1017:, and promised, if Alexander was willing to march against these nations in order to subjugate the races in this district whose territories extended to the Black Sea, to act as his guide through the mountains and to supply his army with provisions. Alexander then gave a courteous reply to the men who had come from the Scythians, and one that was adapted to the exigencies of that particular time; but said that he had no desire for a Scythian wedding. He thanked Pharasmanes and concluded a friendship and alliance with him, saying that at present it was not convenient for him to march towards the
1039:
59:
1025:, to whom he had intrusted the government of the Bactrians, and to all the other viceroys who were his neighbors, he sent him back to his own abode. He told Pharasmanes that his mind at that time was engrossed by the desire of conquering India; for when he had subdued them, he should possess the whole of Asia. He added that when Asia was in his power he would return to Greece, and thence make an expedition with all his naval and military forces to the eastern part of the
607:
419:. He is not directly attested in non-Georgian sources and there is no definite contemporary indication that he was indeed the first of the Georgian kings. His story is saturated with legendary imagery and symbols, and it seems feasible that, as the memory of the historical facts faded, the real Pharnavaz "accumulated a legendary faรงade" and emerged as the model pre-
479:. The entire story of Pharnavaz, although written by a Christian chronicler, abounds in ancient Iranian-like imagery and mystic allusions, a reflection of the archaeologically confirmed cultural and presumably political ties between Iran and Kartli of that time. The name "Pharnavaz" is also an illustrative example with its root
808:
served first and foremost a military aim, namely the organization of people for the purpose of defence. This organization was not so much directed against other countries. Back then the total population of the kingdom would have been, including foreign captives and the population of the tributary
558:. He is persuaded by this vision to "devote to noble deeds". He then sets off and goes hunting. In a pursuit of a deer, he encounters a mass of treasure stored in a hidden cave. Pharnavaz retrieves the treasure and exploits it to mount a loyal army against the tyrannical Azon. He is aided by
868:แแ แแกแ แคแแ แแแแแ แแงแ แแแ แแแแ แแแคแ แฅแแ แแแกแ แจแแแ แฅแแ แแแแกแแกแ แแแแแกแแแแแแแแ. แแแแ แแแแแแ แชแ แแแ แฅแแ แแฃแแ, แแ แแ -แฆแ-แ แ แแแ แแฎแแแแแ แกแฎแฃแ แแแ แฅแแ แแแกแ แจแแแ แแณแแแแ แฅแแ แแฃแแแกแ. แแ แแแแ แจแแฅแแแ แแฌแแแแแแ แแแ แฅแแ แแฃแแ. แแ แแแแฃแแ แคแแ แแแแแ, แแ แแแคแแแก แฌแแแแจแ แแ แแแแแกแ แแแ แแแกแ.
1201:
This account is now considered legendary, and is rejected by scholarly consensus, as no archaeological confirmation has been found so far. An alternative interpretation of this tradition is the pre-Christian use of foreign scripts (alloglottography in
575:
The main threads of
Pharnavaz's story - a fatherless boy hidden and raised in a remote mountains, a forgotten lineage, his dreams, sacral kingship, solar imagery, the hunt, discovery of cave-concealed treasure etc. are reminiscent of legends about
640:แคแแ แแแแแ แฌแแ แแแแแแแ แแแชแแฅแฃแแแ แฌแแแแจแ แแแคแแกแ แแแขแแแฅแแก แแกแฃแ แแกแขแแแแกแ, แแ แฌแแ แกแชแ แซแฆแฃแแแ แแแ-แซแแแ. แแ แแฆแฃแแฅแฃแ แแแก แแกแแฎแฃแ แแแ, แแ แแแฎแแแ แแแกแแแ แจแแฌแแแแ แแแ แซแแแแ แแแแ. แฎแแแ แแแขแแแฅแแก แจแแแฌแงแแแ แ แซแฆแฃแแแ แแแกแ, แแ แฃแฌแแแ แจแแแแแ แแณแกแแ, แแ แฌแแ แแแกแชแ แแณแ แแณแแ.
981:
reports
Colchis (today's western Georgia, i.e., the western neighbor of ancient Kartli/Iberia) to be a neighboring country. Some Georgian scholars have suggested that the Greek copyists of Arrian might have confused Chorasmia with
894:แแแแ แคแแ แแแแแ แแแแฆแฃแแ แฅแแแแฅแ แแชแฎแแแ แแขแแแชแแ, แแ แงแแแแแแ แฅแแแแฅแแ แแ แชแแฎแแแ แฅแแ แแแแกแแแ, แแแแดแ แแแฃแแแ แแแแฅแกแแแแ แแกแแแ, แแแแ แแฆแแจแแแแ. แแ แแแ -แฆแ-แ แ แแซแแแก แจแฃแ แ แแแ แซแแแแ แแแก แแแแ, แ แแแแแฃ แฃแชแแแ แแงแแแแก แแแ แซแแแแ แแ แซแแแแกแแแแ แฐแ แแแแแกแ.
816:
While
Georgian and Classical evidence makes the contemporaneous Kartlian links with the Seleucids plausible (Toumanoff has even implied that the kings of Kartli might have aided the Seleucids in holding the resurgent
522:
Perhaps the most artistically rounded section of the
Georgian annals, the narrative follows Pharnavaz's life from birth to burial. Aged 3, small Pharnavaz's family is destroyed, and his heritage is usurped by
973:
lands and subdue
Colchians, whom Pharasmanes names as his neighbors. Apart from the similarity of the names of Pharasmanes and Pharnavaz (both names are apparently based on the same root, the Iranian
1737:
The
Thracian World at the Crossroads of Civilisations. Reports and Summaries. The 7th International Congress of Thracology. P. Roman (ed.). Bucharest: the Romanian Institute of Thracology, 1996.
839:
woman in marriage, in order to consolidate the alliance of Iberia with the
Durdzuks, who helped him consolidate his reign against his unruly vassals. Similarly he married his sister to a
515:
14; probably the early fifth century), an acknowledgment that a king named
Pharnavaz was understood to have been the founder of a Georgian dynasty. Pharnavaz is also mentioned in the
801:) who were the younger sons of the aristocratic families; mercenary professional warriors from the neighboring countries and all the soldiers organized around the entire kingdom.
620:
In the ensuing battle, Azon is defeated and killed, and
Pharnavaz becomes the king of Kartli at the age of 27. He is reported to have acknowledged the suzerainty of the
821:
of
Armenia in check), Pharnavaz's alleged reform of the eristavi fiefdoms is most likely a back-projection of the medieval pattern of subdivision to the remote past.
835:
Pharnavaz made alliances with various North Caucasian peoples during his reign, to whom he called upon for help against both Macedonia and internal foes. He took a
562:, who eventually marries Pharnavaz's sister. The rebels are also joined by 1,000 soldiers from Azon's camp; they are anachronistically referred to by the author as
357:
make him the second Georgian monarch. Based on the medieval evidence, most scholars locate Pharnavaz's rule in the 3rd century BC: 302โ237 BC according to
1941:
947:
Several modern scholars have been tempted to make identification between the Pharnavaz of the medieval Georgian tradition and the Pharasmanes of the
1206:) to write down Georgian texts. The existence of a peculiar local form of Aramaic in pre-Christian Georgia has been archaeologically documented.
1054:
claimed descent directly from Pharnavaz. During the continuity of monarchy in Georgia, the Georgian kings presented themselves as heirs to the
824:
Pharnavaz is then reported to have embarked on social and cultural projects; he supervised two building projects: the raising of the idol
2050:
531:
during his campaign in Kartli. Alexander's invasion of Iberia, remembered not only by the Georgian historical tradition, but also by
2070:
1107:
1733:
The Interrelationship between the Transcaucasian and Anatolian Populations by the Data of the Greek and Latin Literary Sources
1029:
through the Hellespont and Propontis. And he desired Pharasmanes to reserve the fulfilment of his present promises until then.
17:
1731:
554:
Pharnavaz is brought up fatherless, but a magic dream, in which he anoints himself with the essence of the Sun, heralds the
2065:
2045:
1838:
1065:
there is a King Pharnavaz Street, Avenue, and also a statue of Pharnavaz. Also, there are streets named after Pharnavaz in
633:
758:. The major motive of later historian of the chronicles was to convince posterity that the basic political structure of
1093:
and others. Some buildings, including schools and hotels, also bear his name, as well as about five hundred Georgians.
1935:
1876:
1851:
1804:
1577:
Georgian royal annals, page of edition 24, line of edition 24–25; page of edition 25, line of edition 2–3
1812:
The Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes: Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature
77:
927:
is undisclosed so far. One of the last monarchs who visited his grave to adorn it and pay his respects was King
2085:
2075:
2060:
2055:
369:. Pharnavaz's rise, advent and imperial expansion of the Iberian monarchy was directly tied to the victory of
2090:
1055:
334:
164:
149:
45:
676:
Pharnavaz had introduced a military-administrative organization based on a network of regional governors or
316:
1957:
1890:
763:
540:
2095:
1927:
1166:
468:
358:
2017:
957:
511:
41:
1868:
543:
interference in Iberia, which must have taken place in connection with the expedition mentioned by
353:
299:
1352:
Prince Royal Teimuraz, History of Iberia or Georgia, that is All of Sakartvelo, 1832, pp. 111-112
1022:
778:
times. In this way, the long-term viability and stability of the Georgian realm are established.
403:, who was one of the powerful and famous eight brothers, who from their part were descendants of
343:
499:). The dynastic tag Parnavaziani ("of/from/named for Pharnavaz") is also preserved in the early
2080:
809:
areas, about 600,000, which could raise a fairly big army not less than 100,000. According to
1819:
848:
612:
391:
813:
the Iberian army numbered 70โ80,000 so it appears that each saeristavo had 10,000 soldiers.
936:
928:
536:
505:
8:
2027:
1984:
1776:
1773:
1102:
1006:
966:
901:
646:, and gave him huge gifts. And promised to serve him, and asked him for help against the
528:
370:
348:
338:
201:
1947:
1860:
1814:
1792:
1051:
969:
with 1500 horseman, and pledged his support should Alexander desire to campaign to the
767:
472:
446:
1944:. ะ ะตะดะฐะบัะธะพะฝะฝะฐั ะพะฑัะฐะฑะพัะบะฐ, ะธััะปะตะดะพะฒะฐะฝะธะต ะธ ะบะพะผะผะตะฝัะฐัะธะธ ะ. ะ. ะงั
ะฐััะธัะฒะธะปะธ. ะขะฑะธะปะธัะธ โ 1989
908:
could not avenge upon him, as the Greeks had warriors no more, because they fought in
1931:
1872:
1847:
1800:
1009:
with 1500 horsemen, who affirmed that he dwelt on the confines of the nations of the
986:(Chorzene), a Classical rendering of the southwest Georgian marchlands (the medieval
875:
861:
857:
669:
658:
Pharnavaz is also said to have patterned his administration upon an "Iranian" model.
374:
330:
311:
288:
233:
184:
1038:
878:, and there was no language but Georgian only in land of Kartli. And he created the
490:, the divine radiance believed by the ancient Iranians to mark a legitimate dynast (
1833:
1203:
687:
651:
516:
484:
258:
242:
916:
Upon his death, he was buried in front of the idol Armazi and worshipped. His son
1919:
1896:
1882:
1827:
1190:
1178:
1126:
991:
879:
853:
818:
775:
771:
691:
621:
589:
581:
559:
532:
378:
366:
362:
347:
credits him with being the first monarch founding the kingship of Kartli and the
665:
460:
222:
72:
1857:
Rayfield, Donald (2013), Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia, Reaktion Books
1797:
Studies In Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts And Eurasian Contexts
547:(11.14.9) sent by Alexander in 323 BC to the confines of Iberia, in search of
2039:
2008:
1078:
766:; was of Achaemenid administrative system and had remained stable throughout
524:
101:
828:โ reputedly named after him โ on a mountain ledge and the construction of a
987:
978:
932:
917:
883:
825:
715:
650:. And Antiochus received his gifts, and called him a son, and gave him the
563:
451:
420:
321:
237:
189:
113:
797:) of the garrisons stationed in the royal strongholds; junior commanders (
1952:"La Gรฉorgie ร l'รฉpoque hellรฉnistique", dans Dialogues d'histoire ancienne
948:
629:
625:
58:
805:
711:
594:
585:
555:
476:
1746:
Arrian, Alexander the Great: The Anabasis and the Indica, p. 118 4-5-6
1568:
Georgian royal annals, page of edition 24, line of edition 22–23
1559:
Georgian royal annals, page of edition 24, line of edition 20–21
1550:
Georgian royal annals, page of edition 24, line of edition 18–19
1541:
Georgian royal annals, page of edition 24, line of edition 16–17
1532:
Georgian royal annals, page of edition 24, line of edition 14–15
1523:
Georgian royal annals, page of edition 24, line of edition 12–13
1460:
Georgian royal annals, page of edition 23, line of edition 12-13-14-15
682:. The insignia of the eristavi, received from the king, constituted a
662:แแกแ แแ แแแแแฌแแกแ แแกแ แงแแแแแ แคแแ แแแแแ แแแแกแแแแกแแแฃแแแ แกแแแแคแแกแ แกแแแ แกแแแกแ.
1843:
1514:
Georgian royal annals, page of edition 24, line of edition 9–11
1090:
1086:
1026:
1018:
962:
840:
754:
719:
548:
495:
396:
211:
664:
And here Pharnavaz made all and everything alike the Kingdom of the
1334:
Georgian royal annals, page of edition 20, line of edition 17-18-19
1082:
1074:
983:
897:
836:
790:
742:
who was under the direct control of the royal power based in Inner
735:
699:
695:
678:
566:, and claimed to have been entitled by the victorious Pharnavaz as
456:
442:
404:
176:
145:
129:
1673:
Georgian royal annals, page of edition 25, line of edition 6-7-8-9
632:, who are afforded by the Georgian chronicles the generic name of
1655:
Georgian royal annals, page of edition 26, line of edition 8-9-10
1070:
1062:
1014:
1010:
871:
786:
781:
The hierarchic structure created by Pharnavaz was the following:
739:
731:
727:
707:
703:
683:
643:
568:
500:
464:
438:
412:
400:
196:
49:
1942:ยซะะฑัะฐัะตะฝะธะต ะััะทะธะธยป, ะฟะตัะตะฒะพะด ั ะดัะตะฒะฝะตะณััะทะธะฝัะบะพะณะพ ะ. ะก. ะขะฐะบะฐะธัะฒะธะปะธ
1005:
At this time also came Pharasmanes, king of the Chorasmians, to
723:
1066:
1043:
998:
970:
952:
905:
900:
firmly, and all the cities and castles of Kartli, destroyed by
829:
810:
759:
748:
743:
647:
544:
326:
160:
133:
63:
1225:
Georgian royal annals, page of edition 24, line of edition 6โ7
961:. Arrian recounts that "Pharasmanes (ะคฮฑฯฮฑฯฮผฮฌฮฝฮทฯ), king of the
762:
was created by the very first Georgian monarch in the wake of
572:(i.e., nobles) after Azon (this etymology is false, however).
1712:
Georgian royal annals, page of edition 65, line of edition 19
1694:
Georgian royal annals, page of edition 26, line of edition 13
1664:
Georgian royal annals, page of edition 25, line of edition 14
1262:
Georgian royal annals, page of edition 20, line of edition 18
1250:
Georgian royal annals, page of edition 20, line of edition 17
924:
890:
The chronicles report Pharnavaz's lengthy reign of 65 years.
408:
276:
270:
1646:
Georgian royal annals, page of edition 24, line of edition 2
1637:
Georgian royal annals, page of edition 25, line of edition 5
1607:
Henri J. M. Claessen, Peter Skalnik, The Early State, p. 263
1478:
Georgian royal annals, page of edition 25, line of edition 4
1433:
Georgian royal annals, page of edition 24, line of edition 3
804:
It is evident that the division of Iberia by Pharnavaz into
606:
264:
909:
782:
577:
437:, Pharnavaz had a distinguished genealogy, tracing back to
416:
642:
Pharnavaz sent his apostles towards the King Antiochus of
870:
And here Pharnavaz was first king of Kartli from race of
491:
455:("father of the house") of the Georgian tribes around
942:
279:
267:
261:
1824:
Life of Pharnavaz: The first Georgian king of Kartli
882:. And died Pharnavaz, and he was buried in front of
588:. Pharnavaz's self-anointment may have been a later
273:
2037:
1681:
1679:
1624:
1622:
1021:. After introducing Pharasmanes as a friend to
459:. Pharnavaz's mother is claimed to have been a
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
377:. Pharnavaz ruled under the suzerainty of the
351:, while other independent chronicles, such as
292:
746:. Eristavates mimicked aspects of Achaemenid
1676:
1619:
1301:
1258:
1256:
931:. Pharnavaz's very burial in front of idol
990:), which indeed bordered with Colchis and
57:
395:, Pharnavaz descended from Uplos, son of
1253:
1037:
605:
1969:Chronology of the early Kings of Iberia
1585:
1583:
1108:Georgian monarchs family tree of Iberia
14:
2038:
1971:Traditio, Vol. 25, pp. 1–33
1887:Studies in Christian Caucasian History
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
539:(9.19), appears to be memory of some
310:
1839:The Literature of Georgia: A History
1580:
509:5.15; fifth century) and P'arazean (
1228:
24:
2051:Georgian people of Iranian descent
1913:
943:Pharnavaz and Arrian's Pharasmanes
25:
2107:
1954:, vol. 9, pp. 197–216.
1865:The Making of the Georgian Nation
939:of the early monarchs of Iberia.
475:identify with a daughter of King
1901:Histoire de la nation gรฉorgienne
423:monarch in the Georgian annals.
257:
2071:3rd-century BC monarchs in Asia
1907:Researches in Iberia-Colchology
1785:
1767:
1758:
1749:
1740:
1724:
1715:
1706:
1697:
1688:
1667:
1658:
1649:
1640:
1631:
1610:
1601:
1592:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1508:
1499:
1490:
1481:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1346:
1337:
1328:
1319:
710:, Khunani (modern-day northern
628:successors of Alexander in the
445:of Kartli. His paternal uncle,
1424:Rayfield, p. 61; Rapp, p. 276.
1292:
1283:
1274:
1265:
1244:
1219:
610:The kingdom's borders per the
304:
13:
1:
1924:The Cambridge History of Iran
1212:
955:, a 2nd-century AD author of
920:succeeded him to the throne.
427:
977:), the king of Chorasmia in
698:. Iberia had in total seven
365:and 284โ219 BC according to
143:237, 234 or 219 BC (aged 92)
7:
2066:Creators of writing systems
2046:Pharnavazid kings of Iberia
1891:Georgetown University Press
1096:
1058:founded by King Pharnavaz.
904:, he rebuilt them. And the
896:Pharnavaz took the city of
764:Wars of Alexander the Great
592:inspiration, as some early
503:histories as P'arnawazean (
10:
2112:
1928:Cambridge University Press
1496:Rapp, p. 277; Suny, p. 12.
1298:Rayfield (2013), pp. 22-23
1195:
1183:
1171:
1167:Prince Vakhushti of Kartli
1159:
1119:
469:Prince Teimuraz of Georgia
361:, 299โ234 BC according to
359:Prince Vakhushti of Kartli
27:King of Iberia and Colchis
2024:
2015:
2005:
1978:
1967:Toumanoff, Cyrill (1969)
1905:Gamkrelidze, Gela (2012)
1033:
958:The Anabasis of Alexander
293:
229:
218:
207:
195:
183:
172:
155:
139:
123:
119:
109:
97:
85:
71:
56:
39:
34:
1869:Indiana University Press
1810:Rapp, Stephen H. (2014)
1113:
830:similarly named fortress
795:atasistavis tsikhistavis
601:
580:'s founding kings, like
354:The Conversion of Kartli
1958:Brosset, Marie-Fรฉlicitรฉ
1343:Rapp (2014), p. 205-239
1023:Artabazos II of Phrygia
937:Hellenistic deification
483:- being based upon the
449:, held the position of
384:
344:The Georgian Chronicles
308:Georgian pronunciation:
1962:Histoire de la Gรฉorgie
1730:Giorgi L. Kavtaradze.
1703:Rayfield (2013), p. 24
1370:Rayfield (2013), p. 22
1325:Rayfield (2013), p. 15
1289:Rayfield (2013), p. 23
1047:
1031:
914:
888:
785:; commander-in-chief (
738:. The kingdom had one
674:
656:
617:
415:, son of the Biblical
2086:Deified male monarchs
2076:Founders of religions
2061:3rd-century BC deaths
2056:4th-century BC births
1820:Georgian royal annals
1041:
1013:and the women called
1003:
892:
866:
849:Georgian royal annals
793:; middle commanders (
789:) of the royal army;
660:
638:
613:Georgian royal annals
609:
392:Georgian royal annals
18:Pharnavaz I of Iberia
2091:People from Mtskheta
1042:Pharnavaz Street in
852:he also created the
718:), Tsunda (included
598:crowned themselves.
537:Gaius Julius Solinus
506:Faustus of Byzantium
1985:Pharnavazid dynasty
1964:, Saint-Pรฉtersbourg
1948:Lordkipanidze, Otar
1861:Suny, Ronald Grigor
1777:Public Service Hall
1598:Gamkrelidze, p. 135
1589:Rapp (2014), p. 212
1505:Gamkrelidze, p. 134
1487:Rapp (2014), p. 211
1451:Rapp (2014), p. 209
1442:Rapp (2014), p. 208
1415:Rapp (2014), p. 205
1388:Rapp (2014), p. 216
1379:Gamkrelidze, p. 122
1280:Rapp (2014), p. 203
1103:Pharnavazid dynasty
967:Alexander the Great
686:, a special signet
529:Alexander the Great
371:Alexander the Great
349:Pharnavazid dynasty
339:classical antiquity
312:[pสฐaษพnavaz]
1909:, David Braund ed.
1815:Ashgate Publishing
1764:Salia, pp. 130-133
1616:Toumanoff, p. 185.
1361:Rapp, pp. 275-276.
1052:Bagrationi dynasty
1048:
618:
512:History of Armenia
473:Anton I of Georgia
411:, the grandson of
127:329, 326 or 311 BC
2096:Founding monarchs
2034:
2033:
2025:Succeeded by
1830:(Online Version).
1056:Kingdom of Iberia
876:Georgian language
862:official language
858:Georgian language
846:According to the
670:Achaemenid Empire
435:The Life of Kings
426:According to the
389:According to the
375:Achaemenid Empire
333:kingdom known as
250:
249:
234:Georgian paganism
165:Kingdom of Iberia
150:Kingdom of Iberia
66:of King Pharnavaz
16:(Redirected from
2103:
2022:299 BC - 234 BC
2012:(office created)
2006:Preceded by
2001:
1994:
1976:
1975:
1920:Yarshater, Ehsan
1897:Salia, Kalistrat
1883:Toumanoff, Cyril
1834:Rayfield, Donald
1793:Rapp, Stephen H.
1779:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1738:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1695:
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1665:
1662:
1656:
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1647:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1578:
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1569:
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1551:
1548:
1542:
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1533:
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1524:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1497:
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1479:
1476:
1470:
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1449:
1443:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1398:
1397:Rayfield, p. 60.
1395:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1226:
1223:
1204:Aramaic alphabet
1199:
1187:
1175:
1163:
1123:
874:. He spread the
864:of the kingdom:
517:Stele of Serapit
432:
429:
314:
309:
306:
303:
296:
295:
286:
285:
282:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
243:Self-deification
105:(office created)
61:
32:
31:
21:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2021:
2013:
2011:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1916:
1914:Further reading
1867:(2nd edition).
1799:. Peeters Bvba
1788:
1783:
1782:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
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1650:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1606:
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1597:
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1576:
1572:
1567:
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1536:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1406:Toumanoff, p. 8
1405:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1241:Toumanoff, p. 9
1240:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1196:
1193:
1191:Pavle Ingoroqva
1184:
1181:
1179:Cyril Toumanoff
1172:
1169:
1160:
1157:
1120:
1116:
1099:
1036:
945:
895:
880:Georgian script
869:
854:Georgian script
714:), Samshvilde (
663:
641:
604:
582:Cyrus the Great
560:Kuji of Colchis
533:Pliny the Elder
441:, the mythical
430:
387:
379:Seleucid Empire
367:Pavle Ingoroqva
363:Cyril Toumanoff
307:
298:
260:
256:
168:
144:
128:
104:
92:
90:
81:
67:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2109:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2018:King of Kartli
2014:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1982:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1955:
1945:
1939:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1903:
1894:
1880:
1858:
1855:
1831:
1817:
1808:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1766:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1723:
1714:
1705:
1696:
1687:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1507:
1498:
1489:
1480:
1471:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1435:
1426:
1417:
1408:
1399:
1390:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1354:
1345:
1336:
1327:
1318:
1300:
1291:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1252:
1243:
1227:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1127:transliterated
1124:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1098:
1095:
1035:
1032:
944:
941:
603:
600:
535:(4.10.39) and
471:and Patriarch
386:
383:
248:
247:
231:
227:
226:
220:
216:
215:
209:
205:
204:
199:
193:
192:
187:
181:
180:
174:
170:
169:
159:
157:
153:
152:
141:
137:
136:
125:
121:
120:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
99:
95:
94:
87:
83:
82:
75:
73:King of Iberia
69:
68:
62:
54:
53:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2108:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2081:City founders
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2029:
2020:
2019:
2010:
2004:
1999:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1977:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1936:0-521-24693-8
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1877:0-253-20915-3
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1852:0-7007-1163-5
1849:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1805:90-429-1318-5
1802:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1761:
1755:Salia, p. 129
1752:
1743:
1736:
1734:
1727:
1721:Rapp, p. 279.
1718:
1709:
1700:
1691:
1685:Rapp, p. 280.
1682:
1680:
1670:
1661:
1652:
1643:
1634:
1628:Rapp, p. 277.
1625:
1623:
1613:
1604:
1595:
1586:
1584:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1493:
1484:
1475:
1469:Rapp, p. 275.
1466:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1421:
1412:
1403:
1394:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1340:
1331:
1322:
1316:Rapp, p. 276.
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1271:Rapp, p. 274.
1268:
1259:
1257:
1247:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1222:
1218:
1205:
1198:
1192:
1189:According to
1186:
1180:
1177:According to
1174:
1168:
1165:According to
1162:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1045:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1002:
1000:
997:According to
995:
993:
989:
985:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
959:
954:
950:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
921:
919:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
891:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
865:
863:
859:
856:and made the
855:
851:
850:
844:
842:
838:
833:
831:
827:
822:
820:
814:
812:
807:
802:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
756:
752:and Seleucid
751:
750:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
680:
673:
671:
667:
659:
655:
653:
649:
645:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
615:
614:
608:
599:
597:
596:
591:
587:
583:
579:
573:
571:
570:
565:
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
527:installed by
526:
520:
518:
514:
513:
508:
507:
502:
498:
497:
493:
489:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
453:
448:
444:
440:
436:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
355:
350:
346:
345:
340:
336:
332:
329:, an ancient
328:
324:
323:
318:
313:
301:
290:
284:
254:
245:
244:
239:
235:
232:
228:
224:
221:
217:
213:
210:
206:
203:
200:
198:
194:
191:
188:
186:
182:
178:
175:
171:
167:(undisclosed)
166:
162:
158:
154:
151:
147:
142:
138:
135:
131:
126:
122:
118:
115:
112:
108:
103:
102:Azo of Iberia
100:
96:
88:
84:
79:
74:
70:
65:
60:
55:
52:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2016:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1980:Pharnavaz I
1968:
1961:
1951:
1923:
1906:
1900:
1886:
1864:
1837:
1823:
1811:
1796:
1786:Bibliography
1769:
1760:
1751:
1742:
1732:
1726:
1717:
1708:
1699:
1690:
1669:
1660:
1651:
1642:
1633:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1501:
1492:
1483:
1474:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1438:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1393:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1339:
1330:
1321:
1294:
1285:
1276:
1267:
1246:
1221:
1197:
1185:
1173:
1161:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1121:
1060:
1049:
1004:
996:
988:Tao-Klarjeti
979:Central Asia
974:
956:
946:
923:Pharnavaz's
922:
918:Sauromaces I
915:
893:
889:
867:
847:
845:
834:
823:
815:
803:
798:
794:
780:
753:
747:
716:Kvemo Kartli
677:
675:
668:. (i.e. the
661:
657:
639:
619:
611:
593:
574:
567:
553:
521:
510:
504:
494:
487:
480:
452:mamasakhlisi
450:
434:
425:
390:
388:
352:
342:
320:
252:
251:
241:
190:Sauromaces I
114:Sauromaces I
40:
29:
1826:, Part IV.
1151:Pharnabazus
965:", visited
963:Chorasmians
949:Greco-Roman
935:suggests a
806:saeristavos
768:Hellenistic
630:Middle East
626:Hellenistic
595:Shahanshahs
463:woman from
253:Pharnavaz I
202:Pharnavazid
98:Predecessor
91:299โ234 BC
89:302โ237 BC
35:Pharnavaz I
2040:Categories
1774:Statistics
1213:References
1147:Pharnabazo
1143:Pharnabaze
984:Cholarzene
951:historian
929:Mirian III
712:Azerbaijan
586:Ardashir I
556:peripeteia
549:gold mines
541:Macedonian
477:Darius III
433:chronicle
431: 800
305:parnavaz I
294:แคแแ แแแแแ I
238:God Armazi
93:284โ219 BC
2028:Saurmag I
1844:Routledge
1139:Pharnabaz
1091:Zestaponi
1087:Sachkhere
1027:Black Sea
1019:Black Sea
1011:Colchians
1007:Alexander
902:Alexander
841:Sarmatian
799:asistavis
791:eristavis
755:strategoi
749:satrapies
720:Javakheti
700:eristavis
634:Antiochus
622:Seleucids
496:khvarenah
421:Christian
407:, son of
399:, son of
397:Mtskhetos
373:over the
300:romanized
110:Successor
1155:Pharnaoz
1135:Farnavaz
1131:Parnavaz
1097:See also
1083:Gurjaani
1075:Khashuri
898:Mtskheta
819:Orontids
776:Sasanian
772:Parthian
736:Klarjeti
696:armament
679:eristavi
666:Persians
590:Sasanian
501:Armenian
457:Mtskheta
443:ethnarch
405:Targamos
331:Georgian
315:) was a
289:Georgian
230:Religion
212:Georgian
146:Mtskheta
130:Mtskheta
1960:(1849)
1950:(1983)
1922:(1983)
1899:(1980)
1885:(1963)
1863:(1994)
1836:(2000)
1795:(2003)
1071:Kutaisi
1063:Tbilisi
1015:Amazons
872:Kartlos
843:chief.
837:Durdzuk
787:spaspet
740:spaspet
732:Odzrkhe
728:Artaani
708:Kakheti
704:Colchis
684:sceptre
644:Assyria
569:aznauri
485:Persian
467:, whom
461:Persian
439:Kartlos
413:Japheth
401:Kartlos
223:Persian
197:Dynasty
177:Durdzuk
78:more...
50:Colchis
2000:234 BC
1996:
1993:326 BC
1934:
1875:
1850:
1803:
1067:Batumi
1044:Batumi
1034:Legacy
999:Arrian
992:Pontus
975:farnah
971:Euxine
953:Arrian
933:Armazi
906:Greeks
884:Armazi
826:Armazi
811:Strabo
760:Kartli
744:Kartli
648:Greeks
624:, the
564:Romans
545:Strabo
488:farnah
447:Samara
335:Iberia
327:Kartli
291::
219:Mother
214:prince
208:Father
173:Spouse
161:Armazi
156:Burial
134:Kartli
64:Relief
46:Iberia
1998:Died:
1991:Born:
1828:TITUS
1125:Also
1114:Notes
925:grave
702:, in
652:crown
602:Reign
465:Gabai
409:Tarsi
325:) of
225:woman
185:Issue
179:woman
86:Reign
2009:Azon
1932:ISBN
1873:ISBN
1848:ISBN
1801:ISBN
1079:Gori
1050:The
910:Rome
783:king
774:and
734:and
726:and
724:Kola
694:and
692:belt
688:ring
584:and
578:Iran
525:Azon
417:Noah
385:Life
322:mepe
317:king
140:Died
124:Born
48:and
42:King
1153:or
1129:as
1061:In
860:an
730:),
492:cf.
481:par
337:in
265:ษหr
240:) (
44:of
2042::
1930:,
1926:.
1889:.
1871:,
1846:,
1842:.
1822:,
1678:^
1621:^
1582:^
1303:^
1255:^
1230:^
1149:,
1145:,
1141:,
1137:,
1133:,
1089:,
1085:,
1081:,
1077:,
1073:,
1069:,
1001::
994:.
832:.
770:,
722:,
706:,
690:,
672:.)
636:.
551:.
519:.
428:c.
381:.
341:.
297:,
287:;
277:ษห
271:ษห
163:,
148:,
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80:)
1938:.
1893:.
1879:.
1854:.
1807:.
1735:.
1046:.
912:.
886:.
654:.
616:.
319:(
302::
283:/
280:z
274:v
268:n
262:f
259:/
255:(
246:)
236:(
76:(
20:)
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