:Valentin Haüy
10220:
10217:
10213:
10210:
10206:
10203:
10202:Louis Braille
10199:
10198:
10196:
10192:
10185:
10181:
10178:
10174:
10171:
10167:
10164:
10160:
10157:
10153:
10150:
10146:
10143:
10139:
10136:
10135:Braille watch
10132:
10129:
10125:
10122:
10118:
10115:
10111:
10110:
10108:
10106:
10102:
10095:
10091:
10088:
10084:
10080:
10076:
10073:
10069:
10066:
10062:
10059:
10058:Braille music
10055:
10054:
10052:
10048:
10036:
10032:
10029:
10025:
10022:
10021:Luxembourgish
10018:
10017:
10015:
10011:
10004:
10000:
9997:
9993:
9988:
9984:
9981:
9977:
9974:
9970:
9967:
9963:
9962:
9958:
9957:
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9943:
9939:
9938:
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9932:
9924:
9920:
9919:
9917:
9913:
9902:
9898:
9894:
9890:
9887:
9883:
9879:
9875:
9872:
9868:
9865:
9861:
9858:
9854:
9850:
9846:
9843:
9839:
9836:
9832:
9829:
9825:
9824:
9822:
9820:Other scripts
9818:
9810:
9806:
9803:
9799:
9796:
9792:
9789:
9785:
9782:
9778:
9775:
9771:
9768:
9764:
9761:
9757:
9754:
9750:
9747:
9743:
9740:
9736:
9735:
9733:
9731:
9724:
9716:
9712:
9709:
9705:
9702:
9698:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9685:
9678:
9674:
9671:
9667:
9664:
9660:
9657:
9653:
9650:
9646:
9643:
9639:
9636:
9632:
9629:
9625:
9624:
9622:
9619:
9612:
9601:
9596:
9593:
9592:Northern Sámi
9589:
9584:
9579:
9574:
9573:
9571:
9567:
9564:
9560:
9557:
9553:
9550:
9546:
9545:
9543:
9541:Nordic family
9539:
9532:
9528:
9525:
9521:
9518:
9514:
9511:
9507:
9504:
9500:
9496:
9492:
9489:
9485:
9482:
9481:South African
9478:
9475:
9471:
9468:
9464:
9461:
9457:
9454:
9450:
9447:
9443:
9440:
9436:
9433:
9429:
9426:
9422:
9419:
9415:
9412:
9408:
9404:
9403:Luxembourgish
9400:
9397:
9393:
9390:
9386:
9383:
9379:
9376:
9372:
9369:
9365:
9362:
9358:
9355:
9351:
9348:
9344:
9341:
9337:
9334:
9330:
9327:
9323:
9320:
9316:
9313:
9309:
9305:
9301:
9297:
9294:
9290:
9287:
9283:
9279:
9275:
9272:
9268:
9265:
9261:
9258:
9254:
9251:
9247:
9246:
9244:
9242:
9238:
9235:
9231:
9224:
9220:
9217:
9216:ASCII braille
9213:
9210:
9206:
9203:
9199:
9198:
9196:
9192:
9184:
9177:
9172:
9170:
9165:
9163:
9158:
9157:
9154:
9150:
9132:
9129:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9099:
9097:
9094:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9067:
9064:
9060:
9057:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9047:
9045:
9042:
9040:
9037:
9035:
9032:
9031:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8956:
8953:
8949:
8944:
8940:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8912:
8911:
8908:
8904:
8899:
8895:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8852:
8850:
8846:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8811:
8809:
8805:
8801:
8797:
8792:
8788:
8774:
8771:
8770:
8768:
8764:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8747:Attic (Greek)
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8734:
8732:
8728:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8708:
8706:
8702:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8685:Proto-Elamite
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8657:
8655:
8651:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8616:
8614:
8612:
8608:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8579:
8577:
8573:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8526:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8501:
8499:
8497:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8484:
8480:
8476:
8471:
8467:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8368:
8365:
8361:
8356:
8352:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8309:
8307:
8303:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8199:Elder Futhark
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8181:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8117:
8116:
8113:
8112:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8090:Old Hungarian
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7960:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7918:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7873:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7815:
7812:
7811:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7789:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7741:
7738:
7737:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7717:
7715:
7711:
7707:
7703:
7698:
7694:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7624:Masaram Gondi
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7594:Gunjala Gondi
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7564:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7549:
7547:
7543:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7522:
7521:
7518:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7480:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7407:
7406:Old Sundanese
7404:
7403:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7351:
7350:
7349:Old Maldivian
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7333:
7332:Bilang-bilang
7330:
7329:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7296:
7293:
7292:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7197:
7195:
7191:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7164:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7152:Sylheti Nagri
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7126:
7123:
7122:
7121:
7118:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7055:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6953:Brahmi script
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6940:
6938:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6912:
6908:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6872:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6850:
6849:
6848:South Arabian
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6822:
6819:
6818:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6794:Inscriptional
6792:
6790:
6787:
6786:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6734:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6716:
6713:
6712:
6711:
6708:
6704:
6701:
6700:
6699:
6696:
6695:
6692:
6691:
6687:
6686:
6683:
6679:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6657:
6653:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6621:
6620:
6617:
6616:
6614:
6610:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6595:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6570:
6565:
6563:
6558:
6556:
6551:
6550:
6547:
6540:
6536:
6535:
6534:Han-Nom Fonts
6531:
6528:
6524:
6523:
6519:
6518:
6517:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6450:
6446:
6443:
6439:
6436:
6426:
6425:
6424:
6418:
6415:
6412:
6409:
6406:
6403:
6400:
6397:
6394:
6391:
6390:
6389:
6378:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6362:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6319:
6316:
6310:
6307:
6306:
6299:
6297:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6277:
6276:
6275:
6272:
6269:
6266:
6263:
6260:
6257:
6254:
6251:
6247:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6232:
6229:
6220:
6210:
6207:
6203:
6200:
6196:
6193:
6189:
6187:
6186:0-9716296-0-9
6183:
6179:
6175:
6172:
6168:
6167:
6158:
6152:
6148:
6143:
6139:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6118:(2): 383–432.
6117:
6113:
6106:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6067:
6063:
6058:
6054:
6048:
6045:, Routledge,
6044:
6039:
6035:
6029:
6025:
6020:
6016:
6010:
6006:
6001:
5997:
5991:
5987:
5982:
5978:
5972:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5940:
5936:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5917:
5913:
5912:
5907:", VDict.com.
5906:
5899:
5893:
5888:
5881:
5875:
5868:
5867:
5857:
5850:
5849:
5842:
5840:
5832:
5831:
5824:
5817:
5811:
5809:
5801:
5797:
5788:
5786:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5760:
5756:
5750:
5743:
5739:
5733:
5725:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5701:
5685:
5679:
5671:
5664:
5656:
5649:
5641:
5634:
5627:
5622:
5616:, p. 79.
5615:
5610:
5602:
5596:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5565:
5559:, p. 81.
5558:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5537:
5530:
5524:, p. 80.
5523:
5518:
5516:
5508:
5503:
5496:
5491:
5485:, p. 32.
5484:
5479:
5472:
5467:
5460:
5455:
5453:
5445:
5444:Handel (2019)
5440:
5433:
5428:
5421:
5410:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5381:
5379:
5371:
5365:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5341:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5307:
5300:
5299:
5293:
5285:
5283:0-8161-1810-8
5279:
5275:
5268:
5261:
5256:
5249:
5244:
5237:
5236:
5229:
5222:
5217:
5210:
5205:
5197:
5193:
5186:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5150:
5143:
5142:
5135:
5127:
5120:
5113:
5108:
5101:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5089:
5082:
5074:
5072:9780877277828
5068:
5064:
5060:
5053:
5046:
5041:
5034:
5029:
5027:
5025:
5018:, p. 78.
5017:
5012:
5005:
4999:
4992:
4991:Kornicki 2017
4987:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4951:
4942:
4936:, 2003, p. 52
4935:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4919:
4912:
4904:
4898:
4891:
4886:
4880:, p. 60.
4879:
4874:
4868:
4863:
4856:
4851:
4844:
4839:
4837:
4829:
4824:
4814:
4808:, p. 23.
4807:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4790:
4785:
4783:
4775:
4770:
4763:
4758:
4751:
4746:
4739:
4734:
4727:
4721:
4714:
4709:
4702:
4697:
4695:
4687:
4682:
4675:
4670:
4668:
4661:translation."
4659:
4653:
4646:
4641:
4635:
4625:
4615:
4607:
4600:
4592:
4585:
4577:
4570:
4562:
4555:
4547:
4540:
4532:
4525:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4498:
4490:
4483:
4475:
4471:
4465:
4457:
4450:
4444:, p. 27.
4443:
4438:
4430:
4423:
4417:, p. 26.
4416:
4411:
4404:
4399:
4397:
4389:
4384:
4377:
4372:
4364:
4357:
4350:
4345:
4338:
4333:
4326:
4325:Kornicki 2017
4321:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4292:
4286:
4269:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4240:
4231:
4224:
4223:Henri Maspero
4218:
4208:
4199:
4195:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4176:
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3997:
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3988:
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3790:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3770:
3766:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3748:Vũ Văn Kính,
3747:
3744:
3741:Vũ Văn Kính,
3740:
3737:
3734:Vũ Văn Kính,
3733:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3698:
3697:
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3649:
3646:
3643:
3640:
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3633:
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3626:
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3620:
3617:
3615:785 (encoded)
3614:
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3503:Unicode block
3502:
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2411:
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2336:
2332:
2325:
2317:). Thus when
2311:
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2260:
2259:
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2161:
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2153:
2152:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2080:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2020:
2006:
2000:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1978:agglutinative
1975:
1970:
1968:
1956:) verse form.
1951:
1942:
1936:
1924:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1898:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1874:
1864:
1860:
1859:
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1847:
1845:
1836:
1827:
1819:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1773:Hồ Xuân Hương
1770:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1760:Đặng Trần Côn
1758:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1731:Nguyễn Trãi,
1730:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1615:
1608:
1602:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1564:Hồ Xuân Hương
1561:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1518:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1496:(Vietnamese).
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1473:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1438:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1420:
1416:The Nôm text
1411:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1382:Nguyễn Thuyên
1379:
1375:
1371:
1369:
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1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
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1341:
1337:
1332:
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1111:
1106:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1061:
1049:
1042:
1035:) dictionary.
1033:
1021:
1015:
1003:
998:
993:
983:
976:
934:
928:
922:
920:
916:
915:
909:
904:
899:
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888:
883:
878:
873:
862:
859:
854:
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773:
764:
759:
748:
743:
741:
736:
734:
729:
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684:
681:
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661:
660:
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584:
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566:
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540:
537:
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528:
525:
524:
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519:
513:
512:
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502:
498:
497:
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491:
487:
484:
483:
479:
478:
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468:
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459:
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448:
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430:
426:
425:
421:
419:
418:
414:
413:
412:
409:
407:
404:
400:
397:
396:
395:
392:
390:
387:
386:
383:
377:
376:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
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348:
344:
341:
339:
336:
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331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
320:
314:
311:
309:
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301:
300:
299:
296:
295:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
278:
277:
273:
272:
269:
268:script styles
266:Evolution of
263:
262:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
238:
233:
232:
227:
226:
225:
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216:
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212:
209:
208:
201:
197:
193:
189:
187:
166:
154:
150:
148:
144:
137:
134:
131:
125:
121:
118:Child systems
115:
108:
107:
105:
101:
97:
91:
86:
83:
80:
76:
70:
66:
62:
58:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
31:
20:
9893:Thai and Lao
9570:Scandinavian
9202:1829 braille
9194:Braille cell
8994:Cypro-Minoan
8860:Pahawh Hmong
8773:Sitelen Pona
8737:Hindu-Arabic
8555:
8070:Mundari Bani
7644:Pahawh Hmong
7453:Tamil-Brahmi
7359:Eveyla Akuru
7354:Dhives Akuru
6821:Paleo-Hebrew
6688:
6624:undeciphered
6538:
6532:
6526:
6520:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6494:MingLiU-ExtB
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6470:Han-Nom Ming
6469:
6466:Han-Nom Minh
6465:
6461:
6459:
6428:(in Chinese)
6422:
6387:
6369:
6348:. Retrieved
6340:
6304:
6218:
6205:
6198:
6191:
6177:
6170:
6146:
6127:
6115:
6111:
6087:
6083:
6061:
6042:
6023:
6004:
5985:
5966:
5947:
5943:
5924:
5887:
5879:
5874:
5864:
5856:
5846:
5828:
5823:
5799:
5758:
5749:
5732:
5713:
5700:
5688:. Retrieved
5678:
5669:
5663:
5654:
5648:
5639:
5633:
5621:
5609:
5595:cite journal
5578:
5574:
5564:
5529:
5502:
5490:
5478:
5466:
5439:
5427:
5418:
5412:, retrieved
5390:
5368:
5354:
5350:
5340:
5332:
5320:
5316:
5306:
5296:
5292:
5273:
5267:
5255:
5243:
5234:
5228:
5216:
5204:
5196:the original
5170:
5166:
5154:
5149:
5139:
5134:
5125:
5119:
5107:
5086:
5081:
5058:
5052:
5040:
5011:
5003:
4998:
4986:
4961:
4955:
4947:
4941:
4931:
4926:
4916:
4911:
4902:
4897:
4885:
4873:
4862:
4850:
4828:Maspero 1912
4823:
4813:
4774:Kiernan 2017
4769:
4757:
4750:Kiernan 2017
4745:
4733:
4725:
4720:
4708:
4681:
4657:
4656:Wynn Wilcox
4652:
4639:
4634:
4624:
4614:
4605:
4599:
4590:
4584:
4575:
4569:
4560:
4554:
4545:
4539:
4530:
4524:
4503:
4497:
4488:
4482:
4473:
4464:
4455:
4449:
4437:
4428:
4422:
4410:
4383:
4371:
4362:
4356:
4344:
4332:
4320:
4308:
4291:Tày language
4285:
4280:'beautiful'.
4268:
4239:
4230:
4217:
4207:
4198:
4133:input method
4124:
4104:
4098:
4087:
4075:
4068:
4059:G0 = China (
4056:
4001:claw, pincer
3961:plain, bland
3890:G1,J,KP,K,T
3846:G0,J,KP,K,T
3773:
3769:Tày language
3762:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3694:
3681:
3653:V4: 1, 3, 6;
3607:Manuscripts
3467:
3405:compound of
3258:compound of
3192:compound of
3120:compound of
3083:'earth' and
3077:compound of
3033:compound of
2989:compound of
2946:compound of
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2875:
2864:
2853:
2842:
2831:
2820:
2809:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2773:
2762:
2751:
2740:
2729:
2712:Tale of Kiều
2710:
2708:
2605:
2597:('sky') and
2572:
2466:
2437:
2409:
2369:
2292:
2273:
2268:of Japanese
2263:
2256:
2254:
2150:
2078:
2054:
2052:
1995:
1971:
1964:
1905:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1831:
1825:
1788:Tam thiên tự
1778:
1763:
1753:Lục Vân Tiên
1751:
1741:
1732:
1723:
1712:
1692:
1691:A page from
1671:in southern
1662:
1658:
1638:
1621:
1579:
1568:
1557:
1542:
1520:
1517:Lê Thần Tông
1499:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1467:
1458:
1444:
1415:
1398:Mạc Đĩnh Chi
1372:
1361:
1340:Đinh dynasty
1336:Đinh Bộ Lĩnh
1333:
1316:
1297:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1256:in 938, but
1241:
1217:
1216:A page from
1185:chữ Quốc ngữ
1181:
1168:
1131:
1120:
1105:Confucianism
1071:
1038:
923:
918:
912:
868:
829:
818:
808:was done in
803:
788:
757:
756:
657:
650:
643:
636:
596:
586:
573:and readings
553:
527:second round
500:
488:
480:
469:
461:
450:
423:
416:
333:Semi-cursive
274:
229:
199:
185:
183:
159:and ⟨
141:
10392:RoboBraille
10216:Róża Czacka
10156:Perforation
9953:Independent
9851:(Bhutanese)
9586:Greenlandic
9257:Azerbaijani
9059:Jindai moji
8948:Syllabaries
8919:SignWriting
8819:Celtiberian
8721:Hieroglyphs
8524:Seal script
8509:Traditional
8381:Blissymbols
8286:Warang Citi
8261:Tolong Siki
8214:Marcomannic
8194:Dalecarlian
8184:Anglo-Saxon
8164:Pau Cin Hau
8055:Medefaidrin
8008:Merovingian
7968:Blackletter
7876:Asomtavruli
7669:Warang Citi
7478:Ulu scripts
7423:New Tai Lue
7366:Mon–Burmese
7220:Bhattiprolu
7048:Nandinagari
6875:ʾEsṭrangēlā
6634:constructed
6478:Nom Na Tong
6474:Han-Nom Kai
5914:Works cited
5614:Hannas 1997
5557:Hannas 1997
5522:Hannas 1997
5459:Hannas 1997
5016:Hannas 1997
4890:Hannas 1997
4855:Nguyễn 1990
4789:Nguyễn 1990
4674:Hannas 1997
4388:Hannas 1997
3788:Nôm reading
3785:Composition
3641:Extension E
3618:Extension C
3598:VHN 02:1998
3575:VHN 01:1998
3489:hexadecimal
3440:each other
2919:derivation
2603:('upper').
1722:Nguyễn Du,
1677:Yue Chinese
1527: [
1509: [
1502:Nguyễn Trãi
1468:During the
1410:inflections
1394:Huyền Quang
1378:incantation
1345:Đại Cồ Việt
1244:Han dynasty
1076:are called
986:Terminology
777:logographic
411:Orthography
285:Oracle bone
69:traditional
55:Time period
47:Logographic
42:Script type
10412:Categories
9944:(obsolete)
9925:(obsolete)
9717:(Pakistan)
9628:Belarusian
9510:Vietnamese
9453:Portuguese
9439:Philippine
9396:Lithuanian
9049:Hentaigana
9044:Man'yōgana
8504:Simplified
8391:Ersu Shaba
8305:Non-linear
8110:Old Uyghur
8100:Old Permic
8095:Old Italic
8028:Visigothic
7963:Beneventan
7898:Glagolitic
7861:Gadabuursi
7525:Kolezhuthu
7520:Vatteluttu
7458:Tanchangya
7381:Saurashtra
6958:Devanagari
6816:Phoenician
6769:Manichaean
6527:chunom.org
6350:2023-04-15
6264:, Omniglot
6243:Chunom.org
5927:, Mouton,
5905:Entry giàu
5706:Nguyễn, Du
5414:2023-12-20
4301:References
4129:Tày people
3970:G3,KP,K,T
3800:Code point
3765:Tày people
3500:Characters
2887:each other
2280:Man'yōgana
2129:(top) and
2105:See also:
2097:('moon').
1961:Characters
1923:giải nghĩa
1913:Diễn nghĩa
1887:Giải nghĩa
1705:See also:
1665:Gin people
1538:dictionary
1447:Hồ dynasty
1309:Phùng Hưng
1278:Hồ dynasty
841:liturgical
783:. It uses
645:man'yōgana
571:Homographs
424:xin zixing
417:jiu zixing
389:Components
343:Flat brush
82:Vietnamese
10360:Vibratese
10339:Moon type
10332:Decapoint
10013:Eight-dot
9966:Cantonese
9915:Reordered
9878:Inuktitut
9767:Malayalam
9677:Ukrainian
9656:Mongolian
9635:Bulgarian
9598:Norwegian
9563:Icelandic
9354:Hungarian
9312:Esperanto
9264:Cantonese
8848:Redundant
8660:Anatolian
8611:Cuneiform
8539:bird-worm
8475:Logograms
8446:Testerian
8360:Ideograms
8337:Moon type
8224:Staveless
8115:Mongolian
8060:Molodtsov
8018:Sütterlin
7886:Mkhedruli
7752:Bassa Vah
7702:Alphabets
7674:Mwangwego
7639:Mwangwego
7614:Kharosthi
7567:Blackfoot
7530:Malayanma
7401:Sundanese
7396:Sukhothai
7344:Malayalam
7295:Khom Thai
7255:Goykanadi
7179:Tocharian
7132:ʼPhags-pa
7003:Khudabadi
6948:Bhaiksuki
6843:Samaritan
6774:Nabataean
6629:inventors
6502:Han Nom B
6498:Han Nom A
6393:HanNomIME
6090:: 1–124,
5969:, Brill,
5432:Marr 1984
5033:Marr 1984
4878:Gong 2019
4701:Marr 1984
4686:Marr 1984
3782:Character
3647:Projected
3470:TCVN 5712
3137:'person'
3050:'inside'
2910:character
2523:con ba ba
2073:(ba) and
1699:Nguyễn Du
1646:Khải Định
1554:Nguyễn Du
1550:Minh Mạng
1451:Hồ Quý Ly
1390:crocodile
1386:Red River
1247:conquered
1224:嗣德聖製字學解義歌
1182:The term
1132:The term
919:Quảng Nôm
914:Quảng Nam
865:Etymology
825:Nguyễn Du
313:Bird-worm
78:Languages
64:Direction
9996:Japanese
9857:Georgian
9849:Dzongkha
9835:Armenian
9753:Gujarati
9618:Cyrillic
9549:Estonian
9524:Yugoslav
9460:Romanian
9432:Nigerian
9347:Hawaiian
9333:Ghanaian
9250:Albanian
9111:Sumerian
9076:Linear B
9039:Katakana
9034:Hiragana
8984:Cherokee
8914:ASLwrite
8875:Bopomofo
8730:Numerals
8716:Hieratic
8675:Isthmian
8644:Sumerian
8624:Assyrian
8619:Akkadian
8276:Vithkuqi
8251:Tifinagh
8219:Medieval
8174:Pisidian
8169:Phrygian
8140:Vagindra
8085:Ol Chiki
7993:Interlac
7948:Kayah Li
7938:Jenticha
7893:Veso Bey
7881:Nuskhuri
7871:Georgian
7841:Formosan
7836:Etruscan
7831:Enochian
7787:Cyrillic
7772:Coelbren
7730:Armenian
7629:Meroitic
7619:Mandombe
7609:Jenticha
7473:Tigalari
7438:Tai Viet
7433:Tai Tham
7413:Tagbanwa
7265:Javanese
7215:Baybayin
7205:Balinese
7193:Southern
7088:Pracalit
7083:Pachumol
7058:Bhujimol
7018:Mahajani
6978:Gurmukhi
6968:Gujarati
6936:Northern
6916:Abugidas
6897:Ugaritic
6885:Maḏnḥāyā
6759:Tifinagh
6752:Solitreo
6690:Numerals
6603:Grapheme
6591:Overview
6486:Heiti TC
6438:Archived
6405:WinVNKey
6384:Software
6282:VinaWiki
6246:Archived
6217:(1998).
6126:(1991),
5923:(1977),
5900:", VNPF.
5712:(1983).
5581:(3): 6.
5144:, p. 50.
5091:Archived
4818:the ..."
4645:smallpox
4349:Sun 2015
4143:See also
4065:GB 12345
3803:V Source
3630:1, 3, 6
3515:Sources
3512:V Source
3506:Standard
3294:destiny
2943:hundred
2373:tháu đấm
2349:tháu đấm
2288:katakana
2284:hiragana
2266:readings
2251:('one').
2178:/jwiajk/
1904:). Some
1669:Dongxing
1459:Minh đạo
1167:history
1165:Buddhist
1060:Quốc ngữ
1002:Quốc ngữ
972:, while
698:Bopomofo
659:katakana
652:hiragana
612:Variants
555:kyūjitai
406:Radicals
356:Fangsong
323:Clerical
157:/ /
153:Help:IPA
9901:Tibetan
9842:Burmese
9828:Amharic
9811:(India)
9788:Sinhala
9781:Punjabi
9760:Kannada
9708:Persian
9663:Russian
9603:Swedish
9581:Finnish
9556:Faroese
9531:Zambian
9503:Turkish
9488:Spanish
9411:Maltese
9389:Latvian
9382:Italian
9361:Iñupiaq
9340:Guarani
9300:English
9271:Catalan
9188:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
9183:Braille
9066:Kikakui
9004:Eskayan
8989:Cypriot
8839:Dunging
8711:Demotic
8690:Tenevil
8634:Hittite
8629:Elamite
8582:Jurchen
8561:Sawndip
8556:Chữ Nôm
8456:Zapotec
8451:Yerkish
8426:Nsibidi
8411:Miꞌkmaw
8401:Isotype
8371:Adinkra
8312:Braille
8296:Zaghawa
8266:Vellara
8246:Sunuwar
8236:Sidetic
8231:Shavian
8159:Osmanya
8149:Ol Onal
8003:Kurrent
7988:Insular
7978:Fraktur
7953:Klingon
7943:Kaddare
7917:Archaic
7826:Elbasan
7814:Chinook
7804:Deseret
7792:Bosnian
7747:Avoiuli
7735:Avestan
7725:Ariyaka
7654:Tengwar
7552:Bharati
7513:Serawai
7503:Pasemah
7488:Lampung
7443:Lai Tay
7428:Tai Noi
7391:Sinhala
7371:Pallava
7339:Makasar
7327:Lontara
7302:Kulitan
7275:Kannada
7270:Kadamba
7260:Hanunoo
7250:Grantha
7245:Fakkham
7162:Tibetan
7147:Soyombo
7142:Siddhaṃ
7137:Sharada
7113:Litumol
7103:Tirhuta
7093:Ranjana
7078:Kvemmol
7038:Multani
7023:Marchen
6988:Kalinga
6928:Brahmic
6865:Sogdian
6804:Psalter
6784:Pahlavi
6764:Mandaic
6742:Cursive
6727:Elymaic
6698:Aramaic
6514:Mojikyō
6490:MingLiU
6482:STXiHei
6262:Chữ Nôm
6224:比較文字学初探
5851:(2008).
5761:(2006).
5626:Li 2020
5171:tiến sĩ
5167:cử nhân
4843:Li 2020
4376:Li 2020
4313:Li 2020
4076:Sources
4061:GB 2312
4047:V4-405E
4044:U+2B86F
4007:V4-536F
4004:U+2B2D9
3967:V3-313D
3927:V2-6E4F
3924:U+2029B
3887:V1-4C22
3843:V0-3122
3797:Meaning
3794:reading
3759:, 1995.
3752:, 1999.
3745:, 1994.
3738:, 1994.
3724:, 2004.
3717:, 2006.
3703:, 2003.
3682:Sources
3478:Unicode
3316:clever
3228:talent
3117:person
3006:'year'
2843:destiny
2730:hundred
2705:Example
1950:lục bát
1946:三字經六八演音
1873:giải âm
1863:Diễn âm
1840:三字經六八演音
1826:giải âm
1809:Giải âm
1322:vua cái
1282:Tây Sơn
1274:chữ Nôm
1270:chữ Nôm
1262:adopted
1208:History
1156:chữ Nôm
1150:chữ Hán
1135:Hán Nôm
1121:Hán văn
1094:chữ Nho
1079:chữ Hán
1048:Quốc Âm
1041:Chữ Nôm
1032:chữ Nôm
1014:chữ Nôm
966:𱚂(⿱字渚)
962:𲂯(⿰貝字)
958:𡦂(⿰字字)
953:𫿰(⿰字文)
943:𫳘(⿰字宁)
927:chữ Nôm
858:chữ Hán
806:Vietnam
790:chữ Hán
775:) is a
758:Chữ Nôm
674:Khitan
516:Reforms
394:Strokes
338:Regular
328:Cursive
256:Chữ Hán
200:chữ Nôm
186:chữ Nôm
145:in the
133:Sawndip
122:Nom Tay
109:Chữ Nôm
100:Chữ Hán
22:Chữ Nôm
10321:Other
10194:People
10184:Braigo
10003:Korean
9871:Hebrew
9802:Telugu
9701:Arabic
9691:Arabic
9649:Kyrgyz
9642:Kazakh
9576:Danish
9474:Slovak
9467:Samoan
9446:Polish
9425:Navajo
9326:German
9319:French
9186:
9131:Yugtun
9121:Woleai
9071:Kpelle
9054:Sōgana
8974:Byblos
8752:Muisca
8670:Cretan
8639:Luwian
8597:Tangut
8416:Mixtec
8386:Dongba
8291:Yezidi
8281:Wancho
8256:Todhri
8209:Gothic
8189:Cipher
8130:Manchu
8120:Evenki
8105:Orkhon
8050:Manchu
8045:Lydian
8040:Lycian
7983:Gaelic
7933:Hanifi
7928:Hangul
7903:Gothic
7851:Fraser
7846:Fox II
7782:Coptic
7757:Carian
7740:Pazend
7713:Linear
7659:Thaana
7604:Sarati
7545:Others
7508:Rejang
7493:Lembak
7483:Incung
7463:Telugu
7418:Tai Le
7312:Langdi
7235:Chakma
7125:Karani
7098:Tamyig
7073:Kummol
7068:Himmol
7063:Golmol
7043:Nagari
7028:Meitei
7013:Lepcha
6998:Khojki
6983:Kaithi
6870:Syriac
6858:Musnad
6737:Ashuri
6732:Hebrew
6715:Elifba
6710:Arabic
6703:Hatran
6678:Abjads
6512:, and
6184:
6153:
6134:
6068:
6049:
6030:
6011:
5992:
5973:
5931:
5720:
5690:10 Feb
5420:指南品彙).
5405:
5280:
5161:
5069:
4976:
4247:. The
4041:wealth
3964:U+391D
3921:people
3884:U+50B7
3878:thương
3875:thương
3840:U+5427
3363:to be
3352:(⿱罒𪜀)
3074:world
2854:clever
2821:talent
2774:person
2440:kokuji
2307:) and
2194:/pənˀ/
2176:(EMC)
2113:, and
1986:hangul
1972:As an
1902:指南玉音解義
1650:Tonkin
1586:Tự Đức
1435:Lê Lợi
1328:bố cái
1317:bu kaj
1250:Nanyue
1228:Tự Đức
1163:. The
1110:Hán tự
836:Jesuit
588:Kanbun
539:debate
455:(1716)
290:Bronze
161:
10037:(GS8)
10028:Kanji
9886:Khmer
9864:Greek
9795:Tamil
9728:i.e.
9689:i.e.
9670:Tatar
9616:i.e.
9517:Welsh
9418:Māori
9375:Irish
9293:Dutch
9286:Czech
9096:Nüshu
8964:Bamum
8959:Afaka
8766:Other
8757:Roman
8742:Abjad
8665:Bagam
8566:Bowen
8551:Kanji
8546:Hanja
8534:small
8529:large
8436:Olmec
8406:Kaidā
8396:Emoji
8376:Aztec
8179:Runic
8154:Osage
8135:Oirat
8080:Ogham
8013:Sigla
7958:Latin
7913:Greek
7797:Early
7767:Cirth
7720:Adlam
7589:Geʽez
7584:Fox I
7448:Tamil
7307:Lanna
7290:Khmer
7280:Karen
7230:Buhid
7210:Batak
7167:Uchen
7157:Takri
7108:Limbu
7008:Laṇḍā
6993:Khema
6973:Gupta
6963:Dogri
6880:Serṭā
6853:Zabur
6838:Punic
6811:Pegon
6747:Rashi
6661:Types
6612:Lists
6576:Types
6508:plus
6500:plus
6456:Fonts
6359:Texts
6108:(PDF)
5539:(PDF)
4974:JSTOR
4190:Notes
4050:None
4010:None
3955:suông
3930:None
3915:người
3675:2, 5
3638:1,028
3584:2, 5
3569:3,205
3561:2, 5
3546:3,311
3523:2,246
3446:nhiêu
3402:hate
3327:khiếu
3255:word
3243:(⿰宁字)
3189:word
3177:(⿰宁字)
3112:người
3105:(⿰㝵人)
3062:(⿰土癸)
3025:trong
3018:(⿺竜內)
2986:year
2974:(⿰南年)
2931:(⿱百林)
2916:gloss
2884:nhau.
2865:to be
2771:người
2763:world
2749:trong
2673:>
2667:>
2450:gukja
2410:người
2275:ateji
2270:kanji
2243:/mət/
2210:/dəw/
2079:blăng
2055:trăng
2030:) or
1822:三千字解音
1683:Texts
1673:China
1531:]
1513:]
968:, or
900:word
879:word
849:Hanoi
693:Nüshu
683:small
678:large
503:kanji
453:forms
399:order
308:Small
303:Large
251:Hanja
246:Kanji
188:text.
149:(IPA)
9809:Urdu
9774:Odia
9715:Urdu
9091:Loma
9086:Lisu
9029:Kana
9019:Iban
9009:Geba
8969:Bété
8924:si5s
8834:Khom
8807:Full
8680:Maya
8075:N'Ko
7634:Miao
7579:Dham
7498:Ogan
7468:Thai
7386:Shan
7322:Leke
7285:Kawi
7240:Cham
7225:Buda
7200:Ahom
7120:Odia
7033:Modi
6789:Book
6492:plus
6182:ISBN
6151:ISBN
6132:ISBN
6066:ISBN
6047:ISBN
6028:ISBN
6009:ISBN
5990:ISBN
5971:ISBN
5929:ISBN
5798:" ,
5718:ISBN
5692:2021
5601:link
5403:ISBN
5278:ISBN
5169:and
5159:ISBN
5067:ISBN
4906:..."
4629:..."
4256:nháy
4253:and
4125:chàu
4105:càng
4057:Key:
4035:chàu
3995:càng
3958:song
3672:None
3669:2001
3663:~900
3624:2009
3601:2001
3578:2001
3555:1999
3532:2001
3509:Date
3497:Code
3435:nhau
3397:ghét
3339:giáo
3311:khéo
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1612:國音漢字
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1026:大南國語
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501:Jōyō
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5757:",
5583:doi
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5325:doi
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4954:".
4516:866
4512:249
4508:248
4245:本𖿱
4038:N/A
3998:N/A
3918:N/A
3635:V04
3592:535
3483:CJK
3419:cát
3336:is
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2324:vốn
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3543:V1
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2826:𡨸
2804:𡨸
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2679:).
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1930:).
1928:解義
1918:演義
1892:解義
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1878:解音
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1126:漢文
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1054:國音
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