93:
381:
2851:
3108:
73:
1240:
344:
3755:
3265:
1440:
1539:
were commonly practiced in Iberia. Excavation of rich burials in Bori, Armazi, and
Zguderi has produced silver drinking cups with the impression of a horse either standing at a fire-altar or with its right foreleg raised above the altar. The cult of Mithras, distinguished by its syncretic character
1523:
reports that a statue was erected in his honor and that rights to sacrifice were given. The period brought a major change to the political status of Iberia with Rome recognizing them as an ally, rather than their former status as a subject state, a political situation which remained the same, even
1669:, which brought an extensive territory under its control. Although it remained a part of the kingdom of Kartli, its viceroys turned their domain into a center of Persian influence. Sasanian rulers put the Christianity of the Georgians to a severe test. They promoted the teachings of
1548:
beliefs and ways of life penetrated deeply the practices of the
Iberian court and elite: the Armazian script and “language,” which is based on Aramaic (see Tsereteli), was adopted officially (a number of inscriptions in Aramaic of the Classical/Hellenistic periods are known from
1692:(447–502) was marked by the relative revival of the kingdom. Formally a vassal of the Persians, he secured the northern borders by subjugating the Caucasian mountaineers, and brought the adjacent western and southern Georgian lands under his control. He established an
1270:
were the early proto-Georgian tribe which played a leading role in the consolidation of
Iberian tribes largely inhabiting eastern and southern Georgia. The Moschians may have moved slowly to the northeast forming settlements as they traveled. One of these was
1731:, and the next unsuccessful insurrection (523) of the Georgians under Gurgen had severe consequences for the country. Thereafter, the king of Iberia had only nominal power, while the country was effectively ruled by the Persians. In 580,
1704:
his capital. In 482 he led a general uprising against Persia and started a desperate war for independence that lasted for twenty years. He could not get
Byzantine support and was eventually defeated, dying in battle in 502.
3148:
1344:(c. 302 – c. 237 BC). According to the later Georgian chronicles, after driving back an invasion, he subjugated the neighboring areas, including a significant part of the western Georgian state of Colchis (locally known as
1553:
as well); the court was organized on
Iranian models, the elite dress was influenced by Iranian costume, the Iberian elite adopted Iranian personal names, and the official cult of Armazi (q.v.) was introduced by King
1390:
The period following this time of prosperity was one of incessant warfare as Iberia was forced to defend against numerous invasions into its territories. Some southern parts of Iberia, that were conquered from the
1574:. By replacing the weak Parthian realm with a strong, centralized state, it changed the political orientation of Iberia away from Rome. Iberia became a tributary of the Sasanian state during the reign of
1859:
It has been advocated by various ancient and medieval authors, although they differed in approach to the problem of the initial place of their origin. The theory seems to have been popular in medieval
1653:
in 387. However, a later ruler of Kartli, Pharsman IV (406–409), preserved his country's autonomy and ceased to pay tribute to Persia. Persia prevailed, and
Sassanian kings began to appoint a viceroy (
1649:
was slain during his failed campaign in Persia in 363, Rome ceded control of Iberia to Persia, and King Varaz-Bakur I (Asphagur) (363–365) became a
Persian vassal, an outcome confirmed by the Peace of
3141:
1544:, especially the cult of the Sun, gradually came to merge with ancient Georgian beliefs. It is even thought that Mithras must have been the precursor of St. George in pagan Georgia. Step by step,
3134:
1282:
The written sources for the early periods of Iberia's history are mostly medieval
Georgian chronicles, that modern scholarship interpret as a semi-legendary narrative. One such chronicle,
1218:
was given by
Ancient Greeks to two different peoples located at the extremities of their world (in the Iberian Peninsula and the Caucasus) due to the mythical wealth associated with them (
1642:) and have a large scale impact on the state's culture and society. Iranian elements in Georgian art gradually ceased with the adoptation of Eastern Orthodoxy in the fourth century.
4452:
4447:
2228:, 9789042913189. P. 275. "While P’arnavaz may in fact be a fabrication, it is more feasible that over time the memory of the historical P’arnavaz accumulated a legendary facade."
1204:
1485:
While another
Georgian kingdom of Colchis was administered as a Roman province, Iberia freely accepted the Roman Imperial protection. A stone inscription discovered at
1822:
dynasty, from his base in southwestern Georgia, took advantage of the weakening of the Arab rule to establish himself as hereditary prince (with the Byzantine title
1578:(241–272). Relations between the two countries seem to have been friendly at first, as Iberia cooperated in Persian campaigns against Rome, and the Iberian king
2128:
Domínguez Monedero, Adolfo Jerónimo (1983). "Los términos "Iberia" e "Íberos" en las fuentes grecolatinas: estudio acerca de su origen y ámbito de aplicación".
1597:(298) while the Roman empire obtained control of Caucasian Iberia again as a vassal state and acknowledged the reign over all the Caucasian area, it recognized
2639:
1764:(c. 590 – 627), decided in 607 to join forces with Persia in order to reunite all the territories of Iberia, a goal he seems to have accomplished. But Emperor
1474:, and Armenia; but Rome did not establish her power permanently over Iberia. Twenty-nine years later, the Romans again marched (36 BC) on Iberia forcing King
1087:
3365:
2171:
2013:
The year 317 is the only one that century when a total eclipse of the sun was visible at Mtskheta. To convert before the Council of Nicaea in 325.
3281:
3988:
1102:
3875:
3870:
3862:
3611:
721:
3835:
2882:
4372:
3378:
1511:
and Pharsman II were strained, though Hadrian is said to have sought to appease Pharsman. However, it was only under Hadrian's successor
2339:
Muskhelishvili, David; Samsonadze, Mikheil; Daushvili, Alexander (2009). History of Georgia: from ancient times to 2009. Tbilisi, p. 69.
4280:
3891:
2632:
2379:
1768:'s offensive in 627 and 628 brought victory over the Georgians and Persians and ensured Byzantine predominance in western and eastern
4437:
3800:
1325:
The story of Alexander's invasion of Kartli, although legendary, nevertheless reflects the establishment of Georgian monarchy in the
3795:
3723:
2403:
784:
4217:
4059:
3851:
3316:
1880:
737:
1856:, has led to an idea of ethnogenetical kinship between them and the people of Caucasian Iberia (called the 'Eastern' Iberians).
1318:’s, who massacred a local ruling family and conquered the area, until being defeated at the end of the 4th century BC by Prince
4427:
4247:
4034:
3845:
3733:
3667:
3358:
92:
4223:
4075:
3739:
2913:
2625:
2557:
2036:
364:
4202:
3973:
3825:
3713:
3180:
1586:
who had been subdued by force of arms. But the aggressive tendencies of the Sasanians were evident in their propagation of
1341:
769:
4422:
3840:
3830:
3815:
3790:
3780:
3657:
2831:
2536:
2389:
1136:
733:
601:
31:
17:
4312:
4234:
4107:
3961:
3941:
3626:
3507:
3351:
2588:
2498:
2440:
2246:
2225:
2116:
2070:
1616:
709:
565:
1069:
79:
4024:
3966:
3249:
2875:
1867:(1009–1065) wrote about the wish of certain Georgian nobles to travel to the Iberian peninsula and visit the local
1749:
to revive the kingdom of Iberia in 582, but in 591 Byzantium and Persia agreed to divide Iberia between them, with
1407:
was dethroned by his own subjects, after converting to Zoroastrianism, and the crown given to the Armenian prince
1192:
4269:
4182:
3983:
3956:
3902:
3677:
3564:
3554:
3107:
1209:
4442:
4417:
4242:
4069:
3946:
3763:
3642:
3306:
3126:
2826:
2413:
1451:
1392:
1275:, the future capital of the Kingdom of Iberia. The Mtskheta tribe was later ruled by a prince locally known as
923:
725:
625:
1615:
Roman predominance proved crucial in religious matters, since King Mirian III and leading nobles converted to
4207:
3929:
2991:
2680:
1395:, in the 2nd century BC were reunited to Armenia and the Colchian lands seceded to form separate princedoms (
617:
4365:
4090:
4064:
4012:
3951:
3652:
3386:
3311:
3229:
3072:
2652:
1459:
1428:
1364:, and to have created a new system of administration, subdividing the country into several counties called
794:
729:
613:
465:
372:
2850:
4412:
4049:
4039:
3775:
3718:
3549:
3527:
3406:
3332:
2868:
2192:
1760:
At the beginning of the 7th century the truce between Byzantium and Persia collapsed. The Iberian prince
779:
597:
581:
521:
397:
2549:
History of Georgia in four volumes, vol. I - History of Georgia from ancient times to the 4th century AD
2349:
4407:
4381:
4274:
4212:
4187:
3708:
3461:
3254:
2996:
2955:
1412:
1049:
976:
946:
764:
605:
489:
461:
434:
285:
83:
72:
2517:
The Sasanian World Through Georgian Eyes: The Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature
4317:
3998:
3978:
3616:
3589:
3234:
3092:
3032:
2816:
2768:
1500:
The next two centuries saw a continuation of Roman influence over the area, but by the reign of King
1121:
1036:
950:
702:
689:
673:
577:
477:
3047:
4432:
4386:
4029:
3728:
3574:
3532:
3517:
3451:
3291:
3197:
3062:
2975:
2773:
2735:
2108:
1661:) to keep watch on their vassal. They eventually made the office hereditary in the ruling house of
1471:
1424:
789:
677:
589:
469:
457:
4332:
4054:
3579:
3502:
3411:
3301:
3296:
2949:
2783:
2719:
1490:
807:
669:
549:
533:
401:
35:
1493:(AD 58–106) as "the friend of the Caesars" and the king "of the Roman-loving Iberians." Emperor
3477:
2703:
1736:
1714:
1594:
1475:
1291:
961:
585:
517:
337:
2026:
380:
3584:
2778:
2165:
1833:
1832:, formally a vassal of Byzantium, was crowned as the “king of Iberia” in 888. His descendant
1829:
1579:
1501:
1337:
1329:
and the desire of later Georgian literati to connect this event to the celebrated conqueror.
1319:
818:
665:
266:
2505:
1631:, who since 303 had preached Orthodoxy in the Georgian kingdom of Iberia (Eastern Georgia).
3993:
3487:
3286:
1864:
1785:
1685:
1598:
1408:
1287:
638:
525:
157:
1985:
A. Furtwängler, I. Gagoshidze, H. Löhr and N. Ludwig(2008) - Iberia and Rome. Page - 25-26
8:
4167:
4144:
3805:
3647:
3621:
3544:
3497:
3401:
2708:
1815:
1761:
1646:
1434:
1404:
1385:
1315:
1256:
1255:, the area of Caucasian Iberia was inhabited by several related tribes stemming from the
1252:
1244:
942:
887:
593:
553:
453:
390:
253:
2464:აბაშიძე ზ., ბახტაძე მ, ჯანელიძე ო., „საქართველო და ქართველები“, თბილისი, 2013. — გვ. 97.
4192:
3687:
3672:
3601:
3569:
3559:
3522:
3492:
3482:
3244:
2800:
2795:
2763:
2758:
2740:
2546:
Lortkipanidze, Mariam; Japaridze, Otar; Muskhelishvili, David; Metreveli, Roin (2012).
2104:
2058:
1837:
1811:
1558:
in the 3rd century BC (connected by the medieval Georgian chronicle to Zoroastrianism)
1541:
1374:
1326:
969:
965:
774:
741:
713:
661:
657:
649:
569:
541:
529:
4262:
4257:
4153:
4122:
3754:
3596:
3537:
3512:
3374:
3190:
3082:
3006:
2836:
2790:
2730:
2617:
2584:
2553:
2532:
2494:
2436:
2409:
2385:
2242:
2221:
2153:
2112:
2066:
2032:
1860:
1849:
1769:
1746:
1678:
1635:
1479:
1455:
1303:
1183:
1058:
1024:
919:
911:
891:
847:
653:
561:
545:
4322:
4127:
4102:
3810:
3703:
3421:
3416:
3239:
3175:
2970:
2923:
2860:
2607:
2491:
Georgia in Antiquity: A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia, 550 BC-AD 562
2143:
2133:
1720:
1054:
996:
954:
759:
502:
485:
413:
409:
995:
of the kingdom. Starting in the early 6th century AD, the kingdom's position as a
902:, either as an independent state or as a dependent of larger empires, notably the
4344:
3820:
3682:
3662:
3606:
3456:
3207:
2980:
2892:
2821:
2713:
2524:
2184:
1789:
1724:
1610:
1545:
1515:
that relations improved to the extent that Pharsman is said to have even visited
1263:
1080:
1011:
903:
717:
681:
621:
609:
481:
302:
146:
113:
3156:
1146:
4139:
3097:
3057:
3037:
2943:
2547:
2138:
1674:
1620:
1587:
1536:
1512:
1175:
1075:
992:
857:
839:
685:
645:
573:
557:
223:
124:
2239:
Studies In Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts And Eurasian Contexts
2218:
Studies in medieval Georgian historiography: early texts and Eurasian contexts
1504:(116–132) Iberia had regained some of its former power. Relations between the
1497:
fortified the ancient Mtskheta site of Arzami for the Iberian kings in AD 75.
4401:
4302:
4197:
4174:
4132:
4044:
3915:
3219:
3185:
2504:
Hitchins, Keith (2001). "GEORGIA ii. History of Iranian-Georgian Relations".
2435:
Mariam Lortkipanidze, Roin Metreveli, Kings of Georgia, Tbilisi, 2007, p. 41
2157:
2107:(1998), The Designations of the Georgians and Their Etymology, pp. 85-86-87,
1505:
1223:
1126:
826:
811:
1836:(r. 975–1014), brought the various principalities together to form a united
1348:), and seems to have secured recognition of the newly founded state by the
1151:
1095:
4327:
4160:
4112:
3202:
3158:
2028:
The Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian periods
1824:
1662:
1516:
1463:
1444:
1295:
1239:
1111:
999:
988:
957:
907:
879:
445:
232:
135:
4297:
3214:
3001:
2908:
1885:
1693:
1520:
1400:
1357:
1179:
1092:
509:
4339:
3017:
2985:
2918:
1819:
1732:
1628:
1624:
1571:
1299:
1003:
984:
980:
289:
2602:
Iberia Caucasia. Ein Kleinkönigreich im Spannungsfeld großer Imperien.
2148:
1590:, which was probably established in Iberia between the 260s and 290s.
1582:(260–265) was listed as a high dignitary of the Sasanian realm, not a
4252:
3785:
2933:
2928:
2903:
2648:
1807:
1803:
1773:
1765:
1670:
1650:
1639:
1555:
1532:
1494:
1349:
1219:
1129:
1007:
938:
871:
513:
3264:
1802:(prince), Stephanoz II (637 – c. 650), to abandon his allegiance to
1604:
1566:
Decisive for the future history of Iberia was the foundation of the
1381:(also known as the Iberian Gates) being the most important of them.
1023:
The term "Caucasian Iberia" is also used to distinguish it from the
4307:
3910:
3343:
3224:
3087:
3027:
2965:
2960:
2723:
1853:
1799:
1754:
1728:
1697:
1677:
had become a second official religion in eastern Georgia alongside
1575:
1567:
1486:
1366:
1307:
1272:
960:, together with Colchis to its west, would form the nucleus of the
899:
895:
537:
243:
205:
1810:
as his suzerain. Iberia thus became a tributary state and an Arab
1439:
3880:
3436:
3431:
3067:
3052:
2675:
2670:
1750:
1741:
1701:
1550:
1525:
1508:
1016:
915:
441:
417:
405:
227:
210:
97:
1988:
1298:– the initial home of the proto-Iberians, which had been under
4117:
3885:
3446:
3426:
3077:
3042:
3022:
3011:
2685:
1583:
1467:
1378:
1361:
1345:
1267:
883:
867:
473:
421:
200:
2350:"GEORGIA iii. Iranian elements in Georgian art and archeology"
1779:
1186:. All exonyms are simply phonetic variations of the same root
2938:
1353:
1141:
830:
1411:
who ascended the Iberian throne in 93 BC, establishing the
1356:. Pharnavaz is also said to have built a major citadel, the
1078:
861:
2321:
1848:
The similarity of the name with the old inhabitants of the
1795:
1531:
From the first centuries of the Christian era, the cult of
1197:
1107:
2529:
The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Mediterranean Religions
1418:
1114:
1814:
about 653. At the beginning of the 9th century, eristavi
1006:(578–590) abolished the monarchy after the death of King
4453:
States and territories disestablished in the 6th century
4448:
States and territories established in the 4th century BC
1745:(governor). Georgian nobles urged the Byzantine emperor
1601:, the first of the Chosroid dynasty, as king of Iberia.
2252:
2647:
1061:
851:
2309:
2082:
William Coffman McDermott, Wallace Everett Caldwell.
1373:
His successors controlled the mountain passes of the
1314:(“History of Kartli”) claims Azo to be an officer of
1157:
1042:
2890:
2614:. Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1963
2552:. Tbilisi: National Academy of Sciences of Georgia.
1735:(578–590) abolished the monarchy after the death of
1561:
1340:, victorious in a power struggle, became the first
1002:was changed into direct Persian rule. In 580, king
2545:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2127:
1994:
1739:, and Iberia became a Persian province ruled by a
1332:
1605:Adoption of Orthodoxy and Sassanid Persian period
910:empires. Iberia, centered on present-day Eastern
4399:
2363:
2024:
1843:
1634:The religion would become a strong tie between
1310:was to be founded. Another Georgian chronicle,
2170:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
1067:
230:(language of governance, literacy and culture)
3359:
3142:
2876:
2633:
2031:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 520–.
1623:. The event is related with the mission of a
1540:and thus complementary to local cults within
722:Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic
2575:Georgia: A sovereign country of the Caucasus
2084:Readings in the History of the Ancient World
1057:designation of the Georgians, evolving from
1780:Arab period and restoration of the kingship
3366:
3352:
3149:
3135:
2883:
2869:
2640:
2626:
2493:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1994)
1863:. The prominent Georgian religious writer
1772:until the invasion of the Caucasus by the
91:
2531:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2147:
2137:
1524:during the Empire's hostilities with the
1399:). At the end of the 2nd century BC, the
1279:(“father of the household” in Georgian).
2503:
2408:. Indiana University Press. p. 22.
2327:
2006:
1970:
1955:
1931:
1903:
1798:reached Iberia about 645 and forced its
1438:
1238:
2384:Rowman & Littlefield, 6 feb. 2015
1881:Georgian monarchs family tree of Iberia
1673:, and by the middle of the 5th century
1419:Roman period and Roman/Parthian rivalry
14:
4400:
2612:Studies in Christian Caucasian History
2523:
2507:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. X, Fasc. 4
2315:
2189:Studies in Christian Caucasian History
1708:
3347:
3130:
2864:
2621:
2220:, vol 601. Peeters Publishers, 2003.
2009:Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia
1973:Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia
1958:Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia
1934:Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia
1906:Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia
1619:around 317 and declared Orthodoxy as
610:Armenia within the Kingdom of Georgia
3373:
2514:
2401:
2258:
2231:
1684:The early reign of the Iberian king
1041:All exonyms are likely derived from
2597:(London: Thames & Hudson, 1966)
2241:, pp. 141-142. Peeters Publishers,
24:
3658:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
3118:* indicates short living provinces
2065:. Indiana University Press, p. 13
734:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
32:Kingdom of Iberia (disambiguation)
27:Ancient Georgian kingdom of Kartli
25:
4464:
3508:Unification of the Georgian realm
2405:The Making of the Georgian Nation
2063:The Making of the Georgian Nation
1920:The Making of the Georgian Nation
1562:Between Rome/Byzantium and Persia
1174:was a phonetic phenomenon in the
710:Georgia within the Russian Empire
566:Unification of the Georgian realm
4438:Provinces of the Sasanian Empire
3753:
3627:Absorption by the Russian Empire
3263:
3106:
2849:
2381:Historical Dictionary of Georgia
1489:speaks of the 1st-century ruler
1306:– and settled on the site where
1234:
1012:Iberia became a Persian province
379:
342:
71:
2573:Roger Rosen, Jeffrey Jay Foxx.
2467:
2458:
2445:
2429:
2395:
2342:
2333:
2300:
2291:
2282:
2273:
2270:Machabeli, pp. 37, 51–54, 65–66
2264:
2210:
2198:
2178:
2121:
2098:
2089:
2076:
2052:
2018:
1757:to be under Byzantine control.
1719:The continuing rivalry between
1665:, thus inaugurating the Kartli
1570:(or Sassanid) Empire in 224 by
1478:to join their campaign against
1333:Pharnavaz I and his descendants
1290:”) mentions that a ruler named
167:Vassal state of Sassanid Persia
3643:Democratic Republic of Georgia
2827:Democratic Republic of Georgia
2475:History of the Georgian Nation
2000:
1979:
1964:
1949:
1940:
1925:
1912:
1897:
1322:, at that time a local chief.
975:In the 4th century, after the
726:Democratic Republic of Georgia
626:Collapse of the Georgian realm
602:Kingdom of Georgia (1256–1329)
305:and abolition of the monarchy
235:(literacy and native language)
130:(65–63 BC, 40–36 BC, 30–1 AD)
13:
1:
4428:Former countries in West Asia
2451:David Muskhelishvili (2003).
1891:
1812:emir was installed in Tbilisi
1243:Map of Iberia and Colchis by
1110:". This is also reflected in
618:Turkoman invasions of Georgia
272:
183:Annexation by Sassanid Persia
58:
3903:Russian-occupied territories
3734:Timeline of Georgian history
2604:Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2021.
2567:
2473:Ivane Javakhishvili (1983).
2402:Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994).
2205:Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia
1844:Eastern and Western Iberians
1450:This close association with
1429:Caucasian campaign of Pompey
1152:
1130:
1115:
1096:
1079:
1062:
933:, formed the nucleus of the
862:
852:
806:Not to be confused with the
730:Red Army invasion of Georgia
614:Timurid invasions of Georgia
175:Direct Sassanid Persian rule
7:
3333:Borders of the Roman Empire
2581:Rewriting Caucasian History
2477:, p. 121. Tbilisi: Georgia.
2455:, Matiane, Tbilisi, p. 246.
2453:Georgia in the 4th-8th cent
2193:Georgetown University Press
1874:
1753:to be in Persian hands and
1737:King Bacurius III of Iberia
1470:, who was then at war with
1302:rule until the fall of the
1158:
1106:) meaning "the land of the
1043:
882:: ႵႠႰႧႪႨ), known after its
598:Mongol invasions of Georgia
522:Umayyad invasion of Georgia
10:
4469:
4423:Former countries in Europe
3462:Christianization of Iberia
2956:Garamig ud Nodardashiragan
2483:
2139:10.14198/LVCENTVM1983.2.10
1828:) of Iberia. A successor,
1783:
1712:
1608:
1432:
1422:
1413:Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia
1383:
1360:, and a temple to the god
1247:printed in Leipzig in 1706
1229:
1191:
1135:
1120:
1101:
1086:
1068:
1034:
977:Christianization of Iberia
831:
805:
606:Kingdom of Western Georgia
490:Christianization of Iberia
462:Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia
286:Christianization of Iberia
84:Christianization of Iberia
29:
4359:
4290:
4233:
4098:
4089:
4020:
4011:
3937:
3928:
3901:
3861:
3771:
3762:
3751:
3696:
3635:
3617:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
3590:Principality of Mingrelia
3470:
3394:
3385:
3325:
3272:
3261:
3166:
3157:Territories with limited
3115:
3104:
2899:
2847:
2817:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
2809:
2769:Principality of Mingrelia
2749:
2694:
2663:
2659:
2515:Rapp, Stephen H. (2014).
2237:Rapp, Stephen H. (2003),
2007:Rayfield, Donald (2012).
1971:Rayfield, Donald (2012).
1956:Rayfield, Donald (2012).
1932:Rayfield, Donald (2012).
1904:Rayfield, Donald (2012).
1458:brought upon the country
1294:and his people came from
1205:Adolfo Domínguez Monedero
1048:
1037:Name of Georgia (country)
983:during the reign of King
690:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
674:Principality of Mingrelia
578:Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti
478:Arsacid dynasty of Iberia
317:
313:
299:
282:
263:
259:
249:
239:
219:
193:
171:(363–482 AD, 502–523 AD)
105:
90:
68:
57:
43:
3871:Administrative divisions
3612:Shah Abbas I's invasions
3575:Principality of Abkhazia
3518:First Kingdom of Kakheti
3169:partially or temporarily
2801:Principality of Samtskhe
2774:Principality of Abkhazia
2736:First Kingdom of Kakheti
2525:Spaeth, Barbette Stanley
2109:Tbilisi State University
2025:Ehsan Yarshater (1983).
1472:Mithradates VI of Pontus
1425:Georgia in the Roman era
1150:. The transformation of
1125:), it being a source of
1027:in Southwestern Europe.
941:). Iberia, ruled by the
678:Principality of Abkhazia
458:Georgia in the Roman era
3580:Principality of Svaneti
3503:Kingdom of the Iberians
3407:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
2950:Eran-Khwarrah-Yazdegerd
2784:Principality of Svaneti
2378:Alexander Mikaberidze.
2142:(inactive 2024-08-27).
1995:History of Georgia 2012
1908:. pp. 26, 29, 417.
1030:
808:Kingdom of the Iberians
670:Principality of Svaneti
582:Byzantine–Georgian wars
550:Kingdom of the Iberians
398:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
141:(1–129 AD, 131–260 AD)
36:Iberia (disambiguation)
3478:Principality of Iberia
3161:occupation and contact
2704:Principality of Iberia
2593:Lang, David Marshall.
1715:Principality of Iberia
1447:
1248:
1145:
843:
586:Great Turkish Invasion
518:Principality of Iberia
338:Principality of Iberia
4443:Roman client kingdoms
4418:580 disestablishments
3622:1795 Persian Invasion
3585:Principality of Guria
2779:Principality of Guria
2306:Apakidze, pp. 397–401
2279:Makalatia, pp. 184–93
1871:, as he called them.
1869:Georgians of the West
1830:Adarnase IV of Iberia
1818:(813–830) of the new
1727:for supremacy in the
1442:
1242:
1214:argues that the name
1035:Further information:
819:Greco-Roman geography
666:Principality of Guria
220:Common languages
64:BC – 580 AD
4218:World Heritage Sites
3801:Environmental issues
2207:(1984), v. 7, p. 146
1918:Ronald Grigor Suny.
1865:George the Hagiorite
1786:Arab rule in Georgia
1288:Conversion of Kartli
1091:), rooting out from
929:Its population, the
639:Early modern history
590:Georgian–Seljuk wars
526:Arab rule in Georgia
470:Iberian–Armenian War
158:Eastern Roman Empire
156:Client state of the
134:Client state of the
123:Client state of the
112:Vassal state of the
30:For other uses, see
3668:Independent Georgia
3498:Kingdom of Abkhazia
3412:Kura–Araxes culture
3402:Prehistoric Georgia
2709:Kingdom of Abkhazia
2600:Schleicher, Frank.
2579:Thomson, Robert W.
2510:. pp. 464–470.
2330:, pp. 464–470.
2105:Khintibidze, Elguja
2095:Mikaberidze, p. 360
1709:Fall of the kingdom
1645:However, after the
1435:Roman-Parthian Wars
1386:Pharnavazid dynasty
1284:Moktsevay Kartlisay
1257:Kura-Araxes culture
1245:Christoph Cellarius
888:Classical Antiquity
594:Georgian Golden Age
554:Kingdom of Abkhazia
454:Pharnavazid dynasty
402:Kura–Araxes culture
391:Prehistoric Georgia
80:Flag of the kingdom
4413:302 establishments
4060:Telecommunications
3688:Russo-Georgian War
3602:Kingdom of Kakheti
3570:Kingdom of Imereti
3565:Turkmen incursions
3560:Samtskhe atabegate
3523:Kingdom of Georgia
3493:Emirate of Tbilisi
3483:Bagrationi dynasty
3312:Sub-Saharan Africa
2796:Kingdom of Kakheti
2764:Kingdom of Imereti
2759:Kingdom of Georgia
2741:Emirate of Tbilisi
2718:Principalities of
2651:states throughout
2297:Braund, pp. 212–15
2288:Braund, pp. 126–27
2261:, p. 230-231.
2059:Ronald Grigor Suny
1806:and recognize the
1542:Georgian mythology
1448:
1443:Iberia during the
1393:Kingdom of Armenia
1327:Hellenistic period
1312:Kartlis Tskhovreba
1249:
1162:and alteration of
970:Bagrationi dynasty
966:Kingdom of Georgia
914:, was bordered by
894:was a significant
742:Russo-Georgian War
738:Georgia since 1991
714:1832 Georgian plot
662:Kingdom of Imereti
658:Kingdom of Kakheti
650:Samtskhe-Saatabago
570:Kingdom of Georgia
542:Bagrationi dynasty
530:Emirate of Tbilisi
466:Campaign of Pompey
373:History of Georgia
18:Caucasian Iberians
4408:Kingdom of Iberia
4395:
4394:
4355:
4354:
4248:Ethnic minorities
4177:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4085:
4084:
4007:
4006:
3989:Political parties
3952:Foreign relations
3924:
3923:
3749:
3748:
3653:Red Army invasion
3597:Kingdom of Kartli
3555:Timur's invasions
3538:Battle of Didgori
3513:Kingdom of Hereti
3442:Kingdom of Iberia
3341:
3340:
3317:Equatorial Africa
3191:Byzantine Armenia
3181:Caucasian Albania
3124:
3123:
2891:Provinces of the
2858:
2857:
2845:
2844:
2822:Republic of Guria
2791:Kingdom of Kartli
2731:Kingdom of Hereti
2559:978-9941-19-405-4
2216:Stephen H. Rapp.
2038:978-0-521-20092-9
1960:. pp. 35–36.
1946:Braund pp.233–237
1936:. pp. 29–35.
1850:Iberian peninsula
1838:Georgian monarchy
1679:Eastern Orthodoxy
1617:Eastern Orthodoxy
1262:According to the
1184:Iranian languages
1025:Iberian Peninsula
920:Caucasian Albania
892:Early Middle Ages
804:
803:
654:Kingdom of Kartli
562:Duchy of Kldekari
546:Kingdom of Hereti
538:Duchy of Klarjeti
450:Kingdom of Iberia
406:Legend of Kartlos
358:
357:
354:
353:
350:
349:
45:Kingdom of Iberia
16:(Redirected from
4460:
4375:
4368:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4096:
4095:
4018:
4017:
3935:
3934:
3876:Cities and towns
3811:Greater Caucasus
3769:
3768:
3757:
3719:Military history
3704:Names of Georgia
3550:Mongol invasions
3422:Colchian culture
3417:Trialeti culture
3392:
3391:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3345:
3344:
3267:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3128:
3127:
3119:
3110:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2862:
2861:
2853:
2661:
2660:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2608:Toumanoff, Cyril
2563:
2542:
2520:
2511:
2478:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2456:
2449:
2443:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2399:
2393:
2376:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2235:
2229:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2185:Toumanoff, Cyril
2182:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2161:
2151:
2141:
2125:
2119:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2087:
2080:
2074:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1923:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1901:
1852:, the 'Western'
1696:patriarchate at
1638:and Rome (later
1595:Peace of Nisibis
1593:However, in the
1213:
1195:
1161:
1155:
1140:), that entered
1139:
1133:
1124:
1118:
1105:
1099:
1090:
1084:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1052:
1046:
922:in the east and
865:
855:
834:
833:
780:Military history
754:History by topic
486:Chosroid dynasty
414:Colchian culture
410:Trialeti culture
383:
360:
359:
346:
345:
334:
333:
319:
318:
303:Sasanian control
288:during reign of
277:
274:
265:• Reign of
145:Vassal state of
95:
75:
63:
60:
41:
40:
21:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4433:Former kingdoms
4398:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4351:
4286:
4229:
4203:Public holidays
4081:
4045:Lari (currency)
4003:
3974:Law enforcement
3920:
3897:
3857:
3836:Protected areas
3821:Lesser Caucasus
3758:
3745:
3692:
3683:Rose Revolution
3678:War in Abkhazia
3663:April 9 tragedy
3631:
3607:Safavid Georgia
3466:
3457:Sasanian Iberia
3381:
3372:
3342:
3337:
3321:
3274:
3268:
3259:
3168:
3162:
3155:
3125:
3120:
3117:
3111:
3102:
3048:Nodardashiragan
2895:
2893:Sasanian Empire
2889:
2859:
2854:
2841:
2805:
2751:
2745:
2714:Bagratid Iberia
2696:
2690:
2655:
2646:
2570:
2560:
2539:
2489:Braund, David.
2486:
2481:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2450:
2446:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2400:
2396:
2377:
2364:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2236:
2232:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2183:
2179:
2163:
2162:
2126:
2122:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2081:
2077:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2023:
2019:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1969:
1965:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1930:
1926:
1917:
1913:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1877:
1846:
1792:
1790:Bagratid Iberia
1784:Main articles:
1782:
1725:Sasanian Persia
1717:
1711:
1613:
1611:Sasanian Iberia
1607:
1564:
1462:(65 BC) by the
1437:
1431:
1423:Main articles:
1421:
1388:
1335:
1264:Cyril Toumanoff
1237:
1232:
1207:
1039:
1033:
958:royal dynasties
886:, which during
815:
800:
799:
755:
747:
746:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
718:Gurian Republic
716:
712:
705:
695:
694:
688:
684:
682:Safavid Georgia
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
641:
631:
630:
624:
622:Duchy of Aragvi
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
558:Theme of Iberia
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
505:
495:
494:
488:
484:
482:Sasanian Iberia
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
437:
435:Ancient history
427:
426:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
393:
343:
306:
292:
275:
269:
231:
215:
189:
147:Sassanid Persia
114:Seleucid Empire
101:
86:
77:
76:
61:
53:
49:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4466:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4377:
4376:
4369:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4250:
4245:
4239:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4157:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4055:Stock Exchange
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4021:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3999:Prime Minister
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3938:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3907:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3867:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3831:National parks
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3530:
3528:Byzantine wars
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3398:
3396:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3371:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3348:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3282:Canary Islands
3278:
3276:
3273:Contacts &
3270:
3269:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3183:
3178:
3172:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3154:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3131:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3058:Padishkhwargar
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2888:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2865:
2856:
2855:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2657:
2656:
2645:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2577:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2558:
2543:
2538:978-0521113960
2537:
2521:
2512:
2501:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2466:
2457:
2444:
2428:
2414:
2394:
2390:978-1442241466
2362:
2341:
2332:
2320:
2318:, p. 133.
2308:
2299:
2290:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2251:
2230:
2209:
2197:
2177:
2120:
2097:
2088:
2075:
2051:
2037:
2017:
2011:. p. 39.
1999:
1997:, p. 165.
1987:
1978:
1963:
1948:
1939:
1924:
1911:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1876:
1873:
1845:
1842:
1781:
1778:
1710:
1707:
1675:Zoroastrianism
1647:emperor Julian
1621:state religion
1606:
1603:
1588:Zoroastrianism
1563:
1560:
1537:Zoroastrianism
1513:Antoninus Pius
1420:
1417:
1384:Main article:
1342:king of Iberia
1334:
1331:
1304:Persian Empire
1253:earliest times
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1176:word formation
1076:Middle Persian
1032:
1029:
993:state religion
926:in the south.
858:Middle Persian
802:
801:
798:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
756:
753:
752:
749:
748:
745:
744:
706:
703:Modern history
701:
700:
697:
696:
693:
692:
686:Childir Eyalet
646:Duchy of Ksani
642:
637:
636:
633:
632:
629:
628:
574:Duchy of Racha
506:
501:
500:
497:
496:
493:
492:
438:
433:
432:
429:
428:
425:
424:
394:
389:
388:
385:
384:
376:
375:
369:
368:
356:
355:
352:
351:
348:
347:
340:
331:
328:
327:
322:
315:
314:
311:
310:
307:
301:• Direct
300:
297:
296:
293:
283:
280:
279:
270:
264:
261:
260:
257:
256:
251:
250:Historical era
247:
246:
241:
237:
236:
221:
217:
216:
214:
213:
208:
203:
197:
195:
191:
190:
185:
184:
177:
176:
169:
168:
161:
160:
150:
149:
139:
138:
128:
127:
125:Roman Republic
117:
116:
109:
107:
103:
102:
96:
88:
87:
78:
70:
69:
66:
65:
55:
54:
51:kartlis samepo
48:ႵႠႰႧႪႨႱ ႱႠႫႤႴႭ
47:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4465:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4370:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4303:Bolnisi cross
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3917:
3916:South Ossetia
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3756:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3364:
3362:
3357:
3355:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3271:
3266:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3186:Roman Armenia
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3165:
3160:
3152:
3147:
3145:
3140:
3138:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3114:
3109:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2886:
2881:
2879:
2874:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2852:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:Modern period
2808:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2750:High and Late
2748:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2631:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2595:The Georgians
2592:
2590:
2589:0-19-826373-2
2586:
2582:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2561:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2499:0-19-814473-3
2496:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2476:
2470:
2461:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2441:99928-58-36-2
2438:
2432:
2417:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2398:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2351:
2345:
2336:
2329:
2328:Hitchins 2001
2324:
2317:
2312:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2267:
2260:
2255:
2248:
2247:90-429-1318-5
2244:
2240:
2234:
2227:
2226:90-429-1318-5
2223:
2219:
2213:
2206:
2201:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2173:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2118:
2117:5-511-00775-7
2114:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2092:
2085:
2079:
2072:
2071:0-253-20915-3
2068:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2040:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2021:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1991:
1982:
1975:. p. 38.
1974:
1967:
1959:
1952:
1943:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1915:
1907:
1900:
1896:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1506:Roman Emperor
1503:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1330:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1241:
1235:Early history
1227:
1226:of Colchis).
1225:
1224:Golden Fleece
1221:
1217:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1127:Ancient Greek
1123:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1071:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1045:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
998:
994:
991:was made the
990:
986:
982:
978:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
927:
925:
921:
918:in the west,
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
884:core province
881:
877:
873:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
845:
841:
837:
828:
827:Ancient Greek
824:
820:
813:
812:Iberian Union
809:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
757:
751:
750:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
708:
707:
704:
699:
698:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
644:
643:
640:
635:
634:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
508:
507:
504:
499:
498:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
440:
439:
436:
431:
430:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
396:
395:
392:
387:
386:
382:
378:
377:
374:
371:
370:
366:
362:
361:
341:
339:
336:
335:
332:
330:
329:
326:
323:
321:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
298:
294:
291:
287:
281:
271:
268:
262:
258:
255:
252:
248:
245:
242:
238:
234:
229:
225:
222:
218:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
196:
192:
188:
187:(580–588 AD)
182:
181:
180:
179:(523–580 AD)
174:
173:
172:
166:
165:
164:
163:(298–363 AD)
159:
155:
154:
153:
152:(260–265 AD)
148:
144:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
120:
119:(302–159 BC)
115:
111:
110:
108:
104:
99:
94:
89:
85:
81:
74:
67:
56:
52:
42:
37:
33:
19:
4328:Saint George
4313:Coat of arms
4279:
4235:Demographics
4222:
4108:Architecture
4074:
4030:Central bank
3962:Human rights
3942:Constitution
3890:
3863:Subdivisions
3850:
3738:
3648:Armenian War
3441:
3275:explorations
3203:Roman Crimea
3159:Roman Empire
2832:Georgian SSR
2611:
2601:
2594:
2580:
2574:
2548:
2528:
2519:. Routledge.
2516:
2506:
2490:
2474:
2469:
2460:
2452:
2447:
2431:
2419:. Retrieved
2404:
2397:
2380:
2353:. Retrieved
2344:
2335:
2323:
2311:
2302:
2293:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2254:
2238:
2233:
2217:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2188:
2180:
2166:cite journal
2129:
2123:
2100:
2091:
2083:
2078:
2062:
2054:
2044:18 September
2042:. Retrieved
2027:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1966:
1957:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1927:
1919:
1914:
1905:
1899:
1868:
1858:
1847:
1825:kouropalates
1823:
1793:
1759:
1740:
1718:
1694:autocephalic
1689:
1683:
1666:
1663:Lower Kartli
1658:
1654:
1644:
1633:
1614:
1592:
1565:
1530:
1499:
1484:
1476:Pharnavaz II
1449:
1445:Roman Empire
1396:
1389:
1372:
1365:
1336:
1324:
1311:
1296:Arian-Kartli
1283:
1281:
1277:mamasakhlisi
1276:
1261:
1250:
1215:
1202:
1187:
1182:and ancient
1170:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1112:Old Armenian
1088:𐭥𐭫𐭥𐭰𐭠𐭭
1040:
1022:
1020:(governor).
1015:
1000:vassal state
989:Christianity
974:
934:
930:
928:
880:Old Georgian
875:
835:
822:
816:
534:Duchy of Tao
449:
446:Aryan Kartli
325:Succeeded by
324:
309: 580 AD
233:Old Georgian
186:
178:
170:
162:
151:
140:
136:Roman Empire
129:
118:
50:
4270:Health care
4025:Agriculture
3796:Earthquakes
3533:Seljuk wars
3302:Scandinavia
3235:Netherlands
3230:Mesopotamia
3002:Kushanshahr
2909:Adurbadagan
2752:Middle Ages
2697:Middle Ages
2316:Spaeth 2013
1886:Iberian War
1700:, and made
1625:Cappadocian
1580:Amazasp III
1521:Dio Cassius
1502:Pharsman II
1460:an invasion
1401:Pharnavazid
1377:, with the
1367:saeristavos
1358:Armaztsikhe
1208: [
1180:Proto-Aryan
1093:Old Persian
1014:ruled by a
943:Pharnavazid
935:Kartvelians
874:kingdom of
510:Iberian War
503:Middle Ages
267:Pharnavaz I
4402:Categories
4340:Saint Nino
4168:Mingrelian
4149:Languages
3984:Parliament
3957:Government
3545:Golden Age
3018:Machelonia
2986:Kadagistan
2919:Arbayistan
2415:0253209153
2149:10045/4504
2132:(2): 203.
1892:References
1834:Bagrat III
1820:Bagrationi
1733:Hormizd IV
1713:See also:
1686:Vakhtang I
1629:Saint Nino
1609:See also:
1599:Mirian III
1572:Ardashir I
1433:See also:
1397:sceptuchoi
1300:Achaemenid
1203:Historian
1196:) meaning
1103:𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴
1004:Hormizd IV
985:Mirian III
981:Saint Nino
968:under the
795:Chronology
290:Mirian III
276: 302
240:Government
100:and Iberia
82:after the
62: 302
4253:Georgians
4243:Education
4193:Mythology
4070:Transport
4035:Companies
3994:President
3947:Elections
3846:Volcanoes
3786:Black Sea
3764:Geography
3673:Civil War
3488:Arab rule
3452:Roman era
2992:Khuzistan
2934:Balasagan
2929:Asoristan
2904:Abarshahr
2664:Antiquity
2421:2 January
2355:1 January
2259:Rapp 2014
2158:1989-9904
2086:. p. 404.
1804:Byzantium
1766:Heraclius
1762:Stephan I
1721:Byzantium
1690:Gorgasali
1671:Zoroaster
1667:pitiaxate
1651:Acilisene
1640:Byzantium
1556:Pharnavaz
1526:Parthians
1495:Vespasian
1491:Mihdrat I
1405:Pharnajom
1350:Seleucids
1338:Pharnavaz
1320:Pharnavaz
1316:Alexander
1268:Moschians
1220:Tartessos
1188:vrk/varka
1008:Bakur III
997:Sassanian
964:medieval
939:Georgians
866:) was an
760:Etymology
514:Lazic War
254:Antiquity
4382:Category
4308:Borjgali
4263:Diaspora
4208:Religion
4154:Georgian
4145:Gambling
4103:Alphabet
3979:Military
3930:Politics
3911:Abkhazia
3806:Glaciers
3709:Monarchs
3697:By topic
3379:articles
3326:See also
3250:Scotland
3245:Slovakia
3167:Occupied
3088:Suristan
3073:Sakastan
3007:Khwarazm
2961:Garmekan
2939:Dihistan
2724:Klarjeti
2649:Georgian
2527:(2013).
2191:, p 80.
2187:(1967).
2130:Lucentum
1922:. p. 15.
1875:See also
1854:Iberians
1800:eristavi
1755:Mtskheta
1729:Caucasus
1698:Mtskheta
1655:pitiaxae
1576:Shapur I
1568:Sasanian
1519:, where
1487:Mtskheta
1466:general
1409:Artaxias
1375:Caucasus
1308:Mtskheta
1273:Mtskheta
1222:and the
1070:𐭅𐭓𐭊𐭍
1059:Parthian
955:Chosroid
947:Artaxiad
931:Iberians
904:Sassanid
900:Caucasus
896:monarchy
890:and the
872:Georgian
870:for the
848:Parthian
765:Monarchs
365:a series
363:Part of
278:BC
244:Monarchy
206:Mtskheta
4366:Outline
4291:Symbols
4128:Cuisine
4091:Culture
4065:Tourism
4013:Economy
3886:Regions
3881:Tbilisi
3826:Mammals
3791:Climate
3776:Borders
3729:Battles
3437:Colchis
3432:Diauehi
3387:History
3375:Georgia
3307:Somalia
3297:Ireland
3225:Germany
3220:Georgia
3208:Cherson
3198:Assyria
3068:Parthia
3053:Paradan
3023:Makuran
2924:Armenia
2914:Albania
2837:Georgia
2676:Colchis
2671:Diauehi
2653:history
2583:(1996)
2568:Sources
2484:Sources
2111:Press,
1861:Georgia
1816:Ashot I
1770:Georgia
1751:Tbilisi
1747:Maurice
1742:marzpan
1702:Tbilisi
1688:dubbed
1659:bidaxae
1636:Georgia
1627:woman,
1551:Colchis
1546:Iranian
1533:Mithras
1509:Hadrian
1480:Albania
1452:Armenia
1230:History
1216:Iberian
1147:Hiberia
1081:wiručān
1055:Persian
1053:), the
1017:marzpan
962:unified
951:Arsacid
924:Armenia
916:Colchis
912:Georgia
898:in the
863:wiručān
844:Hiberia
810:or the
790:Battles
775:Tbilisi
442:Colchis
418:Diauehi
284:•
228:Aramaic
211:Tbilisi
194:Capital
98:Colchis
4387:Portal
4298:Anthem
4213:Sports
4123:Cinema
4118:Chokha
4050:Mining
4040:Energy
3841:Rivers
3714:States
3636:Modern
3471:Middle
3447:Lazica
3427:Mushki
3377:
3240:Persia
3176:Arabia
3083:Spahan
3078:Sogdia
3043:Meshan
3012:Lazica
2997:Kirman
2981:Iberia
2966:Gurgan
2722:&
2686:Lazica
2681:Iberia
2587:
2556:
2535:
2497:
2439:
2412:
2388:
2245:
2224:
2156:
2115:
2069:
2035:
1808:Caliph
1584:vassal
1468:Pompey
1456:Pontus
1379:Daryal
1362:Armazi
1346:Egrisi
1193:𐎺𐎼𐎣
1159:gorğān
1137:Ἰβηρία
1131:ibēríā
1108:wolves
1074:) and
1063:wurğān
1044:gorğān
1010:, and
937:(i.e.
876:Kartli
868:exonym
853:wurğān
836:Iberia
832:Ἰβηρία
823:Iberia
770:States
474:Lazica
422:Mushki
367:on the
295:317 AD
201:Armazi
106:Status
4373:Index
4345:cross
4333:cross
4323:Motto
4275:Women
4198:Names
4188:Music
4183:Media
4140:Dance
3816:Lakes
3781:Birds
3395:Early
3292:India
3287:China
3255:Sudan
3215:Dacia
3098:Yemen
3093:Turan
3038:Media
3033:Mazun
2971:Harev
2944:Egypt
2695:Early
2392:p 528
1796:Arabs
1774:Arabs
1464:Roman
1403:king
1354:Syria
1212:]
1168:into
1156:into
1153:vrkān
1142:Latin
1097:vrkān
1050:گرگان
908:Roman
840:Latin
224:Greek
4318:Flag
4281:more
4258:List
4224:more
4175:Svan
4133:Wine
4076:more
3967:LGBT
3892:more
3852:more
3740:more
3724:Wars
3063:Pars
3028:Marw
2976:Hind
2585:ISBN
2554:ISBN
2533:ISBN
2495:ISBN
2437:ISBN
2423:2015
2410:ISBN
2386:ISBN
2357:2015
2243:ISBN
2222:ISBN
2172:link
2154:ISSN
2113:ISBN
2067:ISBN
2046:2013
2033:ISBN
1794:The
1788:and
1723:and
1535:and
1517:Rome
1454:and
1427:and
1198:wolf
1122:վիրք
1116:virk
1031:Name
953:and
906:and
785:Wars
34:and
4161:Laz
4113:Art
2720:Tao
2144:hdl
2134:doi
1352:of
1292:Azo
1251:In
1178:of
1144:as
979:by
817:In
4404::
2610:.
2365:^
2168:}}
2164:{{
2152:.
2061:.
1840:.
1776:.
1681:.
1528:.
1482:.
1415:.
1370:.
1286:(“
1266:,
1259:.
1210:es
1200:.
987:,
972:.
949:,
945:,
860::
856:;
850::
846:;
842::
838:;
829::
821:,
273:c.
59:c.
3367:e
3360:t
3353:v
3150:e
3143:t
3136:v
3014:*
2988:*
2952:*
2946:*
2884:e
2877:t
2870:v
2641:e
2634:t
2627:v
2562:.
2541:.
2425:.
2359:.
2249:.
2195:.
2174:)
2160:.
2146::
2136::
2073:.
2048:.
1657:/
1190:(
1171:g
1165:v
1134:(
1119:(
1100:(
1085:(
1066:(
1047:(
878:(
825:(
814:.
226:–
38:.
20:)
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