701:
40:
541:, allowing forensic scientists to either reinforce or question the supposed identity of the victim. Scientific methods are also used in cases where these introductory approaches are not possible. These scientific identification techniques, including anthropometry, skin analysis, dental records and genetics, rely on the individuality of each body. Factors such as body size, weight, skin prints, and blood type all act as indicators of identity. Forensic scientists analyse these characteristics in their process of identifying of a body. This process generally involves a comparison between antemortem information, from living individuals, either relatives or information from a missing person with postmortem information obtained from the dead unidentified individual.
901:
profile using Single
Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) which is then uploaded onto one or more DNA databases able to match relatives. Some commonly used databases include GEDmatch, FamilyTreeDNA (FTDNA) and D2C databases. Once a relative is identified, closer relatives are better (3rd cousin or closer), genealogists can then determine the family tree using publicly available information, such as birth certificates, death certificates, marriage certificates, obituaries and more. This provides a list of possible candidates that can then be confirmed using Forensic DNA profiling. In cases of deceased individuals, this is usually done through kinship testing with a close living relative.
862:
beads. The Phenol process is toxic and is "not open to automation". This method is primarily used to extract, from the cells, the nucleic acids necessary for purification. The Chelex process is safe and is "not open to automation". This method connects ions in order to "purify other compounds". This is also the cheapest method. The Silica process is safe and is "open to automation". This method binds DNA molecules with "silica surfaces". This is also the most expensive method. The magnetic beads process is safe and is "open to automation". Following the binding of DNA, this process involves a magnetic field paralysing beads and allowing for the washing of DNA.
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identity in the forensic field. Particular body parts, such as an individual's reproductive organs and the size of their breasts, are an indicator of sex. Other more socially constructed ideas of gender, such as the length of one’s hair and the height of an individual, also influence the process of body identification. These assumptions about gender are more complicated in our contemporary society, where
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818:
879:
DNA markers are used to identify specific DNA characteristics that allow for the distinction between different individuals. These markers are analysed by forensic scientists when identifying an unknown body. DNA markers are either a genotype or a phenotype. A genotype is a set of genes in an organism
721:
is similar to that of fingerprints. However, they also provide information on the dominant hand and age of the individual, which are both key indicators of identity. The hand which has the more deteriorated prints is suggested to be the dominant hand of an individual due to its more frequent use. The
671:
The human body has particular marks that provide more specific knowledge to forensic scientists who are attempting to determine the identity of a body. The description of particular marks involves the assessment of unique marks on the body, such as scars and birthmarks. The marks of an individual are
888:
Next-Generation
Sequencing (NGS) is the most recent body identification method in the field of genetics. The process of NGS includes three fundamental steps; “library preparation, sequencing, and data interpretation”. Its success is due to its ability to “target a larger number of PCR amplicons in a
900:
Genetic
Genealogy has been used to identify deceased individuals, unknown suspects as well as living individuals. This method uses Genomics, Computer database technologies, Genealogy and finally Forensic DNA profiling to identify an unknown individual. They start by determining the individual's DNA
838:
markers in bodily fluids have developed. DNA analysis involves the comparison of DNA profiles and DNA samples. Forensic scientists analyse the impact of time and sensitivity on the appearance of microRNAs when determining how well they can be detected in different bodily fluids. The fluids that are
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In many cases, people who have died while serving in the military remain unidentified. This is due to the destructive nature of their death and how long their remains can go undiscovered. If unidentified bodies of service people are returned to their country, formal treatment is required in respect
804:
and photographs. The jaw is analysed to detect any peculiarities in the teeth or any diseases. In the scenario where skin prints are unable to assist in the process of identification, dental examination can be used. The
Forensic Dentistry and Anthropology Center of the Dental Faculty of Piracicaba
763:
The deterioration of skin over time is physically obvious to the eye. A young and fit individual typically has firm and thick skin. However, when individuals age, particularly into their 60s and 70s, their skin is subject to sagging and thinning. The appearance of one’s skin can be an indicator of
653:
Anthropometric information incorporates the measurement of different body parts, including the head, fingers, feet and arms. The process of obtaining anthropometric information involves the use of different tools. Calliper-compasses are used to measure the dimensions of the head. Sliding compasses
599:
In the United States, servicemen from each branch of the military supervise the delivery and other transportation of the remains. While under examination, the unidentified person is placed in a white sheet until they are identified. After the person's body is identified, a funeral and burial takes
726:
can also be assessed in the process of body identification. Ear printing is the least common method of print analysis due to the ear's malleable nature. The accuracy of skin prints can be influenced by a variety of external factors, such as temperature, humidity, time and “natural skin shedding.”
644:
Alphonse
Bertillon developed the Bertillon System in 1879. This system of identifying a body has three dimensions; anthropometric information, descriptive information and the description of particular marks. The combination of these categories creates a picture of the individual, which scientists
861:
DNA can be extracted from a variety of samples, but in cases of body identification, they mostly encounter human remains and teeth, which are more resistant to damage and degradation than hair, blood and body tissues. Common methods of DNA extraction include Phenol, Chelex, Silica, and
Magnetic
772:
Gender also affects the perception of one's skin. Common cultural and social constructs can influence a forensic scientist’s determination of gender. These include the expectations of facial and body hair and the length of one’s nails. These factors are used in conjunction with other scientific
662:
Descriptive information includes aspects such as eye colour, hair colour and the structure of the nose. These characteristics can provide forensic scientists with indicators of identity, however, it is possible to find two individuals who have the same or similar anthropometric and descriptive
680:
The process of anthropometry can be impacted by factors that influence the perception of a body, such as sex and gender. The determination of sex is one of the first steps in identifying an individual. The physical differences between the standard male and female bodies act as an indicator of
627:
Anthropometry involves examining the size, weight and dimensions of a body. Analysis of the physical aspects can facilitate possible identification before any further scientific procedures take place. This can reduce unnecessary expenses spent on scientific technology. If the results from
809:" to successfully identify a burned body. The success of dental identification can be tainted if the individual has endured a physically traumatic experience that has caused damage to their teeth and jaw. In this scenario, DNA identification is used in the process of body identification.
870:
The extracted DNA must be quantified to “ensure the optimal amount of DNA template is added to a PCR”. PCR, Polymerase chain reaction, is the technology used for the purpose of copying particular DNA in a test tube. This method includes three steps; denaturation, annealing, extension.
570:, who developed the Bertillon System based on physical measurements. His findings were overtaken by the method of fingerprinting in the 1880s. Sir Francis Galton's observations of fingerprints as a means of identification proved to be more accurate.
1689:
Matoso, Rodrigo Ivo; Benedicto, Eduardo de Novaes; de Lima, Silas
Henrique Rabelo; Prado, Felippe Bevilacqua; Daruge, Eduardo; Daruge, Eduardo (June 2013). "Positive identification of a burned body using an implanted orthopedic plate".
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their age, which is a significant characteristic of a person’s identity. Sun exposure and lifestyle choices are additional factors that forensic scientists consider alongside age when analysing the appearance of an individual's skin.
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are used to measure the "foot, forearm, and middle and little fingers". Small sliding compasses are used to measure the ear. A vertical measure is used to measure for height and a horizontal measure is used to measure for wingspan.
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An individual's race can also act as an indicator of identity. The colour of one’s skin is a visual identifier of their race. These assumptions are reinforced by supportive identification documents and other scientific methods.
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Traditional scientific identification methods developed in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries which allowed forensic scientists to identify a body without formal identification. These methods included dental analysis,
1047:
de Boer, Hans H.; Obertová, Zuzana; Cunha, Eugenia; Adalian, Pascal; Baccino, Eric; Fracasso, Tony; Kranioti, Elena; Lefévre, Philippe; Lynnerup, Niels; Petaros, Anja; Ross, Ann; Steyn, Maryna; Cattaneo, Cristina (2020-10-01).
573:
Modern scientific identification techniques developed in the late twentieth century in response to the advancement of technology and research. These methods included the analysis of the skin’s various prints and
1631:"Commentary on:Modesti LD, Vieira GM, Galvao MF, de Amorim RF. Human identification by oral prosthesis analysis with probability rates Higher than DNA analysis. J Forensic Sci 2014;59(3):825–829"
522:
If a body is not badly decomposed or damaged, one or more persons who knew the deceased well can visually confirm their identity. Authorities will also compare supportive documents such as a
582:
was the first forensic scientist to use DNA analysis for the purpose of body identification in 1984. Since then, DNA examination has become popular in the forensic identification field.
1891:
Choi, Ajin; Shin, Kyoung-Jin; Yang, Woo Ick; Lee, Hwan Young (2013-09-20). "Body fluid identification by integrated analysis of DNA methylation and body fluid-specific microbial DNA".
578:. Forensic scientists realised that there was more to the skin than just fingerprints, and that the use of palm and ear prints could also assist in the identification process.
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techniques, but these are generally preceded by formal identification. This involves requesting a family member or friend of the victim to visually identify the body.
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in the 1980s to assist in the process of body identification. Since then, the method of DNA typing in forensic science has advanced and many techniques to identify
1050:"Strengthening the role of forensic anthropology in personal identification: Position statement by the Board of the Forensic Anthropology Society of Europe (FASE)"
700:
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These components are considered when using skin prints as a form of identification. If there is any doubt, further scientific research will take place.
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information. Finding peculiarities in the human body, such as particular marks, allows forensic scientists to narrow down their identification process.
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anthropometric testing are not sufficient, these scientific methods will be employed to increase the accuracy of their identification process.
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Kanchan, Tanuj; Krishan, Kewal (January 2011). "Anthropometry of hand in sex determination of dismembered remains – A review of literature".
1741:
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Dental examination is a method of body identification that involves the comparison of antemortem and postmortem dental records, such as
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that uses a variety of scientific and non-scientific methods to identify a body. Forensic purposes are served by rigorous scientific
2280:
1770:"MicroRNA markers for forensic body fluid identification obtained from microarray screening and quantitative RT-PCR confirmation"
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most commonly used in the process of DNA identification are menstrual blood, venous blood, semen, saliva and vaginal secretion.
1768:
Zubakov, Dmitry; Boersma, Anton W. M.; Choi, Ying; van Kuijk, Patricia F.; Wiemer, Erik A. C.; Kayser, Manfred (2010-02-10).
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39:
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2014:
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Shi, Bobo; Shin, Yun Kyung; Hassanali, Ali A.; Singer, Sherwin J. (2015-08-27). "DNA Binding to the Silica
Surface".
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The process of DNA profiling includes DNA extraction, DNA quantification and the use of PCR technology.
224:
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Frazer, Persifor (April 1909). "Identification of human beings by the system of
Alphonse Bertillon".
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23:
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and a phenotype is an organism’s characteristics that are determined by its genes and environment.
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are the most common form of print analysis in the process of body identification. The analysis of
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Alphonse
Bertillon's method for identification of criminals, anthropometric descriptions
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Giacomoni, Paolo U, Professor Jori, Giulio Professor Hader, Donat P, Professor (2007).
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place in accompaniment of members of the respective branch in which the person served.
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Gowland, Rebecca; Thompson, Tim (2013), "Categories of identity and identification",
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1356:"The man behind the DNA fingerprints: an interview with Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys"
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Alec Jeffreys is known as the "founding father of DNA identification”. He invented
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755:. The nature and location of these defects are particular to the individual.
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Pagan, Felicity; Lim, Cindy; Keglovic, Mojca; McNevin, Dennis (2012-06-01).
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1944:"Comparison of DNA extraction methods for identification of human remains"
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size of one's hand can suggest the possible age range of an individual.
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Biophysical and Physiological Effects of Solar Radiation on Human Skin
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The skin has a variety of prints that are unique to the individual.
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The skin provides forensic scientists with ways to identify a body.
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characterised by its "nature, direction, dimensions and situation".
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analysed radiographs and dental records of a "surgically implanted
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by his false teeth. Anthropometry was first introduced in 1879 by
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Sampson, W (2015). "Recovery of Latent Prints from Human Skin".
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identification methods due to its socially constructed nature.
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The skin can have defects that help identify a body, including
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Any formal investigation should be used to support additional
1424:. Minneapolis, Minnesota: San Val, Incorporated. p. 48.
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1767:
1742:"How Experts Identify Crash Victims Through Dental Records"
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752:
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1854:
Linacre, Adrian; Templeton, Jennifer E. L. (August 2014).
1547:
Churchill, J (1863). "The Medical Times and Gazette": 81.
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2216:"Forensic genetic genealogy: A profile of cases solved"
1990:"Practical application of Phenol/Chloroform extraction"
1941:
1001:. Vol. 2. J. & A. Churchill. 1863. p. 281
2294:, May 2009, pp. 16–17. Retrieved 28 February 2011
2037:
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2015:"DNA Extraction: Chelex – The Open Lab Book v1.0"
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1860:Research and Reports in Forensic Medical Science
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1629:Foran, David R.; Berman, Gary M. (2014-11-03).
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558:. Forensic dentistry was first used in 1776 by
1504:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 15–36,
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1319:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 37–70,
962:Hallam, E.; Hockey, J.L.; Howarth, G. (1999).
689:individuals are becoming increasingly common.
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1611:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1199:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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534:before accepting a personal identification.
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1026:"Death Investigation – The Graveyard Shift"
2274:"Naming the Dead: The final stages of DVI"
2213:
2082:"Magnetic Bead DNA Isolation | Biocompare"
1856:"Forensic DNA profiling: state of the art"
1203:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
965:Beyond the Body: Death and Social Identity
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2220:Forensic Science International: Genetics
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2214:Dowdeswell, Tracey Leigh (2022-05-01).
1948:Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences
1893:International Journal of Legal Medicine
1774:International Journal of Legal Medicine
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1177:Bertillon, Alphonse, 1853–1914 (1887).
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1315:; Thompson, Tim (2013), "The skin",
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1105:"Paul Revere and Forensic Dentistry"
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562:, who identified the fallen soldier
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2040:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B
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1534:Journal of Forensic Identification
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14:
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2106:"Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)"
1502:Human Identity and Identification
1317:Human Identity and Identification
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1225:Journal of the Franklin Institute
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2298:"Disaster Victim Identification"
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397:Traffic collision reconstruction
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1422:Mummies, Bones & Body Parts
1066:10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110456
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667:Description of particular marks
250:Questioned document examination
2292:The Police Association Journal
1692:Forensic Science International
1583:. Royal Society of Chemistry.
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1054:Forensic Science International
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911:Disaster victim identification
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1:
1237:10.1016/s0016-0032(09)90082-5
998:The Medical Times and Gazette
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2232:10.1016/j.fsigen.2022.102679
1960:10.1080/00450618.2011.610821
1635:Journal of Forensic Sciences
1510:10.1017/cbo9781139029988.002
1325:10.1017/cbo9781139029988.003
604:Traditional research methods
16:Subfield of forensic science
7:
2178:"Genotype versus phenotype"
2154:"What is a Genetic Marker?"
1103:Nola, Mike F. (July 2016).
904:
825:
676:Influences on anthropometry
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68:Bloodstain pattern analysis
10:
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1466:10.1016/j.jflm.2010.11.013
1420:Wilcox, Charlotte (2000).
884:Next-Generation Sequencing
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704:Fingerprint identification
649:Anthropometric information
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1905:10.1007/s00414-013-0918-4
1787:10.1007/s00414-009-0402-3
1354:Jeffreys, Alec J (2013).
1262:"History of Fingerprints"
1122:10.7205/milmed-d-16-00044
968:. Routledge. p. 82.
785:
767:
530:, or other authoritative
367:Fire accelerant detection
2052:10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b01983
950:Burnt Beyond Recognition
1648:10.1111/1556-4029.12633
813:Modern research methods
776:
692:
658:Descriptive information
640:Alphonse Bertillon 1913
517:forensic identification
270:Social network analysis
2182:evolution.berkeley.edu
1698:(1–3): 168.e1–168.e5.
1560:Cite journal requires
1373:10.1186/2041-2223-4-21
1360:Investigative Genetics
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612:Human body proportions
352:Electrical engineering
2327:Forensic anthropology
2307:"Forensic Odontology"
2019:theolb.readthedocs.io
931:Forensic anthropology
926:Unidentified decedent
921:Operation Identify Me
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382:Materials engineering
210:Facial reconstruction
2134:Science Learning Hub
2110:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
1869:10.2147/rrfms.s60955
1181:. Joliet Print. Co.
427:Perry Mason syndrome
215:Fingerprint analysis
2046:(34): 11030–11040.
539:scientific evidence
509:Body identification
450:forensic entomology
387:Polymer engineering
345:Related disciplines
260:Forensic geophysics
240:Gloveprint analysis
220:Firearm examination
190:Body identification
2086:www.biocompare.com
832:DNA fingerprinting
823:
821:Alec Jeffreys 2008
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632:Alphonse Bertillon
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591:for the decedent.
568:Alphonse Bertillon
362:Fire investigation
245:Palmprint analysis
205:Election forensics
88:Forensic genealogy
2290:
1590:978-1-84755-795-7
1519:978-1-139-02998-8
1334:978-1-139-02998-8
1109:Military Medicine
896:Genetic Genealogy
795:Dental radiograph
511:is a subfield of
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284:Digital forensics
225:Footwear evidence
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317:Network analysis
307:Malware analysis
265:Forensic geology
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32:Forensic science
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1996:. 2010-05-03
1994:Bitesize Bio
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709:Skin prints
687:transgender
560:Paul Revere
417:Crime scene
377:Linguistics
357:Engineering
322:Photography
200:Colorimetry
166:Social work
2332:Biometrics
2321:Categories
2226:: 102679.
2187:2020-05-16
2163:2020-05-16
2139:2020-05-16
2115:2020-05-16
2091:2020-05-20
2024:2020-05-20
2000:2020-05-20
1751:2020-05-16
1641:(1): 260.
1536:: 638–661.
1431:0613438531
1271:2020-05-18
1060:: 110456.
937:References
741:birthmarks
724:Ear prints
422:CSI effect
392:Statistics
185:Accounting
156:Psychology
151:Psychiatry
130:Toxicology
115:Palynology
95:Entomology
2256:246779775
2240:1872-4973
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1968:0045-0618
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1657:0022-1198
1607:cite book
1599:837807590
1474:1752-928X
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1245:0016-0032
1195:cite book
1131:0026-4075
1090:221405582
1074:0379-0738
753:blemishes
437:Skid mark
235:Profiling
195:Chemistry
120:Pathology
105:Limnology
73:Dentistry
2301:INTERPOL
2289:(551 Kb)
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2068:25966319
1976:83767617
1929:22392898
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1814:20145944
1746:ABC News
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1720:23642727
1665:25363836
1482:21216373
1400:24245655
1266:onin.com
1187:28204242
1139:27391627
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916:Dump job
905:See also
836:microRNA
826:Genetics
683:intersex
586:Military
532:photo ID
528:passport
470:Category
125:Podiatry
110:Medicine
24:a series
22:Part of
1805:2855015
1391:3831583
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1005:6 April
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745:tattoos
545:History
465:Outline
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1972:S2CID
1925:S2CID
1724:S2CID
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749:moles
737:scars
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