681:
205:
taxes are imposed on privately owned rail facilities if they are electrified. The EPA regulates exhaust emissions on locomotive and marine engines, similar to regulations on car & freight truck emissions, in order to limit the amount of carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons, nitric oxides, and soot output from these mobile power sources. Because railroad infrastructure is privately owned in the U.S., railroads are unwilling to make the necessary investments for electrification. In Europe and elsewhere, railway networks are considered part of the national transport infrastructure, just like roads, highways and waterways, so are often financed by the state. Operators of the rolling stock pay fees according to rail use. This makes possible the large investments required for the technically and, in the long-term, also economically advantageous electrification.
1548:
1806:
1564:
2000:
78:
219:
1912:
1434:
55:
604:. The electrical system was three-phase at 3 kV 15 Hz. The voltage was significantly higher than used earlier and it required new designs for electric motors and switching devices. The three-phase two-wire system was used on several railways in Northern Italy and became known as "the Italian system". KandĂł was invited in 1905 to undertake the management of SocietĂ Italiana Westinghouse and led the development of several Italian electric locomotives. During the period of electrification of the Italian railways, tests were made as to which type of power to use: in some sections there was a 3,600 V
1212:
1009:
896:
472:, electrified short sections of their mountain crossings. However, by this point electrification in the United States was more associated with dense urban traffic and the use of electric locomotives declined in the face of dieselization. Diesel shared some of the electric locomotive's advantages over steam and the cost of building and maintaining the power supply infrastructure, which discouraged new installations, brought on the elimination of most main-line electrification outside the Northeast. Except for a few captive systems (e.g. the
677:, Germany, which was under French administration following the war. After trials, the company decided that the performance of AC locomotives was sufficiently developed to allow all its future installations, regardless of terrain, to be of this standard, with its associated cheaper and more efficient infrastructure. The SNCF decision, ignoring as it did the 2,000 miles (3,200 km) of high-voltage DC already installed on French routes, was influential in the standard selected for other countries in Europe.
1456:
1262:
31:
1676:
788:
592:
645:
1445:
66:
227:
998:
1118:
247:
1479:(2,300 kW), which is lighter. However, for low speeds, the tractive effort is more important than power. Diesel engines can be competitive for slow freight traffic (as it is common in Canada and the U.S.) but not for passenger or mixed passenger/freight traffic like on many European railway lines, especially where heavy freight trains must be run at comparatively high speeds (80 km/h or more).
1942:
633:, allowing the use of three-phase motors from single-phase AC, eliminating the need for two overhead wires. In 1923, the first phase-converter locomotive in Hungary was constructed on the basis of KandĂł's designs and serial production began soon after. The first installation, at 16 kV 50 Hz, was in 1932 on the 56 km section of the Hungarian State Railways between Budapest and
1970:
262:
776:
161:
lack of reciprocating parts means electric locomotives are easier on the track, reducing track maintenance. Power plant capacity is far greater than any individual locomotive uses, so electric locomotives can have a higher power output than diesel locomotives and they can produce even higher short-term surge power for fast acceleration. Electric locomotives are ideal for
888:. Speed is controlled by changing the number of pole pairs in the stator circuit, with acceleration controlled by switching additional resistors in, or out, of the rotor circuit. The two-phase lines are heavy and complicated near switches, where the phases have to cross each other. The system was widely used in northern Italy until 1976 and is still in use on some Swiss
1174:" system, in which the motor armature was the axle itself, the frame and field assembly of the motor being attached to the truck (bogie) in a fixed position. The motor had two field poles, which allowed a limited amount of vertical movement of the armature. This system was of limited value since the power output of each motor was limited. The
934:
locomotives can produce a large portion of the power required for ascending trains. Most systems have a characteristic voltage and, in the case of AC power, a system frequency. Many locomotives have been equipped to handle multiple voltages and frequencies as systems came to overlap or were upgraded. American
1986:
Japan has come close to complete electrification largely due to the relatively short distances and mountainous terrain, which make electric service a particularly economical investment. Additionally, the mix of freight to passenger service is weighted much more toward passenger service (even in rural
1619:
Historically, 3,000 V DC was used for simplicity. The first experimental track was in the
Georgian mountains, then the suburban zones of the largest cities were electrified for EMUs â very advantageous due to the much better dynamic of such a train compared to the steam one, which is important
1284:
Such locomotives are used where a diesel or conventional electric locomotive would be unsuitable. An example is maintenance trains on electrified lines when the electricity supply is turned off. Another use for battery locomotives is in industrial facilities (e.g. explosives factories, oil, and gas
933:
Electric traction allows the use of regenerative braking, in which the motors are used as brakes and become generators that transform the motion of the train into electrical power that is then fed back into the lines. This system is particularly advantageous in mountainous operations, as descending
868:
are proportional to the square of the current (e.g. twice the current means four times the loss). Thus, high power can be conducted over long distances on lighter and cheaper wires. Transformers in the locomotives transform this power to a low voltage and high current for the motors. A similar high
160:
to be recovered during braking to put power back on the line. Newer electric locomotives use AC motor-inverter drive systems that provide for regenerative braking. Electric locomotives are quiet compared to diesel locomotives since there is no engine and exhaust noise and less mechanical noise. The
1768:
Similar to the US the flexibility of diesel locomotives and the relatively low cost of their infrastructure has led them to prevail except where legal or operational constraints dictate the use of electricity. Leading to limited electric railway infrastructure and by extension electric locomotives
1089:
Mass transit systems and suburban lines often use a third rail instead of overhead wire. It allows for smaller tunnels and lower clearance under bridges, and has advantages for intensive traffic that it is a very sturdy system, not sensitive to snapping overhead wires. Some systems use four rails,
1926:
China has over 100,000 kilometres (62,000 mi) of electrified railway. With most trunk line freight and long-distance passenger trains operated using high power electric locomotives, typically in excess of 7,200 kilowatts (9,700 hp) of power output. Heavy freight is hauled with extremely
1887:
During the steam era, some mountainous areas were electrified but these have been discontinued. The junction between electrified and non-electrified territory is the locale of engine changes; thus
Northeast Corridor trains that extend south of Washington, D.C., change locomotives there. Northeast
1467:
commonly used for passenger trains. Due to higher density schedules, operating costs are more dominant with respect to the infrastructure costs than in the U.S. and electric locomotives have much lower operating costs than diesel. In addition, governments were motivated to electrify their railway
204:
The chief disadvantage of electrification is the high cost for infrastructure: overhead lines or third rail, substations, and control systems. The impact of this varies depending on local laws and regulations. For example, public policy in the U.S. interferes with electrification: higher property
1646:
25 kV AC started in the USSR in around 1960 when the industry managed to build the rectifier-based AC-wire DC-motor locomotive (all Soviet and Czech AC locomotives were such; only the post-Soviet ones switched to electronically controlled induction motors). The first major line with AC power was
1140:
drives. In this arrangement, the traction motor is mounted within the body of the locomotive and drives the jackshaft through a set of gears. This system was employed because the first traction motors were too large and heavy to mount directly on the axles. Due to the number of mechanical parts
715:
locomotives on
Swedish Railways produced a record 7,200 kW. Locomotives capable of commercial passenger service at 200 km/h appeared in Germany and France in the same period. Further improvements resulted from the introduction of electronic control systems, which permitted the use of
2039:
introduced to NSW in 1983 had a relatively short life because the cost of maintaining the infrastructure, the need to change locomotives at the extremities of the electrified network, and higher charges levied for electricity, saw diesel locomotives take over services the electrified network.
1202:
on the axle. Both gears are enclosed in a liquid-tight housing containing lubricating oil. The type of service in which the locomotive is used dictates the gear ratio employed. Numerically high ratios are commonly found on freight units, whereas numerically low ratios are typical of passenger
860:
The most fundamental difference lies in the choice of AC or DC. The earliest systems used DC, as AC was not well understood and insulation material for high voltage lines was not available. DC locomotives typically run at relatively low voltage (600 to 3,000 volts); the equipment is therefore
1498:
Recent political developments in many
European countries to enhance public transit have led to another boost for electric traction. In addition, gaps in the unelectrified track are closed to avoid replacing electric locomotives by diesel for these sections. The necessary modernization and
1189:
counterparts, almost universally use axle-hung traction motors, with one motor for each powered axle. In this arrangement, one side of the motor housing is supported by plain bearings riding on a ground and polished journal that is integral to the axle. The other side of the housing has a
330:
in 1879. The locomotive was driven by a 2.2 kW, series-wound motor, and the train, consisting of the locomotive and three cars, reached a speed of 13 km/h. During four months, the train carried 90,000 passengers on a 300-meter-long (984 feet) circular track. The electricity
388:
Much of the early development of electric locomotion was driven by the increasing use of tunnels, particularly in urban areas. Smoke from steam locomotives was noxious and municipalities were increasingly inclined to prohibit their use within their limits. The first electrically worked
1851:
In North
America, the flexibility of diesel locomotives and the relatively low cost of their infrastructure have led them to prevail except where legal or operational constraints dictate the use of electricity. An example of the latter is the use of electric locomotives by Amtrak and
1105:, in which a pickup rides underneath or on top of a smaller rail parallel to the main track, above ground level. There are multiple pickups on both sides of the locomotive in order to accommodate the breaks in the third rail required by trackwork. This system is preferred in
1166:
locomotive used a quill drive. Again, as traction motors continued to shrink in size and weight, quill drives gradually fell out of favor in low-speed freight locomotives. In high-speed passenger locomotives used in Europe, the quill drive is still predominant.
480:
and some commuter service; even there, freight service was handled by diesel. Development continued in Europe, where electrification was widespread. 1,500 V DC is still used on some lines near France and 25 kV 50 Hz is used by high-speed trains.
1019:
station near
Washington, D.C., electrified at 750 volts. The third rail is at the top of the image, with a white canopy above it. The two lower rails are the ordinary running rails; current from the third rail returns to the power station through
3700:
599:
Italian railways were the first in the world to introduce electric traction for the entire length of a mainline rather than just a short stretch. The 106 km
Valtellina line was opened on 4 September 1902, designed by KandĂł and a team from the
3628:
3613:
664:
was readily available, and electric locomotives gave more traction on steeper lines. This was particularly applicable in
Switzerland, where almost all lines are electrified. An important contribution to the wider adoption of AC traction came from
569:; installation on the Seebach-Wettingen line of the Swiss Federal Railways was completed in 1904. The 15 kV, 50 Hz 345 kW (460 hp), 48 tonne locomotives used transformers and rotary converters to power DC traction motors.
1354:
short tons (4.0 long tons; 4.1 t). In 1928, Kennecott Copper ordered four 700-series electric locomotives with onboard batteries. These locomotives weighed 85 short tons (76 long tons; 77 t) and operated on 750 volts
1148:
was a fully spring-loaded system, in which the weight of the driving motors was completely disconnected from the driving wheels. First used in electric locomotives from the 1920s, the Buchli drive was mainly used by the French
1161:
was also developed about this time and mounted the traction motor above or to the side of the axle and coupled to the axle through a reduction gear and a hollow shaft â the quill â flexibly connected to the driving axle. The
618: Hz three-phase power supply, in others there was 1,500 V DC, 3 kV DC and 10 kV AC 45 Hz supply. After WW2, 3 kV DC power was chosen for the entire Italian railway system.
1482:
These factors led to high degrees of electrification in most
European countries. In some countries, like Switzerland, even electric shunters are common and many private sidings are served by electric locomotives. During
1190:
tongue-shaped protuberance that engages a matching slot in the truck (bogie) bolster, its purpose being to act as a torque reaction device, as well as support. Power transfer from the motor to the axle is effected by
1661:
has been partly electrified since 1929, entirely since 2002. The system is 25 kV AC 50 Hz after the junction station of
Mariinsk near Krasnoyarsk, 3,000 V DC before it, and train weights are up to 6,000 tonnes.
762:
Class 1216) achieved 357 km/h (222 mph), the record for a locomotive-hauled train, on the new line between Ingolstadt and Nuremberg. This locomotive is now employed largely unmodified by ĂBB to haul their
436:
required similar tunnels and the smoke problems were more acute there. A collision in the Park Avenue tunnel in 1902 led the New York State legislature to outlaw the use of smoke-generating locomotives south of the
588:, enabling electric locomotives to use three-phase motors whilst supplied via a single overhead wire, carrying the simple industrial frequency (50 Hz) single phase AC of the high voltage national networks.
861:
relatively massive because the currents involved are large in order to transmit sufficient power. Power must be supplied at frequent intervals as the high currents result in large transmission system losses.
1987:
areas) than in many other countries, and this has helped drive government investment into the electrification of many remote lines. However, these same factors lead operators of Japanese railways to prefer
869:
voltage, low current system could not be employed with direct current locomotives because there is no easy way to do the voltage/current transformation for DC so efficiently as achieved by AC transformers.
2318:
IstvĂĄn Tisza and LĂĄszlĂł KovĂĄcs: A magyar ĂĄllami, magĂĄn- Ă©s helyiĂ©rdekƱ vasĂșttĂĄrsasĂĄgok fejlĆdĂ©se 1876â1900 között, Magyar VasĂșttörtĂ©net 2. kötet. Budapest: KözlekedĂ©si DokumentĂĄciĂłs Kft., 58â59, 83â84. o.
914:
locomotives, which used AC power transmission and DC motors, were common, though DC commutators had problems both in starting and at low velocities. Today's advanced electric locomotives use brushless
549:. Each 30-tonne locomotive had two 110 kW (150 hp) motors run by three-phase 750 V 40 Hz fed from double overhead lines. Three-phase motors run at a constant speed and provide
152:
Electric locomotives benefit from the high efficiency of electric motors, often above 90% (not including the inefficiency of generating the electricity). Additional efficiency can be gained from
1253:
system was typically used for electric locomotives, as it could handle the complex arrangements of powered and unpowered axles and could distinguish between coupled and uncoupled drive systems.
2961:
864:
As AC motors were developed, they became the predominant type, particularly on longer routes. High voltages (tens of thousands of volts) are used because this allows the use of low currents;
165:
service with frequent stops. Electric locomotives are used on freight routes with consistently high traffic volumes, or in areas with advanced rail networks. Power plants, even if they burn
1589:, Mariinsk near Krasnoyarsk, etc.) have wiring switchable from DC to AC. Locomotive replacement is essential at these stations and is performed together with the contact wiring switching.
432:
units were initially used, the EL-1 Model. At the south end of the electrified section; they coupled onto the locomotive and train and pulled it through the tunnels. Railroad entrances to
3695:
716:
increasingly lighter and more powerful motors that could be fitted inside the bogies (standardizing from the 1990s onwards on asynchronous three-phase motors, fed through GTO-inverters).
1991:
over electric locomotives. The vast majority of electric passenger service in Japan is operated with EMUs, relegating electric locomotives to freight and select long-distance services.
1600:
is an AC machine, with VL10 a DC version. There were some half-experimental small series like VL82, which could switch from AC to DC and were used in small amounts around the city of
315:
in September of the following year, but the limited power from batteries prevented its general use. It was destroyed by railway workers, who saw it as a threat to their job security.
420:(B&O) in 1895 connecting the main portion of the B&O to the new line to New York through a series of tunnels around the edges of Baltimore's downtown. Parallel tracks on the
1694:
has used a variety of electric locomotives, primarily for moving passengers and cargo through poorly ventilated tunnels. Electric locomotives that were in use in Canada include the
2028:
was electrified, the economic advantages of electric traction were not fully realized due to the need to change locomotives for trains that ran beyond the electrified network. The
2533:
561:(highest point 770 metres), Switzerland. The first implementation of industrial frequency single-phase AC supply for locomotives came from Oerlikon in 1901, using the designs of
2703:
699:
The 1960s saw the electrification of many European main lines. European electric locomotive technology had improved steadily from the 1920s onwards. By comparison, the
1090:
especially some lines in the London Underground. One setback for third rail systems is that level crossings become more complex, usually requiring a gap section.
1631:
For some time, electric railways were only considered to be suitable for suburban or mountain lines. In around 1950, a decision was made (according to legend, by
311:. It hauled a load of six tons at four miles per hour (6 kilometers per hour) for a distance of one and a half miles (2.4 kilometres). It was tested on the
1141:
involved, frequent maintenance was necessary. The jackshaft drive was abandoned for all but the smallest units when smaller and lighter motors were developed,
680:
2930:
4048:
1892:, as locomotives were swapped, a delay which contributed to the decision to electrify the New Haven to Boston segment of the Northeast Corridor in 2000.
1394:
2749:
Railway applications â Current collection systems â Technical criteria for the interaction between pantograph and overhead line (to achieve free access)
1367:, and the locomotives were retired shortly afterward. All four locomotives were donated to museums, but one was scrapped. The others can be seen at the
3055:
2327:(1996) (English: The development of Hungarian private and state owned commuter railway companies between 1876â1900, Hungarian railway History Vol. II.
350:
opened near Vienna in Austria. It was the first in the world in regular service powered from an overhead line. Five years later, in the U.S. electric
3741:
3427:
2969:
2904:
1927:
high power multi-section locomotives, reaching up to 28,800 kilowatts (38,600 hp) on the "Shen 24" series of six section electric locomotives.
1471:
Diesel locomotives have less power compared to electric locomotives for the same weight and dimensions. For instance, the 2,200 kW of a modern
3774:
3653:
3633:
1981:
892:. The simple feasibility of a fail-safe electric brake is an advantage of the system, while speed control and the two-phase lines are problematic.
3400:
3042:
3710:
3618:
3111:
2762:
541:, were simpler to manufacture and maintain. However, they were much larger than the DC motors of the time and could not be mounted in underfloor
3685:
3648:
1077:
Of the three, the pantograph method is best suited for high-speed operation. Some locomotives use both overhead and third rail collection (e.g.
201:. Electric locomotives usually cost 20% less than diesel locomotives, their maintenance costs are 25â35% lower, and cost up to 50% less to run.
2735:
2024:
In both states, the use of electric locomotives on principal interurban routes proved to be a qualified success. In Victoria, because only the
3720:
3673:
3087:
1800:
3979:
331:(150 V DC) was supplied through a third insulated rail between the tracks. A contact roller was used to collect the electricity.
2290:
1509:
introduced in the 1890s, and current versions provide public transit and there are also a number of electric locomotive classes, such as:
4201:
3690:
1547:
1542:
17:
2204:
1567:
Russia's most powerful freight electric locomotives: 3ES10 (for 3 kV DC, 12,600 kW) and 4ES5K (for 25 kV AC, 12,240 kW)
707:
had a power of 2,800 kW, but weighed only 108 tons and had a maximum speed of 150 km/h. On 29 March 1955, French locomotive
397:, prompted by a clause in its enabling act prohibiting the use of steam power. It opened in 1890, using electric locomotives built by
2077:
1506:
1297:) could cause a safety issue due to the risks of fire, explosion or fumes in a confined space. Battery locomotives are preferred for
1132:
During the initial development of railroad electrical propulsion, a number of drive systems were devised to couple the output of the
545:: they could only be carried within locomotive bodies. In 1896, Oerlikon installed the first commercial example of the system on the
502:
3715:
2841:
334:
The world's first electric tram line opened in Lichterfelde near Berlin, Germany, in 1881. It was built by Werner von Siemens (see
1400:
As of 2022, battery locomotives with 7 and 14 MWh energy capacity have been ordered by rail lines and are under development.
3736:
1906:
1313:
could develop in the supply or return circuits, especially at rail joints, and allow dangerous current leakage into the ground.
660:
In Europe, electrification projects initially focused on mountainous regions for several reasons: coal supplies were difficult,
3663:
2860:
2715:
1961:
haul 85% of freight and passenger traffic with electric locomotives and 45,881 km of railway lines have been electrified.
506:
86:
2561:
3420:
3367:
3323:
3304:
3280:
3261:
3223:
3037:"New York to Boston, underwire â Amtrak begins all-electric Northeast Corridor service between Boston and Washington, D.C.",
2785:
2541:
2527:
2467:
2439:
2346:
2243:
2188:
938:
locomotives were equipped to handle power from two different electrical systems and could also operate as dieselâelectrics.
3865:
3767:
3608:
2621:
1869:
1805:
1650:
In the 1990s, some DC lines were rebuilt as AC to allow the usage of the huge 10 MW AC locomotive of VL85. The line around
739:; in the United States the only new mainline service was an extension of electrification over the Northeast Corridor from
3658:
2159:
Heilmann evaluated both AC and DC electric transmission for his locomotives, but eventually settled on a design based on
2059:
2036:
2014:
2003:
1359:
with considerable further range whilst running on batteries. The locomotives provided several decades of service using
803:
727:
were the first systems for which devoted high-speed lines were built from scratch. Similar programs were undertaken in
4008:
3705:
3680:
3668:
3623:
3125:
1751:
1013:
930:-based inverters. The cost of electronic devices in a modern locomotive can be up to 50% of the cost of the vehicle.
347:
449:, which had introduced electric locomotives because of the NYC regulation, electrified its entire territory east of
4409:
3643:
3413:
3391:
1954:
1788:
1368:
355:
4023:
3760:
3638:
2937:
1502:
1451:, an articulated Bo'-Bo'-Bo' locomotive, manages more easily the tight curves often found on the Italian railways
142:
1563:
1101:
or simply the "shoe") in an overhead channel, a system quickly found to be unsatisfactory. It was replaced by a
1054:" after the support system used to hold the wire parallel to the ground. Three collection methods are possible:
674:
3937:
3360:
3338:
3297:
2324:
2134:
1186:
1025:
915:
703:(1918) weighed 240 t, with a power of 3,330 kW and a maximum speed of 112 km/h; in 1935, German
576:
developed a new type 3-phase asynchronous electric drive motors and generators for electric locomotives at the
319:
297:
138:
2017:, which pioneered electric traction in Australia in the early 20th century and continue to operate 1,500 V DC
1999:
1499:
electrification of these lines are possible, due to the financing of the railway infrastructure by the state.
234:, US 1895: The steam locomotive was not detached for passage through the tunnel. The overhead conductor was a
4414:
4327:
4038:
3496:
2865:
2103:
494:
394:
312:
3062:
4123:
3556:
1081:). In Europe, the recommended geometry and shape of pantographs are defined by standard EN 50367/IEC 60486
626:
73:
is the current confirmed holder as the fastest electric locomotive at 357 km/h (222 mph) in 2006.
77:
4341:
3850:
2908:
2032:
were withdrawn from service by 1987, and the Gippsland line electrification had been dismantled by 2004.
1340:, wherein 1917 the underground haulage ways were widened to enable working by two battery locomotives of
1094:
469:
417:
402:
218:
4419:
4334:
4090:
3511:
2029:
1911:
1774:
1654:
is one of them. The DC locomotives freed by this rebuild were transferred to the St Petersburg region.
1379:
1317:
1038:
the track normally supplies only one side, the other side(s) of the circuit being provided separately.
719:
In the 1980s, the development of very high-speed service brought further electrification. The Japanese
401:. Electricity quickly became the power supply of choice for subways, abetted by Sprague's invention of
343:
335:
307:, with fixed electromagnets acting on iron bars attached to a wooden cylinder on each axle, and simple
281:
1433:
767:
which is however limited to a top speed of 230 km/h due to economic and infrastructure concerns.
4181:
3551:
3531:
3501:
3151:
1719:
1492:
1175:
1125:
872:
AC traction still occasionally uses dual overhead wires instead of single-phase lines. The resulting
700:
558:
526:
442:
266:
47:
1936:
1647:
Mariinsk-Krasnoyarsk-Tayshet-Zima; the lines in European Russia like Moscow-Rostov-on-Don followed.
4043:
4001:
3783:
2108:
1833:
1735:
1278:
498:
450:
146:
145:
and not as electric locomotives, because the electric generator/motor combination serves only as a
126:
3465:
4263:
4222:
4028:
3991:
3481:
3436:
2815:
2205:"Electrification of U.S. Railways: Pie in the Sky, or Realistic Goal? | Article | EESI"
1988:
1464:
1409:
1360:
1277:
A batteryâelectric locomotive (or battery locomotive) is powered by onboard batteries; a kind of
1051:
1034:, three connections). From the beginning, the track was used for one side of the circuit. Unlike
919:
844:
The method of storing (batteries, ultracapacitors) or collecting (transmission) electrical power.
584:(France), which was constructed between 1896 and 1898. In 1918, KandĂł invented and developed the
54:
2431:
4388:
4227:
4065:
3904:
3845:
3582:
3546:
3455:
2298:
2098:
2025:
2018:
1889:
1845:
1841:
1777:
for a small isolated railway hauling raw ore from their Carol Lake mine to a processing plant.
1762:
1739:
1658:
1488:
1372:
1171:
1154:
1137:
941:
While today's systems predominantly operate on AC, many DC systems are still in use â e.g., in
740:
630:
585:
554:
473:
169:, are far cleaner than mobile sources such as locomotive engines. The power can also come from
1316:
The first electric locomotive built in 1837 was a battery locomotive. It was built by chemist
553:
and are thus well suited to steeply graded routes; in 1899 Brown (by then in partnership with
4258:
4186:
4138:
4013:
3592:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1472:
1364:
1310:
1232:
1078:
881:
744:
538:
530:
446:
429:
421:
308:
118:
82:
3014:
1608:, where is no junction station at many lines. Also, the latest Russian passenger locomotive
580:
Company. KandĂł's early 1894 designs were first applied in a short three-phase AC tramway in
412:
The first use of electrification on an American main line was on a four-mile stretch of the
339:
4383:
3967:
2092:
1919:
1707:
1231:
is not adequate for describing the variety of electric locomotive arrangements, though the
1211:
562:
359:
153:
3213:
573:
59:
8:
4232:
3587:
3561:
3506:
2601:
2119:
1873:
1727:
834:
792:
688:
661:
522:
490:
413:
231:
1008:
895:
3899:
3566:
2756:
2424:
2010:
1884:
locomotives that can also operate off third-rail power in the tunnels and the station.
1877:
1861:
1857:
1821:
1747:
1723:
1699:
1683:
1679:
1575:
1476:
1266:
1250:
1236:
885:
708:
649:
566:
550:
477:
323:
2625:
1073:: a hinged frame that holds the collecting shoes against the wire in a fixed geometry.
581:
4305:
4171:
4018:
3942:
3874:
3799:
3363:
3354:
3341:
3319:
3300:
3291:
3276:
3257:
3238:
3219:
3105:
2885:
2781:
2537:
2463:
2435:
2342:
2320:
2239:
2184:
1853:
1333:
1294:
1070:
1002:
673:. The company had assessed the industrial-frequency AC line routed through the steep
518:
514:
465:
239:
3356:
A History of the Electric Locomotive, Vol. 2: Railcars and the Industrial Locomotive
2646:
441:
after 1 July 1908. In response, electric locomotives began operation in 1904 on the
4196:
4176:
4143:
3996:
3947:
3919:
3817:
2565:
2072:
1695:
1586:
1468:
networks due to coal shortages experienced during the First and Second World Wars.
1337:
1290:
1270:
1228:
1016:
986:
780:
653:
510:
501:, ZĂŒrich. In 1891, Brown had demonstrated long-distance power transmission for the
425:
398:
304:
182:
178:
174:
170:
2704:"World Record Speed: 357 km/h. The Eurosprinter hurtles into a new dimension"
2082:
2054:
network now electrified. It operates a fleet of electric locomotives to transport
521:
West, a distance of 280 km. Using experience he had gained while working for
365:
The first electrified Hungarian railway lines were opened in 1887. Budapest (See:
4373:
4363:
4253:
3889:
3395:
3383:
3251:
3194:
2233:
2129:
2113:
2043:
1958:
1844:, where each car is powered. All other long-distance passenger service and, with
1791:. The feasibility of using hydrogen fuel-cell locomotives is also being studied.
1746:
and along three other non-electrified lines. However, with the conversion of the
1596:), Russian and Ukrainian locomotives can operate on AC or DC only. For instance,
877:
848:
656:, which was electrified in 1922. The masts and lines of the catenary can be seen.
546:
461:
2828:"A Rogue's Gallery: The TTC's Subway Work Car Fleet â Transit Toronto â Content"
1881:
1643:. After this, electrifying the major railroads at 3,000 V DC became mainstream.
1420:, announced that they were extending their product line to include locomotives.
460:), the last transcontinental line to be built, electrified its lines across the
378:
4283:
4273:
4191:
4055:
3986:
3924:
3166:
1974:
1825:
1810:
1758:
1743:
1731:
1620:
for suburban service with frequent stops. Then the large mountain line between
1455:
1437:
1413:
1383:
1224:
1179:
1133:
1122:
1047:
1035:
946:
838:
807:
704:
534:
457:
157:
122:
114:
1765:
starting in January 2020, the locomotives are run exclusively in diesel mode.
1593:
1261:
754:
On 2 September 2006, a standard production Siemens electric locomotive of the
464:
and to the Pacific Ocean starting in 1915. A few East Coastlines, notably the
30:
4403:
4378:
4310:
4288:
4148:
4060:
3957:
3909:
3879:
3840:
3523:
3486:
3450:
2991:"Deux-Montagnes and Mascouche lines â Transitional network from January 2020"
2827:
2160:
1916:
1837:
1632:
1448:
1387:
1356:
1329:
1106:
1064:
822:
433:
406:
390:
289:
194:
162:
130:
106:
3752:
3388:
2889:
2218:
1495:, fed from the overhead supply, to deal with the shortage of imported coal.
4268:
4133:
4113:
4098:
4033:
3974:
3962:
3460:
3218:. Stevenage, England: The Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET).
2124:
2051:
1770:
1579:
1484:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1145:
1144:
Several other systems were devised as the electric locomotive matured. The
1098:
1058:
942:
889:
755:
670:
438:
301:
198:
166:
70:
3405:
2990:
2931:"Comments on the Regional Railroad Network and Power Grid Interconnection"
4118:
3832:
3809:
2736:
Alternating current#Transmission, distribution, and domestic power supply
1754:
1640:
1625:
1592:
Most Soviet, Czech (the USSR ordered passenger electric locomotives from
1158:
1031:
950:
873:
865:
787:
638:
591:
577:
557:) supplied the first main-line three-phase locomotives to the 40 km
254:
190:
134:
102:
1675:
1582:
have a mix of 3,000 V DC and 25 kV AC for historical reasons.
3491:
3345:
3242:
2711:
2485:
Organ fĂŒr die fortschritte des eisenbahnwesens in technischer beziehung
1784:
1487:, when materials to build new electric locomotives were not available,
1286:
1182:
compensated for this problem by using a large number of powered axles.
1102:
997:
818:
748:
720:
644:
601:
595:
A prototype of a Ganz AC electric locomotive in Valtellina, Italy, 1901
374:
270:
110:
98:
2046:
implemented electrification in the 1980s and utilises the more recent
1787:
plans to operate a fleet of new electric locomotives as a part of its
1769:
operating in Canada today. As of 2021, only one example exists today,
1726:. The locomotives run in electric mode along the entire length of the
1444:
634:
370:
4298:
4293:
4278:
4103:
4075:
4070:
3860:
3855:
3791:
3536:
1840:
lines. Mass transit systems and other electrified commuter lines use
1199:
911:
904:
1722:
in order to allow the locomotives to traverse the poorly ventilated
1289:
or chemical factories) where a combustion-powered locomotive (i.e.,
1239:
to its electric locomotives as if they were steam. For example, the
1061:: a long flexible pole, which engages the line with a wheel or shoe.
65:
4368:
4163:
4153:
2047:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1325:
1321:
962:
409:
systems generally used steam until forced to convert by ordinance.
285:
273:
2058:
for export, the most recent of which the 3,000 kW (4,020 HP)
1585:
The special "junction stations" (around 15 over the former USSR â
238:
section bar at the highest point in the roof, so a flexible, flat
226:
4237:
4217:
4087:
3952:
3822:
1781:
1651:
1605:
1601:
1240:
1163:
966:
958:
764:
732:
692:
637:. This proved successful and the electrification was extended to
280:
The first known electric locomotive was built in 1837 by chemist
250:
186:
2884:. Vol. 2 (7 ed.). London: Virtue and Co. p. 389.
1191:
1117:
829:
The distinguishing design features of electric locomotives are:
366:
246:
4358:
4108:
2087:
1865:
1829:
1817:
1691:
1571:
1195:
978:
974:
811:
712:
382:
327:
39:
1742:. The locomotives run in diesel mode for the remainder of the
759:
428:
would be a major operating issue and a public nuisance. Three
2426:
Made in Hungary: Hungarian Contributions to Universal Culture
1946:
1941:
1244:
982:
970:
954:
900:
795:. This locomotive is on display and not currently in service.
736:
728:
542:
43:
1969:
1067:: a frame that holds a long collecting rod against the wire.
456:
The Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul, and Pacific Railroad (the
292:(batteries). Davidson later built a larger locomotive named
261:
3126:"Plan-Wise Progress of Electrification on Indian RailwaysS"
2294:
2263:. Vol. 2. London: Frederick Warne and Co. p. 156.
2179:
Hay, William W (1982). "The economics of electrification".
2139:
2055:
1636:
1613:
1609:
1597:
1417:
1150:
927:
923:
775:
666:
622:
351:
2805:. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. p. 144.
1957:
overhead electrification at 50 Hz. As of March 2017,
525:
on steamâelectric locomotive designs, Brown observed that
4128:
2842:"Union Pacific Rail to test batteryâelectric locomotives"
1864:'s New York corridor use electric locomotives, currently
1621:
1412:, manufacturers of stored electrical power systems using
1216:
935:
724:
2669:
2579:
1907:
List of locomotives in China § Electric locomotives
1848:, all freight is hauled by dieselâelectric locomotives.
1423:
779:
The operating controls of VL80R freight locomotive from
3149:
British Steam Era Diesel & Electric Locos Overseas
2686:
2684:
1635:) to electrify the highly loaded plain prairie line of
799:
An electric locomotive can be supplied with power from
2499:
Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift: Beihefte, Volumes 11â23
2379:
1816:
Electric locomotives are used for passenger trains on
1491:
installed electric heating elements in the boilers of
1475:
diesel locomotive was matched in 1927 by the electric
1363:(Edison) technology. The batteries were replaced with
1880:
leading to it. Some other trains to Penn Station use
2681:
2657:
2403:
2391:
2367:
2259:
Gordon, William (1910). "The Underground Electric".
2235:
Biographical dictionary of the history of technology
2232:
Day, Lance; McNeil, Ian (1966). "Davidson, Robert".
1030:
Electrical circuits require two connections (or for
621:
A later development of KandĂł, working with both the
2559:
3015:"Metrolinx: For a Greater Region â Going Electric"
2423:
300:Exhibition in 1841. The seven-ton vehicle had two
2457:
855:
791:Electric locomotive used in mining operations in
652:leads a freight train down the south side of the
4401:
3293:A History of the Electric Locomotive, Volume Two
2780:. Rotterdam, Netherlands: Balkema. p. 435.
2596:
2594:
2555:
2553:
2525:
1982:List of railway electrification systems in Japan
1868:, due to the prohibition on diesel operation in
1185:Modern freight electric locomotives, like their
276:for an electrified heavy-duty railroad (DC) 1916
3085:
2421:
1403:
476:), by 2000 electrification was confined to the
3335:A History of the Electric Locomotive. Volume 2
2746:
1888:Corridor trains used to make lengthy stops in
1463:Electrification is widespread in Europe, with
1332:(batteries). Another early example was at the
3782:
3768:
3421:
3273:The Pictorial History of Electric Locomotives
2591:
2550:
2460:Hungarian Contributions to World Civilization
2183:. Vol. 1. New York: Wiley. p. 137.
2021:, have withdrawn their electric locomotives.
1953:All mainline electrified routes in India use
1801:Railroad electrification in the United States
1243:class indicates that it is arranged like two
3235:The Early History of the Electric Locomotive
2861:"CRRC unveils super capacitor automatic LRV"
2482:
2336:
2272:
2270:
2050:technology with around 1,000 km of the
1136:to the wheels. Early locomotives often used
1109:because of the close clearances it affords.
918:. These polyphase machines are powered from
222:1879 Siemens & Halske experimental train
4202:Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle
3435:
3110:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2761:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1757:system and the permanent truncation of the
1543:Railway electrification in the Soviet Union
3775:
3761:
3428:
3414:
3401:Railroad tapping into wind and solar power
2858:
1247:class G locomotives coupled back-to-back.
903:was the first series locomotive that used
346:opened in 1883 in Brighton. Also in 1883,
2647:"L'esperimento a 10 Kv 45 Hz (1928â1944)"
2341:. Harrow: Capital Transport. p. 36.
2267:
2231:
2078:Baldwin-Westinghouse electric locomotives
1536:
1097:electrification used a sliding pickup (a
503:International Electrotechnical Exhibition
2962:"AMT electro-diesel arrives in Montréal"
2928:
1998:
1968:
1940:
1922:hauling a long-distance passenger train.
1910:
1804:
1674:
1562:
1546:
1454:
1443:
1432:
1260:
1210:
1116:
1007:
996:
894:
786:
774:
679:
643:
590:
537:motors and, because of the absence of a
260:
245:
225:
217:
76:
64:
53:
29:
3932:
3275:(1st ed.). Oak Tree Publications.
2776:StrakoĆĄ, VladimĂr; et al. (1997).
2775:
1386:a battery electric locomotive built by
14:
4402:
3256:. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd.
3253:The History of the Electric Locomotive
2905:"The Swiss Electric-Steam Locomotives"
2800:
2258:
2172:
1612:and its half-experimental predecessor
1393:London Underground regularly operates
484:
3756:
3409:
3296:(1st ed.). South Brunswick, NJ:
3211:
3192:ASEA shares Queensland loco contract
3088:"28·8 MW freight locomotive unveiled"
2778:Mine Planning and Equipment Selection
2690:
2675:
2663:
2585:
2409:
2397:
2385:
2373:
2219:"EPA, Transportation and Air Quality"
1773:electric locomotives operated by the
1424:Electric locomotives around the world
1256:
1206:
1112:
992:
687:, a small electric locomotive of the
3352:
3332:
3313:
3289:
3270:
3249:
3232:
2902:
2879:
2859:Briginshaw, David (24 August 2020).
2816:List of Kennecott Copper locomotives
2037:New South Wales 86 class locomotives
1937:Locomotives of India § Electric
1696:St. Clair Tunnel Co. Boxcab Electric
493:electric locomotive was designed by
125:. Locomotives with on-board fuelled
2178:
2015:New South Wales Government Railways
2004:Queensland Railways 3100/3200 class
1410:Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Company
833:The type of electrical power used,
804:Rechargeable energy storage systems
711:reached 331 km/h. In 1960 the
24:
3237:. Richard Tilling for the author.
2462:. Alpha Publications. p. 67.
2430:. Simon Publications LLC. p.
2291:"Richmond Union Passenger Railway"
1309:at the collection shoes, or where
1273:used for hauling engineers' trains
1046:Railways generally tend to prefer
25:
4431:
4009:Electric motorcycles and scooters
3377:
3316:Electric locomotives of the World
2513:L'Eclairage Ă©lectrique, Volume 48
2364:, Sagle, Lawrence, Alvin Stauffer
1041:
884:and permit easy realisation of a
783:. The wheel controls motor power.
213:
27:Locomotive powered by electricity
2501:. VDE Verlag. 1904. p. 163.
1794:
1789:Regional Express Rail initiative
1665:
1369:Boone and Scenic Valley Railroad
851:to the driving wheels (drivers).
356:Richmond Union Passenger Railway
230:EL-1 Electric locomotive of the
4056:Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
3737:Railway electrification systems
3186:
3173:
3158:
3143:
3118:
3079:
3048:
3031:
3007:
2983:
2954:
2922:
2903:Self, Douglas (December 2003).
2896:
2873:
2852:
2834:
2820:
2809:
2794:
2769:
2740:
2729:
2696:
2639:
2614:
2519:
2505:
2491:
2476:
2451:
2415:
2355:
2153:
1551:Soviet electric locomotive VL60
1503:British electric multiple units
1416:initially developed for use in
1269:batteryâelectric locomotive at
1178:bi-polar electrics used by the
916:three-phase AC induction motors
817:A stationary source, such as a
751:systems continued to be built.
424:had shown that coal smoke from
3938:Battery electric multiple unit
2801:Martin, George Curtis (1919).
2330:
2312:
2283:
2252:
2225:
2211:
2197:
2135:Railway electrification system
1397:for general maintenance work.
1301:where gas could be ignited by
1026:Railway electrification system
880:, which do not have sensitive
856:Direct and alternating current
405:in 1897. Surface and elevated
358:, using equipment designed by
354:were pioneered in 1888 on the
320:first electric passenger train
298:Royal Scottish Society of Arts
13:
1:
4039:Neighborhood Electric Vehicle
3198:issue 433 October 1984 p. 541
3155:issue 108 June 2017 pp. 16/17
3092:Railway Gazette International
2866:International Railway Journal
2564:. www.mszh.hu. Archived from
2337:Badsey-Ellis, Antony (2005).
2146:
2116:â electric locomotive pioneer
1390:in 1968 and retired in 2009.
1198:on the motor shaft engages a
1084:
847:The means used to couple the
627:Societa Italiana Westinghouse
395:City and South London Railway
313:Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway
4328:Who Killed the Electric Car?
4124:Common ethanol fuel mixtures
3742:Tram electrification systems
3557:Electro-diesel multiple unit
3215:Electric railways, 1880â1990
3041:, March 2000, accessed from
2880:Bell, Arthur Morton (1950).
1994:
1752:Réseau express métropolitain
1440:, Locomotion museum, Shildon
1404:Supercapacitor power storage
1395:batteryâelectric locomotives
631:electro-mechanical converter
572:In 1894, Hungarian engineer
348:Mödling and HinterbrĂŒhl Tram
257:, NYC & HR no. 6000 (DC)
7:
4342:Revenge of the Electric Car
3933:Battery-electric locomotive
3164:Victorian Fast Rail Update
2803:Mineral resources of Alaska
2529:Electric Railways 1880â1990
2065:
1382:previously operated on the
1095:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
470:Norfolk and Western Railway
418:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
403:multiple-unit train control
18:Battery electric locomotive
10:
4436:
3512:Conduit current collection
3212:Duffy, Michael C. (2003).
3205:
2562:"KĂĄlmĂĄn KandĂł (1869â1931)"
2458:Francis S. Wagner (1977).
2339:London's Lost Tube Schemes
2104:Electricâsteam locomotives
2030:Victorian Railways L class
1979:
1973:Japan electric locomotive
1934:
1904:
1798:
1775:Iron Ore Company of Canada
1720:electro-diesel locomotives
1540:
1380:Toronto Transit Commission
1375:in Rio Vista, California.
1023:
336:Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway
208:
4351:
4335:What Is the Electric Car?
4319:
4246:
4210:
4182:Hydrogen-powered aircraft
4162:
4086:
3918:
3888:
3831:
3808:
3790:
3784:Alternative fuel vehicles
3729:
3601:
3575:
3552:Electro-diesel locomotive
3532:Railway electric traction
3522:
3502:Ground-level power supply
3474:
3443:
3152:Locomotives International
2560:Hungarian Patent Office.
2526:Michael C. Duffy (2003).
1949:class electric locomotive
1750:into the mainline of the
1670:
1428:
1164:Pennsylvania Railroad GG1
756:Eurosprinter type ES64-U4
701:Milwaukee Road class EP-2
443:New York Central Railroad
269:, an example of a larger
267:Milwaukee Road class ES-2
147:power transmission system
48:Vinnytsia railway station
4044:Plug-in electric vehicle
4024:Gyro flywheel locomotive
4002:Battery electric vehicle
2422:Andrew L. Simon (1998).
2109:Electric vehicle battery
2083:Battery powered railcars
1964:
1930:
1900:
1834:Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
1736:Montreal Central Station
1328:, and it was powered by
1279:battery electric vehicle
770:
451:Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
288:, and it was powered by
4410:Electric rail transport
4264:Hybrid electric vehicle
4228:Liquid nitrogen vehicle
4223:Hybrid electric vehicle
4029:Hybrid electric vehicle
3992:Electric platform truck
3482:Railway electrification
3437:Railway electrification
2019:electric multiple units
1895:
1842:electric multiple units
1465:electric multiple units
1227:system for classifying
1170:Another drive was the "
806:, such as a battery or
344:Volk's Electric Railway
4389:Zero-emissions vehicle
3905:Compressed-air vehicle
3846:Solar-powered aircraft
3583:Traction power network
3547:Electric multiple unit
2966:www.railwaygazette.com
2714:. 2008. Archived from
2446:Evian-les-Bains kando.
2099:Electric multiple unit
2006:
1977:
1950:
1923:
1890:New Haven, Connecticut
1813:
1687:
1659:Trans-Siberian Railway
1568:
1560:
1537:Russia and former USSR
1489:Swiss Federal Railways
1460:
1452:
1441:
1373:Western Railway Museum
1274:
1220:
1155:Swiss Federal Railways
1129:
1021:
1005:
908:
796:
784:
747:, though new electric
741:New Haven, Connecticut
696:
657:
596:
586:rotary phase converter
474:Deseret Power Railroad
277:
258:
243:
223:
90:
74:
62:
51:
4259:Flexible-fuel vehicle
4187:Hydrogen-powered ship
4139:Flexible-fuel vehicle
4014:Electric kick scooter
3593:Traction powerstation
3361:A.S. Barnes & Co.
3353:Haut, F.J.G. (1987).
3339:A.S. Barnes & Co.
3333:Haut, F.J.G. (1981).
3314:Haut, F.J.G. (1977).
3298:A.S. Barnes & Co.
3290:Haut, F.J.G. (1970).
3271:Haut, F.J.G. (1970).
3250:Haut, F.J.G. (1969).
3233:Haut, F.J.G. (1952).
3086:2020-08-04T08:16:00.
2483:C.W. Kreidel (1904).
2238:. London: Routledge.
2002:
1972:
1944:
1914:
1808:
1678:
1566:
1550:
1473:British Rail Class 66
1458:
1447:
1436:
1357:overhead trolley wire
1334:Kennecott Copper Mine
1311:electrical resistance
1264:
1233:Pennsylvania Railroad
1214:
1120:
1079:British Rail Class 92
1011:
1000:
949:(750 V and 1,500 V);
898:
790:
778:
745:Boston, Massachusetts
683:
647:
594:
559:BurgdorfâThun railway
531:power-to-weight ratio
517:and the expo site at
447:Pennsylvania Railroad
422:Pennsylvania Railroad
264:
249:
229:
221:
83:British Rail Class 91
80:
68:
57:
33:
4415:Electric locomotives
4384:Wind-powered vehicle
3968:Battery electric bus
2943:on November 25, 2005
2869:. Falmouth, England.
2747:EN 50367/IEC 60486.
2708:Siemens Eurosprinter
2515:. 1906. p. 554.
2181:Railroad engineering
2095:â electrical pioneer
2093:Charles Grafton Page
1128:"Bi-polar" electrics
563:Hans Behn-Eschenburg
551:regenerative braking
511:hydroâelectric plant
489:The first practical
445:. In the 1930s, the
154:regenerative braking
143:gas turbineâelectric
34:Electric locomotive
4233:Natural gas vehicle
3588:Traction substation
3542:Electric locomotive
3507:Stud contact system
2678:, pp. 273â274.
2588:, pp. 120â121.
2295:IEEE History Center
2280:, De Agostini, 2003
2120:Heilmann locomotive
1832:, with a branch to
1728:Deux-Montagnes line
1682:locomotive leaving
1616:are a dual system.
1493:some steam shunters
1371:, Iowa, and at the
1365:lead-acid batteries
1361:nickelâiron battery
1219:electric locomotive
866:transmission losses
793:Flin Flon, Manitoba
695:, Finland, in 1950s
662:hydroelectric power
497:, then working for
485:Alternating current
414:Baltimore Belt Line
296:, exhibited at the
232:Baltimore Belt Line
183:hydroelectric power
95:electric locomotive
87:London King's Cross
3900:Compressed-air car
3866:List of prototypes
3567:Rubber-tyred metro
3444:Current collectors
3394:2010-09-25 at the
2848:. 31 January 2022.
2651:Il Mondo dei Treni
2011:Victorian Railways
2007:
1978:
1951:
1924:
1878:East River Tunnels
1862:New Jersey Transit
1858:Northeast Corridor
1854:commuter railroads
1822:Northeast Corridor
1814:
1748:Mount Royal Tunnel
1724:Mount Royal Tunnel
1700:CN Boxcab Electric
1688:
1684:Mount Royal Tunnel
1680:CN Boxcab Electric
1576:other countries of
1569:
1561:
1477:SBB-CFF-FFS Ae 4/7
1461:
1453:
1442:
1275:
1267:London Underground
1257:Battery locomotive
1251:UIC classification
1221:
1207:Wheel arrangements
1130:
1113:Driving the wheels
1022:
1012:Third rail at the
1006:
993:Power transmission
909:
886:regenerative brake
797:
785:
697:
658:
597:
567:Emil Huber-Stockar
527:three-phase motors
478:Northeast Corridor
340:Berlin StraĂenbahn
324:Werner von Siemens
278:
259:
244:
224:
91:
75:
63:
52:
4420:Electric vehicles
4397:
4396:
4306:Electric aircraft
4172:Fuel cell vehicle
4019:Fuel cell vehicle
3943:Electric aircraft
3875:Electric aircraft
3800:Fuel cell vehicle
3750:
3749:
3384:Electric traction
3369:978-0-498-02466-5
3325:978-0-85153-256-1
3306:978-0-498-02466-5
3282:978-0-498-07644-2
3263:978-0-04-385042-8
3225:978-0-85296-805-5
3183:August 2002 p. 32
3019:www.metrolinx.com
2787:978-90-5410-915-0
2543:978-0-85296-805-5
2469:978-0-912404-04-2
2441:978-0-9665734-2-8
2388:, pp. 39â41.
2348:978-1-85414-293-1
2276:Renzo Pocaterra,
2261:Our Home Railways
2245:978-0-415-06042-4
2221:. 16 August 2016.
2190:978-0-471-36400-9
1628:was electrified.
1229:steam locomotives
1014:West Falls Church
519:Frankfurt am Main
515:Lauffen am Neckar
466:Virginian Railway
426:steam locomotives
322:was presented by
305:reluctance motors
175:renewable sources
137:, are classed as
60:ÄSD Class E 499.3
16:(Redirected from
4427:
4197:Hydrogen vehicle
4177:Hydrogen economy
4144:Methanol economy
3997:Electric vehicle
3948:Electric bicycle
3920:Electric battery
3818:Electric bicycle
3777:
3770:
3763:
3754:
3753:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3407:
3406:
3389:Electric engines
3373:
3349:
3329:
3310:
3286:
3267:
3246:
3229:
3199:
3190:
3184:
3177:
3171:
3162:
3156:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3109:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3067:
3061:. Archived from
3060:
3052:
3046:
3045:on 28 Sep. 2006.
3043:FindArticles.com
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2968:. Archived from
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2942:
2936:. Archived from
2935:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2907:. Archived from
2900:
2894:
2893:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2824:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2760:
2752:
2744:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2718:on June 13, 2008
2700:
2694:
2688:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2624:. Archived from
2618:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2598:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2557:
2548:
2547:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2429:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2334:
2328:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2297:. Archived from
2287:
2281:
2274:
2265:
2264:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2176:
2164:
2157:
2073:Air brake (rail)
1945:Indian Railways
1763:Ahuntsic station
1740:Ahuntsic station
1459:British Class 91
1353:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1338:McCarthy, Alaska
1271:West Ham station
1050:, often called "
987:Washington, D.C.
878:induction motors
781:Russian Railways
675:Höllental Valley
669:of France after
617:
616:
612:
609:
399:Mather and Platt
360:Frank J. Sprague
253:Prototype Class
179:geothermal power
21:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4374:Wave power ship
4364:Ram air turbine
4347:
4315:
4254:Bi-fuel vehicle
4242:
4206:
4158:
4082:
3922:
3914:
3891:
3890:Compressed-air
3884:
3827:
3804:
3786:
3781:
3751:
3746:
3725:
3597:
3571:
3518:
3470:
3439:
3434:
3396:Wayback Machine
3380:
3370:
3326:
3307:
3283:
3264:
3226:
3208:
3203:
3202:
3195:Modern Railways
3191:
3187:
3179:End of the 86s
3178:
3174:
3163:
3159:
3148:
3144:
3134:
3132:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3103:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3084:
3080:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3036:
3032:
3023:
3021:
3013:
3012:
3008:
2999:
2997:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2975:
2973:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2927:
2923:
2914:
2912:
2901:
2897:
2878:
2874:
2857:
2853:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2810:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2774:
2770:
2754:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2730:
2721:
2719:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2689:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2631:
2629:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2592:
2584:
2580:
2571:
2569:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2536:. p. 137.
2524:
2520:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2420:
2416:
2408:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2335:
2331:
2317:
2313:
2304:
2302:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2275:
2268:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2230:
2226:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2114:Emily Davenport
2068:
2060:3300/3400 class
2044:Queensland Rail
1997:
1984:
1967:
1959:Indian Railways
1939:
1933:
1909:
1903:
1898:
1846:rare exceptions
1803:
1797:
1673:
1668:
1558:
1554:
1545:
1539:
1431:
1426:
1414:supercapacitors
1406:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1318:Robert Davidson
1303:trolley-powered
1259:
1209:
1187:Dieselâelectric
1134:traction motors
1115:
1087:
1044:
1036:model railroads
1028:
995:
907:with DC motors.
876:current drives
858:
849:traction motors
773:
723:and the French
614:
610:
607:
605:
582:Ăvian-les-Bains
487:
462:Rocky Mountains
282:Robert Davidson
216:
211:
156:, which allows
139:dieselâelectric
36:Ć koda ChS4-109.
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4433:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4338:
4331:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4286:
4284:Plug-in hybrid
4281:
4276:
4274:Hybrid vehicle
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4192:Hydrogen train
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4168:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4095:
4093:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4058:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4005:
4004:
3994:
3989:
3987:Electric truck
3984:
3983:
3982:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3929:
3927:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3896:
3894:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3837:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3814:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3796:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3780:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3757:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3716:United Kingdom
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3528:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3478:
3476:
3475:Power delivery
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3433:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3386:
3379:
3378:External links
3376:
3375:
3374:
3368:
3350:
3330:
3324:
3311:
3305:
3287:
3281:
3268:
3262:
3247:
3230:
3224:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3185:
3181:Railway Digest
3172:
3170:May 2004 p. 10
3167:Railway Digest
3157:
3142:
3117:
3078:
3056:"2019 ćčŽééç»èźĄć
Źæ„"
3047:
3030:
3006:
2982:
2953:
2929:Boris DYNKIN.
2921:
2895:
2872:
2851:
2833:
2819:
2808:
2793:
2786:
2768:
2739:
2728:
2695:
2693:, p. 273.
2680:
2668:
2666:, p. 117.
2656:
2638:
2622:"Kalman Kando"
2613:
2602:"Kalman Kando"
2590:
2578:
2549:
2542:
2518:
2504:
2490:
2487:. p. 315.
2475:
2468:
2450:
2440:
2414:
2412:, p. 124.
2402:
2400:, p. 129.
2390:
2378:
2376:, p. 241.
2366:
2354:
2347:
2329:
2311:
2282:
2266:
2251:
2244:
2224:
2210:
2196:
2189:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2130:Railway brakes
2127:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2026:Gippsland line
1996:
1993:
1966:
1963:
1932:
1929:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1836:, and on some
1826:Washington, DC
1811:Siemens ACS-64
1799:Main article:
1796:
1793:
1780:In the future
1759:Mascouche line
1744:Mascouche line
1732:Mascouche line
1730:and along the
1690:Historically,
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1556:
1552:
1538:
1535:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1405:
1402:
1384:Toronto subway
1330:galvanic cells
1295:diesel-powered
1258:
1255:
1225:Whyte notation
1208:
1205:
1180:Milwaukee Road
1123:Milwaukee Road
1114:
1111:
1086:
1083:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1048:overhead lines
1043:
1042:Overhead lines
1040:
1032:three phase AC
1001:A modern half-
994:
991:
985:(3,000 V) and
947:United Kingdom
857:
854:
853:
852:
845:
842:
827:
826:
815:
808:ultracapacitor
772:
769:
547:Lugano Tramway
507:three-phase AC
486:
483:
458:Milwaukee Road
290:galvanic cells
215:
214:Direct current
212:
210:
207:
158:kinetic energy
131:diesel engines
123:supercapacitor
115:energy storage
107:overhead lines
71:Siemens ES64U4
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4432:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4379:Windmill ship
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4320:Documentaries
4318:
4312:
4311:Electric boat
4309:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4289:Solar vehicle
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4247:Multiple-fuel
4245:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4149:Methanol fuel
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4061:Solar vehicle
4059:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3958:Electric boat
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3921:
3917:
3911:
3910:Tesla turbine
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3887:
3881:
3880:Electric boat
3878:
3876:
3873:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3841:Solar vehicle
3839:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3773:
3771:
3766:
3764:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3721:United States
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3576:Power network
3574:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3524:Rolling stock
3521:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3487:Overhead line
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3451:Bow collector
3449:
3448:
3446:
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3426:
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3408:
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3259:
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3209:
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3161:
3154:
3153:
3146:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3113:
3107:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3068:on 2020-06-06
3064:
3057:
3051:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3020:
3016:
3010:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2972:on 2012-10-03
2971:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2911:on 2010-10-18
2910:
2906:
2899:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2855:
2847:
2846:electrive.com
2843:
2837:
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2699:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2677:
2672:
2665:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2628:on 2012-07-12
2627:
2623:
2617:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2587:
2582:
2568:on 2010-10-08
2567:
2563:
2556:
2554:
2545:
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2535:
2531:
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2514:
2508:
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2370:
2363:
2362:B&O Power
2358:
2350:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2301:on 2008-12-01
2300:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2262:
2255:
2247:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2220:
2214:
2206:
2200:
2192:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2171:
2163:'s DC system.
2162:
2161:Thomas Edison
2156:
2152:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
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2100:
2097:
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2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2001:
1992:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1971:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1917:China Railway
1913:
1908:
1893:
1891:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1860:. Amtrak and
1859:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1838:commuter rail
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1795:United States
1792:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1778:
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1681:
1677:
1666:North America
1663:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1633:Joseph Stalin
1629:
1627:
1623:
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1500:
1496:
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1474:
1469:
1466:
1457:
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1449:FS Class E656
1446:
1439:
1435:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1388:Nippon Sharyo
1385:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1299:mine railways
1296:
1292:
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1268:
1263:
1254:
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1234:
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1226:
1218:
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1204:
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1197:
1194:, in which a
1193:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1142:
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1135:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1093:The original
1091:
1082:
1080:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1065:Bow collector
1063:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1004:
999:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
939:
937:
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
906:
902:
901:Rc locomotive
897:
893:
891:
890:rack railways
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
867:
862:
850:
846:
843:
840:
836:
832:
831:
830:
824:
823:overhead wire
820:
816:
813:
809:
805:
802:
801:
800:
794:
789:
782:
777:
768:
766:
761:
757:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
714:
713:SJ Class Dm 3
710:
706:
702:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
676:
672:
668:
663:
655:
654:Gotthard line
651:
646:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
619:
603:
593:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
555:Walter Boveri
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
529:had a higher
528:
524:
523:Jean Heilmann
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:Charles Brown
492:
482:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
434:New York City
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
410:
408:
407:rapid transit
404:
400:
396:
393:line was the
392:
386:
385:line (1912).
384:
381:line (1888),
380:
377:line (1888),
376:
373:line (1887),
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
332:
329:
325:
321:
316:
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287:
283:
275:
272:
268:
263:
256:
252:
248:
241:
237:
233:
228:
220:
206:
202:
200:
199:wind turbines
196:
195:nuclear power
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
163:commuter rail
159:
155:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
88:
84:
79:
72:
67:
61:
56:
49:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4269:Hybrid train
4134:Ethanol fuel
4114:Butanol fuel
4099:Alcohol fuel
4034:Hybrid train
3975:Electric car
3963:Electric bus
3562:Multi-system
3541:
3466:Contact shoe
3461:Trolley pole
3355:
3334:
3315:
3292:
3272:
3252:
3234:
3214:
3193:
3188:
3180:
3175:
3165:
3160:
3150:
3145:
3133:. Retrieved
3129:
3120:
3095:. Retrieved
3091:
3081:
3070:. Retrieved
3063:the original
3050:
3038:
3033:
3022:. Retrieved
3018:
3009:
2998:. Retrieved
2994:
2985:
2974:. Retrieved
2970:the original
2965:
2956:
2945:. Retrieved
2938:the original
2924:
2913:. Retrieved
2909:the original
2898:
2881:
2875:
2864:
2854:
2845:
2836:
2822:
2811:
2802:
2796:
2777:
2771:
2748:
2742:
2731:
2720:. Retrieved
2716:the original
2707:
2698:
2691:Duffy (2003)
2676:Duffy (2003)
2671:
2664:Duffy (2003)
2659:
2650:
2641:
2630:. Retrieved
2626:the original
2616:
2605:. Retrieved
2586:Duffy (2003)
2581:
2570:. Retrieved
2566:the original
2528:
2521:
2512:
2507:
2498:
2493:
2484:
2478:
2459:
2453:
2445:
2425:
2417:
2410:Duffy (2003)
2405:
2398:Duffy (2003)
2393:
2386:Duffy (2003)
2381:
2374:Duffy (2003)
2369:
2361:
2357:
2338:
2332:
2314:
2303:. Retrieved
2299:the original
2285:
2277:
2260:
2254:
2234:
2227:
2213:
2199:
2180:
2174:
2155:
2125:Hybrid train
2052:narrow gauge
2042:
2034:
2023:
2008:
1985:
1952:
1925:
1886:
1870:Penn Station
1850:
1815:
1779:
1771:GMD SW1200MG
1767:
1689:
1656:
1649:
1645:
1630:
1618:
1591:
1584:
1580:Soviet Union
1570:
1501:
1497:
1485:World War II
1481:
1470:
1462:
1407:
1399:
1392:
1377:
1315:
1283:
1276:
1249:
1222:
1192:spur gearing
1184:
1169:
1146:Buchli drive
1143:
1131:
1099:contact shoe
1092:
1088:
1076:
1059:Trolley pole
1045:
1029:
943:South Africa
940:
932:
910:
899:The Swedish
871:
863:
859:
828:
814:locomotives.
798:
753:
718:
698:
684:
671:World War II
659:
620:
598:
574:KĂĄlmĂĄn KandĂł
571:
509:, between a
488:
455:
439:Harlem River
411:
387:
364:
333:
317:
302:direct-drive
293:
279:
235:
203:
177:, including
167:fossil fuels
151:
135:gas turbines
127:prime movers
113:or on-board
94:
92:
35:
4119:Biogasoline
3833:Solar power
3810:Human power
3701:Switzerland
3691:Former USSR
3664:New Zealand
3497:Fourth rail
3135:23 December
3039:Railway Age
2882:Locomotives
1755:light metro
1641:Novosibirsk
1626:Chelyabinsk
1578:the former
1159:quill drive
1121:One of the
961:(1,500 V);
951:Netherlands
882:commutators
874:three-phase
691:company in
685:Pikku-PĂ€ssi
639:Hegyeshalom
578:Fives-Lille
391:underground
309:commutators
191:solar power
103:electricity
101:powered by
4404:Categories
3602:By country
3492:Third rail
3456:Pantograph
3346:B000RAWB64
3318:. Barton.
3243:B0007JJNNE
3097:2021-03-28
3072:2020-06-07
3024:2019-09-02
3000:2019-09-23
2976:2019-09-23
2947:2009-05-04
2915:2009-08-12
2722:2008-08-11
2712:Siemens AG
2632:2009-12-05
2607:2011-10-26
2572:2008-08-10
2325:9635523130
2305:2008-01-18
2147:References
1980:See also:
1935:See also:
1905:See also:
1785:GO Transit
1718:dual-mode
1559:), c. 1960
1541:See also:
1287:refineries
1103:third rail
1085:Third rail
1071:Pantograph
1052:catenaries
1024:See also:
1003:pantograph
905:thyristors
819:third rail
749:light rail
721:Shinkansen
625:works and
602:Ganz Works
539:commutator
375:Szentendre
271:steeplecab
240:pantograph
171:low-carbon
129:, such as
117:such as a
111:third rail
99:locomotive
4299:Solar bus
4294:Solar car
4279:Multifuel
4104:Biodiesel
4076:Solar bus
4071:Solar car
3861:Solar car
3856:Solar bus
3792:Fuel cell
3654:Lithuania
3609:Australia
3537:Power car
2757:cite book
1995:Australia
1882:dual-mode
1782:Toronto's
1714:operated
1686:, in 1989
1408:In 2020,
1203:engines.
1200:bull gear
1138:jackshaft
989:(750 V).
912:Rectifier
810:-powered
689:Finlayson
641:in 1934.
629:, was an
46:train in
4369:Vactrain
4352:See also
4164:Hydrogen
4154:Wood gas
4066:aircraft
3674:timeline
3659:Malaysia
3392:Archived
3106:cite web
2890:39200150
2066:See also
2048:25 kV AC
1955:25 kV AC
1872:and the
1824:between
1734:between
1716:ALP-45DP
1712:Montreal
1704:GMD GF6C
1587:Vladimir
1531:Class 92
1527:Class 91
1523:Class 90
1519:Class 87
1515:Class 86
1511:Class 76
1438:NER No.1
1326:Scotland
1322:Aberdeen
1235:applied
1172:bi-polar
963:Slovenia
945:and the
648:A Swiss
505:, using
499:Oerlikon
468:and the
352:trolleys
286:Aberdeen
274:switcher
242:was used
89:station.
4238:Propane
4218:Autogas
4088:Biofuel
3953:Pedelec
3823:Pedelec
3711:Ukraine
3629:Germany
3619:Estonia
3614:Austria
3206:Sources
1866:ALP-46s
1856:in the
1652:Irkutsk
1606:Ukraine
1602:Kharkiv
1349:⁄
1241:PRR GG1
1237:classes
1107:subways
967:Belgium
959:Ireland
765:Railjet
733:Germany
709:CC 7107
693:Tampere
635:KomĂĄrom
613:⁄
416:of the
379:GödöllĆ
371:RĂĄckeve
294:Galvani
251:Alco-GE
209:History
187:biomass
119:battery
4359:Maglev
4211:Others
4109:Biogas
3892:engine
3706:Turkey
3696:Sweden
3686:Russia
3681:Poland
3669:Norway
3649:Latvia
3624:France
3366:
3344:
3322:
3303:
3279:
3260:
3241:
3222:
2888:
2784:
2540:
2466:
2438:
2345:
2323:
2242:
2187:
2088:Boxcab
1920:HXD3Ds
1874:Hudson
1830:Boston
1828:, and
1818:Amtrak
1702:, and
1692:Canada
1671:Canada
1572:Russia
1429:Europe
1307:arcing
1305:units
1291:steam-
1196:pinion
1157:. The
1020:these.
979:Russia
975:Poland
812:mining
650:Re 420
543:bogies
383:Csepel
328:Berlin
40:Moscow
3925:motor
3851:boats
3730:Lists
3644:Japan
3634:India
3066:(PDF)
3059:(PDF)
2941:(PDF)
2934:(PDF)
2278:Treni
1965:Japan
1947:WAP-7
1931:India
1901:China
1594:Ć koda
1555:(ĐĐ60
1507:first
1505:were
1418:trams
1245:4-6-0
1017:Metro
983:Spain
971:Italy
955:Japan
926:- or
771:Types
743:, to
737:Spain
729:Italy
533:than
430:Bo+Bo
121:or a
105:from
97:is a
44:Odesa
4049:List
3980:List
3923:and
3639:Iran
3364:ISBN
3342:ASIN
3320:ISBN
3301:ISBN
3277:ISBN
3258:ISBN
3239:ASIN
3220:ISBN
3137:2017
3130:CORE
3112:link
2886:OCLC
2782:ISBN
2763:link
2538:ISBN
2464:ISBN
2436:ISBN
2343:ISBN
2321:ISBN
2240:ISBN
2185:ISBN
2140:Tram
2056:coal
2035:The
2013:and
2009:The
1989:EMUs
1975:EF65
1915:Two
1896:Asia
1876:and
1738:and
1657:The
1637:Omsk
1624:and
1614:EP10
1610:EP20
1598:VL80
1574:and
1529:and
1378:The
1223:The
1176:EP-2
1153:and
1151:SNCF
1126:EP-2
928:IGBT
924:IGCT
735:and
705:E 18
667:SNCF
623:Ganz
565:and
367:BHĂV
338:and
318:The
197:and
109:, a
69:The
58:The
38:The
4129:E85
4091:ICE
2995:REM
2534:IET
2432:264
1820:'s
1761:to
1710:in
1708:Exo
1622:Ufa
1604:in
1324:in
1320:of
1293:or
1217:GG1
936:FL9
922:-,
920:GTO
837:or
821:or
760:ĂBB
725:TGV
513:at
369:):
342:).
326:at
284:of
255:S-1
173:or
141:or
133:or
93:An
85:at
4406::
3359:.
3337:.
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3108:}}
3104:{{
3090:.
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2993:.
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2755:{{
2710:.
2706:.
2683:^
2649:.
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2552:^
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2434:.
2293:.
2269:^
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1698:,
1533:.
1525:,
1521:,
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1336:,
1281:.
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1215:A
981:,
977:,
973:,
969:,
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957:,
953:,
839:DC
835:AC
731:,
606:16
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491:AC
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362:.
265:A
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189:,
185:,
181:,
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3245:.
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3100:.
3075:.
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