2020:
341:, Crystal Palace-Croydon (1906), and many others. Slowing the speed of the cars or keeping it in control on descending gradients, the motors worked as generators and braked the vehicles. The tram cars also had wheel brakes and track slipper brakes which could stop the tram should the electric braking systems fail. In several cases the tram car motors were shunt wound instead of series wound, and the systems on the Crystal Palace line utilized series-parallel controllers. Following a serious accident at Rawtenstall, an embargo was placed on this form of traction in 1911; the regenerative braking system was reintroduced twenty years later.
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1398:. The flywheel stores the energy as rotational kinetic energy. Because the energy is kept as kinetic energy and not transformed into another type of energy this process is efficient. The flywheel can only store so much energy, however, and this is limited by its maximum amount of rotational kinetic energy. This is determined based upon the inertia of the flywheel and its
115:
deceleration to resupply an energy storage solution such as a battery's capacitors; once stored, this power can then be later used to aid forward propulsion. Because of the electrified vehicle architecture required for such a braking system, automotive regenerative brakes are most commonly found on hybrid and electric vehicles.
380:
on the national border to the Port of Narvik, the trains use only a fifth of the power they regenerate. The regenerated energy is sufficient to power the empty trains back up to the national border. Any excess energy from the railway is pumped into the power grid to supply homes and businesses in the
257:
In the 2020s, most vehicles equipped with regenerative braking can completely halt reasonably quickly in One Pedal
Driving mode. Some car models do not illuminate the braking light when engaging in regenerative braking, leading to safety concerns. Most regulations do not mandate the illumination of a
1034:
Many hybrid electric and fully electric vehicles employ regenerative braking in conjunction with friction braking, Regenerative braking systems are not able to fully emulate conventional brake function for drivers, but there are continuing advancements. The calibrations used to determine when energy
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connections are altered to turn them into electrical generators. The motor fields are connected across the main traction generator (MG) and the motor armatures are connected across the load. The MG now excites the motor fields. The rolling locomotive or multiple unit wheels turn the motor armatures,
245:
Early applications commonly suffered from a serious safety hazard: in many early electric vehicles with regenerative braking, the same controller positions were used to apply power and to apply the regenerative brake, with the functions being swapped by a separate manual switch. This led to a number
133:
In addition to improving the overall efficiency of the vehicle, regeneration can significantly extend the life of the braking system. This is because the traditional mechanical parts like discs, calipers, and pads – included for when regenerative braking alone is not sufficient enough to safely stop
793:
Although KERS was still legal in
Formula 1 in the 2010 season, all the teams had agreed not to use it. New rules for the 2011 F1 season which raised the minimum weight limit of the car and driver by 20 kg to 640 kg, along with the FOTA teams agreeing to the use of KERS devices once more,
559:
The main disadvantage of regenerative brakes when compared with dynamic brakes is the need to closely match the generated current with the supply characteristics and increased maintenance cost of the lines. With DC supplies, this requires that the voltage be closely controlled. The AC power supply
227:
On real hills with real traffic speeds, the magnitude of potential energy recoverable during the descent of a vehicle at a slower speed than its terminal speed is substantially greater than that recoverable by bringing the vehicle from even the terminal speed to a complete stop. An example used by
400:
experimental electric car. Designed by Gulton
Industries the motor controller automatically began battery charging when the brake pedal was applied. Many modern hybrid and electric vehicles use this technique to extend the range of the battery pack, especially those using an AC drive train (most
1478:
Regenerative braking has a similar energy equation to the equation for the mechanical flywheel. Regenerative braking is a two-step process involving the motor/generator and the battery. The initial kinetic energy is transformed into electrical energy by the generator and is then converted into
688:
The first of these systems to be revealed was the
Flybrid. This system weighs 24 kg and has an energy capacity of 400 kJ after allowing for internal losses. A maximum power boost of 60 kW (82 PS; 80 hp) for 6.67 seconds is available. The 240 mm diameter flywheel weighs
114:
Typically, regenerative brakes work by driving an electric motor in reverse to recapture energy that would otherwise be lost as heat during braking, effectively turning the traction motor into a generator. Feeding power backwards through the system like this allows the energy harvested from
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featured true regeneration. These two locomotives ran the steam water over the resistor packs, as opposed to air cooling used in most dynamic brakes. This energy displaced the oil normally burned to keep the water hot, and thereby recovered energy that could be used to accelerate again.
668:(CVT). The CPC-KERS is similar as it also forms part of the driveline assembly. However, the whole mechanism including the flywheel sits entirely in the vehicle's hub (looking like a drum brake). In the CPC-KERS, a differential replaces the CVT and transfers torque between the
2503:
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were early examples, which used many switches and modes controlled by an expensive "black box" or "drum switch" as part of their electrical system. These, like the
Krieger design, could only practically be used on downhill portions of a trip, and had to be manually engaged.
1402:. As the car sits idle, little rotational kinetic energy is lost over time so the initial amount of energy in the flywheel can be assumed to equal the final amount of energy distributed by the flywheel. The amount of kinetic energy distributed by the flywheel is therefore:
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of the flywheel, pressure or volume of the flywheel, so only kinetic energy will be considered. As the car is braking, no energy is dispersed by the flywheel, and the only energy into the flywheel is the initial kinetic energy of the car. The equation can be simplified to:
2037:
The DoE states that electric cars convert over 77% of the electrical energy from the grid to power at the wheels. The efficiency of an electric vehicle, taking into account losses due to the electric network, heating, and air conditioning is about 50% according to
467:) released into the atmosphere by around 90,000 tons by regenerating 112,500 megawatt hours of electricity through the use of regenerative braking systems between 2004 and 2007. It was expected that the Delhi Metro would reduce its emissions by over 100,000 tons of
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began testing of their KERS in
September 2008 at the Jerez test track in preparation for the 2009 F1 season, although at that time it was not yet known if they would be operating an electrical or mechanical system. In November 2008 it was announced that
2034:(DoE) shows cars with internal combustion engines as having efficiency of typically 13% in urban driving, 20% in highway conditions. Braking in proportion to the useful mechanic energy amounts to 6/13 i.e. 46% in towns, and 2/20 i.e. 10% on motorways.
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The only work into the generator is the initial kinetic energy of the car and the only work produced by the generator is the electrical energy. Rearranging this equation to solve for the power produced by the generator gives this equation:
285:
and will then convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. Vehicles propelled by electric motors use them as generators when using regenerative braking, braking by transferring mechanical energy from the wheels to an electrical load.
560:
and frequency converter pioneer Miro ZoriÄŤ and his first AC power electronics have also enabled this to be possible with AC supplies. The supply frequency must also be matched (this mainly applies to locomotives where an AC supply is
1998:
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that will be equipped with a kinetic energy recovery system" in 2007. Peugeot was the first manufacturer to unveil a fully functioning LMP1 car in the form of the 908 HY at the 2008 Autosport 1000 km race at
Silverstone.
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to eliminate the use of dynamic brake resistor grids and also eliminates any need for any external power infrastructure to accommodate power recovery allowing self-powered vehicles to employ regenerative braking as well.
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858:(with a maximum power level of 60 kW or 80 hp), as well as the KERS controller for power and battery management. Bosch also offers a range of electric hybrid systems for commercial and light-duty applications.
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In
England, "automatic regenerative control" was introduced to tramway operators by John S. Raworth's Traction Patents 1903–1908, offering them economic and operational benefits as explained in some detail by his son
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to further develop its KERS for McLaren's
Formula One car from 2010 onwards. Both parties believed this collaboration would improve McLaren's KERS system and help the system filter down to road car technology.
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Regenerative braking is not by itself sufficient as the sole means of safely bringing a vehicle to a standstill, or slowing it as required, so it must be used in conjunction with another braking system such as
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An AC/DC rectifier and a very large capacitor may be used to store the regenerated energy, rather than a battery. The use of a capacitor allows much more rapid peak storage of energy, and at higher voltages.
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BMW has used regenerative braking on their E90 3 Series as well as in current models like F25 5 Series under the
EfficientDynamics moniker. Volkswagen have regenerative braking technologies under the
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that is available to balance the car so that it is more predictable when turning. FIA rules also limit the exploitation of the system. The concept of transferring the vehicle's kinetic energy using
224:
The regenerative braking effect available is limited, and mechanical braking is still necessary for substantial speed reductions, to bring a vehicle to a stop, or to hold a vehicle at a standstill.
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team tested their KERS battery for the first time in July: it malfunctioned and caused a fire scare that led to the team's factory being evacuated. The second was less than a week later when a
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Electric cars used regenerative braking since the earliest experiments, but this initially required the driver to flip switches between various operational modes in order to use it. The
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426:) or back into the supply (regenerative braking). Compared to electro-pneumatic friction brakes, braking with the traction motors can be regulated faster improving the performance of
525:" in British English) on electric traction systems, unlike regenerative brakes, dissipate electric energy as heat rather than using it, by passing the current through large banks of
2080:
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The box extending sideways from the roof directly over the word "operation" allows air to freely flow through the resistors of the dynamic brakes on this diesel-electric locomotive.
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Electricity generated by regenerative braking may be fed back into the traction power supply; either offset against other electrical demand on the network at that instant, used for
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on 26 July 2009. Their second KERS equipped car finished fifth. At the following race, Lewis Hamilton became the first driver to take pole position with a KERS car, his teammate,
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The regenerative braking effect drops off at lower speeds and cannot bring a vehicle to a complete halt reasonably quickly with current technology. However, some cars like the
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starting use for the 2013 season. One of the main reasons that not all cars used KERS immediately is because it raises the car's center of gravity, and reduces the amount of
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can bring the vehicle to a complete stop on even surfaces when the driver knows the vehicle's regenerative braking distance. This is referred to as One Pedal Driving (OPD).
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497:, achieved by having small slopes leading up and down from stations. The train is slowed by the climb, and then leaves down a slope, so kinetic energy is converted to
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On electric bicycles, regenerative braking can be used in principle. However, as of 2024 it is rarely used on bicycles, mainly because it requires a direct-drive
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on the way down to Narvik, and these trains generate large amounts of electricity by regenerative braking, with a maximum recuperative braking force of 750
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bicyclists is that during the descent of a hill, approximately three hair dryers' worth of power or some two horsepower is lost to Air drag at terminal speeds.
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For a given direction of travel, current flow through the motor armatures during braking will be opposite to that during motoring. Therefore, the motor exerts
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meant that KERS returned for the 2011 season. This is still optional as it was in the 2009 season; in the 2011 season 3 teams elected not to use it. For the
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won the Belgian Grand Prix with his KERS equipped Ferrari. It was the first time that KERS contributed directly to a race victory, with second placed
886:, although it was not capable of scoring championship points. Peugeot plans also a compressed air regenerative braking powertrain called Hybrid Air.
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118:
This method contrasts with conventional braking systems, where excess kinetic energy is converted to unwanted and wasted heat due to friction in the
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loads are typically in the area of 500 kW year round. Using HEP loads in this way has prompted recent electric locomotive designs such as the
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powered vehicle, the electrical energy generated by the motor is stored chemically in a battery, similar to battery and hybrid electric vehicles.
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Motorsport Service is developing a KERS for use in motor racing. These electricity storage systems for hybrid and engine functions include a
262:(SUA), as the driver could confuse the accelerator as the brake in stressful situations when the latter is seldomly used during OPD driving.
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Braking effort is proportional to the product of the magnetic strength of the field windings, multiplied by that of the armature windings.
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Xtrac and Flybrid are both licensees of Torotrak's technologies, which employ a small and sophisticated ancillary gearbox incorporating a
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chemical energy by the battery. This process is less efficient than the flywheel. The efficiency of the generator can be represented by:
348:
or Georgian railway) started utilizing regenerative braking in the early 1930s. This was especially effective on the steep and dangerous
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was the first commercial car to do this. In 1997 and 1998, engineers Abraham Farag and Loren Majersik were issued two patents for this
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603:. This results in a near constant speed for all trains, as the motors rotate with the supply frequency both when driving and braking.
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car); regenerative braking is normally only applicable to wheels with motors. For safety, the ability to brake all wheels is required.
33:
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braking light when the vehicle decelerates through regenerative braking. The One Pedal Driving (OPD) mode also lead to concerns over
232:
Regenerative and friction braking must both be used, creating the need to control them to produce the required total braking. The GM
2498:{\displaystyle E_{\text{braking}}={\frac {E\cdot \eta _{\text{eng}}\cdot p}{1-\eta _{\text{eng}}\cdot p\cdot \eta _{\text{recup}}}}}
1035:
will be regenerated and when friction braking is used to slow down the vehicle affects the way the driver feels the braking action.
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5.0 kg and revolves at up to 64,500 rpm. Maximum torque is 18 Nm (13.3 ftlbs). The system occupies a volume of 13 litres.
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A Tesla Model S P85+ using regenerative braking power in excess of 60 kW. During regenerative braking the power indicator is green.
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per lap. This was to balance the sport's move from 2.4-litre V8 engines to 1.6-litre V6 engines. The fail-safe settings of the
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The work out of the battery represents the amount of energy produced by the regenerative brakes. This can be represented by:
4306:"TIG/m Modern Street Railways delivering world's greenest streetcars to Aruba in island's transition to 100% sustainability"
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technology: they do not take their power from external sources such as overhead wires when running but are self-powered by
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in the station. This is normally found on the deep tunnel sections of the network and not generally above ground or on the
298:, introduced two important inventions: a constant-speed, non-sparking motor with fixed brushes, and regenerative braking.
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The flywheel collects a percentage of the initial kinetic energy of the car, and this percentage can be represented by
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based systems also exist such as the Cambridge Passenger/Commercial Vehicle Kinetic Energy Recovery System (CPC-KERS).
85:
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In areas where there is a constant need for power unrelated to moving the vehicle, such as electric train heat or
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The energy of a flywheel can be described by this general energy equation, assuming the flywheel is the system:
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Regenerative braking has been in extensive use on railways for many decades. The Baku-Tbilisi-Batumi railway (
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3197:
1007:(while many bicycles use a mid-drive motor which drives the chain), and because it cannot be combined with a
974:
809:, the power output of the MGU-K (The replacement of the KERS and part of the ERS system that also includes a
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the vehicle – will not wear out as quickly as they would in a vehicle relying solely on traditional brakes.
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raced without KERS, and by 2013, with the withdrawal of HRT, all 11 teams on the grid were running KERS.
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system that now supplements KERS came under examination as a contributing factor in the fatal crash of
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126:, energy is recovered by using electric motors as generators but is immediately dissipated as heat in
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have stated that they support responsible solutions to the world's environmental challenges, and the
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Floating electromagnetic brake system- Erik Knuth, Abraham Farag, Loren Majersik, William Borchers
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The higher the efficiency between the electric motor and the wheels, the higher the recuperation.
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has revealed that the factory raced with a secret kinetic energy recovery system (KERS) fitted to
750:
With the introduction of KERS in the 2009 season, four teams used it at some point in the season:
422:
and the motors act as generators, either sending the generated current through onboard resistors (
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4501:
4012:"BlueMotion Technology – Technical glossary – Volkswagen Technology & Service | VW Australia"
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qualifying second. This was also the first instance of an all KERS front row. On 30 August 2009,
716:. Teams began testing systems in 2008: energy can either be stored as mechanical energy (as in a
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38:
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claiming "Actually, I was quicker than Kimi. He only took me because of KERS at the beginning".
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of serious accidents when drivers accidentally accelerated when intending to brake, such as the
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Improvements in electronics allowed this process to be fully automated, starting with 1967's
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Many road vehicles with regenerative braking do not have drive motors on all wheels (as in a
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2925:"Discussion on the 'Regenerative braking of electric vehicles' (Hellmund) Pittsburgh, PA"
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mechanism. Also, the amount of energy regenerated is typically too low to be worthwhile.
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544:. This heat can be used to warm the vehicle interior, or dissipated externally by large
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3956:"Toyota Hybrid Race Car Wins Tokachi 24-Hour Race; In-Wheel Motors and Supercapacitors"
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1993:{\displaystyle W_{\text{out}}={\frac {\eta _{\text{batt}}\eta _{\text{gen}}mv^{2}}{2}}}
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allowed the use of 60 kW (82 PS; 80 hp) KERS in the regulations for the
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2348:{\displaystyle E_{\text{braking}}=(E+E_{\text{recup}})\cdot \eta _{\text{eng}}\cdot p}
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An assumption is made that during braking there is no change in the potential energy,
571:, this load requirement can be utilized as a sink for the recovered energy via modern
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system) was increased from 60 kW to 120 kW and it was allowed to recover 2
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A form of what can be described as regenerative braking is used on some parts of the
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Selected Papers of Richard Feynman: (With Commentary) edited by Laurie M Brown p952
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2853:"China To Ban One-Pedal Driving Mode That Was Widely Blamed for Tesla SUA Crashes"
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the recuperated energy flux, an equilibrium is reached according to the equations
479:
per year once its phase II was complete, through the use of regenerative braking.
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Raworth, A. (1907). "Regenerative control of electric tramcars and locomotives".
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variant of the diesel 908, with KERS. Peugeot planned to campaign the car in the
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on the Norwegian, carries iron ore on the steeply-graded route from the mines in
314:
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4068:"ACO Technical Regulations 2008 for Prototype "LM"P1 and "LM"P2 classes, page 3"
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Alternatives to the internal combustion engine: impacts on environmental quality
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575:. This method has become popular with North American passenger railroads where
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4042:"KTM beats F1 with secret KERS debut! | MotoGP News | February 2009"
2584:{\displaystyle E\cdot (1-\eta _{\text{eng}}\cdot p\cdot \eta _{\text{recup}})}
2023:
Energy efficiency of electric cars in towns and on motorways according to the
1674:{\displaystyle P_{\text{gen}}={\frac {\eta _{\text{gen}}mv^{2}}{2\,\Delta t}}}
443:
Savings of 17%, and less wear on friction braking components, are claimed for
377:
317:
had a drive motor in each front wheel with a second set of parallel windings (
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On motorways, this figure would be 3%, and in cities it would amount to 14%.
2401:{\displaystyle E_{\text{recup}}=\eta _{\text{recup}}\cdot E_{\text{braking}}}
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211:
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Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy - US Department of Energy
3780:"Bosch Developing Modular KERS Systems for Range of Motorsport Applications"
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966:. This was against the rules, so they were banned from doing it afterwards.
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1812:{\displaystyle \eta _{\text{batt}}={\frac {P_{\text{out}}}{P_{\text{in}}}}}
913:
810:
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in England during WW1 used regenerative braking switched in by the driver.
318:
1529:{\displaystyle \eta _{\text{gen}}={\frac {W_{\text{out}}}{W_{\text{in}}}}}
625:, and are under development for road vehicles. KERS was abandoned for the
265:
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2834:"Brake Lights Can Fail to Provide Fair Warning on Some Electric Vehicles"
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into a form that can be either used immediately or stored until needed.
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mechanism that slows down a moving vehicle or object by converting its
2008:
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in Norway to this day. The rail cars are full of thousands of tons of
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is required, for example, to prevent vehicles from rolling down hills.
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The higher the recuperation efficiency, the higher the recuperation.
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which is the recuperated proportion of braking energy. Let us assume
2012:
Energy efficiency of cars in towns and on motorways according to the
1463:{\displaystyle KE_{\text{fly}}={\frac {\eta _{\text{fly}}mv^{2}}{2}}}
1143:{\displaystyle E_{\text{in}}-E_{\text{out}}=\Delta E_{\text{system}}}
1075:
1014:
Regenerative braking is also possible on a non-electric bicycle. The
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1004:
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Kinetic energy recovery systems (KERS) were used for the motor sport
561:
353:
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In 1886 the Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company, founded by
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4073:. Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO). 20 December 2007. Archived from
770:
became the first team to win a F1 GP using a KERS equipped car when
727:
Two minor incidents were reported during testing of KERS systems in
352:. In Scandinavia the Kiruna to Narvik electrified railway, known as
321:) for regenerative braking. The Orwell Electric Truck introduced by
210:
Current regenerative brakes do not immobilize a stationary vehicle;
80:
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2977:. Vol. XX. Carriers Publishing. July–December 1906. p. 20
2632:{\displaystyle \eta _{\text{eng}}\cdot p\cdot \eta _{\text{recup}}}
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3153:
Ayres, Robert U.; McKenna, Richard P. (1972). "The Electric Car".
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Description of the energy flux in the case of regenerative braking
68:
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1913:{\displaystyle P_{\text{out}}={\frac {W_{\text{out}}}{\Delta t}}}
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used this system in some 2018 cars, where it is branded i-ELOOP.
4358:"Is the electric car an ideal solution for tomorrow's mobility?"
3136:"Electric-Car Trivia: When Was Regenerative Braking First Used?"
2647:
The higher the braking proportion, the higher the recuperation.
697:
513:
508:
24:
4710:
4524:
4246:"Benchmarking of Regenerative Braking for a Fully Electric Car"
931:
and Mk7 Golf Estate / Wagon models, other VW group brands like
905:
820:
766:. During the season, Renault and BMW stopped using the system.
584:
580:
434:
365:
361:
2929:
Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers
92:
can return around 20% of its energy usage to the power supply.
5064:
4695:
4599:
4396:
3758:"Formula 1 delays introduction of 'green' engines until 2014"
867:
817:
654:
406:
178:
vehicles use hydraulic motors to store energy in the form of
119:
437:
in a direction that is opposite from the rolling direction.
4717:
940:
932:
541:
381:
region, and the railway is a net generator of electricity.
4251:. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven (TU/e). Archived from
4438:
2773:"How Do Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles Work Using Hydrogen?"
1308:{\displaystyle {\frac {mv^{2}}{2}}=\Delta E_{\text{fly}}}
951:
5024:
Electro-pneumatic brake system on British railway trains
3982:"BMW EfficientDynamics : Brake Energy Regeneration"
3834:. Racecar Engineering. 13 September 2008. Archived from
2820:
Compliant master cylinder- Loren Majersik, Abraham Farag
1059:. Designed and built by TIG/m Modern Street Railways in
301:
Early examples of this system in road vehicles were the
4220:"Best And Worst Electric Cars For Regenerative Braking"
3858:"Hybrid Air, an innovative full hybrid gasoline system"
3345:"Team Lotus, Virgin, HRT F1 to Start 2011 Without KERS"
3045:
Railvolution magazine, 2/11, Kiruna Locomotives, Part 1
2228:
being the energy flux arriving at the electric engine,
1756:
is the initial velocity of the car just before braking.
1365:
is the initial velocity of the car just before braking.
653:
in the 1950s and is exemplified in such systems as the
266:
Conversion to electric energy: the motor as a generator
142:
The most common form of regenerative brake involves an
3288:"Milestones Reached on the Jubilee and Victoria Lines"
333:. These included tramway systems at Devonport (1903),
3806:"Sixt Car Sales | Gebrauchtwagen gĂĽnstig kaufen"
2957:
Jno, Struan; Robertson, T.; Markham, John D. (2007).
2599:
2533:
2513:
2416:
2361:
2290:
2261:
2234:
2214:
2170:
2143:
2114:
2088:
2055:
1934:
1874:
1833:
1771:
1742:
1720:
1695:
1616:
1579:
1550:
1488:
1411:
1377:
1351:
1329:
1266:
1222:
1193:
1164:
1100:
739:
mechanic was given an electric shock when he touched
4386:[Brake energy recovery and its efficiency].
4355:
3911:"F1 KERS; McLaren on track with KERS | People"
3391:
2956:
2044:
Embodied energy#Embodied energy in the energy field
1762:The efficiency of the battery can be described as:
3154:
2899:Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers
2631:
2583:
2519:
2497:
2400:
2347:
2274:
2247:
2220:
2189:
2156:
2126:
2100:
2074:
1992:
1912:
1859:
1811:
1748:
1726:
1704:
1673:
1592:
1563:
1528:
1462:
1390:
1357:
1335:
1307:
1238:
1206:
1177:
1142:
962:'s motorcycle during the 2008 season-ending 125cc
606:
146:functioning as an electric generator. In electric
72:Mechanism for regenerative brake on the roof of a
2746:. Transport for London. July 2008. Archived from
505:sections of the Metropolitan and District Lines.
189:
150:, the electricity generated is fed back into the
5115:
4384:"BremsenergierĂĽckgewinnung und ihr Wirkungsgrad"
4127:"Why Don't More Bikes Use Regenerative Braking?"
3908:
684:A Flybrid Systems kinetic energy recovery system
4270:
3194:"Regenerative braking boosts green credentials"
3063:Næss, Per (3 August 2007). "Evighetsmaskiner".
162:vehicles, the energy is stored chemically in a
3565:
3007:(288). Tramway & Light Railway Society: 5.
720:) or as electrical energy (as in a battery or
364:, in the north of Sweden, down to the port of
4845:
4412:
2974:Transport World The Tramway and Railway World
1016:United States Environmental Protection Agency
509:Comparison of dynamic and regenerative brakes
3509:"Teams Comment on F1's Environmental Future"
3152:
1860:{\displaystyle P_{\text{in}}=P_{\text{gen}}}
1052:
313:in Paris in the 1890s. The Krieger electric
4098:
3480:
3373:BBC TV commentary on German Grand Prix 2009
2961:. Scottish Tramway & Transport Society.
529:. Vehicles that use dynamic brakes include
5019:Electronically controlled pneumatic brakes
5014:Diesel electric locomotive dynamic braking
4852:
4838:
4419:
4405:
4279:"Chatsworth trolley maker is going places"
3161:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p.
2831:
743:'s KERS-equipped car during a test at the
657:, Flybrid, Torotrak and Xtrac used in F1.
4382:Schwarzer, Christoph M. (21 March 2019).
4381:
3600:"KERS failure caused Red Bull fire scare"
3392:Flybrid Systems LLP (10 September 2010).
3338:
3336:
3020:"Susrami Type Locomotoive at Surami Pass"
3017:
1661:
1026:Regenerative Brake Launch Assist (RBLA).
548:-like cowls to house the resistor banks.
254:in 1948, which killed twenty-one people.
4174:Lampton, Christopher (23 January 2009).
3782:. Green Car Congress. 18 November 2008.
3679:"Kinetic Energy Recovery Systems (KERS)"
3568:"2009 FORMULA ONE TECHNICAL REGULATIONS"
3535:"2009 Formula One Technical Regulations"
3342:
3133:
2996:John, Prentice (January–February 2016).
2733:
2199:
2190:{\displaystyle \eta _{\text{recup}}=0.6}
2042:(however for the overall conversion see
2018:
2007:
1246:is the change in energy of the flywheel.
1239:{\displaystyle \Delta E_{\text{system}}}
1048:
696:
679:
512:
269:
79:
67:
49:of all important aspects of the article.
4243:
4201:"Where are regenerative brakes headed?"
4173:
3540:. FIA. 22 December 2006. Archived from
3312:
3290:. London Reconnections. 2 August 2011.
3224:"Delhi Metro prevents 90,000 tons of CO
2896:
2255:the energy flux lost while braking and
2049:Consider the electric motor efficiency
870:have been testing KERS systems. At the
521:What are described as dynamic brakes ("
5116:
4356:Jean-Marc Jancovici (1 October 2017).
4217:
3936:McLaren to work with Freescale on KERS
3909:Lawrence Butcher (18 September 2008).
3812:from the original on 29 September 2009
3729:
3650:
3333:
2952:
2950:
2850:
2075:{\displaystyle \eta _{\text{eng}}=0.5}
1600:is the work produced by the generator.
1473:
45:Please consider expanding the lead to
4988:Westinghouse Brake and Signal Company
4833:
4400:
4276:
4163:from the original on 17 October 2013.
4103:. Racecar Engineering. Archived from
3913:. Racecar Engineering. Archived from
3886:. Popular Science. 25 February 2014.
3860:. PSA-Peugeot-Citroen. Archived from
3824:
3786:from the original on 5 September 2010
3711:from the original on 16 December 2010
3511:. FIA. 8 October 2008. Archived from
3026:from the original on 23 November 2011
1712:is the amount of time the car brakes.
993:
551:General Electric's experimental 1936
4101:"Peugeot Sport Hybrid | People"
3958:. Green Car Congress. 17 July 2007.
3485:. Bhr-technology.com. Archived from
3355:from the original on 4 February 2011
3343:Panzariu, Ovidiu (28 January 2011).
3106:
3079:
3062:
2995:
2869:
2507:It is as though the old energy flux
2157:{\displaystyle \eta _{\text{recup}}}
2082:and the braking proportion in towns
412:
281:, when used in reverse, function as
137:
18:
4218:Berman, Bradley (15 January 2019).
4153:"Hydraulic Hybrid Bicycle Research"
3992:from the original on 6 January 2016
3566:FIA management (22 December 2006).
2947:
1038:
985:, was "studying specific rules for
13:
4859:
4535:Continuously variable transmission
3653:"Raikkonen wins exciting Spa duel"
3319:. Voyageur Press. pp. 59–61.
3294:from the original on 11 March 2014
3234:. 23 February 2009. Archived from
3204:from the original on 11 March 2014
3134:Voelcker, John (10 January 2014).
2248:{\displaystyle E_{\text{braking}}}
2032:United States Department of Energy
2025:United States Department of Energy
1901:
1696:
1662:
1391:{\displaystyle \eta _{\text{fly}}}
1292:
1223:
1214:is the energy out of the flywheel.
1127:
977:, the organizer behind the annual
916:HV-R hybrid race car that won the
838:
666:continuously variable transmission
14:
5150:
4099:Sam Collins (13 September 2008).
4022:from the original on 4 March 2016
3890:from the original on 2 March 2014
3738:from the original on 23 June 2010
3632:from the original on 24 July 2008
3626:"BMW mechanic escapes KERS scare"
3606:from the original on 22 July 2008
3396:. Flybrid Systems. Archived from
3268:from the original on 18 June 2012
3080:Hart, Lee A. (28 December 2013).
2878:from the original on 25 July 2011
2832:Monticello, Mike (26 June 2023).
1081:
1018:, working with students from the
872:2008 1,000 km of Silverstone
637:, all teams were using KERS with
4814:
4813:
4803:
4277:White, Ronald D. (27 May 2015).
4176:"How Regenerative Braking Works"
4048:from the original on 23 May 2011
3962:from the original on 17 May 2011
3659:from the original on 17 May 2014
3651:Whyatt, Chris (30 August 2009).
2851:Agatie, Cristian (31 May 2024).
2275:{\displaystyle E_{\text{recup}}}
1185:is the energy into the flywheel.
1086:
1043:Power consumption is reduced by
401:earlier designs used DC power).
170:, or mechanically in a rotating
23:
4375:
4349:
4324:
4298:
4237:
4211:
4193:
4167:
4145:
4119:
4092:
4060:
4034:
4004:
3974:
3948:
3929:
3902:
3876:
3850:
3798:
3772:
3750:
3730:Benson, Andrew (23 June 2010).
3723:
3697:
3671:
3644:
3628:. autosport.com. 22 July 2008.
3618:
3602:. autosport.com. 17 July 2008.
3592:
3559:
3527:
3501:
3474:
3450:"Torotrak, Xtrac & CVT pdf"
3442:
3412:
3385:
3376:
3367:
3306:
3280:
3250:
3216:
3186:
3146:
3127:
3115:from the original on 4 May 2014
3109:"The 100-Year-Old Electric Car"
3100:
3073:
3056:
3038:
3011:
2989:
2965:
1571:is the work into the generator.
675:
607:Kinetic energy recovery systems
37:may be too short to adequately
5100:Railroad Safety Appliance Act
4983:Westinghouse Air Brake Company
4426:
4244:Varocky, B.J. (January 2011).
4044:. Crash.Net. 4 February 2009.
3681:. Formula1.com. Archived from
2959:The Regenerative Braking Story
2917:
2890:
2863:
2844:
2825:
2808:
2791:
2765:
2661:Kinetic energy recovery system
2578:
2540:
2323:
2304:
1593:{\displaystyle W_{\text{out}}}
1207:{\displaystyle E_{\text{out}}}
946:
731:. The first occurred when the
692:
672:, drive wheel and road wheel.
613:Kinetic energy recovery system
499:gravitational potential energy
323:Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies
260:sudden unintended acceleration
190:Practical regenerative braking
47:provide an accessible overview
1:
5129:Electric vehicle technologies
4570:Automated manual transmission
3198:Railway Gazette International
2727:
2593:The expected gain amounts to
1564:{\displaystyle W_{\text{in}}}
1178:{\displaystyle E_{\text{in}}}
874:, Peugeot Sport unveiled the
861:
3420:"Overview of the IVT system"
2777:Alternative Fuels Datacenter
927:brand in such models as the
850:with scalable capacity or a
649:was postulated by physicist
629:, but re-introduced for the
166:, electrically in a bank of
7:
4645:Semi-automatic transmission
3069:(in Norwegian). p. 28.
3018:Bigpanzer (30 April 2006).
2779:. U.S. Department of Energy
2681:Regenerative shock absorber
2653:
2208:Under these circumstances,
998:
854:, a four to eight kilogram
305:conversions of horse-drawn
10:
5155:
4482:Internal combustion engine
4388:heise online - heise Autos
3884:"The Car That Runs on Air"
2872:"Horseless Carriage: 1906"
2527:was replaced by a new one
2003:
975:Automobile Club de l'Ouest
899:McLaren Electronic Systems
884:2009 Le Mans Series season
610:
289:
5047:
4996:
4960:
4867:
4799:
4781:Hybrid vehicle drivetrain
4768:
4683:
4670:Transmission control unit
4610:Limited-slip differential
4575:Electrorheological clutch
4500:
4447:
4434:
3760:. bbc.co.uk. 29 June 2011
776:2009 Hungarian Grand Prix
553:steam turbine locomotives
16:Energy recovery mechanism
4560:Dual-clutch transmission
3258:"Flywheel firm launches"
3107:Leno, Jay (1 May 2007).
2911:10.1049/jiee-1.1907.0020
1705:{\displaystyle \Delta t}
1063:, USA, the vehicles use
969:
833:2014 Japanese Grand Prix
488:lineside storage systems
356:on the Swedish side and
5029:Emergency brake (train)
4530:Constant-velocity joint
4332:"All-Electric Vehicles"
3313:Solomon, Brian (2014).
3050:29 January 2016 at the
2741:"Transforming the Tube"
1734:is the mass of the car.
1343:is the mass of the car.
1029:
897:would collaborate with
895:Freescale Semiconductor
714:2009 Formula One season
647:flywheel energy storage
627:2010 Formula One season
445:British Rail Class 390s
386:Baker Electric Runabout
4875:Counter-pressure brake
4510:Automatic transmission
3832:"Peugeot Sport Hybrid"
3316:GE and EMD Locomotives
3082:"EV Motor Controllers"
2998:"The Raworth Demi-car"
2870:Dave (16 March 2009).
2716:Electromagnetic clutch
2633:
2585:
2521:
2499:
2402:
2349:
2276:
2249:
2222:
2205:
2191:
2158:
2128:
2102:
2101:{\displaystyle p=0.46}
2076:
2027:
2016:
1994:
1914:
1861:
1813:
1750:
1728:
1706:
1675:
1594:
1565:
1530:
1464:
1392:
1359:
1337:
1309:
1240:
1208:
1179:
1144:
1020:University of Michigan
912:for regeneration on a
702:
685:
518:
451:reduced the amount of
428:wheel slide protection
275:
252:Wädenswil, Switzerland
248:runaway train accident
93:
77:
4895:Electromagnetic brake
4016:www.volkswagen.com.au
3732:"Changes made to F1l"
3573:. FIA. Archived from
3111:. Popular Mechanics.
2676:Regenerative (design)
2671:Electromagnetic brake
2634:
2586:
2522:
2500:
2403:
2350:
2277:
2250:
2223:
2203:
2192:
2159:
2129:
2127:{\displaystyle p=0.1}
2103:
2077:
2022:
2011:
1995:
1915:
1862:
1814:
1751:
1729:
1707:
1676:
1595:
1566:
1531:
1465:
1393:
1360:
1338:
1310:
1241:
1209:
1180:
1145:
866:Automakers including
700:
683:
516:
346:Transcaucasus Railway
311:Louis Antoine Krieger
273:
152:traction power supply
83:
71:
4615:Locking differential
4550:Direct-shift gearbox
3917:on 22 September 2008
2686:Hybrid Synergy Drive
2597:
2531:
2511:
2414:
2359:
2288:
2259:
2232:
2212:
2168:
2141:
2112:
2086:
2053:
1932:
1872:
1831:
1769:
1740:
1718:
1693:
1614:
1577:
1548:
1486:
1409:
1375:
1349:
1327:
1264:
1220:
1191:
1162:
1098:
1045:regenerative braking
964:Valencian Grand Prix
798:, only Marussia and
788:Giancarlo Fisichella
593:steep grade railways
486:loads, or stored in
417:During braking, the
97:Regenerative braking
5009:Diesel brake tender
4640:Preselector gearbox
4620:Manual transmission
4258:on 26 November 2019
4207:. 27 December 2018.
3941:8 June 2011 at the
3515:on 28 December 2008
3264:. 20 January 2011.
3238:on 26 February 2009
2040:Jean-Marc Jancovici
1474:Regenerative brakes
979:24 Hours of Le Mans
929:Volkswagen Golf Mk7
920:race in July 2007.
848:lithium-ion battery
814:waste heat recovery
599:power supplies and
573:AC traction systems
5090:Pearson's Coupling
4977:New York Air Brake
4968:Faiveley Transport
4937:Regenerative brake
4930:Railway disc brake
4890:Eddy current brake
4880:Countersteam brake
4786:Electric generator
4691:Wheel hub assembly
4133:. 8 September 2020
4107:on 13 January 2009
3838:on 13 January 2009
3430:on 14 October 2008
2721:Eddy current brake
2706:Self-winding watch
2629:
2581:
2517:
2495:
2398:
2345:
2272:
2245:
2218:
2206:
2187:
2154:
2124:
2098:
2072:
2028:
2017:
1990:
1910:
1857:
1809:
1746:
1724:
1702:
1671:
1590:
1561:
1526:
1460:
1388:
1355:
1333:
1305:
1236:
1204:
1175:
1140:
994:Civilian transport
703:
686:
591:A small number of
519:
495:London Underground
276:
122:. Similarly, with
94:
90:London Underground
78:
5111:
5110:
5070:Dead man's switch
4920:Railway air brake
4915:Kunze-Knorr brake
4827:
4826:
4580:Epicyclic gearing
4449:Automotive engine
4284:Los Angeles Times
4180:HowStuffWorks.com
3394:"Flybrid Systems"
3172:978-0-8018-1369-6
3140:Green Car Reports
2626:
2607:
2575:
2556:
2520:{\displaystyle E}
2493:
2489:
2470:
2446:
2424:
2395:
2382:
2369:
2336:
2320:
2298:
2269:
2242:
2221:{\displaystyle E}
2178:
2151:
2137:Let us introduce
2108:and on motorways
2063:
2030:A diagram by the
1988:
1968:
1958:
1942:
1908:
1897:
1882:
1854:
1841:
1807:
1804:
1794:
1779:
1749:{\displaystyle v}
1727:{\displaystyle m}
1669:
1640:
1624:
1587:
1558:
1524:
1521:
1511:
1496:
1458:
1438:
1422:
1385:
1358:{\displaystyle v}
1336:{\displaystyle m}
1302:
1287:
1233:
1201:
1172:
1137:
1121:
1108:
1069:lithium batteries
1057:Oranjestad, Aruba
780:Heikki Kovalainen
523:rheostatic brakes
413:Electric railways
303:front-wheel drive
138:General principle
124:rheostatic brakes
64:
63:
5146:
5103:
4854:
4847:
4840:
4831:
4830:
4817:
4816:
4807:
4684:Wheels and tires
4655:Torque converter
4421:
4414:
4407:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4391:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4310:altenergymag.com
4302:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4257:
4250:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4079:
4072:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3952:
3946:
3945:12 November 2008
3933:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3707:. formula1.com.
3701:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3579:
3572:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3546:
3539:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3481:BHR Technology.
3478:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3461:
3455:. Archived from
3454:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3426:. Archived from
3416:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3340:
3331:
3330:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3160:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3084:. Archived from
3077:
3071:
3070:
3060:
3054:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3002:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2954:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2905:(182): 374–386.
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2838:Consumer Reports
2829:
2823:
2812:
2806:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2752:
2745:
2737:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2455:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2431:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2065:
2064:
2061:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1949:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1400:angular velocity
1397:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1268:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1054:
1050:
1039:Streetcars/trams
1022:, developed the
918:Tokachi 24 Hours
768:McLaren Mercedes
601:induction motors
569:air conditioning
564:for DC motors).
478:
477:
476:
466:
465:
464:
296:Frank J. Sprague
212:physical locking
199:-based braking.
182:. In a hydrogen
176:Hydraulic hybrid
156:battery electric
109:potential energy
59:
56:
50:
27:
19:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5134:Energy recovery
5124:Dynamic braking
5114:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5102:(United States)
5101:
5085:Hydraulic brake
5043:
5039:Dowty retarders
4992:
4956:
4905:Heberlein brake
4863:
4858:
4828:
4823:
4795:
4764:
4679:
4675:Universal joint
4605:Hotchkiss drive
4496:
4443:
4430:
4425:
4395:
4380:
4376:
4366:
4364:
4354:
4350:
4340:
4338:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4315:
4313:
4312:. 27 March 2013
4304:
4303:
4299:
4289:
4287:
4275:
4271:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4248:
4242:
4238:
4228:
4226:
4216:
4212:
4205:greeninginc.com
4199:
4198:
4194:
4184:
4182:
4172:
4168:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4136:
4134:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4110:
4108:
4097:
4093:
4083:
4081:
4080:on 25 June 2008
4077:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4051:
4049:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4025:
4023:
4010:
4009:
4005:
3995:
3993:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3965:
3963:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3943:Wayback Machine
3934:
3930:
3920:
3918:
3907:
3903:
3893:
3891:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3867:
3865:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3841:
3839:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3815:
3813:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3789:
3787:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3763:
3761:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3741:
3739:
3728:
3724:
3714:
3712:
3705:"formula1.com/"
3703:
3702:
3698:
3688:
3686:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3662:
3660:
3649:
3645:
3635:
3633:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3609:
3607:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3583:
3581:
3580:on 25 June 2008
3577:
3570:
3564:
3560:
3550:
3548:
3547:on 25 June 2008
3544:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3518:
3516:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3492:
3490:
3479:
3475:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3433:
3431:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3403:
3401:
3400:on 13 July 2010
3390:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3358:
3356:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3311:
3307:
3297:
3295:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3271:
3269:
3262:Railway Gazette
3256:
3255:
3251:
3241:
3239:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3200:. 2 July 2007.
3192:
3191:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3151:
3147:
3132:
3128:
3118:
3116:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3089:
3078:
3074:
3061:
3057:
3052:Wayback Machine
3043:
3039:
3029:
3027:
3016:
3012:
3000:
2994:
2990:
2980:
2978:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2955:
2948:
2938:
2936:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2895:
2891:
2881:
2879:
2868:
2864:
2849:
2845:
2830:
2826:
2813:
2809:
2796:
2792:
2782:
2780:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2696:Dynamic braking
2691:Ram air turbine
2666:Brake (railway)
2656:
2623:
2619:
2604:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2572:
2568:
2553:
2549:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2486:
2482:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2430:
2421:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2392:
2388:
2379:
2375:
2366:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2333:
2329:
2317:
2313:
2295:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2266:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2239:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2006:
1978:
1974:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1939:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1900:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1851:
1847:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1657:
1650:
1646:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1493:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1476:
1448:
1444:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1382:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1299:
1295:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1169:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1134:
1130:
1118:
1114:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1084:
1065:hybrid/electric
1047:on streetcars (
1041:
1032:
1001:
996:
972:
949:
880:hybrid electric
864:
841:
839:Autopart makers
741:Christian Klien
733:Red Bull Racing
701:A KERS flywheel
695:
678:
651:Richard Feynman
615:
609:
535:diesel-electric
531:forklift trucks
511:
490:for later use.
475:
472:
471:
470:
468:
463:
460:
459:
458:
456:
424:dynamic braking
415:
292:
279:Electric motors
268:
219:two-wheel drive
192:
160:hybrid electric
140:
101:energy recovery
60:
54:
51:
44:
32:This article's
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5152:
5142:
5141:
5139:Railway brakes
5136:
5131:
5126:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5080:Engine braking
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5051:
5049:
5048:Related topics
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4970:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4864:
4861:Railway brakes
4857:
4856:
4849:
4842:
4834:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4811:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4776:Electric motor
4772:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4693:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4590:Friction drive
4587:
4585:Fluid coupling
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4506:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4476:Plug-in hybrid
4469:
4464:
4459:
4453:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4424:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4401:
4394:
4393:
4374:
4348:
4323:
4297:
4269:
4236:
4210:
4192:
4166:
4144:
4118:
4091:
4059:
4033:
4003:
3973:
3947:
3928:
3901:
3875:
3849:
3823:
3797:
3771:
3749:
3722:
3696:
3685:on 6 July 2010
3670:
3643:
3617:
3591:
3558:
3526:
3500:
3489:on 7 July 2011
3473:
3462:on 16 May 2011
3441:
3411:
3384:
3375:
3366:
3332:
3325:
3305:
3279:
3249:
3225:
3215:
3185:
3171:
3145:
3126:
3099:
3072:
3055:
3037:
3010:
2988:
2964:
2946:
2916:
2889:
2862:
2857:Auto Evolution
2843:
2824:
2807:
2790:
2764:
2753:on 5 June 2011
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2701:Electric motor
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2603:
2580:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2516:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2451:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2429:
2420:
2391:
2387:
2378:
2374:
2365:
2344:
2341:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2294:
2265:
2238:
2217:
2186:
2183:
2174:
2147:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2071:
2068:
2059:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1987:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1964:
1954:
1947:
1938:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1906:
1903:
1893:
1887:
1878:
1867:
1850:
1846:
1837:
1820:
1819:
1800:
1790:
1784:
1775:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1745:
1735:
1723:
1713:
1701:
1698:
1682:
1681:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1636:
1629:
1620:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1583:
1572:
1554:
1537:
1536:
1517:
1507:
1501:
1492:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1457:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1434:
1427:
1418:
1414:
1381:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1354:
1344:
1332:
1316:
1315:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1197:
1186:
1168:
1151:
1150:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1117:
1113:
1104:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1082:Thermodynamics
1080:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
983:Le Mans Series
981:event and the
971:
968:
948:
945:
910:supercapacitor
876:Peugeot 908 HY
863:
860:
856:electric motor
840:
837:
784:Kimi Räikkönen
772:Lewis Hamilton
722:supercapacitor
694:
691:
677:
674:
611:Main article:
608:
605:
577:head end power
510:
507:
484:head end power
473:
461:
453:carbon dioxide
419:traction motor
414:
411:
331:Alfred Raworth
291:
288:
267:
264:
230:
229:
225:
222:
215:
208:
205:Chevrolet Bolt
191:
188:
180:compressed air
144:electric motor
139:
136:
105:kinetic energy
62:
61:
41:the key points
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5151:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5104:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5060:Bicycle brake
5058:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4997:Other aspects
4995:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4961:Manufacturers
4959:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4900:Exhaust brake
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4885:Dynamic brake
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4855:
4850:
4848:
4843:
4841:
4836:
4835:
4832:
4820:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4801:
4798:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4650:Shift-by-wire
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4487:Petrol engine
4485:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4457:Diesel engine
4455:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4440:
4433:
4429:
4422:
4417:
4415:
4410:
4408:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4389:
4385:
4378:
4363:
4362:jancovici.com
4359:
4352:
4337:
4333:
4327:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4273:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4225:
4221:
4214:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4181:
4177:
4170:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4148:
4132:
4128:
4122:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4076:
4069:
4063:
4047:
4043:
4037:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4007:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3932:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3864:on 4 May 2014
3863:
3859:
3853:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3811:
3808:(in German).
3807:
3801:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3759:
3753:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3658:
3654:
3647:
3631:
3627:
3621:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3543:
3536:
3530:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3488:
3484:
3477:
3458:
3451:
3445:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3399:
3395:
3388:
3379:
3370:
3354:
3350:
3349:Autoevolution
3346:
3339:
3337:
3328:
3326:9781627883979
3322:
3318:
3317:
3309:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3219:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3174:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3149:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3088:on 4 May 2014
3087:
3083:
3076:
3068:
3067:
3059:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3025:
3021:
3014:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2976:
2975:
2968:
2960:
2953:
2951:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2893:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2749:
2742:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2601:
2591:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2514:
2505:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2427:
2418:
2408:
2389:
2385:
2376:
2372:
2363:
2342:
2339:
2330:
2326:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2263:
2236:
2215:
2202:
2198:
2184:
2181:
2172:
2145:
2135:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2069:
2066:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2033:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2010:
1985:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1962:
1952:
1945:
1936:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1904:
1891:
1885:
1876:
1868:
1848:
1844:
1835:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1798:
1788:
1782:
1773:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1743:
1736:
1721:
1714:
1699:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1634:
1627:
1618:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1581:
1573:
1552:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1515:
1505:
1499:
1490:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1432:
1425:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1379:
1352:
1345:
1330:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1296:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1227:
1216:
1195:
1187:
1166:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1131:
1124:
1115:
1111:
1102:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1087:KERS flywheel
1079:
1077:
1074:
1071:augmented by
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1046:
1036:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1006:
991:
988:
984:
980:
976:
967:
965:
961:
957:
956:Harald Bartol
953:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
900:
896:
891:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
836:
834:
830:
829:Jules Bianchi
826:
825:brake-by-wire
822:
819:
815:
812:
808:
803:
801:
797:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
748:
746:
745:Jerez circuit
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
699:
690:
682:
673:
671:
667:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
614:
604:
602:
598:
594:
589:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
565:
563:
557:
554:
549:
547:
543:
539:
536:
532:
528:
524:
515:
506:
504:
503:cut and cover
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
480:
454:
450:
446:
441:
438:
436:
431:
429:
425:
420:
410:
408:
402:
399:
394:
391:
390:Owen Magnetic
387:
382:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
342:
340:
336:
332:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
297:
287:
284:
280:
272:
263:
261:
255:
253:
249:
243:
241:
240:
239:brake-by-wire
235:
226:
223:
220:
216:
213:
209:
206:
202:
201:
200:
198:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
135:
131:
129:
125:
121:
116:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
91:
87:
82:
75:
70:
66:
58:
55:December 2023
48:
42:
40:
35:
30:
26:
21:
20:
4973:Knorr-Bremse
4952:Vacuum brake
4936:
4728:Racing slick
4665:Transfer box
4635:Park-by-wire
4630:Parking pawl
4545:Differential
4520:Direct-drive
4502:Transmission
4492:Steam engine
4437:Part of the
4436:
4390:(in German).
4387:
4377:
4365:. Retrieved
4361:
4351:
4339:. Retrieved
4335:
4326:
4314:. Retrieved
4309:
4300:
4288:. Retrieved
4282:
4272:
4260:. Retrieved
4253:the original
4239:
4227:. Retrieved
4223:
4213:
4204:
4195:
4183:. Retrieved
4179:
4169:
4147:
4135:. Retrieved
4130:
4121:
4109:. Retrieved
4105:the original
4094:
4082:. Retrieved
4075:the original
4062:
4050:. Retrieved
4036:
4024:. Retrieved
4015:
4006:
3994:. Retrieved
3985:
3976:
3966:17 September
3964:. Retrieved
3950:
3931:
3919:. Retrieved
3915:the original
3904:
3892:. Retrieved
3878:
3866:. Retrieved
3862:the original
3852:
3842:13 September
3840:. Retrieved
3836:the original
3826:
3814:. Retrieved
3800:
3788:. Retrieved
3774:
3762:. Retrieved
3752:
3740:. Retrieved
3725:
3713:. Retrieved
3699:
3687:. Retrieved
3683:the original
3673:
3661:. Retrieved
3646:
3634:. Retrieved
3620:
3608:. Retrieved
3594:
3582:. Retrieved
3575:the original
3561:
3549:. Retrieved
3542:the original
3529:
3517:. Retrieved
3513:the original
3503:
3493:17 September
3491:. Retrieved
3487:the original
3476:
3466:17 September
3464:. Retrieved
3457:the original
3444:
3432:. Retrieved
3428:the original
3423:
3414:
3404:17 September
3402:. Retrieved
3398:the original
3387:
3378:
3369:
3357:. Retrieved
3348:
3315:
3308:
3296:. Retrieved
3282:
3270:. Retrieved
3261:
3252:
3240:. Retrieved
3236:the original
3231:
3218:
3206:. Retrieved
3188:
3176:. Retrieved
3156:
3148:
3139:
3129:
3117:. Retrieved
3102:
3090:. Retrieved
3086:the original
3075:
3064:
3058:
3040:
3028:. Retrieved
3013:
3004:
2991:
2979:. Retrieved
2973:
2967:
2958:
2937:. Retrieved
2932:
2928:
2919:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2880:. Retrieved
2865:
2856:
2846:
2837:
2827:
2819:
2810:
2802:
2793:
2781:. Retrieved
2776:
2767:
2755:. Retrieved
2748:the original
2735:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2592:
2506:
2409:
2284:
2207:
2136:
2048:
2036:
2029:
1924:
1821:
1761:
1683:
1605:
1538:
1477:
1370:
1317:
1251:
1152:
1090:
1051:) or trams (
1044:
1042:
1033:
1013:
1002:
973:
960:Tommy Koyama
954:racing boss
950:
922:
904:
888:
865:
842:
811:turbocharger
804:
792:
749:
726:
704:
687:
676:Motor sports
663:
659:Differential
616:
590:
566:
558:
550:
520:
492:
481:
442:
439:
432:
416:
403:
395:
383:
343:
327:
319:bifilar coil
300:
293:
277:
256:
244:
242:technology.
237:
231:
193:
141:
132:
117:
113:
96:
95:
65:
52:
36:
34:lead section
4947:Track brake
4942:Steam brake
4706:Alloy wheel
4565:Drive wheel
4555:Drive shaft
4515:Chain drive
3986:www.bmw.com
3816:15 December
3551:22 December
3232:India Times
947:Motorcycles
908:has used a
807:2014 season
796:2012 season
706:Formula One
693:Formula One
639:Marussia F1
631:2011 season
623:2009 season
619:Formula One
538:locomotives
449:Delhi Metro
398:AMC Amitron
378:Riksgränsen
358:Ofoten Line
350:Surami Pass
335:Rawtenstall
74:Ĺ koda Astra
5118:Categories
5095:Pneumatics
5075:Drum brake
4925:Disc brake
4910:Hand brake
4791:Alternator
4439:Automobile
4428:Powertrain
4367:29 January
4341:29 January
4262:10 October
4084:20 January
3715:4 December
3519:14 January
3483:"Cpc-Kers"
3030:31 January
3022:. Shorpy.
2935:: 68. 1917
2874:. Shorpy.
2814:GM patent
2797:GM patent
2728:References
1076:fuel cells
1061:Chatsworth
925:BlueMotion
862:Car makers
737:BMW Sauber
595:have used
339:Birmingham
283:generators
168:capacitors
86:S7/8 Stock
5055:Air brake
5004:Brake van
4660:Transaxle
4625:Manumatic
4595:Gearshift
4467:Fuel cell
4229:4 October
4224:InsideEVs
4185:4 October
4111:14 August
4052:14 August
4026:3 January
3996:3 January
3921:14 August
3689:14 August
3663:30 August
3434:4 October
3242:14 August
2882:14 August
2711:Brake run
2621:η
2617:⋅
2611:⋅
2602:η
2570:η
2566:⋅
2560:⋅
2551:η
2547:−
2538:⋅
2484:η
2480:⋅
2474:⋅
2465:η
2461:−
2450:⋅
2441:η
2437:⋅
2386:⋅
2377:η
2340:⋅
2331:η
2327:⋅
2173:η
2146:η
2058:η
1963:η
1953:η
1902:Δ
1774:η
1697:Δ
1663:Δ
1635:η
1491:η
1433:η
1380:η
1293:Δ
1224:Δ
1128:Δ
1112:−
1024:hydraulic
1009:freewheel
1005:hub motor
562:rectified
527:resistors
354:Malmbanan
315:landaulet
184:fuel cell
128:resistors
39:summarize
5034:Retarder
4819:Category
4758:Tubeless
4743:Run-flat
4723:Off-road
4540:Coupling
4462:Electric
4161:Archived
4046:Archived
4020:Archived
3990:Archived
3960:Archived
3939:Archived
3888:Archived
3810:Archived
3790:27 April
3784:Archived
3736:Archived
3709:Archived
3657:Archived
3630:Archived
3604:Archived
3424:Torotrak
3353:Archived
3298:11 March
3292:Archived
3272:11 March
3266:Archived
3208:11 March
3202:Archived
3113:Archived
3066:Fremover
3048:Archived
3024:Archived
3005:Tramfare
2981:11 March
2939:11 March
2876:Archived
2783:22 March
2654:See also
1254:enthalpy
1073:hydrogen
999:Bicycles
852:flywheel
774:won the
718:flywheel
670:flywheel
546:radiator
388:and the
370:iron ore
197:friction
172:flywheel
148:railways
3764:27 June
3742:23 June
3734:. BBC.
3655:. BBC.
3636:22 July
3610:22 July
2816:5603217
2799:5775467
2423:braking
2394:braking
2297:braking
2241:braking
2004:In cars
890:McLaren
831:at the
805:In the
764:McLaren
756:Renault
752:Ferrari
643:ballast
597:3-phase
376:. From
290:History
164:battery
88:on the
4809:Portal
4769:Hybrid
4733:Radial
4711:Hubcap
4525:Clutch
4472:Hybrid
4441:series
4316:29 May
4290:28 May
4137:15 May
3584:8 July
3359:1 June
3323:
3169:
2757:28 May
1822:where
1684:where
1539:where
1318:where
1232:system
1153:where
1136:system
906:Toyota
821:joules
762:, and
585:ACS-64
581:ALP-46
540:, and
447:. The
435:torque
366:Narvik
362:Kiruna
120:brakes
99:is an
5065:Brake
4868:Types
4753:Spare
4696:Wheel
4600:Giubo
4256:(PDF)
4249:(PDF)
4131:EVELO
4078:(PDF)
4071:(PDF)
3894:4 May
3868:4 May
3578:(PDF)
3571:(PDF)
3545:(PDF)
3538:(PDF)
3460:(PDF)
3453:(PDF)
3178:4 May
3119:4 May
3092:4 May
3001:(PDF)
2751:(PDF)
2744:(PDF)
2625:recup
2574:recup
2488:recup
2410:thus
2381:recup
2368:recup
2319:recup
2268:recup
2177:recup
2150:recup
1055:) in
970:Races
937:Skoda
914:Supra
868:Honda
844:Bosch
818:mega-
655:Zytek
633:. By
542:trams
407:Mazda
154:. In
4748:Snow
4738:Rain
4718:Tire
4369:2021
4343:2021
4318:2024
4292:2016
4264:2019
4231:2019
4187:2019
4139:2023
4113:2010
4086:2008
4054:2010
4028:2016
3998:2016
3968:2010
3923:2010
3896:2014
3870:2014
3844:2008
3818:2010
3792:2010
3766:2011
3744:2010
3717:2010
3691:2010
3665:2009
3638:2008
3612:2008
3586:2008
3553:2006
3521:2009
3495:2010
3468:2010
3436:2019
3406:2010
3361:2011
3321:ISBN
3300:2014
3274:2014
3244:2010
3210:2014
3180:2014
3167:ISBN
3121:2014
3094:2014
3032:2011
2983:2014
2941:2014
2884:2010
2785:2021
2759:2009
2355:and
2096:0.46
1957:batt
1778:batt
1030:Cars
987:LMP1
941:Audi
939:and
933:SEAT
878:, a
729:2008
635:2013
583:and
307:cabs
234:EV-1
158:and
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