1578:, the Bohemian capital, then in rebel hands. The Bohemians attempted to block them by setting up defensive positions, which the Imperial army simply bypassed. Force-marching his men, Christian of Anhalt managed to get ahead of the Imperial army just before Prague. He thus gained an advantageous position on the "White Mountain", actually a low plateau, but had little time to set up defensive works. Enthusiasm for joining battle was low on both sides. After the reverses of the previous several weeks, Christian of Anhalt's army had been reduced to about 15,000 men, with little prospect of victory; the mercenaries on both sides had not been paid in months; and with winter approaching, cold wet weather made for less than ideal combat conditions.
1586:. The cavalry charged into the Imperial infantry, causing significant casualties, but Tilly countered with his own cavalry, forcing the Bohemian horsemen to retire. The Bohemian infantry, who were only now approaching the Imperial army, saw the cavalry retreating, at which they fired one volley at extreme range before retreating themselves. A small group of Imperial cavalry began circling the Protestant forces, driving them to the middle of the battlefield. With the Bohemian army already demoralized, company after company began retreating, most without having actually entered the battle. Tilly and his Imperial cavalrymen advanced with 2,000 Bavarian
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1368:. This led to deep consternation among many Bohemian Protestants, who feared not only the loss of their properties, but also of their traditional semi-autonomy, under which many of the estates had separate, individual constitutions governing their relationship with the Empire, and where the king was elected by the local leaders.
1581:
On 8 November a small
Imperial force was sent to probe the Protestant flank. To their surprise, the Bohemians retreated at their advance. Tilly quickly sent in reinforcements, and the Bohemian flank began to crumble. Anhalt tried to relieve the situation by sending forward infantry and cavalry led by
1688:
In 1621, the
Emperor ordered all Calvinists and other non-Lutherans to leave the realm in three days or to convert to Catholicism. In 1622, he forbade practice of the Lutheran faith. In 1626, he ordered all Lutherans (most of whom had not been involved in the revolt) to convert or else leave the
1593:
The
Bohemian army was no match for the Emperor Ferdinand's troops. The actual battle lasted only an hour and left the Bohemian army in tatters. Some 4,000 Protestants were killed or captured, while Imperial losses amounted to only about 700.
1666:. Today, 27 crosses have been laid into the cobblestones as a tribute to those executed. An estimated five-sixths of the Bohemian nobility went into exile soon after the Battle of White Mountain, and their properties were confiscated.
1563:, directly under Tilly. All of the armies of the day employed numerous mercenaries, including, by some definitions, Tilly himself. Serving with the Catholic League as an official observer was the future "father of modern philosophy",
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of the Czech lands and the decline of the Czech-speaking aristocracy and elite as well as the Czech language (accompanied with the growing influence of German-speaking elites), a process that was slowed by the
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In 1620, now fully established as emperor, Ferdinand II set out to conquer
Bohemia and make an example of the rebels. King Frederick and his military commander, Prince
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while encouraging conversion to the
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set out to convert the heretics, as they were termed, by peaceful means; most
Bohemians converted, but a significant Protestant minority remained.
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1394:. In May 1618, wanting to air their grievances over this and other issues, a group of Bohemian noblemen met representatives of the Emperor at the
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Guthrie, William P. Battles of the Thirty Years' War from White
Mountain to Nordlingen, 1618–1635. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2001. Print.
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populations, and had been granted rights and protections allowing them varying degrees of religious and political freedom.
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following
Matthias' death in 1619) saw Protestantism as inimical to the Empire, and wanted to impose absolutist rule on
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1337:. Bohemian casualties were not severe but their morale collapsed and Imperial forces occupied Prague the next day.
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La guerra dei trent'anni: da un conflitto locale a una guerra europea nella prima metà del
Seicento
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Kafkadesk.org - "...in 1620: the Bohemian estates were defeated at the Battle of White Mountain"
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Johnson, Lonnie. Central Europe enemies, neighbours, friends. New York: Oxford UP, 1996. Print.
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With the Bohemian army destroyed, Tilly entered Prague and the revolt collapsed. King
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starting in the late 18th century. Czech nationalist historians and writers such as
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surrounded by saints; in the lower left-hand corner there is the victorious Emperor
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It was fought on 8 November 1620. An army of 21,000 Bohemians and mercenaries under
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Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
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1555:. Tilly's force was made up of two distinct groups: Imperial troops commanded by
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have referred to the 17th and 18th century in the Czech lands as the Dark Age.
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Battles of the Thirty Years' War: From White Mountain to Nordlingen, 1618–1635
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deteriorated, his cousin Ferdinand – a devout Catholic and proponent of the
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1825:: A Documentary History. Indianapolis: Hackett Company, Inc., 2009. Print.
1390:'s 1609 Letter of Majesty, which had ensured religious freedom throughout
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Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends
1719:
entered the struggle. Sweden was to join the Protestant forces in 1630.
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There remained a strong Protestant army in Silesia under the command of
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1800:
1451: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1350:
1523:
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1409:, who like many of the rebels was a Calvinist, was chosen as King of
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1682:
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1977:, 1618–1648 la guerra dei 30 anni. volume 2 da 1632 al 1648 2007 (
1963:, 1618–1648 la guerra dei 30 anni. volume 1 da 1618 al 1632 2007 (
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after only a year on the throne (gaining him the mocking nickname
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Particularly galling to Protestants were perceived violations of
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and ensured Habsburg control for the next three hundred years.
510:
Transylvanian invasions of Hungary (1619–1621, 1623–1624, 1626)
156:
94:
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1845:"Thinkers at War – Descartes | Military History Matters"
1769:
1767:
1364:– was named his successor as Holy Roman Emperor and King of
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1729:
The result of the 1620 battle brought two centuries of re
2143:
Bellum.cz – "Battle of White Mountain 8th November 1620"
1784:
1782:
1711:. With the prospect of Protestantism being overrun in
2498:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
1929:
1531:: Bohemians above, Imperial and Bavarian forces below
1317:
was defeated by 23,000 men of the combined armies of
1302:) was an important battle in the early stages of the
2033:
Europe's Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years' War
1779:
1726:
declined by about a third until the end of the war.
2001:. Indianapolis: Hackett Company, Inc., 2009. Print.
2058:
1557:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy
1323:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy
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2011:, University of California Press (June 1971);
1614:Painting celebrating the Catholic victory, by
1570:After conquering most of western Bohemia, the
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2687:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
2168:
2079:
1703:troops, seeking to encircle their rebellious
1220:
352:
2362:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
2125:The Thirty Years' War: A Documentary History
1999:The Thirty Years' War: A Documentary History
1991:. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge UP, 1998. Print.
1863:from White Mountain to Nordlingen, 1618–1635
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1618:(c. 1610–1675). In the upper part there is
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1227:
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359:
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4481:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
2100:
2026:Medal of the Battle of the White Mountain
1511:Learn how and when to remove this message
4486:Colonial universities in the Philippines
1913:
1865:. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2001. Print.
1609:
1601:
1534:
1522:
4590:Battles involving the Holy Roman Empire
3477:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
1333:, at Bílá Hora ("White Mountain") near
14:
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2030:
1935:
1788:
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1331:Johann Tserclaes, later Count of Tilly
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2758:Captaincy General of the Philippines
2250:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
1952:The History of the Thirty Years' War
1886:
1449:adding citations to reliable sources
1420:
27:1620 battle of the Thirty Years' War
4461:Indochristian painting in New Spain
2581:
1405:In November 1619, Elector Palatine
1234:
24:
3428:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
2901:
2182:
25:
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2658:
2521:
2402:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
2050:
1402:, triggered the Bohemian Revolt.
734:Swedish-French Period (1635–1648)
4595:Battles of the Thirty Years' War
4513:Criollos in the colonial society
4441:Spanish missions in the Americas
3563:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
1681:in Moravia and in what today is
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1319:Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
605:Swedish intervention (1630–1635)
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52:
4540:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649
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2065:. Oxford University Press, US.
1907:
1880:
1677:, which continued fighting the
1658:". Amongst those executed were
1654:on what came to be called the "
1642:fled the country with his wife
1539:Battle of White Mountain (1620)
1436:needs additional citations for
553:Danish intervention (1625–1629)
433:Palatinate campaign (1620–1623)
323:White Mountain (Czech Republic)
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2592:Captaincy General of Guatemala
2300:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
2107:. Cambridge University Press.
1868:
1851:
1837:
1828:
1815:
1806:
1794:
1400:Third Defenestration of Prague
1306:. It led to the defeat of the
13:
1:
4575:1620 in the Holy Roman Empire
4570:1620 in the Habsburg monarchy
4491:General Archive of the Indies
3752:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
3423:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
3408:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
2357:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
2310:War of the Spanish Succession
2275:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
1803:, 11-06-2003 – Radio Praguel.
1757:
1695:Jaroslav Borzita of Martinice
1559:, and soldiers of the German
1349:Holy Roman Empire, had large
3449:
2563:Captaincy General of Yucatan
2493:Union with Holy Roman Empire
2472:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
2387:German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
1875:Consequences of Czech Defeat
1801:The Battle of White Mountain
1671:Johann Georg von Brandenburg
1597:
1413:by the Bohemian Electorate.
1371:Ferdinand (who would become
18:Battle of the White Mountain
7:
3327:
3043:Administrative subdivisions
2240:War of the League of Cognac
1745:
1724:Lands of the Bohemian Crown
385:Bohemian Revolt (1618–1620)
10:
4631:
4610:Military history of Prague
3757:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
3742:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
3644:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
2806:
2542:), Western United States (
2435:
2305:Portuguese Restoration War
1945:
1877:, U.S. Library of Congress
1460:"Battle of White Mountain"
1356:In 1617, as the health of
1340:
326:Show map of Czech Republic
4580:Battles involving Bohemia
4525:Slavery in Spanish Empire
4436:
4425:
4331:
4320:
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4105:
3990:
3839:
3832:
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3812:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
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3515:
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3413:Barcelona Trading Company
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3178:New Andalusia (1501–1513)
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2685:Venezuela, part of Guyana
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2587:
2538:, Central United States (
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2441:
2430:
2419:
2270:Bruneian–Spanish conflict
2255:Expulsion of the Moriscos
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2190:
2031:Wilson, Peter H. (2009).
1656:Old Town Square execution
1416:
1246:
1189:
378:
258:
245:
228:
195:
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68:
51:
39:
34:
4466:Quito painting tradition
4456:Cusco painting tradition
3817:García López de Cárdenas
3807:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
3714:Felipe González de Ahedo
3634:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
2211:Conquest of the Americas
2023:Giovanni Pietro de Pomis
2015:– Torino: Einaudi, 1982.
1606:The 27 tributary crosses
1527:Plan of the battle from
1284:Battle of White Mountain
254:2,800 killed and wounded
155:Habsburg forces capture
145:Imperial-Spanish victory
59:Battle of White Mountain
35:Battle of White Mountain
4585:Battles involving Spain
4251:Comuneros (New Granada)
4028:Balearic Islands (1558)
3747:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
3674:Ruy López de Villalobos
3629:Miguel López de Legazpi
3543:García de Toledo Osorio
2407:Western Sahara conflict
2397:Independence of Morocco
2337:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
2280:Piracy in the Caribbean
2265:French Wars of Religion
2122:Helfferich, T. (2009).
1300:Schlacht am Weißen Berg
4496:Colonial Spanish Horse
4170:Colonia del Sacramento
3393:Spanish treasure fleet
2970:Royal Decree of Graces
2128:. Hackett Publishing.
2080:Guthrie, W.P. (2002).
1736:Czech National Revival
1722:The population in the
1707:provinces, seized the
1635:
1607:
1540:
1532:
1396:royal castle in Prague
1299:
1291:
290:Location within Prague
251:650 killed and wounded
196:Commanders and leaders
186:Bohemian Confederation
99:Bohemian Confederation
90:
3654:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
3614:Juan Sebastián Elcano
2929:Council of the Indies
2290:Spanish–Moro conflict
2260:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
2220:Treaty of Tordesillas
1919:The Thirty Years' War
1823:The Thirty Years' War
1821:Helfferich, Tryntje.
1613:
1605:
1538:
1526:
246:Casualties and losses
222:Jindřich Matyáš Thurn
126:50.07833°N 14.31944°E
4605:Electoral Palatinate
4451:Mesoamerican Codices
4175:Comuneros (Paraguay)
4013:Siege of Castelnuovo
3599:Christopher Columbus
3418:Consulate of the Sea
3398:Casa de Contratación
2989:Titles and positions
2382:Spanish–American War
2372:Liberal constitution
2215:Asia and the Pacific
2057:Johnson, L. (1996).
1925:. pp. 158, 224.
1887:Blum, Lucas (2017).
1857:Guthrie, William P.
1776:, pp. 304, 306.
1445:improve this article
1373:Emperor Ferdinand II
576:Lutter am Barenberge
287:class=notpageimage|
190:Electoral Palatinate
4180:Cartagena de Indias
3802:Diego de Mazariegos
3772:Pere Fages i Beleta
3639:Sebastián de Ocampo
3120:Provincias Internas
3092:Captaincies General
3006:Municipal president
2975:School of Salamanca
2746:Spanish East Indies
2725:Misiones Orientales
2597:Spanish West Indies
2561:, Central America (
2508:Pyrénées-Orientales
2461:Union with Portugal
2352:Napoleonic invasion
2332:War of Jenkins' Ear
2086:. Greenwood Press.
2005:Josef V. Polisensky
1995:Helfferich, Tryntje
1620:Our Lady of Victory
1553:General Wallenstein
1549:Field Marshal Tilly
1545:Christian of Anhalt
1362:Counter-Reformation
1315:Christian of Anhalt
218:Christian of Anhalt
122: /
4476:Academia Antártica
4431:Other civil topics
3797:Pánfilo de Narváez
3699:Sebastián Vizcaíno
3664:Andrés de Urdaneta
3624:Juan Ponce de León
3609:Ferdinand Magellan
3583:Bernardo de Gálvez
3482:Indian auxiliaries
2980:Trial of residence
2960:Laws of the Indies
2744:Asia and Oceania (
2605:Dominican Republic
2104:Bohemia in History
2101:Teich, M. (1998).
1989:Bohemia in history
1956:Friedrich Schiller
1691:Archbishop Harrach
1689:country. By 1627,
1636:
1608:
1541:
1533:
1529:Theatrum Europaeum
1292:Bitva na Bílé hoře
293:Show map of Prague
207:Charles de Bucquoy
131:50.07833; 14.31944
61:, oil painting by
4600:Conflicts in 1620
4552:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4421:
4420:
4326:Spanish conquests
4316:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4101:
4100:
3782:Pedro de Alvarado
3767:Gaspar de Portolà
3762:Pedro de Valdivia
3737:Francisco Pizarro
3689:Nicolás de Ovando
3684:Alonso de Ercilla
3659:Alonso de Salazar
3492:Ships of the line
3440:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3028:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2864:
2863:
2821:Northern Africa (
2817:Equatorial Guinea
2801:
2800:
2738:
2737:
2653:
2652:
2576:
2575:
2567:Spanish Caribbean
2540:Spanish Louisiana
2516:
2515:
2451:Crown of Castille
2415:
2414:
2392:Spanish Civil War
2367:Adams–Onís Treaty
2347:Nootka Convention
2295:Thirty Years' War
2285:Eighty Years' War
2206:Catholic Monarchs
2196:Timeline–immersed
2042:978-0-7139-9592-3
2009:Thirty Years' War
1983:978-88-903010-2-5
1969:978-88-903010-1-8
1861:Thirty Years' War
1752:Letohrádek Hvězda
1521:
1520:
1513:
1495:
1388:Emperor Rudolf II
1383:decades earlier.
1325:, and the German
1304:Thirty Years' War
1279:
1278:
1202:
1201:
1184:
1183:
726:Strasbourg Bridge
370:Thirty Years' War
335:
334:
210:Guillermo Verdugo
173:Holy Roman Empire
162:
161:
46:Thirty Years' War
16:(Redirected from
4622:
4427:
4426:
4393:Chibchan Nations
4322:
4321:
4291:Santiago de Cuba
4150:Guadalupe Island
4110:
4109:
3837:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3792:Diego de Almagro
3669:Antonio de Ulloa
3573:Ambrosio Spinola
3568:Pedro de Zubiaur
3538:Alfonso d'Avalos
3528:Antonio de Leyva
3472:Army of Flanders
3457:
3456:
3446:
3445:
3335:
3334:
3324:
3323:
3050:
3049:
3039:
3038:
2909:
2908:
2898:
2897:
2866:
2865:
2839:Peñón of Algiers
2803:
2802:
2740:
2739:
2655:
2654:
2578:
2577:
2560:
2518:
2517:
2432:
2431:
2421:
2420:
2342:Seven Years' War
2315:Queen Anne's War
2192:
2191:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2154:
2153:
2139:
2118:
2097:
2076:
2064:
2046:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1890:Unknown Memeland
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1847:. 21 March 2014.
1841:
1835:
1832:
1826:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1777:
1771:
1709:Palatinate lands
1516:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1453:
1429:
1421:
1358:Emperor Matthias
1241:
1239:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1206:
1205:
1162:2nd Saint Martin
1157:Cape St. Vincent
1132:1st Saint Martin
1097:
1060:
1048:
1036:
864:
782:
770:
717:
596:'s-Hertogenbosch
536:
381:
380:
373:
371:
361:
354:
347:
338:
337:
327:
313:
312:
306:
294:
275:
274:
268:
203:Johann von Tilly
137:
136:
134:
133:
132:
127:
123:
120:
119:
118:
115:
85:White Mountain (
70:
69:
56:
32:
31:
21:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4615:Bohemian Revolt
4555:
4554:
4553:
4544:
4520:Old inquisition
4432:
4417:
4327:
4300:
4256:Trinidad (1797)
4226:La Noche Triste
4214:
4210:San Juan (1797)
4160:San Juan (1595)
4097:
3986:
3826:Notable battles
3821:
3787:Martín de Ursúa
3718:
3649:Alonso de Ojeda
3619:Juan de la Cosa
3604:Pinzón brothers
3587:
3558:John of Austria
3533:Martín de Goiti
3511:
3451:
3432:
3376:
3329:
3310:
3222:
3218:Terra Australis
3213:Río de la Plata
3158:Castilla de Oro
3144:
3086:
3082:Río de la Plata
3044:
3025:
2984:
2943:
2939:Santa Hermandad
2903:
2884:
2880:Terra Australis
2871:
2860:
2827:Spanish Morocco
2808:
2797:
2788:Northern Taiwan
2749:
2734:
2705:Río de la Plata
2660:
2649:
2583:
2582:Central America
2572:
2554:
2523:
2512:
2456:Crown of Aragon
2437:
2426:
2411:
2327:Bourbon Reforms
2197:
2186:
2181:
2136:
2115:
2094:
2073:
2053:
2043:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1915:Wedgwood, C. V.
1912:
1908:
1901:
1885:
1881:
1873:
1869:
1859:Battles of the
1856:
1852:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1780:
1772:
1765:
1760:
1748:
1731:catholicization
1652:Old Town Square
1648:the Winter King
1600:
1561:Catholic League
1517:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1454:
1452:
1442:
1430:
1419:
1343:
1327:Catholic League
1308:Bohemian Revolt
1280:
1275:
1242:
1238:Bohemian Revolt
1237:
1235:
1233:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1185:
1172:Colberger Heide
1091:
1054:
1042:
1030:
953:2nd Breitenfeld
858:
831:2nd Rheinfelden
776:
764:
711:
704:1st Rheinfelden
634:1st Breitenfeld
614:Swedish landing
545:Vlach uprisings
530:
374:
369:
367:
365:
331:
330:
329:
328:
325:
324:
321:
320:
319:
318:
314:
297:
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295:
292:
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280:
276:
240:
235:
224:
220:
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212:Carlo Spinelli
211:
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188:
179:
177:Catholic League
175:
151:
130:
128:
124:
121:
116:
113:
111:
109:
108:
107:
101:
76:8 November 1620
57:
42:Bohemian Revolt
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4628:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4565:1620 in Europe
4550:
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4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4336:Canary Islands
4332:
4329:
4328:
4318:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4301:
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4283:
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4233:
4228:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4190:Túpac Amaru II
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4135:Bogotá savanna
4132:
4127:
4122:
4116:
4114:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4043:Spanish Armada
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3937:White Mountain
3934:
3932:Cape Celidonia
3929:
3927:English Armada
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3843:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3728:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3704:Juan Fernández
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3679:Diego Columbus
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3595:
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3588:
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3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3507:Army of Africa
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3487:Spanish Armada
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3463:
3461:
3453:
3452:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3388:Manila galleon
3384:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3331:
3330:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
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3137:
3132:
3127:
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3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
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3085:
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3035:
3034:
3031:
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3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2905:
2904:
2902:Administration
2894:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2823:Western Sahara
2819:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2721:Banda Oriental
2702:
2688:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2536:Coastal Alaska
2528:
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2500:
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2208:
2202:
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2198:
2188:
2187:
2184:Spanish Empire
2180:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2157:
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2140:
2134:
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2113:
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2051:External links
2049:
2048:
2047:
2041:
2035:. Allen Lane.
2028:
2019:Tomáš Kleisner
2016:
2002:
1992:
1986:
1972:
1958:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:, p. 788.
1928:
1906:
1900:978-1365688317
1899:
1879:
1867:
1850:
1836:
1827:
1814:
1805:
1793:
1791:, p. 306.
1778:
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1744:
1693:of Prague and
1660:Kryštof Harant
1599:
1596:
1565:René Descartes
1519:
1518:
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1424:
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1271:White Mountain
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1018:2nd Nördlingen
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721:1st Nördlingen
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4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4471:Tapada limeña
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4428:
4424:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
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4352:
4349:
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4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4323:
4319:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
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4224:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
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4178:
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4151:
4148:
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4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4063:Montes Claros
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4003:Vienna (1529)
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
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3935:
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3925:
3923:
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3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
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3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3732:Hernán Cortés
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3724:Conquistadors
3721:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3694:Juan de Ayala
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
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3630:
3627:
3625:
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3620:
3617:
3615:
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3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3548:Duke of Savoy
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
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3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
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3473:
3470:
3468:
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3458:
3454:
3447:
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3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
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3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3347:Dollar (Peso)
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3321:
3307:
3306:Santo Domingo
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3183:New Andalusia
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3130:Santo Domingo
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3054:Viceroyalties
3051:
3047:
3040:
3036:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2895:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2867:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2804:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2659:South America
2656:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2579:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2544:Spanish Texas
2541:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2522:North America
2519:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2503:Franche-Comté
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2135:9781603843638
2131:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2114:9780521431552
2110:
2106:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2093:9780313320286
2089:
2085:
2084:
2078:
2074:
2072:9780198026075
2068:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2054:
2044:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1975:Luca Cristini
1973:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1961:Luca Cristini
1959:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1937:
1932:
1924:
1923:Jonathan Cape
1920:
1916:
1910:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1883:
1876:
1871:
1864:
1862:
1854:
1846:
1840:
1831:
1824:
1818:
1809:
1802:
1797:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1763:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1740:Alois Jirásek
1737:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1679:Imperial army
1676:
1675:Duke of Krnov
1672:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1632:Bohemian lion
1629:
1628:Ferdinand III
1626:with his son
1625:
1621:
1617:
1616:Anton Stevens
1612:
1604:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1572:Imperial army
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1537:
1530:
1525:
1515:
1512:
1504:
1501:November 2017
1493:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1462: –
1461:
1457:
1456:Find sources:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1434:This section
1432:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1109:Naval battles
1108:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1079:Wevelinghoven
1077:
1075:
1074:Zusmarshausen
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1052:Hohentübingen
1050:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
862:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
796:2nd Magdeburg
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
780:
775:
772:
768:
763:
760:
758:
757:Ray-sur-Saône
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
739:
738:
737:
733:
732:
727:
724:
722:
719:
715:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
611:
610:
609:
606:
603:
602:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
566:Dessau Bridge
564:
562:
559:
558:
557:
556:
552:
551:
546:
543:
541:
538:
534:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
515:
514:
513:
509:
508:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
442:Bad Kreuznach
440:
439:
438:
437:
434:
431:
430:
425:
424:Neu Titschein
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
390:
389:
386:
383:
382:
377:
372:
362:
357:
355:
350:
348:
343:
342:
339:
305:
288:
267:
257:
253:
250:
249:
244:
238:
233:
232:
227:
223:
219:
215:
208:
204:
200:
199:
194:
191:
187:
184:
182:
178:
174:
171:
170:
165:
158:
154:
149:
148:
144:
141:
140:
135:
105:
102:(present-day
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
80:
79:
75:
72:
71:
67:
64:
60:
55:
50:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4446:Architecture
4341:The Americas
4205:Newfoundland
4195:Túpac Katari
4185:Cuerno Verde
4120:Tenochtitlan
3952:Valenciennes
3936:
3709:Luis Fajardo
3578:Blas de Lezo
3523:Duke of Alba
3403:Spanish Road
3241:Buenos Aires
3150:Governorates
2919:Ayuntamiento
2912:Organization
2377:Carlist Wars
2225:Italian Wars
2124:
2103:
2082:
2060:
2032:
2012:
2008:
1931:
1918:
1909:
1893:. Lulu.com.
1889:
1882:
1870:
1858:
1853:
1839:
1830:
1817:
1808:
1796:
1728:
1721:
1699:
1687:
1685:until 1623.
1668:
1664:Jan Jesenius
1647:
1637:
1624:Ferdinand II
1592:
1584:Christian II
1580:
1569:
1542:
1507:
1498:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1455:
1443:Please help
1438:verification
1435:
1404:
1385:
1370:
1355:
1344:
1312:
1283:
1281:
1270:
1192:
1137:Lizard Point
988:Philippsburg
958:2nd Freiberg
933:Wolfenbüttel
878:1st Freiberg
873:2nd Breisach
851:Wittenweiher
841:Fuenterrabía
699:1st Breisach
684:Pfaffenhofen
418:
167:Belligerents
58:
40:Part of the
29:
4413:Philippines
4378:El Salvador
3998:Capo d'Orso
3882:St. Quentin
3857:Rome (1527)
3516:Strategists
3266:Guadalajara
3193:New Navarre
3188:New Castile
3173:La Luisiana
3125:Puerto Rico
3115:Philippines
3072:New Granada
2762:Philippines
2723:(Uruguay),
2719:(Bolivia),
2669:New Granada
2609:Puerto Rico
2555: [
2425:Territories
2245:Encomiendas
1936:Wilson 2009
1789:Wilson 2009
1774:Wilson 2009
1407:Frederick V
1381:Reformation
1092: [
1055: [
1043: [
1031: [
1013:Mergentheim
948:Schweidnitz
859: [
777: [
765: [
712: [
531: [
497:Frankenthal
462:Mingolsheim
150:Territorial
129: /
63:P. Snaijers
44:during the
4559:Categories
4083:Somosierra
4073:Manila Bay
3947:Nördlingen
3887:Gravelines
3367:Columnario
3339:Currencies
3256:Concepción
3228:Audiencias
3203:New Toledo
3168:La Florida
3001:Corregidor
2965:Papal bull
2870:Antarctica
2778:Micronesia
2235:Golden Age
1921:. London:
1758:References
1471:newspapers
1351:Protestant
1266:Wisternitz
1167:Lister Dyb
1028:Korneuburg
973:Tuttlingen
943:Honnecourt
893:Thionville
836:Saint Omer
791:Tornavento
664:Alte Veste
649:Maastricht
523:Érsekújvár
482:Heidelberg
409:Wisternitz
117:14°19′10″E
114:50°04′42″N
4388:Nicaragua
4366:Guatemala
4276:Pichincha
4261:Chacabuco
4200:Pensacola
4145:Mataquito
4125:Cajamarca
4106:New World
4078:Trafalgar
3982:Alhucemas
3862:Landriano
3847:Comuneros
3833:Old World
3777:Joan Orpí
3497:Royalists
3271:Guatemala
3198:New Spain
3135:Venezuela
3110:Guatemala
3067:New Spain
3062:Columbian
2955:Exequatur
2855:Cape Juby
2709:Argentina
2532:New Spain
2466:Gibraltar
2230:Habsburgs
1917:(1964) .
1644:Elizabeth
1640:Frederick
1598:Aftermath
1574:made for
1321:, led by
1152:The Downs
1127:The Slaak
1117:Gibraltar
1040:Totenhöhe
1023:3rd Hulst
923:La Marfée
811:2nd Breda
806:Wittstock
774:Haselünne
742:Les Avins
679:Oldendorf
654:Nuremberg
624:Magdeburg
619:Frankfurt
586:Stralsund
571:Oldenzaal
502:Stadtlohn
452:Bacharach
447:Oppenheim
91:Bílá hora
4398:Colombia
4383:Honduras
4296:Asomante
4281:Ayacucho
4271:Carabobo
4246:Curalaba
4023:Ceresole
3917:Gembloux
3877:Mühlberg
3592:Mariners
3450:Military
3372:Doubloon
3357:Maravedí
3301:Santiago
3208:Paraguay
2934:Germania
2774:Caroline
2729:Malvinas
2713:Paraguay
2673:Colombia
2615:Trinidad
2482:Sardinia
2322:Bourbons
1746:See also
1683:Slovakia
1630:and the
1582:his son
1347:Catholic
1194:Treaties
1008:2nd Brno
993:Jüterbog
983:Freiburg
968:1st Brno
913:Preßnitz
908:Montjuïc
903:Cambrils
883:Chemnitz
709:Liegnitz
694:Konstanz
659:Wiesloch
492:Mannheim
229:Strength
93:), near
81:Location
4530:Asiento
4501:Mustang
4361:Yucatán
4356:Chiapas
4236:Tucapel
4068:Passaro
4018:Algiers
4008:Preveza
3977:Tetouan
3972:Vitoria
3962:Bitonto
3902:Antwerp
3897:Lepanto
3852:Bicocca
3328:Economy
3251:Charcas
3246:Caracas
3140:Yucatán
3011:Regidor
2996:Alcalde
2924:Cabildo
2831:Tripoli
2770:Mariana
2717:Charcas
2693:(Peru,
2677:Ecuador
2640:Bonaire
2635:Curazao
2620:Jamaica
2548:Florida
1946:Sources
1717:Denmark
1713:Germany
1701:Spanish
1588:hussars
1485:scholar
1411:Bohemia
1392:Bohemia
1377:Bohemia
1366:Bohemia
1341:Prelude
1329:led by
1256:Lomnice
1177:Fehmarn
1147:Channel
1142:Dunkirk
978:Kolding
928:Dorsten
821:Leipzig
689:Steinau
639:Bamberg
591:Wolgast
581:Groenlo
540:Hodonín
518:Humenné
487:Fleurus
467:Wimpfen
414:Bautzen
399:Lomnice
241:10 guns
236:12 guns
152:changes
4508:Castas
4266:Boyacá
4241:Guiana
4231:Iguape
4155:Recife
4093:Mactan
4088:Annual
4053:Rocroi
4048:Leiden
4033:Djerba
3967:Bailén
3922:Ostend
3907:Azores
3502:Legión
3467:Tercio
3460:Armies
3362:Escudo
3291:Panamá
3286:Mexico
3281:Manila
3236:Bogotá
3021:Vecino
3016:Syndic
2847:Béjaïa
2807:Africa
2793:Tidore
2681:Panama
2645:Belize
2552:Mexico
2478:Sicily
2474:Naples
2436:Europe
2132:
2111:
2090:
2069:
2039:
1981:
1967:
1897:
1576:Prague
1487:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1458:
1417:Battle
1335:Prague
1296:German
1261:Sablat
1251:Pilsen
1101:Prague
1089:Dachau
1069:Naples
1064:Triebl
1003:Jankau
998:Bysjön
963:Rocroi
938:Kempen
918:Plauen
898:Salses
888:Melnik
868:Vlotho
762:Dömitz
747:Leuven
674:Lützen
629:Werben
528:Tyrnau
472:Höchst
457:Jülich
404:Sablat
394:Pilsen
239:21,000
234:23,000
157:Prague
142:Result
95:Prague
4403:Chile
4371:Petén
4346:Aztec
4165:Bahia
4140:Penco
4130:Cusco
4058:Downs
4038:Tunis
3957:Ceuta
3942:Breda
3892:Malta
3872:Tunis
3867:Pavia
3381:Trade
3296:Quito
3261:Cusco
3100:Chile
2835:Tunis
2782:Palau
2699:Chile
2630:Aruba
2625:Haiti
2559:]
2488:Milan
2446:Spain
1705:Dutch
1492:JSTOR
1478:books
1288:Czech
1122:Genoa
1096:]
1059:]
1047:]
1035:]
863:]
856:Thann
846:Kallo
826:Hanau
816:Venlo
801:Somme
781:]
769:]
716:]
669:Fürth
561:Breda
535:]
87:Czech
4408:Inca
4351:Maya
4286:Guam
4219:Lost
3991:Lost
3912:Mons
3352:Real
3276:Lima
3163:Cuba
3105:Cuba
3077:Perú
2853:and
2851:Ifni
2843:Oran
2766:Guam
2695:Acre
2691:Peru
2601:Cuba
2480:and
2130:ISBN
2109:ISBN
2088:ISBN
2067:ISBN
2037:ISBN
1979:ISBN
1965:ISBN
1895:ISBN
1662:and
1464:news
1282:The
1084:Lens
786:Raon
644:Rain
73:Date
4113:Won
3840:Won
2948:Law
2845:,
2565:),
2546:),
1954:by
1447:by
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2833:,
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2715:,
2711:,
2697:,
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2675:,
2607:,
2603:,
2557:es
2550:,
2476:,
2213:,
2021:,
2007:,
1997:.
1781:^
1766:^
1715:,
1673:,
1567:.
1298::
1294:;
1290::
1094:de
1057:de
1045:de
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779:de
767:de
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2760:(
2748:)
2731:)
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2611:)
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2117:.
2096:.
2075:.
2045:.
1985:)
1971:)
1903:.
1634:.
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