1129:
118:
777:
Lean Lent, a thin woman dressed in a humble way, with a dark handkerchief on her head and an empty basket on her arm, represent the transition from the glories of
Carnival to Lenten fasts. They are accompanied by the Paralytic, the Bear Handler, a funny shepherd who dances and rolls on the ground named Toni, an old man with a butt covered with Nutella, a hunchbacked mountaineer whose hump is filled with chestnut urchins, and Bernarda, a man disguised as a baby put in a pannier supported by a fake old woman, and accompanied by another man dressed as a farmer).
53:
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1141:
1165:
295:
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a band, folk groups, women, seniors, and children who embellish the parade with flowers and other small crafts. Everyone wears the traditional red, black and white costume. After having followed the entire Via Roma and upon arrival at the Piazza del Kuerc (the main square of the town) the ancient bell called Bajona starts tolling and a jury draws up a ranking of the best
Pasquali. At the end of the parade, the floats are exhibited in Piazza del Kuerc where they stay until Easter Monday.
76:
571:
45:
908:
65:
835:
84:
610:("the bear is out from its den"). Both celebrated the end of winter and the imminent arrival of spring. The two customs involved walking around the town and inviting people to leave their houses under any pretext, like throwing a large piece of wood or a pot down the stairs. When people ran outside to check what had happened, they were greeted with the shout
831:("the Company of the Fools") who give a public reading of the gossip and complaints that citizens have deposited in a box placed in the square of the Kuerc. The festival also includes a parade along the streets of the historic centre led by the Harlequins of the Company of Mat, with children escorting the PodestĂ .
542:
was the main proponent of the idea, which he first raised with
Mussolini in September 1944. However, the fascist leadership was divided over the plan and only minimal preparatory work was carried out to establish the area as a stronghold. By the time the Allies made their final advance in April 1945,
930:
are allegorical floats with a religious theme, prepared during the winter by the various districts of Bormio (Buglio, Combo, Dossiglio, Dossorovina and
Maggiore) for Easter (Pasqua meaning Easter in Italian). On Easter day, the Pasquali are carried on the shoulders of the boys and are accompanied by
776:
Nowadays, the districts of the towns challenge each other to the sound of allegorical floats, and the parade is attended by traditional masks, eight characters representing traditions, past events, and moments of everyday life: the Old
Carnival, a bearded and joyful man dressed as a mountaineer, and
768:
In the past, it was customary for people to gather all together to dance, sing, eat and drink. Being an agricultural ritual that represents the death of winter and the beginning of summer, Carnival officially began on
January 17 with the parade of the blessed cattle adorned with coloured ribbons. It
392:
court led to a conspiracy to drive the
Protestants out of the valley. The leader of the conspiracy, Giacomo Robustelli of the Planta family, had ties to Madrid, Rome and Paris. On the evening of 18/19 July 1620, a force of Valtellina rebels supported by Austrian and Italian troops marched into
405:
and further down the valley killing every
Protestant that they found. Between 500 and 600 people were killed on that night and in the following four days. The attack drove nearly all the Protestants out of the valley, prevented further Protestant incursions and took the Valtellina out of the
887:
The feast of the conscripts is particularly felt in Alta
Valtellina: in Grosio, for a week, the conscripts meet in a club to celebrate and travel through the streets of the town in a car from which the flag decorated with the symbol of the group waves. On New Year's Eve, amid
678:
when they met. Whoever lost had to pay a pledge; often, the prize at stake was established in advance and the gabinat thus became the object of bets. To win, various strategies were adopted: stalking, disguises, fake illnesses ... Nowadays, it is only the children who do the
945:
sees the inhabitants of the five districts of Bormio compete against each other, divided according to age, in downhill, cross-country, combined, and relay races. The cross-country race takes place through the streets of the town, covered with snow for the purpose.
875:
The duration of the celebration varied from town to town: in Grosio the conscription could last up to ten days, during which the boys and girls met in bars, taverns, or in places specially set up for the purpose. The conscripts had the task of embroidering on the
365:
powers and the local authorities which culminated in the
Valtellina war of 1620–1626. Control over the routes through the Valtellina to the passes between Lombardy and the Danube watershed was at stake as it formed part of the so-called
646:
or in front of the church, to prevent the old year from leaving. The next morning, the owners of the stolen objects had to go and recover them, dismantling the barricade and metaphorically opening up the way to the new year.
119:
773:, with which the paths were cleared to facilitate the passage of farmers, their agricultural vehicles and their livestock. A straw puppet with horns on his head representing the Carnival was also burnt.
1016:
of at least 11%. Yields for the DOCG wines are further restricted to a maximum of 8 tonnes/ha. While the ageing requirements are the same as the DOC, the minimum alcohol level for the DOCG wine is 12%.
473:
At the end of the 19th century, there was substantial migration out of the Valtellina for reasons of the prevailing economically depressed conditions of the region and for young men to avoid
884:("cheers to the year...") followed by the year of birth: nowadays, conscripts hang a tricolour banner with the same wording and the names (or nicknames) of the members of the group.
1808:
900:, they entrust the flag to conscripts one year younger, after having it blessed in church. Each group chooses different coloured sweatshirts and decorates the tricolour with a
706:
means "night", therefore "night of gifts"): on the eve of these holidays, the poor young people sang in front of the doors of the wealthiest in the hope to receive a gift.
860:
was originally a celebration on the occasion of the call to the draft: the tradition seems to have originated in the second half of the nineteenth century with the
1045:
1029:
1657:
380:) against Catholics in the Leagues and Valtellina. This included the arresting under false pretences and torturing to death of the (catholic) arch-priest
1128:
674:
and in exchange, they would receive a handful of cooked chestnuts, some sweets or dried fruit. The adults competed to precede the other in exclaiming
1021:
1693:
991:
1114:
The Rupe Magna, a unique large rock with more than 5,000 engraved figures dating from between the 4th and 1st millennia BCE, can be found at the
427:
in which all three signatories agreed to re-establish the territory of Valtellina by attempting to remove Spanish forces stationed there.
1759:
1033:
1025:
864:
when young men were forced to serve a period in the Army. The feast of the conscripts of eighteen-year-olds was therefore a kind of
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1438:
1411:
1152:
1818:
1357:
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power at 3,600 V, with a maximum speed of 70 km/h. The system was designed by the brilliant Hungarian engineer
538:(RSI) proposed making a "last stand" against the advancing Allied armies in the Valtellina. The Fascist Party secretary
374:
put together a court named 'clerical overseers' that between 1618 and 1620 handed down a number of convictions (often
179:
pass between northern Italy and Germany. The control of the Valtellina was much sought after, particularly during the
1731:
1255:
880:
the symbol and possibly the motto that the group had chosen. On the walls of the villages, it was customary to write
729:
to call the grass and awaken it from its winter slumber. This custom also served to propitiate a bountiful harvest.
338:
and Italian are all spoken, and hence during 16th-century rule by GraubĂĽnden, the region became known variously as
322:(the "Grey Leagues"), which was then a mutual-defence region independent of Switzerland but is now the easternmost
1095:. The mountains of the Valtellina offer numerous possibilities for sports activities: skiing and winter sports in
1621:
634:(literally "to put the year across") also celebrated New Year's Eve: during the night young people used to build
459:
1813:
1639:
485:
261:
1107:, hiking and biking in the same locations and especially in the secondary valleys, and rock climbing in the
1803:
1798:
1701:
1115:
462:, which was a constituent land of the Austrian Empire. In 1859 it came, together with Lombardy, to the
489:
560:
443:
in Northern Italy. On 10 October 1797, the French supported a revolt in the Valtellina against the
38:
535:
1304:
579:
424:
323:
1746:
1585:
436:
361:, the Valtellina was a theatre of intense military and diplomatic struggle among France, the
861:
358:
273:
180:
26:
1055:, the valley in the GraubĂĽnden canton of Switzerland that descends into the Valtellina at
670:(Switzerland). Traditionally, children would suddenly enter other people's homes shouting
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8:
1239:
1196:
839:
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463:
228:
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1184:
695:
517:
455:
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420:
1537:
1499:
1481:
1727:
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1434:
1407:
1251:
815:, during the day of the Carnival of the Fools, the Mayor hands over his power to the
478:
376:
1319:
412:
1080:
1040:. The village names are normally indicated on the label. Additionally, there is an
955:
877:
758:
606:("January's out"), a custom very similar to that celebrated on 2 February known as
564:
544:
527:
467:
410:. The killings in Valtellina were part of the conflicts in GraubĂĽnden known as the
335:
331:
249:
148:
130:
107:
52:
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1428:
1401:
1226:
1214:
1202:
1076:
865:
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551:, barely short of the Valtellina, ended any possibility of a fascist last stand.
548:
347:
294:
68:
30:
1570:
Antonioli, Gabriele; Ghilotti, Paolo; Mambretti, Ivan; Rinaldi, Giacomo (2018).
1350:
1344:
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381:
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1272:
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996:
285:
88:
1792:
1774:
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1220:
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and began killing Protestants. When they finished in Tirano, they marched to
371:
319:
299:
642:, benches, agricultural tools, logs, stairs, sledges, and carts in the main
444:
327:
1092:
999:
980:
857:
718:
523:
484:
Industrially, the area is famous as the home of the world's first mainline
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367:
303:
289:
245:
224:
184:
159:
region of northern Italy, bordering Switzerland. Today it is known for its
75:
57:
911:
One of the religious floats carried on the shoulders by the "Pasquali" of
1060:
1003:
725:("call the grass"). The children walked in the meadows making noise with
683:, and they usually show up to relatives, friends, and local shopkeepers.
643:
493:
318:
During the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, the Valtellina belonged to the
269:
175:, named after the river Bitto) and wines. In past centuries it was a key
60:(upper left), Upper Valtellina (upper right) and Valtellina (lower part)
1603:
1108:
1088:
1059:, similar wines are produced – but under different regulations such as
257:
164:
160:
1675:
820:
570:
889:
824:
789:
749:
is celebrated, unlike the rest of Valtellina, on the first Sunday of
635:
307:
547:. In any event, Mussolini's capture on 27 April by the partisans at
268:
gained control over the area after 720, but about fifty years later
1037:
973:
746:
591:
501:
362:
265:
208:
168:
156:
44:
907:
64:
1569:
1104:
1041:
1008:
897:
893:
792:
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691:
531:
402:
385:
220:
200:
709:
1375:"Ernesto Genoni: Australia’s pioneer of biodynamic agriculture"
1119:
1100:
1096:
1084:
1075:
One of the most notable tourist attractions of the area is the
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912:
901:
812:
742:
663:
575:
398:
394:
389:
311:
216:
212:
204:
196:
802:
451:
in French and English), and it joined the Cisalpine Republic.
276:
near Paris. Later the valley returned to the Bishop of Como.
253:
227:, it is considered part of Valtellina as it falls within the
172:
1751:
1658:"Coscritti sì, ma responsabili. Dopo la festa fanno pulizia"
834:
83:
799:
were eaten to propitiate the abundance of livestock parts.
750:
639:
505:
176:
48:
Map of the Province of Sondrio, where Valtellina is located
1006:
for at least two years prior to release (three years if a
838:"Cheers to the year 1930" written on one of the doors of
223:. Although Livigno is on the northern side of the alpine
795:
mixed with slices of cheese and cut into the shape of a
388:. This and similar harsh judgments of the anti-Habsburg
1500:"Calendario di Valtellina e Valchiavenna – 31 dicembre"
511:
1809:
Geographical, historical and cultural regions of Italy
1482:"Calendario di Valtellina e Valchiavenna – 2 febbraio"
1351:
868:
to adulthood. Today is simply the celebration of the
574:
Panorama of the Valtellina from Alpe Piazzola in the
1345:
1339:
1002:
of 12 tonnes per hectare. The finished wine must be
845:
1554:
1538:"Calendario di Valtellina e Valchiavenna – 1 marzo"
1250:Further reading: F Pieth: BĂĽndnergeschichte, 1982,
732:
717:On the first of March, throughout Valtellina and
1790:
1521:
992:Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita
239:
904:that represents the group's motto or identity.
694:, Germany, where Christmas, New Year's Eve and
481:, was a popular destination for such migrants.
102:(occasionally spelled as two words in English:
968:In Valtellina, wines are produced mainly from
1676:"Pasqua a Bormio? In compagnia dei Pasquali!"
1328:
1285:
543:the Valtellina was not ready to be used as a
500:who was employed by the main contractors the
138:
79:A view of the Valtellina from Castel Grumello
1279:
1273:
466:, and finally in 1861 it became part of the
1747:An extensive history of the Valtellina area
1522:Antonioli, Gabriele; Bracchi, Remo (1995).
1079:("Trenino Rosso", little red train) of the
1020:The best-known villages for red wines are:
458:in 1815, the Valtellina became part of the
1460:. Taylor Trade Publications. p. 269.
1433:. Taylor Trade Publications. p. 168.
934:
559:The official language is Italian, but the
430:
1640:"Celebrato l'anno dei coscritti del 2001"
666:, in the Upper Valley, and in the nearby
662:is still celebrated today, especially in
602:On 31 January there was the tradition of
330:. GraubĂĽnden is an area in which German,
244:The region was conquered in 16 BC by the
1716:
1369:
1367:
1298:
1063:and the allowance of sugar addition, or
959:
906:
833:
698:were indicated with the name Geb-nacht (
569:
293:
82:
74:
63:
51:
43:
1557:Mazzo tra storia, tradizione e leggenda
1457:Mussolini: The Last 600 Days of Il Duce
1453:
1430:Mussolini: The Last 600 Days of Il Duce
1426:
554:
71:(3,678m) in the north of the Valtellina
1791:
1574:. Villa di Tirano: Tipografia Poletti.
1313:
1262:
1217:(Priest, mathematician and astronomer)
1170:Rock Engraving Park-Grosio; Rupe Magna
1158:Rock Engraving Park-Grosio; Rupe Magna
279:
1622:"Cosa sai della festa dei coscritti?"
1517:
1515:
1513:
1399:
1364:
979:) with other minor varieties such as
1358:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
1292:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
1134:Bernina Line of the Rhaetian Railway
986:Denominazione di origine controllata
620:
512:Mussolini and the Valtellina Redoubt
419:In February 1623 France, Savoy, and
1146:Tirano - Bernina Line train station
1091:in GraubĂĽnden, Switzerland via the
183:as it was an important part of the
13:
1542:Paesi di Valtellina e Valchiavenna
1510:
1504:Paesi di Valtellina e Valchiavenna
1486:Paesi di Valtellina e Valchiavenna
1377:, Journal of Organics, 1(1):57–81.
370:. The anti-Habsburg forces in the
14:
1830:
1740:
1572:Grosio. Cinquemila anni di storia
1526:. Sondrio: Ramponi Arti Grafiche.
1175:
435:In 1797 the growing power of the
1163:
1151:
1139:
1127:
995:(DOCG). Grapes are limited to a
761:. For this reason, it is called
658:On 6 January, the custom of the
1686:
1668:
1650:
1632:
1614:
1596:
1578:
1563:
1548:
1530:
1492:
1474:
1406:. Routledge. pp. 319–320.
203:; the others major centres are
1559:. Sondrio: Tipografia Bettini.
1524:Dizionario etimologico grosino
1447:
1420:
1393:
1380:
1305:GraubĂĽnden's religious history
650:
91:in the south of the Valtellina
1:
1245:
919:
488:. The electrification of the
416:or Confusion of the Leagues.
314:ruled by it from 1512 to 1797
248:. By the 5th century, it was
240:Antiquity and the middle ages
1555:Associazione Amatia (2013).
983:permitted up to 20% for the
780:During the Carnival period,
190:
7:
1819:Wine regions of Switzerland
1233:
892:and the noise of whistles,
586:
460:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
10:
1835:
1726:pg 143 Firefly Books 2004
1662:La Provincia di Sondrio.it
1388:The Last Days of Mussolini
1205:(Short track speed skater)
1083:, which links the town of
1070:
953:
616:l'è foeu l'ors de la tana!
522:During the last months of
515:
492:took place in 1902, using
283:
234:
29:. For the footballer, see
25:in Valmalenco valley, see
20:
1051:In the lower part of the
1012:bottling) with a minimum
713:(Let's go call the grass)
608:l'è foeu l'ors de la tana
597:l'è foeu l'ors de la tana
490:Ferrovia della Valtellina
171:, cheeses (in particular
1325:accessed 16 January 2012
949:
477:. Australia, especially
354:("Romanic Bailiwicks").
39:Valpelline, Aosta Valley
16:Valley in Northern Italy
1626:Calendario Valtellinese
1087:in the Valtellina with
1044:style DOCG wine called
964:Vineyards in Valtellina
936:Il Palio delle Contrade
807:(Carnival of the fools)
721:, people used to go to
690:most likely comes from
536:Italian Social Republic
526:, the Italian dictator
431:18th and 19th centuries
256:(rural churches with a
139:
134:
1694:"Palio delle contrade"
1644:Prima la Valtellina.it
1400:Clark, Martin (2014).
989:(DOC) and 10% for the
965:
916:
915:traditionally dressed.
842:
583:
315:
302:with the grey area of
152:
144:
111:
92:
80:
72:
61:
49:
1814:Wine regions of Italy
1454:Moseley, Ray (2004).
1427:Moseley, Ray (2004).
963:
941:Started in 1963, the
910:
837:
573:
437:First French Republic
297:
274:Saint Denis Monastery
155:) is a valley in the
86:
78:
67:
55:
47:
1307:(PDF; 3.95 MB)
1199:(Athlete, Skyrunner)
1180:Born in Valtellina:
943:Palio delle Contrade
862:unification of Italy
757:in force before the
561:Valtellinese variety
555:Culture and language
27:Chiesa in Valmalenco
1804:Valleys of Lombardy
1799:Valleys of the Alps
1771: /
1752:Tourist information
1724:Wine Label Language
1373:Paull, John (2014)
1240:Valtellina disaster
1116:Rock Engraving Park
972:(the local name of
896:, motorcycles, and
840:Mazzo di Valtellina
753:, according to the
711:AndĂ a ciamĂ l'erba
612:l'è foeu el sginer!
580:Castello dell'Acqua
540:Alessandro Pavolini
486:electrified railway
464:Kingdom of Sardinia
280:Early modern period
272:gave the valley to
229:province of Sondrio
195:The most important
1664:. 15 January 2015.
1335:Valtellina murders
1191:Deborah Compagnoni
1185:Achille Compagnoni
966:
917:
852:(the conscription)
843:
788:, white flour and
769:included numerous
765:("Old Carnival").
755:Ambrosian calendar
741:In the village of
702:means "gifts" and
686:The custom of the
604:l'è foeu el sginer
593:L'è foeu el sginer
584:
530:and other diehard
518:Valtellina Redoubt
456:Congress of Vienna
441:Cisalpine Republic
316:
93:
81:
73:
62:
50:
1646:. 6 January 2020.
1586:"CarnevĂ l di Mat"
1467:978-1-58979-095-7
1440:978-1-58979-095-7
1413:978-1-317-89840-5
1211:(Ski mountaineer)
823:of the Fools) to
632:intraverser l'ann
622:Intraverser l’ann
479:Western Australia
359:Thirty Years' War
310:, Valtellina and
199:of the valley is
181:Thirty Years' War
128:
1826:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1775:46.167°N 9.867°E
1772:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1734:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1704:on 30 March 2010
1700:. Archived from
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1683:
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1666:
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1648:
1647:
1636:
1630:
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1618:
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1424:
1418:
1417:
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1371:
1362:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1332:
1326:
1324:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1302:
1296:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1266:
1197:Marco De Gasperi
1167:
1155:
1143:
1131:
1081:Rhaetian Railway
956:Lombardia (wine)
829:Compagnia di Mat
759:Gregorian Reform
668:Poschiavo Valley
628:Intraverser l'èn
567:is also spoken.
565:Lombard Language
528:Benito Mussolini
468:Kingdom of Italy
352:Welsche Vogteien
252:with around ten
142:
126:
125:
124:
122:
114:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1823:
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1779:
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1773:
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1762:
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1717:
1707:
1705:
1692:
1691:
1687:
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1638:
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1620:
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1601:
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1568:
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1553:
1549:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1520:
1511:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1398:
1394:
1385:
1381:
1372:
1365:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1267:
1263:
1248:
1236:
1227:Giulio Tremonti
1215:Giuseppe Piazzi
1203:Arianna Fontana
1178:
1171:
1168:
1159:
1156:
1147:
1144:
1135:
1132:
1073:
958:
952:
939:
924:
866:rite of passage
854:
809:
805:Carneval di Mat
739:
715:
656:
625:
600:
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1048:(Sfursat).
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357:During the
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298:Map of the
270:Charlemagne
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1793:Categories
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1246:References
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1089:St. Moritz
954:See also:
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638:of gates,
636:barricades
454:After the
445:GraubĂĽnden
328:GraubĂĽnden
284:See also:
258:baptistery
165:hot spring
161:ski centre
153:Valtellina
143:; German:
100:Valtelline
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1680:Bormio.eu
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825:Harlequin
790:buckwheat
508:company.
344:Westtirol
308:Tre Pievi
225:watershed
191:Geography
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135:Valtelina
33:. For Val
1234:See also
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1038:Maroggia
1034:Valgella
1026:Sassella
1022:Grumello
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928:Pasquali
898:tractors
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727:cowbells
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672:gabinat!
587:Folklore
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363:Habsburg
266:Lombards
209:Morbegno
169:bresaola
157:Lombardy
56:Flag of
21:For the
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1352:Italian
1286:Italian
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1071:Tourism
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997:harvest
821:PodestĂ
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688:gabinat
681:gabinat
676:gabinat
660:gabinat
653:gabinat
563:of the
545:redoubt
532:fascist
504:-based
449:Grisons
403:Sondrio
386:Sondrio
340:Veltlin
336:Lombard
332:Romansh
235:History
221:Livigno
201:Sondrio
149:Italian
145:Veltlin
131:Lombard
112:Vuclina
108:Romansh
98:or the
1766:9°52′E
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1708:6 June
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1340:German
1280:French
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1120:Grosio
1101:Aprica
1097:Bormio
1085:Tirano
1057:Tirano
1036:, and
913:Bormio
902:symbol
813:Bormio
745:, the
743:Grosio
664:Tirano
644:square
576:comune
421:Venice
399:Teglio
395:Tirano
390:Thusis
346:(West
312:Bormio
264:. The
246:Romans
217:Bormio
213:Tirano
205:Aprica
197:comune
177:Alpine
167:spas,
121:listen
23:comune
1390:, 176
1000:yield
950:Wines
704:Nacht
700:Gaben
640:doors
549:Dongo
348:Tyrol
254:pieve
173:Bitto
1728:ISBN
1710:2022
1462:ISBN
1435:ISBN
1408:ISBN
1349:and
1337:in
1283:and
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1004:aged
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856:The
803:The
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751:Lent
733:The
651:The
595:and
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288:and
219:and
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384:of
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35:p
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