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654:, directed the U.S. Air Force to undertake a study to determine whether Gemini or Dyna-Soar was the more feasible approach to a space-based weapon system. In the middle of March 1963, after receiving the study, Secretary McNamara "stated that the Air Force had been placing too much emphasis on controlled re-entry when it did not have any real objectives for orbital flight". This was seen as a reversal of the Secretary's earlier position on the Dyna-Soar program.
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339:(ARDC) consolidated Hywards, Brass Bell, and Robo studies into the Dyna-Soar project, or Weapons System 464L, with a three-step abbreviated development plan. The proposal drew together the existing boost-glide proposals into a single vehicle designed to carry out all the bombing and reconnaissance tasks examined by the earlier studies, and would act as successor to the
244:. The idea would be to use the vehicle's wings to generate lift and pull up into a new ballistic trajectory, exiting the atmosphere again and giving the vehicle time to cool off between the skips. After the war, it was demonstrated that the heating load during the skips was much higher than initially calculated and would have melted the spacecraft.
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In March 1958, nine U.S. aerospace companies tendered for the Dyna-Soar contract. Of these, the field was narrowed to proposals from Bell and Boeing. Even though Bell had the advantage of six years' worth of design studies, the contract for the spaceplane was awarded to Boeing in June 1959 (by which
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The original intention for Dyna-Soar, outlined in the
Weapons System 464L proposal, called for a project combining aeronautical research with weapons system development. Many questioned whether the USAF should have a crewed space program, when that was the primary domain of NASA. It was frequently
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Due to changing requirements, several versions of the Dyna-Soar were considered, all sharing the same basic shape and layout. A single pilot sat at the front, with an equipment bay situated behind. This bay contained data-collection equipment, weapons, reconnaissance equipment, or a four-person
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Besides the funding issues that often accompany research efforts, the Dyna-Soar program suffered from two major problems: uncertainty over the booster to be used to send the craft into orbit, and a lack of a clear goal for the
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featured a rescue craft modeled somewhat after the Dyna-Soar (called the X-RV for eXperimental Rescue
Vehicle) being hurriedly deployed to rescue astronauts aboard a crippled Apollo command capsule. This was lampooned in
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Dyna-Soar was also an expensive program that would not launch a crewed mission until the mid-1960s at the earliest. This high cost and questionable utility made it difficult for the U.S. Air Force to justify the program.
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These studies all proposed various rocket-powered vehicles that could travel vast distances by gliding after being boosted to high speed and altitude by a rocket stage. The rocket booster would place the vehicle onto a
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ordinarily mean a change of plane requires an enormous expenditure of energy. The Dyna-Soar was projected to be able to use this capability to rendezvous with satellites even if the target conducted evasive maneuvers.
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639:), and all were proposed with various upper-stage and booster combinations. In December 1961, the Titan IIIC was chosen,) but the vacillations over the launch system delayed the project and complicated planning.
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attached to the aft end of the craft would allow orbital maneuvers and a launch abort capability before being jettisoned before descent into the atmosphere. While falling through the atmosphere an opaque
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By the end of 1962, Dyna-Soar had been designated X-20, the booster (to be used in the Dyna Soar I drop-tests) successfully fired, and the USAF had held an unveiling ceremony for the X-20 in
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from its wings to redirect its glide angle upward, trading horizontal velocity for vertical velocity. In this way, the vehicle would be "bounced" back into space again. This
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Transonic aerodynamic characteristics of the Dyna-Soar glider and Titan 3 launch vehicle configuration with various fin arrangements (PDF format) NASA report – April 1963
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emphasized by the Air Force that, unlike the NASA programs, Dyna-Soar allowed for controlled re-entry, and this was where the main effort in the X-20 program was placed.
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with ballistic re-entry profiles that ended in a landing under a parachute. Dyna-Soar was more like an aircraft. It could travel to distant targets at the speed of an
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method would repeat until the speed was low enough that the pilot of the vehicle would need to pick a landing spot and glide the vehicle to a landing. This use of
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Eventually, the X-20 Dyna-Soar program was canceled on
December 10, 1963. On the day that X-20 was canceled, the U.S. Air Force announced another program, the
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Hywards (Hypersonic
Weapons Research and Development Supporting system), a smaller prototype system to develop the technologies needed for Robo and Brass Bell.
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a
Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
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18, the following year. A robotic glide missile was to be deployed in 1968, with the fully operational weapons system (Dyna-Soar III) expected by 1974.
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John
Berryman's 1963 short story "The Trouble with Telstar" featured a Dyna-Soar being used to intercept communications satellites for repair.
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358:, previously Robo). The first glide tests for Dyna-Soar I were expected to be carried out in 1963, followed by powered flights, reaching
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2010:
1075:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a
Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
672:, which was to be air-launched from a B-52 bomber, was evaluated and some engine work done, but was eventually cancelled as well.
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atmospheric lift meant that the vehicle could greatly extend its range over a ballistic trajectory using the same rocket booster.
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missions of the period. Research into a spaceplane was realized much later in other reusable spacecraft such as the 1981–2011
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1979:
1951:
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612:, as suggested by failed competitor Martin, but the Titan I was not powerful enough to launch the five-ton X-20 into orbit.
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660 million ($ 6.57 billion in current dollars), and was cancelled just after spacecraft construction had begun.
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An artist's impression of Dyna-Soar being launched using a Titan booster, with large fins added to the Titan's first stage
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was added to the Dyna-Soar program and the names of the six remaining Dyna-Soar astronauts were announced to the public.
1996:
1655:(Air Force 50th anniversary commemorative ed.). Washington, DC: Air Force History and Museums Program. p. 19.
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time their original design had changed markedly and now closely resembled what Bell had submitted). In late 1961, the
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600:/JP-4, fluorine-ammonia, fluorine-hydrazine, or RMI (X-15) engines, but Boeing, the principal contractor, favored an
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455:. It would then fire its rocket to resume orbit. This would be a unique ability for a spacecraft, as the laws of
1898:
History of the X-20A Dyna-Soar. Vol. 1: AFSC Historical
Publications Series 63-50-I, Document ID ASD-TR-63-50-I.
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855:" made reference to a spacecraft called the X20 which had a similar profile but could carry a crew of three.
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The overall design of the X-20 Dyna-Soar was outlined in March 1960. It had a low-wing delta shape, with
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launch profile. When the X-20 was cancelled, it was used for other air-drop tests including that of the
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History of the X-20A Dyna-Soar, Clarence J. Geiger, Sep 1963 www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA951933
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2014:
2000:
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968: – a subscale reentry test vehicle designed to verify the superalloy heatshield of the DynaSoar.
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for control rather than a more conventional tail. The framework of the craft was to be made from the
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Despite cancellation of the X-20, the affiliated research on spaceplanes influenced the much larger
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would protect the window at the front of the craft. This heat shield would then be jettisoned after
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1702:"Fiery Crash of Drone Plane Kills Two, Injures One – Four Firemen Overcome in Wake of Blaze."
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1556:. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration – History Division. p. 150.
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magazine from before the project's cancellation depicts the craft skimming the atmosphere for an
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1963:
Dyna-Soar: Hypersonic
Strategic Weapons System: Weapon System 464L Abbreviated Development Plan
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An artist's impression of an Air Force Titan III boosting the X-20 Dyna-Soar into orbit (1962).
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There was enough interest in BoMi that by 1956 it had evolved into three separate programs:
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developed retractable wire-brush skids made of the same René 41 alloy as the airframe.
1893:. Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland: Air Force Systems Command, 1961, pp. 145–189.
1019:"The X-15, Dyna-Soar, & The Lifting Bodies – [1.2] The USAF and DYNA-SOAR"
401:
super alloy, as were the upper surface panels. The bottom surface was to be made from
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1924:
U.S. Hypersonic
Research and Development: The Rise and Fall of Dyna-Soar, 1944–1963.
146:
enemy satellites. The program ran from October 24, 1957, to December 10, 1963, cost
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1900:
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Aeronautical Systems Division Information Office, 1963.
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Neil Armstrong and Bill Dana left the program in mid-1962. On September 19, 1962,
267:, where, in 1952, they proposed what was essentially a vertical launch version of
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1872:. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota, Institute of Technology, 1956.
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354:, previously Brass Bell), and a vehicle that added strategic bombing capability (
247:
Following the war, many German scientists were taken to the United States by the
241:
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1942:
The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era
1817:
Washington, DC: Monographs in Aerospace History No. 31, SP-2003-4531, June 2003.
1152:
Testing aircraft, exploring space : an illustrated history of NACA and NASA
1018:
929: – Concept of launching the Space Shuttle orbiter using the Saturn V rocket
479:
In April 1960, seven astronauts were secretly chosen for the Dyna-Soar program:
255:, bringing with them detailed knowledge of the Silbervogel project. Among them,
209:
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2006:
Official United States Air Force film from the 1960 describing the spacecraft.
2005:
1526:. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. p. 178.
1382:
1322:. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. p. 170.
712:
crewed spacecraft was superficially similar to but not derived from the X-20.
463:
Unlike the later Space Shuttle, Dyna-Soar did not have wheels on its tricycle
405:
sheets placed over insulated René 41, while the nose-cone was to be made from
200:
Artist's conception of an X-20 Dyna-Soar after separation from booster (1961).
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research aircraft also explored aspects of sub-orbital and space flight. The
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285:, trajectory, resulting in a brief spaceflight followed by re-entry into the
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1891:
Dyna-Soar: Hypersonic Strategic Weapons System: Structure Description Report
1595:
Rocketing into the future : the history and technology of rocket planes
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1438:
172:
These characteristics made Dyna-Soar a far more advanced concept than other
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2042:
1805:
1706:(Fort Walton Beach, Florida), Volume 16, Number 271, August 20, 1963, p. 1.
921:
885:
870:, had the title character fly an emergency rescue mission in the Dyna-Soar.
464:
294:
290:
205:
382:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8199:
8144:
7849:
7621:
6548:
6327:
6294:
6143:
6015:
5975:
5746:
5741:
5718:
5567:
5466:
5444:
5439:
5404:
5389:
5364:
5276:
5216:
5050:
4968:
4956:
4939:
4866:
4755:
4735:
4615:
4295:
3821:
3816:
3791:
3751:
3701:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3651:
3636:
3621:
3596:
3571:
3546:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3461:
3456:
3436:
3431:
3416:
3401:
3396:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3291:
3276:
3266:
3256:
3226:
3141:
3101:
2861:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2707:
2529:
2493:
2401:
2391:
2284:
2224:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2103:
1360:
1258:
991:
915:
441:
433:
428:
359:
346:
The three stages of the Dyna-Soar program were to be a research vehicle (
219:
213:
185:
181:
720:
370:
was chosen as the launch vehicle. The Dyna-Soar was to be launched from
7956:
7769:
7185:
7163:
6909:
6010:
6005:
5602:
5318:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4951:
4946:
4934:
4900:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4827:
4822:
3711:
3551:
3271:
3196:
3191:
3181:
3156:
3061:
2891:
2834:
2554:
2519:
2437:
2381:
2320:
2098:
2093:
1870:
Dyna-Soar: Hypersonic Strategic Weapons System, Research Report No 135.
685:
628:
570:
402:
298:
286:
278:
127:
28:
2038:
LIFE 22 Feb 1963 article about X-20 and the pilots training to fly it.
1652:
High frontier : the U.S. Air Force and the Military Space Program
728:
608:
combination. Eventually, in November 1959, the Air Force stipulated a
593:
Many different boosters were proposed to launch Dyna-Soar into orbit.
565:
was assigned to the program for air-dropping the X-20, similar to the
398:
7859:
7811:
7579:
6183:
5587:
5419:
5394:
5296:
5266:
5256:
4984:
3451:
3211:
3126:
2916:
937:
669:
624:
425:
332:
139:
289:. Instead of a full re-entry and landing, the vehicle would use the
5211:
5196:
5191:
5166:
5151:
5146:
665:, a spin-off of Gemini. This program was also eventually canceled.
636:
410:
406:
143:
1868:
Dornberger, Walter R. "The Rocket-Propelled Commercial Airliner".
467:, as rubber tires would have caught fire during re-entry. Instead
8357:
8352:
7904:
7377:
233:
130:
that could be used for a variety of military missions, including
1863:
Wings into Space: The History and Future of Winged Space Flight.
204:
The concept underlying the X-20 was developed in Germany during
8697:
7530:
6000:
5890:
2794:
1088:
692:
was closer in design philosophy to the Dyna-Soar, while NASA's
631:
boosters could launch Dyna-Soar into Earth orbit, as could the
225:
135:
8239:
6976:
976:
971:
689:
8657:
8617:
688:
for controlled landings. The later, and much smaller Soviet
323:
8244:
1877:
Target: America, Hitler's Plan to Attack the United States.
1741:, Key Publishing Ltd., Stamford, Lincs., UK, 2014, page 38.
1185:
Target: America — Hitler's Plan to Attack the United States
790:
566:
335:
on 4 October 1957, on either October 10 or October 24, the
5680:
1760:"The U-2's intended successor: Project OXCART, 1956–1968."
1217:
The V2 and the German, Russian and American Rocket Program
8814:
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
1220:. German–Canadian Museum of Applied History. p. 99.
705:
1783:"Cosmonaut: Soviet space shuttle was safer than NASA's."
153:
Other spacecraft under development at the time, such as
1772:, December 31, 1968, p. 49. Retrieved: August 10, 2010.
1273:"MX-2276 Advanced Strategic Weapon System Aerodynamics"
942:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
540:
The Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Company (later the
386:
Artist's impression of the X-20 on landing approach at
2033:, SP-2000-4531 – June 2003; NASA online PDF Monograph
92:
Canceled just after spacecraft construction had begun
1739:
B-52 Stratofortress: Celebrating 60 Remarkable Years
897:
960:
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
1939:
1523:Coming home : reentry and recovery from space
1397:"Brass Bell Reconnaissance Aircraft Weapon System"
1319:Coming home : reentry and recovery from space
1182:
1149:
811:17,500 mph (28,200 km/h, 15,200 kn)
2793:
1682:. North Branch, MN: Specialty Press. p. 95.
1550:Facing the Heat Barrier: A History of Hypersonics
940: – US program to develop a hypersonic weapon
224:proposal. This was a design for a rocket-powered
8795:
1865:New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc., 1964.
1804:Jenkins, Dennis R., Tony Landis and Jay Miller.
1156:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press. p.
817:25,000 mi (41,000 km, 22,000 nmi)
311:Brass Bell, a long-range reconnaissance vehicle.
724:Orthographically projected diagram of the X-20.
715:
33:Artist's impression of the X-20 during re-entry
1906:Dyna-Soar: Hypersonic Strategic Weapons System
1807:American X-Vehicles: An Inventory—X-1 to X-50.
1644:
1642:
1640:
1520:Launius, Roger D.; Jenkins, Dennis R. (2012).
1519:
1316:Launius, Roger D.; Jenkins, Dennis R. (2012).
1315:
1131:
1129:
308:RoBo (Rocket Bomber), updated version of BoMi.
8603:
5666:
5109:
2779:
2058:
2031:American X-Vehicles: An Inventory X-1 to X-50
1908:. Burlington, Ontario, Canada: Apogee Books.
1620:Astronautical and Aeronautical Events of 1962
236:and then fly on for landing somewhere in the
2072:
1546:
268:
217:
1637:
1467:
1465:
1126:
1041:
142:maintenance, and as a space interceptor to
8656:
8610:
8596:
5673:
5659:
5116:
5102:
2786:
2772:
2065:
2051:
1879:Santa Barbara, California: Praeger, 2004.
1625:(Report). NASA. June 12, 1963. p. 195
889:as the XRT, the Experimental Rescue Thing.
273:known as the "Bomber Missile", or "BoMi".
27:
1795:July 7, 2007. Retrieved: August 28, 2011.
1501:
1489:
796:, 8,000 lbf (36 kN) thrust each
444:so the pilot could see, and safely land.
377:
337:USAF Air Research and Development Command
8824:Partially reusable space launch vehicles
1826:
1477:
1462:
1302:
1300:
1147:
1111:"History: X-20 Dyna-Soar Space Vehicle."
1068:
1048:
727:
719:
614:
584:
381:
322:
195:
1960:
1937:
1839:from the original on September 24, 2015
1676:Jenkins, compiled by Dennis R. (2004).
1675:
1648:
1091:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
8796:
1903:
1507:
1495:
1483:
1471:
1213:
1207:
474:
8591:
5654:
5097:
2767:
2046:
1969:
1547:Heppenheimer, T.A. (September 2007).
1297:
1180:
1135:
1089:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
1029:from the original on January 19, 2015
835:33 lb/sq ft (160 kg/m)
596:The original USAF proposal suggested
1591:
1727:from the original on July 23, 2011.
1598:. New York: Springer. p. 269.
918: – Reusable robotic spaceplane
13:
1016:
829:100,000 ft/min (510 m/s)
732:Possible X-20 Dyna-Soar launchers.
417:mid-deck in the case of the X-20X
167:intercontinental ballistic missile
14:
8850:
1990:
1972:The Encyclopedia of US Spacecraft
1833:Analog Science Fact & Fiction
1573:from the original on July 2, 2013
771:345 sq ft (32.1 m)
560:Boeing B-52C-40-BO Stratofortress
1737:Spahr, Greg, "Might have beens",
900:
823:530,000 ft (160,000 m)
522:(1924–1990; Air Force) 1960–1963
510:(1928–1967; Air Force) 1960–1963
504:(1929–2004; Air Force) 1960–1963
498:(1925–1996; Air Force) 1960–1963
372:Cape Canaveral Air Force Station
327:Boeing mock-up of X-20 Dyna-Soar
1854:
1820:
1798:
1775:
1753:
1744:
1731:
1709:
1696:
1669:
1612:
1585:
1540:
1513:
1453:
1421:
1389:
1367:
1345:
1336:
1309:
1265:
544:) completed flight tests on an
1243:
1234:
1174:
1141:
1123:Retrieved: September 24, 2010.
1104:
1010:
876:The 1969 Hollywood film drama
783:11,387 lb (5,165 kg)
777:10,395 lb (4,715 kg)
318:
1:
8809:Cancelled American spacecraft
8746:HL-20 Personnel Launch System
1961:Strathy, Charlton G. (1957).
1342:Neufeld 1995, pp. 19, 33, 55.
999:
868:Mike Mars flies the Dyna-Soar
684:. The final design also used
350:), a reconnaissance vehicle (
191:
16:Research spaceplane by Boeing
8839:Tailless delta-wing aircraft
1946:. New York: The Free Press.
1938:Neufeld, Michael J. (1995).
1904:Godwin, Robert, ed. (2003).
1827:Berryman, John (June 1963).
1083:American Antiquarian Society
1063:American Antiquarian Society
753:35.34 ft (10.77 m)
716:Specifications (as designed)
546:inertial guidance sub-system
249:Office of Strategic Services
126:(USAF) program to develop a
7:
8641:International Space Station
1770:Central Intelligence Agency
1240:Dornberger 1956, pp. 19–37.
1148:Bilstein, Roger E. (2003).
893:
858:In 1962, the fifth book in
853:And When the Sky Was Opened
576:
516:(1926–1993; NASA) 1960–1963
492:(1930–2014; NASA) 1960–1962
486:(1930–2012; NASA) 1960–1962
10:
8855:
8756:Manned Orbiting Laboratory
8622:human spaceflight programs
5638:Assigned to multiple types
1829:"The Trouble with Telstar"
1813:November 17, 2008, at the
1717:"1953 USAF Serial Numbers"
1025:. Vectors by Greg Goebel.
663:Manned Orbiting Laboratory
453:orbital inclination change
100:January 1, 1966 (proposed)
8728:
8665:
8654:
8628:
8578:
8527:
8391:
8310:
7549:
7408:
6531:
6232:
6031:
5689:
5631:
5580:
5485:
5327:
5184:
5175:
5137:
5132:) designations since 1941
5075:
5059:
5013:
4977:
2802:
2670:
2619:
2588:
2512:
2461:
2410:
2349:
2314:Piston-engined transports
2313:
2217:
2081:
2015:Encyclopedia Astronautica
2001:Encyclopedia Astronautica
1926:London: Routledge, 2006.
1750:Geiger 1963, pp. 349–405.
1592:Pelt, Michel van (2012).
1434:Encyclopedia Astronautica
1116:October 26, 2010, at the
954:Manned Orbital Laboratory
851:season 1 episode titled "
759:20.8 ft (6.3 m)
675:
646:On January 19, 1963, the
331:Days after the launch of
122:("Dynamic Soarer") was a
112:
104:
96:
88:
83:
79:
75:
71:
63:
58:
54:
50:
42:
38:
26:
8804:Boeing military aircraft
2082:Fighters/attack aircraft
1679:X-planes photo scrapbook
1649:Peebles, Curtis (1997).
1004:
982:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105
839:
765:8.5 ft (2.6 m)
552:, Florida, utilizing an
548:for the X-20 project at
108:March 1, 1968 (proposed)
8580:Unknown or not assigned
5682:United States Air Force
5138:Supersonic/special test
2671:Experimental/prototypes
2513:Patrol and surveillance
1974:. London: Bison Books.
1788:August 3, 2011, at the
738:General characteristics
668:Another black program,
124:United States Air Force
2797:aircraft model numbers
2020:Tsien Space Plane 1978
2011:Tsien Space Plane 1949
1765:March 8, 2012, at the
1214:Reuter, Claus (2000).
733:
725:
620:
590:
490:William H. "Bill" Dana
390:
388:Edwards Air Force Base
378:Spacecraft description
328:
269:
218:
201:
5126:experimental aircraft
5124:USAF / Joint Service
5083:Boeing Customer Codes
1704:Playground Daily News
1181:Duffy, James (2004).
731:
723:
698:Martin Marietta X-24A
618:
588:
542:Honeywell Corporation
419:shuttle space vehicle
385:
326:
199:
132:aerial reconnaissance
120:Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar
8751:Man in Space Soonest
1970:Yenne, Bill (1985).
1896:Geiger, Clarence J.
1441:on December 28, 2016
1409:on February 10, 2015
1285:on February 10, 2015
648:Secretary of Defense
550:Eglin Air Force Base
216:as part of the 1941
180:and the more recent
8766:Orbital Space Plane
8693:Apollo Applications
1379:www.astronautix.com
1357:www.astronautix.com
1306:Duffy 2004, p. 124.
1255:www.astronautix.com
1189:. Praeger. p.
987:North American X-15
948:Related development
781:Max takeoff weight:
635:(later renamed the
475:Operational history
457:celestial mechanics
253:Operation Paperclip
23:
5178:"X" (1948–present)
1721:www.joebaugher.com
908:Spaceflight portal
860:Donald A. Wollheim
734:
726:
621:
591:
391:
343:research program.
329:
202:
21:
8819:Crewed spacecraft
8791:
8790:
8585:
8584:
5648:
5647:
5576:
5575:
5091:
5090:
2761:
2760:
2411:Tanker-transports
2076:military aircraft
1981:978-5-551-26650-1
1965:. pp. 38–75.
1953:978-0-674-77650-0
1533:978-0-16-091064-7
694:Martin X-23 PRIME
508:Russell L. Rogers
449:Space/Aeronautics
447:A drawing in the
257:Walter Dornberger
206:World War II
174:human spaceflight
116:
115:
43:Country of origin
8846:
8660:
8612:
8605:
8598:
8589:
8588:
8566:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8536:
8520:
8510:
8500:
8490:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8450:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8405:
8400:
8384:
8374:
8364:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8319:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8228:
8218:
8188:
8183:
8153:
8128:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8073:
8053:
8043:
7993:
7988:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7933:
7928:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7793:
7788:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7728:
7683:
7673:
7663:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7628:
7542:
7522:
7502:
7492:
7472:
7452:
7442:
7432:
7422:
7296:
7177:
7140:
7023:
7008:
6973:
6968:
6938:
6758:
6741:
6622:
6617:
6607:
6577:
6504:
6484:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6371:
6361:
6351:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6266:
6261:
6246:
6220:
6210:
6200:
6190:
6180:
6150:
6130:
6110:
6100:
6090:
6070:
5992:
5982:
5962:
5957:
5947:
5902:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5770:
5760:
5755:
5735:
5675:
5668:
5661:
5652:
5651:
5529:
5499:
5182:
5181:
5118:
5111:
5104:
5095:
5094:
4840:-100/146/148/166
2788:
2781:
2774:
2765:
2764:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2044:
2043:
1985:
1966:
1957:
1945:
1919:
1875:Duffy, James P.
1861:Caidin, Martin.
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1824:
1818:
1802:
1796:
1779:
1773:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1742:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1713:
1707:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1646:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1624:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1572:
1555:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1437:. Archived from
1425:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1408:
1402:. Archived from
1401:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1385:on July 7, 2017.
1381:. Archived from
1371:
1365:
1364:
1363:on June 6, 2017.
1359:. Archived from
1349:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1284:
1278:. Archived from
1277:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1261:on June 6, 2017.
1257:. Archived from
1247:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1188:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1155:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1124:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1086:
1080:
1066:
1060:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1014:
943:
910:
905:
904:
903:
821:Service ceiling:
804:
740:
573:escape capsule.
556:by August 1963.
438:refractory metal
272:
223:
138:, space rescue,
31:
24:
20:
8854:
8853:
8849:
8848:
8847:
8845:
8844:
8843:
8794:
8793:
8792:
8787:
8771:Orion (nuclear)
8724:
8661:
8652:
8646:Commercial Crew
8624:
8616:
8586:
8581:
8574:
8564:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8534:
8523:
8518:
8508:
8498:
8488:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8448:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8403:
8398:
8387:
8382:
8372:
8362:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8317:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8226:
8216:
8186:
8181:
8151:
8126:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8071:
8051:
8041:
7991:
7986:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7931:
7926:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7791:
7786:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7726:
7681:
7671:
7661:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7626:
7545:
7540:
7520:
7500:
7490:
7470:
7450:
7440:
7430:
7420:
7404:
7294:
7175:
7138:
7021:
7006:
6971:
6966:
6936:
6756:
6739:
6620:
6615:
6605:
6575:
6527:
6502:
6482:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6369:
6359:
6349:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6264:
6259:
6244:
6228:
6218:
6208:
6198:
6188:
6178:
6148:
6128:
6108:
6098:
6088:
6068:
6027:
5990:
5980:
5960:
5955:
5945:
5900:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5768:
5758:
5753:
5733:
5685:
5679:
5649:
5644:
5627:
5572:
5527:
5497:
5481:
5323:
5177:
5171:
5140:"S" (1946–1947)
5139:
5133:
5122:
5092:
5087:
5071:
5055:
5009:
4978:Turbine engines
4973:
4877:Next Generation
2798:
2792:
2762:
2757:
2666:
2615:
2584:
2508:
2457:
2406:
2345:
2309:
2213:
2077:
2071:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1954:
1916:
1857:
1852:
1842:
1840:
1825:
1821:
1815:Wayback Machine
1803:
1799:
1790:Wayback Machine
1780:
1776:
1767:Wayback Machine
1758:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1736:
1732:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1647:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1444:
1442:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1127:
1118:Wayback Machine
1109:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1078:
1070:McCusker, J. J.
1058:
1050:McCusker, J. J.
1046:
1042:
1032:
1030:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
941:
906:
901:
899:
896:
842:
800:
736:
718:
678:
652:Robert McNamara
579:
496:Henry C. Gordon
477:
423:Martin Marietta
380:
321:
242:Empire of Japan
228:able to attack
194:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8852:
8842:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8789:
8788:
8786:
8785:
8778:
8773:
8768:
8763:
8758:
8753:
8748:
8743:
8738:
8732:
8730:
8726:
8725:
8723:
8722:
8721:
8720:
8707:
8706:
8705:
8700:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8669:
8667:
8663:
8662:
8655:
8653:
8651:
8650:
8649:
8648:
8638:
8632:
8630:
8626:
8625:
8615:
8614:
8607:
8600:
8592:
8583:
8582:
8579:
8576:
8575:
8573:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8531:
8529:
8525:
8524:
8522:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8420:
8419:
8414:
8406:
8401:
8395:
8393:
8389:
8388:
8386:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8370:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8314:
8312:
8308:
8307:
8305:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8283:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8213:
8212:
8207:
8202:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8178:
8177:
8172:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8148:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8129:
8124:
8123:
8122:
8117:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8068:
8067:
8062:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8028:
8027:
8022:
8014:
8013:
8012:
8007:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7953:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7908:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7864:
7863:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7778:
7777:
7772:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7703:
7702:
7697:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7603:
7602:
7597:
7589:
7588:
7587:
7582:
7574:
7573:
7572:
7567:
7559:
7553:
7551:
7547:
7546:
7544:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7517:
7516:
7511:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7487:
7486:
7481:
7473:
7468:
7467:
7466:
7461:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7412:
7410:
7406:
7405:
7403:
7402:
7401:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7382:
7381:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7352:
7351:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7332:
7327:
7326:
7325:
7320:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7291:
7290:
7285:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7256:
7255:
7250:
7242:
7241:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7222:
7217:
7216:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7195:
7194:
7193:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7172:
7171:
7166:
7158:
7153:
7152:
7151:
7141:
7136:
7135:
7134:
7129:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7110:
7109:
7104:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7045:
7044:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6993:
6992:
6987:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6953:
6952:
6947:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6923:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6878:
6877:
6872:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6848:
6847:
6842:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6823:
6822:
6817:
6809:
6808:
6807:
6802:
6794:
6793:
6792:
6787:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6753:
6752:
6742:
6737:
6736:
6735:
6730:
6722:
6717:
6716:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6687:
6682:
6681:
6680:
6675:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6656:
6655:
6650:
6640:
6639:
6638:
6633:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6592:
6591:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6562:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6535:
6533:
6529:
6528:
6526:
6525:
6524:
6523:
6518:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6499:
6498:
6493:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6439:
6438:
6428:
6427:
6426:
6416:
6415:
6414:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6393:
6392:
6387:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6336:
6335:
6330:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6281:
6280:
6275:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6236:
6234:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6169:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6060:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6041:
6035:
6033:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6024:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5937:
5936:
5931:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5862:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5831:
5830:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5811:
5810:
5809:
5804:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5744:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5699:
5693:
5691:
5687:
5686:
5684:system numbers
5678:
5677:
5670:
5663:
5655:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5642:
5639:
5636:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5584:
5582:
5578:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5489:
5487:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5457:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5430:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5188:
5186:
5179:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5143:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5121:
5120:
5113:
5106:
5098:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4949:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4932:
4931:
4930:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4913:
4908:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4874:
4869:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2791:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2768:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2589:Reconnaissance
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2350:Jet transports
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
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2028:
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2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1983:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1932:0-415-36281-4
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1915:1-896522-95-5
1911:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1885:0-275-96684-4
1882:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1781:Marks, Paul.
1778:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1747:
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1718:
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1569:
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1559:
1552:
1551:
1543:
1535:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1516:
1510:, p. 186
1509:
1504:
1498:, p. 286
1497:
1492:
1485:
1480:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1456:
1440:
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1301:
1281:
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1268:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1237:
1229:
1227:9781894643054
1223:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1202:
1200:0-275-96684-4
1196:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1177:
1169:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1144:
1138:, p. 136
1137:
1132:
1130:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1092:
1084:
1077:
1076:
1071:
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1044:
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1020:
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985:
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939:
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923:
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917:
914:
913:
909:
898:
888:
887:
881:
880:
875:
872:
869:
865:
861:
857:
854:
850:
849:
848:Twilight Zone
844:
843:
834:
833:Wing loading:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
806:
805:
803:
795:
794:rocket engine
792:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
775:Empty weight:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
742:
741:
739:
730:
722:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
682:Space Shuttle
673:
671:
666:
664:
659:
655:
653:
649:
644:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
617:
613:
611:
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583:
574:
572:
568:
564:
561:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
536:
531:
529:
521:
520:James W. Wood
518:
515:
514:Milt Thompson
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
481:
480:
472:
470:
466:
465:undercarriage
461:
458:
454:
450:
445:
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430:
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420:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
389:
384:
375:
373:
369:
363:
361:
357:
356:Dyna-Soar III
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
325:
313:
310:
307:
306:
305:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
274:
271:
266:
265:Bell Aircraft
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
238:Pacific Ocean
235:
231:
230:New York City
227:
222:
221:
215:
211:
207:
198:
189:
187:
183:
179:
178:Space Shuttle
175:
170:
168:
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160:
156:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
111:
107:
103:
99:
97:Maiden launch
95:
91:
87:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
64:Crew capacity
62:
57:
53:
49:
46:United States
45:
41:
37:
30:
25:
19:
8781:
8740:
8716:
8703:Apollo–Soyuz
7686:
7063:
5635:Not assigned
5286:
5176:Experimental
4770:
4745:
2702:
2683:Bird of Prey
2030:
1971:
1962:
1941:
1923:
1905:
1897:
1890:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1855:Bibliography
1841:. Retrieved
1832:
1822:
1806:
1800:
1792:
1777:
1769:
1755:
1746:
1738:
1733:
1720:
1711:
1703:
1698:
1678:
1671:
1651:
1627:. Retrieved
1614:
1594:
1587:
1575:. Retrieved
1549:
1542:
1522:
1515:
1503:
1491:
1486:, p. 65
1479:
1474:, p. 38
1455:
1445:February 10,
1443:. Retrieved
1439:the original
1432:
1423:
1413:February 10,
1411:. Retrieved
1404:the original
1391:
1383:the original
1378:
1375:"Brass Bell"
1369:
1361:the original
1356:
1347:
1338:
1318:
1311:
1289:February 10,
1287:. Retrieved
1280:the original
1267:
1259:the original
1254:
1245:
1236:
1216:
1209:
1184:
1176:
1151:
1143:
1120:
1106:
1096:February 29,
1094:. Retrieved
1074:
1054:
1043:
1031:. Retrieved
1022:
1012:
996:
959:
958:
947:
946:
922:Dream Chaser
886:Mad Magazine
884:
877:
867:
863:
846:
832:
826:
820:
814:
808:
801:
799:
786:
780:
774:
768:
762:
756:
750:
744:
737:
735:
708:'s proposed
679:
667:
660:
656:
645:
641:
622:
595:
592:
580:
562:
558:
539:
532:
528:Albert Crews
525:
478:
462:
448:
446:
436:made from a
418:
415:
392:
364:
355:
352:Dyna-Soar II
351:
347:
345:
330:
303:
275:
246:
240:held by the
210:Eugen Sänger
203:
188:spacecraft.
171:
152:
119:
117:
18:
8829:Spaceplanes
5328:26–50
2693:Phantom Ray
2688:Phantom Eye
2678:AFTI/F-111A
2620:Drones/UAVs
1577:January 16,
1508:Godwin 2003
1496:Godwin 2003
1484:Godwin 2003
1472:Godwin 2003
1067:1700–1799:
1047:1634–1699:
1033:January 16,
992:Silbervogel
916:Boeing X-37
802:Performance
787:Powerplant:
686:delta wings
502:Pete Knight
442:aerobraking
434:heat shield
429:upper stage
374:, Florida.
348:Dyna-Soar I
319:Development
270:Silbervogel
220:Silbervogel
214:Irene Bredt
182:Boeing X-40
105:Last launch
8798:Categories
5641:Unofficial
5433:X-44 (UAV)
5428:X-44 MANTA
5185:1–25
4022:345-2/4/31
1662:0160489458
1167:0801871581
1136:Yenne 1985
1000:References
769:Wing area:
633:Saturn C-1
403:molybdenum
299:hypersonic
295:skip-glide
287:atmosphere
279:suborbital
192:Background
128:spaceplane
84:Production
8741:Dyna-Soar
8666:Completed
6491:A/B/E/F/N
5486:51–
2204:F/A-18E/F
1997:Dyna Soar
1629:April 30,
1429:"Hywards"
938:Hypersoar
864:Mike Mars
845:The 1959
757:Wingspan:
747:One pilot
670:ISINGLASS
629:Titan III
535:Las Vegas
426:Transtage
368:Titan III
333:Sputnik 1
263:moved to
140:satellite
8729:Canceled
8715:Shuttle-
5581:See also
5014:Missiles
4847:717 (II)
2803:Aircraft
2462:Trainers
1837:Archived
1811:Archived
1786:Archived
1763:Archived
1725:Archived
1568:Archived
1114:Archived
1072:(1992).
1052:(1997).
1027:Archived
894:See also
879:Marooned
866:series,
791:AJ10-138
637:Saturn I
625:Titan II
582:project.
577:Problems
469:Goodyear
411:zirconia
407:graphite
395:winglets
144:sabotage
8782:Freedom
8678:Mercury
8636:Artemis
8565:957–967
8535:900–951
8528:900–999
8519:847–899
8509:835–845
8489:824–831
8449:808–816
8392:800–899
8383:755–799
8373:746–753
8318:700–735
8311:700–799
7695:A/B (I)
7550:600–699
7541:593–599
7521:581–589
7501:571–579
7491:561–569
7471:551–559
7451:543–549
7441:531–541
7431:521–529
7421:501–519
7409:500–599
6532:400–499
6503:381–397
6483:338–379
6233:300–399
6219:280–298
6209:240–278
6199:227–238
6032:200–299
5991:143–197
5690:100–199
5130:X-plane
5060:Vessels
4872:Classic
4835:717 (I)
2632:CQM-121
2601:OC-135B
2218:Bombers
2089:PW-9/FB
1843:May 14,
1121:Boeing.
763:Height:
751:Length:
606:Centaur
563:53-0399
399:René 41
234:Germany
161:, were
155:Mercury
136:bombing
8698:Skylab
8688:Apollo
8683:Gemini
8629:Active
8417:L (II)
8280:S (II)
8010:A (II)
7945:A (II)
7700:B (II)
7323:L (II)
7107:L (II)
6845:G (II)
6703:M (II)
4776:853-21
4136:367-80
2795:Boeing
2698:Skyfox
2627:YQM-94
2611:WC-135
2606:RC-135
2596:NC-135
2540:EC-135
2489:XAT-15
2453:KC-767
2438:KC-137
2433:KC-135
2367:CC-137
2240:Y1B-20
2209:EA-18G
2184:F-15EX
2074:Boeing
1978:
1950:
1930:
1912:
1883:
1686:
1659:
1602:
1560:
1530:
1353:"Robo"
1326:
1251:"Bomi"
1224:
1197:
1164:
933:Hermes
815:Range:
710:Hermes
676:Legacy
413:rods.
281:, but
226:bomber
159:Vostok
89:Status
8412:L (I)
8275:S (I)
8005:A (I)
7940:A (I)
7343:L (I)
7318:L (I)
7102:L (I)
6840:G (I)
6698:M (I)
6544:B/C/N
5623:XQ-67
5618:XQ-58
5613:M2-F3
5608:M2-F2
5603:M2-F1
5598:HL-10
5593:HiMAT
5460:X-47C
5455:X-47B
5424:X-44
5312:X-24C
5076:Other
4921:-4G4F
4911:-2G4B
4887:-800A
4882:-700W
2753:YAL-1
2657:MQ-28
2652:MQ-27
2647:MQ-25
2642:RQ-21
2637:MQ-18
2580:E-767
2545:EC-18
2484:PT-27
2479:PT-18
2474:PT-17
2469:PT-13
2448:KC-46
2443:KC-10
2428:KC-97
2423:KB-50
2418:KB-29
2402:CT-43
2387:VC-25
2372:YC-14
2362:C-137
2357:C-135
2341:C-108
2300:XB-59
2295:XB-56
2290:XB-55
2265:XB-44
2260:YB-40
2255:XB-39
2250:XB-38
2230:XB-15
2199:AV-8B
2189:YF-22
2179:F-15E
2169:XP-32
2154:XP-15
1623:(PDF)
1571:(PDF)
1554:(PDF)
1407:(PDF)
1400:(PDF)
1283:(PDF)
1276:(PDF)
1079:(PDF)
1059:(PDF)
1005:Notes
977:BOR-5
972:BOR-4
966:ASSET
840:Media
745:Crew:
702:HL-10
690:BOR-4
610:Titan
602:Atlas
409:with
186:X-37B
8776:NASP
8761:Nova
8673:X-15
8408:802
8231:695
8196:691
8166:687
8131:683
8111:681
8056:672
8016:666
8001:665
7936:655
7866:649
7846:648
7766:634
7691:621
7591:603
7576:602
7561:601
7505:580
7475:560
7455:550
7384:499
7354:498
7334:497
7314:495
7279:490
7244:485
7224:484
7160:478
7123:474
7098:471
6981:451
6941:445
6906:441
6866:435
6836:431
6811:428
6796:427
6781:426
6724:418
6689:416
6669:414
6585:405
6512:399
6487:380
6324:315
6269:306
6163:222
6043:201
5925:132
5813:118
5798:117
5738:107
5588:AD-1
5568:X-66
5563:X-65
5558:X-64
5553:X-63
5548:X-62
5543:X-61
5538:X-60
5533:X-59
5528:X-58
5523:X-57
5518:X-56
5513:X-55
5508:X-54
5503:X-53
5498:X-52
5493:X-51
5477:X-50
5472:X-49
5467:X-48
5450:X-47
5445:X-46
5440:X-45
5420:X-43
5415:X-42
5410:X-41
5405:X-40
5400:X-39
5395:X-38
5390:X-37
5385:X-36
5380:X-35
5375:X-34
5370:X-33
5365:X-32
5360:X-31
5355:X-30
5350:X-29
5345:X-28
5340:X-27
5335:X-26
5319:X-25
5307:X-24
5302:X-23
5297:X-22
5292:X-21
5287:X-20
5282:X-19
5277:X-18
5272:X-17
5267:X-16
5262:X-15
5257:X-14
5252:X-13
5247:X-12
5242:X-11
5237:X-10
4969:2707
4940:-2G4
4916:-400
4867:-253
4828:-020
4816:2020
4811:2000
4806:1080
4801:1074
4796:1046
4791:1044
4786:1041
2840:6D/E
2748:X-53
2743:X-51
2738:X-50
2733:X-48
2728:X-45
2723:X-40
2718:X-37
2713:X-36
2708:X-32
2703:X-20
2662:X-50
2575:E-10
2530:XP3B
2525:XPBB
2499:T-45
2494:T-43
2397:C-40
2392:C-32
2382:C-22
2377:C-17
2336:C-98
2331:C-97
2326:C-75
2321:C-73
2285:B-54
2280:B-52
2275:B-50
2270:B-47
2245:B-29
2235:B-17
2225:YB-9
2194:F-22
2164:P-29
2159:P-26
2149:P-12
2144:XP-9
2139:XP-8
2134:XP-7
2129:XP-4
2124:XF8B
2119:XF7B
2114:XF6B
2109:XF5B
1976:ISBN
1948:ISBN
1928:ISBN
1910:ISBN
1881:ISBN
1845:2015
1684:ISBN
1657:ISBN
1631:2023
1600:ISBN
1579:2015
1558:ISBN
1528:ISBN
1447:2015
1415:2015
1324:ISBN
1291:2015
1222:ISBN
1195:ISBN
1162:ISBN
1098:2024
1035:2015
789:2 ×
696:and
627:and
623:The
571:B-1A
567:X-15
421:. A
360:Mach
341:X-15
291:lift
259:and
212:and
184:and
148:US$
118:The
8717:Mir
8570:968
8560:956
8555:855
8550:854
8545:853
8540:952
8514:846
8504:834
8499:833
8494:832
8484:823
8479:822
8474:821
8469:820
8464:819
8459:818
8454:817
8444:807
8439:806
8434:805
8429:804
8424:803
8404:801
8399:800
8378:754
8368:745
8363:744
8358:743
8353:742
8348:741
8343:740
8338:739
8333:738
8328:737
8323:736
8302:699
8297:698
8292:697
8287:696
8227:694
8222:693
8217:692
8192:690
8187:689
8182:688
8162:686
8157:685
8152:684
8127:682
8107:680
8102:679
8097:678
8092:677
8087:676
8082:675
8077:674
8072:673
8065:M/P
8052:671
8047:670
8042:669
8037:668
8032:667
8025:C/P
7997:664
7992:663
7987:662
7982:661
7977:660
7972:659
7967:658
7962:657
7957:656
7932:654
7927:653
7922:652
7917:651
7912:650
7842:647
7837:646
7832:645
7827:644
7822:643
7817:642
7812:641
7807:640
7802:639
7797:638
7792:637
7787:636
7782:635
7762:633
7757:632
7752:631
7747:630
7742:629
7737:628
7732:627
7727:626
7722:625
7717:624
7712:623
7707:622
7687:620
7682:619
7677:618
7672:617
7667:616
7662:615
7657:614
7652:613
7647:612
7642:611
7637:610
7632:609
7627:608
7622:607
7617:606
7612:605
7607:604
7557:600
7536:592
7531:591
7526:590
7496:570
7446:542
7436:530
7426:520
7416:500
7330:496
7310:494
7305:493
7300:492
7295:491
7275:489
7270:488
7265:487
7260:486
7220:483
7213:M/Z
7198:482
7186:481
7181:480
7176:479
7156:477
7144:476
7139:475
7119:473
7114:472
7094:470
7089:469
7084:468
7079:467
7074:466
7069:465
7064:464
7059:463
7054:462
7049:461
7037:460
7032:459
7027:458
7022:457
7017:456
7012:455
7007:454
7002:453
6997:452
6977:450
6972:449
6967:448
6962:447
6957:446
6937:444
6932:443
6927:442
6902:440
6897:439
6892:438
6887:437
6882:436
6862:434
6857:433
6852:432
6832:430
6827:429
6777:425
6772:424
6767:423
6762:422
6757:421
6750:L/W
6745:420
6740:419
6720:417
6685:415
6665:413
6660:412
6643:411
6626:410
6621:409
6616:408
6611:407
6606:406
6581:404
6576:403
6571:402
6566:401
6554:G/H
6539:400
6508:398
6478:337
6473:336
6468:335
6463:334
6458:333
6453:332
6448:331
6443:330
6431:329
6419:328
6407:327
6402:326
6397:325
6390:M/N
6380:324
6375:323
6370:322
6365:321
6360:320
6355:319
6350:318
6345:317
6340:316
6333:A-2
6328:A-1
6320:314
6315:313
6310:312
6305:311
6300:310
6295:309
6290:308
6285:307
6273:A/L
6265:305
6260:304
6255:303
6250:302
6245:301
6240:300
6224:299
6214:279
6204:239
6194:226
6189:225
6184:224
6179:223
6159:221
6154:220
6149:219
6144:218
6139:217
6134:216
6129:215
6124:214
6119:213
6114:212
6109:211
6104:210
6099:209
6094:208
6089:207
6084:206
6079:205
6074:204
6069:203
6064:202
6052:B/W
6047:A/L
6039:200
6001:199
5996:198
5986:142
5981:141
5976:140
5971:139
5966:138
5961:137
5956:136
5951:135
5946:134
5941:133
5921:131
5916:130
5911:129
5906:128
5901:127
5896:126
5891:125
5886:124
5881:123
5876:122
5871:121
5866:120
5839:C/F
5834:119
5794:116
5789:115
5784:114
5779:113
5774:112
5769:111
5764:110
5759:109
5754:108
5747:A-2
5742:A-1
5734:106
5729:105
5724:104
5719:103
5714:102
5702:101
5697:100
5232:X-9
5227:X-8
5222:X-7
5217:X-6
5212:X-5
5207:X-4
5202:X-3
5197:X-2
5192:X-1
5167:S-5
5162:S-4
5157:S-3
5152:S-2
5147:S-1
5067:929
5051:641
5046:631
5041:624
5036:621
5031:602
5026:601
5021:600
5005:550
5000:520
4995:502
4990:500
4964:787
4952:777
4947:767
4935:757
4901:747
4894:MAX
4862:737
4857:727
4852:720
4823:707
4781:953
4771:844
4766:831
4761:820
4756:818
4751:815
4746:814
4741:739
4736:733
4731:701
4726:498
4721:497
4716:495
4711:493
4706:490
4701:486
4696:485
4691:484
4686:483
4681:482
4676:481
4671:480
4666:479
4661:475
4656:474
4651:473
4646:472
4641:471
4636:470
4631:469
4626:468
4621:467
4616:466
4611:465
4606:464
4601:463
4596:462
4591:461
4586:460
4581:459
4576:458
4571:457
4566:456
4561:455
4556:454
4551:453
4546:452
4541:451
4536:450
4531:449
4526:448
4521:447
4516:446
4511:445
4506:444
4501:443
4496:442
4491:441
4486:440
4481:439
4476:437
4471:436
4466:435
4461:434
4456:433
4451:432
4446:431
4441:429
4436:428
4431:427
4426:426
4421:425
4416:424
4411:423
4406:422
4401:421
4396:420
4391:419
4386:418
4381:417
4376:416
4371:415
4366:414
4361:413
4356:412
4351:411
4346:410
4341:409
4336:408
4331:407
4326:406
4321:405
4316:404
4311:403
4306:402
4301:401
4296:400
4291:399
4286:398
4281:397
4276:396
4271:395
4266:394
4261:393
4256:392
4251:391
4246:390
4241:389
4236:388
4231:387
4226:386
4221:385
4216:384
4211:383
4206:382
4201:381
4196:380
4191:379
4186:378
4181:377
4176:375
4171:374
4166:373
4161:372
4156:371
4151:370
4146:369
4141:368
4129:-76
4124:367
4119:366
4114:365
4109:364
4104:363
4099:362
4094:361
4089:359
4084:358
4079:357
4074:356
4069:355
4064:354
4059:353
4054:352
4049:351
4044:350
4039:349
4034:348
4029:346
4017:345
4012:344
4007:343
4002:342
3997:341
3992:340
3987:339
3982:338
3977:337
3972:336
3967:335
3962:334
3957:333
3952:332
3947:331
3942:330
3937:329
3932:328
3927:327
3922:326
3917:325
3912:324
3907:323
3902:322
3897:321
3892:320
3887:319
3882:318
3877:317
3872:316
3867:315
3862:314
3857:312
3852:311
3847:309
3842:308
3837:307
3832:306
3827:305
3822:304
3817:303
3812:302
3807:300
3802:299
3797:298
3792:297
3787:296
3782:295
3777:294
3772:293
3767:292
3762:291
3757:290
3752:288
3747:287
3742:286
3737:285
3732:284
3727:283
3722:282
3717:281
3712:280
3707:279
3702:278
3697:277
3692:276
3687:274
3682:273
3677:272
3672:271
3667:270
3662:269
3657:268
3652:267
3647:266
3642:265
3637:264
3632:263
3627:262
3622:261
3617:260
3612:259
3607:258
3602:257
3597:256
3592:255
3587:254
3582:253
3577:252
3572:251
3567:250
3562:249
3557:248
3552:247
3547:246
3542:245
3537:244
3532:243
3527:242
3522:241
3517:240
3512:239
3507:238
3502:237
3497:236
3492:235
3487:234
3482:233
3477:232
3472:231
3467:229
3462:228
3457:227
3452:226
3447:225
3442:224
3437:223
3432:222
3427:221
3422:220
3417:218
3412:217
3407:216
3402:215
3397:214
3392:213
3387:212
3382:211
3377:210
3372:209
3367:208
3362:207
3357:206
3352:205
3347:204
3342:203
3337:202
3332:201
3327:200
3322:102
3317:101
3312:100
2570:E-8
2565:E-7
2560:E-6
2555:E-4
2550:E-3
2535:P-8
2520:XPB
2504:T-7
2305:B-1
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