Chinese people in Myanmar

3042: 1665:, a major Burmese retailer that began in Yangon's Chinatown in 1985, is owned by a Burmese family of Hakka ancestry. Moreover, Burmese businessmen of Chinese ancestry control the nations four of the five largest commercial banks, Myanmar Universal Bank, Yoma Bank, Myanmar Mayflower Bank, and the Asia Wealth Bank. As the indigeneous Bamars were known for their graceful hospitality towards non-Burmese ethnics, newly settled Han Chinese immigrants began to capitalize on business opportunities and carving out niches that the Chinese community were well known for specializing in following Burma's acceptance of free-market capitalism in 1988. 1817:

investment, especially catering it towards foreign ethnic Chinese investors, serving as an international overseas Chinese economic outpost. Despite their status as alien minorities, the close relationship between Myanmar's military rulers and the People's Republic of China helped push reform for the Chinese disapora in the 1980s. In additional, Chinese companies tended to hire ethnic Chinese. The rise of China in the 2010s and the influx of "new Chinese" have created unease among the Burmese Chinese who both welcome increased cultural understanding and fear animosity to China's policies being directed at all people of Chinese descent.

1852:(SLORC) junta forcibly relocated Burmese as a means of social control. During the Burmese property boom in the 1990s, Chinese real estate investors began building and speculating as property values doubled and tripled, which resulted indigenous Burmese being pushed further away from the city center of Mandalay. The increased economic clout held in the hands of the Chinese in Burma has triggered distrust, envy, resentment and anti-Chinese hostility among the indigenous Burmese majority. According to Amy Chua, the free market liberalization under SLORC rule brought virtually no economic benefit to the 1315:. In February 1963, the Enterprise Nationalization Law was passed, effectively nationalising all major industries and prohibiting the formation of new factories. This law adversely affected many industrialists and entrepreneurs, especially those without the full citizenship. The government's economic nationalisation program further prohibited foreigners, including the non-citizen Chinese, from owning land, sending remittances, getting business licences and practising medicine. Such policies led to the beginnings of a major exodus of Burmese Chinese to other countries—some 100,000 Chinese left Burma. 3174: 2795: 832: 3160: 2783: 1602: 1354: 2819: 1469:

migrated to Mandalay. The Mandalay's population from about 500,000 in 1980 to one million in 2008 and the percentage of local Burmese reduced to less than 50. Chinese festivals are now firmly embedded in the city's cultural calendar. Mainland Chinese immigrants into Mandalay of this time, came with capital to purchase prime real estate allowing them to take over central Mandalay during the economic crises of the early 1990s. The predominance of Chinese became a source of racial tensions between the two communities.

1882: 1677: 1159: 1366: 1223: 1743: 1094: 2807: 1483: 36: 629: 1377:(SLORC) came to power, and gradually loosened the government's role in the economy, encouraging private sector growth and foreign investment. This liberalisation of state's role in the economy, if slight and uneven, nonetheless gave the ethnic Chinese-led businesses extra space to expand and reassert their economic power. Today, the majority of retail, wholesale and import trade businesses are run by the Burmese Chinese today. 898: 1613:(pejoratively called "coolies"); dockers, municipal workers, rickshaw men, and pony cart drivers. They were also heavily represented in certain professions such as civil servants, university lecturers, pharmacists, opticians, lawyers, engineers, and doctors. In Yangon, the Hokkien community was the dominant business force amongst the Chinese with the Cantonese occupying a smaller niche of artisan and cottage industries.. 1996: 1870: 1203:, lit. "sibling"). During British rule, marriage between the Chinese and Burmese, particularly Chinese men and Burmese women, was the most common form of intermarriage in Burma, as evidenced by a High Court ruling on the legal status of Sino-Burmese marriages under Burmese Buddhist law. From 1935 until the end of British rule, the Chinese were represented in the colonial legislature, the House of Representatives. 1622:

6.7 to 18.3 percent. Of the 47 rice mills in Burma, 13 percent of them were Chinese controlled and were utilized for rice exportation and processing by Chinese rice merchants. During the last few decades of the 19th century, the Chinese diversified into rural money-lending and agenting for petroleum and natural gas. Some businessmen also ran illicit opium and gambling dens, teahouses and liquor stores.

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professional tertiary schools, including medical, engineering, agricultural and economics institutions. Many wealthy Sino-Burmese families send their children to the city's English language schools for primary and secondary education and Chinese and Singaporean Universities for education. Presently, many wealthy Burmese Chinese send their children overseas—in particular to

1650:, entrepreneurial savvy Chinese have "literally taken over the country's entire economy." According to a 2015 presentation by Professor Choi Ho Rim, the contemporary Burmese Chinese are estimated to effectively control approximately 76 percent of the nation's entire economy. Chinese enclaves have sprung up across major cities throughout the country. 1696:'s rule gave Chinese-owned small businesses like restaurants, karoake bars and hotels an advantage in the late 1980s onwards as all businesses had to be built up from nothing. Burmese-Chinese also have small businesses like hawkers who sell bicycle tires or new Chinese immigrant farmers growing rice in northern Burma. 744:) was co-opted as an affectionate term for the Chinese, and is now typically used in the context of diplomatic ties between China and Myanmar. The term itself purportedly originates from a Burmese myth about the Chinese and Burmese peoples as being descendants of the same parents, a dragon princess and a sun god. 1182:. The Chinese quickly became dominant in the highly lucrative rice and gem industries. Many Chinese merchants and traders owning both wholesale and retail businesses. Unlike in British Malaya, where most Chinese were coolie labourers, the Chinese in Burma were largely from the artisan and merchant classes. 1800:

Much of the influx of foreign investment capital into the Burmese economy from mainland and overseas Chinese investors have been channelled through the bamboo network to help launch new companies and executing potential business acquisitions. Burmese Chinese network not just with each other, but also

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Prime real estate in central Mandalay have been bought by wealthy Chinese businessmen and investors. Large commercial real estate projects, such as hotels or shopping centres, are typically developed by Chinese businessmen and real estate investors. The Burmese Chinese business community's impact on

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The Chinese have been the chief driving force behind Burma's gem mining industry and jade exports. Burma's booming gem industry is operated by Chinese hands at every level, from the financiers and concession operators to retail merchants of newly opened gem markets. One Chinese-owned jewelry company

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instigated the 1982 Citizenship Law further restricted Burmese citizenship for Burmese Chinese (as it stratified citizenship into three categories: full, associate, and naturalised) and severely limited Burmese Chinese, especially those without full citizenship and those holding FRCs, from attending

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reported that an increasing number of young Burmese Chinese are expressing interest in Chinese language, taking language courses even when their parents don't understand Chinese. However, this trend is not necessarily indicative of an interest in joining Chinese community or cultural organisations,

1765:

in search of economic opportunity who brought talent, skills, goods and services, and capital, reshaping Mandalay's economic landscape. Arriving impoverished, Burmese businessmen of Chinese ancestry now sit at the helm of the Burmese economy as a prosperous business community. Following Burma's new

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remains Burma's major financial and networking hub for Burmese businessmen and investors of Chinese ancestry with thousands of prospering Chinese businesses in the city. Chinese-owned shops make up 50% of downtown economic activity, with 70% of restaurants and almost all Chinese-made commodity sale

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grocery stores became focal points of economic life throughout small towns in Burma. With growing ambitions, Chinese immigrants sought more aggressive entrepreneurial and investment dealings by venturing into most profitable business opportunities, such as liquour stores and pawn brokerage houses.

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saw Burmese political literature that expressed anti-Chinese sentiment, with many reflecting on "public outrage" at the takeover of Mandalay by Chinese migrants who care not for cultural preservation or local morality. Underlying resentment and bitterness from the impoverished Burmese majority has

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improved their economic positions and controlled a larger proportion of these businesses. The Chinese share of banking, previously at 33.3 percent, was eliminated. However, their share increased in industries like milling, agents, merchanting and most substantially in shop-keeping- which went from

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came to power in 1988. The government forcibly relocated local Burmese to satellite towns as part of a City Beautification and Development Program, allowing incoming Chinese immigrants access to land in central Mandalay. In the 1990s alone, about 250,000 to 300,000 Yunnanese were estimated to have

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The Burmese Chinese place a high importance on education and represent a disproportionately high share of those with advanced (medical, engineering or doctorate) degrees in Myanmar. The figure would be higher still had it not been for the longstanding ban on those without Burmese citizenship from

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himself, Ne Win banned Chinese-language education and created other measures to compel the Chinese to leave. Ne Win's government stoked up racial animosity and ethnic conflicts against the Indians and Chinese Burmese, who were terrorised by Burmese citizens, the most violent riots taking place in

1785:

Recent immigrants from China move to Mandalay for business, without intent to settle there. These "new Chinese" move into new Chinese neighbourhoods outside Mandalay, as the central city's Burmese Chinese areas are too expensive for them. Tensions have grown between local Burmese and new Chinese

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Within every Burmese city and town, stood Chinese-owned general merchandise stores as 40 percent of Burmese Chinese acted as merchants and traders across the country following the Second World War. Chinese-style bakeries and patisseries, noodle stalls, watch repair shops, cosmetic retailers, and

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Despite their status as alien minorities, the close relationship between the military rulers of Burma and the People's Republic of China led to the issues of Burmese Chinese being treated with more sensitivity. Furthermore, Beijing pushed reform for the Chinese disapora in the 1980s and Chinese

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Local Chinese-owned businesses, like noodle stalls and bakeries, that emerged after World War II became focal points of economic life in small towns throughout Burma. Today, Burma's Chinese community is at the forefront of opening up the country's economy to conduct foreign business and direct

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Many artisan products historically produced by the indigenous Burmans have been entirely displaced by cheaper and higher-quality Chinese consumer imports. Chinese equipment imported, however, tend to be low-quality with such exports being produced in exchange for high-quality exports to China.

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Burmese Chinese are a well established middle class ethnic group and are well represented in all upper levels of Burmese society. Burmese Chinese also play a leading role in Burma's business sector and dominate the Burmese economy. In addition, Burmese Chinese have a strong presence in Burma's

1616:

Between 1895 and 1930, Chinese-owned Burmese businesses were initially concentrated within the brokerage, manufacturing, and contracting sectors. Under British colonial rule, the Chinese share of the businesses was reduced in all sectors, but most significantly from 28.5 to 10 percent in

2107:: hong) corresponding to 'Aung'. However, variations of transcription do exist (between dialects), and some Burmese Chinese do not choose to adopt similar-sounding Burmese and Chinese names. Because the Burmese lack surnames, many Burmese Chinese tend to pass on portions of their 1344:

further restricted Burmese citizenship for Burmese Chinese and severely limited them from attending professional tertiary schools. During this period, the country's failing economy and widespread discrimination accelerated an emigration of Burmese Chinese out of Burma.

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In the early 2000s, the Burmese Chinese Chamber of Commerce was founded. It acts as a guild, business networking centre and commercial lookout helping local Business businessmen and ethnic Chinese investors to secure and protect shared economic interests.

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as a nation. However, its own Chinese population was treated as aliens. The Burmese Chinese were issued foreign registration cards (FRC) in a tiered citizenship system adopted by the post-independence government. When the Chinese Communists expelled the

1255:; those who managed to stay prospered. In the 1950s, discriminatory policies against overseas Chinese encompassed citizenship, government employment, approval for business regulations and licensing, loan extensions and permission to make remittances. 1856:

majority but rather the domination and looting of their country by a small handful of outsiders. Many Bamar are additionally unhappy from the dominance of Chinese language, food and a perceived lack of adherence to traditional tenets of Burmese

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publications estimated that ethnic Chinese, who lived in enclaves in the area along Sinohdan, Latha, and Maung Khaing Streets (with Cantonese typically living above Maha Bandula Road and Hokkiens living below), constituted 9.5 per cent of

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Like other Southeast Asian businesses owned by those of Chinese ancestry, Chinese-owned businesses in Burma often forge corporate partnerships with Greater Chinese and other overseas Chinese businesses across the globe through

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since the late 1970s, have allowed them to support their corporate objectives on and private wealth accumulation by introducing the wholesale market of mainland Chinese products into Burma and other Southeast Asian markets.

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continued to flare up and many believed they were covertly supported by the government. Similarly, Chinese shops were looted and set on fire. Public attention was successfully diverted by Ne Win from the uncontrollable

1576:'s government happened in 1963, most Burmese Chinese were enrolled in schools where Mandarin Chinese was the medium of instruction with Burmese as a second language. Notable Chinese schools at that time include: 681:, in the 13th century, during which it referred to the territory and a variety of peoples to the north and northeast of Myanmar. Various scholars have proposed that it comes from the Chinese term for "Turk" (突厥, 1703:

and industrialist Kyaw Win, are prominent examples of Burma's native-born tycoons of Chinese ancestry. Working with and bribing the SLORC government, these men have come to manage major banks, airlines such as

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Essays Offered to G. H. Luce by His Colleagues and Friends in Honour of His Seventy-Fifth Birthday. Volume 1: Papers on Asian History, Religion, Languages, Literature, Music Folklore, and Anthropology

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market transformation, Chinese immigrants from Yunnan were able to illegally obtain identity cards on the black market to become naturalized Burmese citizens overnight. A substantial increase in

1757:

Over the last 30 years, the entrepreneurial Chinese minority transformed Mandalay into a booming modern metropolis filled with foreign businesses and gem trading centers. The country's post-1988

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sector, through Burmese citizen intermediaries of Chinese ancestry. As Mandalay became more economically prosperous, existing Burmese Chinese have facilitated continued immigration from China.

1291:, lit. "Red Chinese") movements. However, fewer than 10 per cent of Burmese Chinese of school age attended Chinese language schools. Similarly, about 80 clan associations operated in the 1950s. 3116:

in search of new opportunities. However, most wealthy Chinese Burmese businessmen have chosen to stay in Burma or have concentrated their efforts on surrounding Southeast Asian markets such as

1210:, displaced Burmese Chinese (whose pre-war homes were in Burma), were the most numerous group of overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia to request repatriation to return to Burma, according to the 1150:

in 1859, the Chinese were the only community that decided to stay behind. Many of their descendants intermarried into the host society and remain important and respected citizens of Amarapura.

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Coolie...quickly became synonymous with the thousands of East and South Asians that traveled to the Americas as part of a system of indentured labor used throughout the British colonies.

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when doing business with each other. They believed that the underlying source for entrepreneurial and investment success relied on the cultivation of personal relationships.

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Beyond sharing a common ethnic ancestry, cultural, linguistic, and familial ties, many Burmese entrepreneurs and investors of Chinese ancestry are strong adherents of the

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who follow Burmese customs are absorbed into and largely indistinguishable from mainstream Burmese society. A large portion of Burmese Chinese is thought to have some

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Lu, Hsin-chun Tasaw (Summer–Fall 2011). "Performativity of Difference: Mapping Public Soundscapes and Performing Nostalgia among Burmese Chinese in Central Rangoon".

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market. These people also typically have friends and extended family members in mainland China. These connections, alongside the economic conditions brought about by

1963:'s rule (1962–1988) enacted the ban on Chinese-language schools that caused a decline of Mandarin speakers, the number of Chinese schools is growing again. (Note: 6101: 1211: 6031: 1841:

been accumulating as indigenous Burmese lack substantial business equity in Burma and have not profited from economic liberalisation like the Burmese Chinese.

6041: 5456: 1178:, and such incentives for work opportunities and enterprise and for accumulating wealth attracted many Chinese immigrants. They primarily came to Burma via 1565:

is also a major destination, as the Taiwanese government offers aid and scholarship incentives to 'returning' overseas Chinese to study and settle there.

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The Yangon Chinatown branch of the retailer Sein Gayha on Maha Bandula Rd near 20th Street also houses Hakka Ying Fo Fui Kun (應和會館), a Hakka Chinese

4401: 6061: 5717: 5981: 5877: 5828: 5732: 5727: 5343: 4021: 6307: 6278: 6263: 6215: 6190: 6146: 5971: 5946: 5793: 5722: 1805:. Moreover, Chinese-owned Burmese businesses form a part of the larger business network of overseas Chinese firms operating in the markets of 6904: 6457: 6288: 6136: 5911: 5867: 5862: 5813: 1899: 1130:(the northern part of present-day Myanmar). Chinese traders, however, travelled as far as the capital city as well as northern towns on the 6437: 6432: 6337: 6195: 5906: 5887: 1661:, Chinese-owned Burmese businesses gain a slight but significant leeway to expand and ultimately assert their economic clout. For example, 2178:, the majority of Chinese surnames are Lim 林, Tan 陈, Yang 杨, Lee 李, Chou 周, Wang 王, Chang 张, Su 苏, Huang 黄, Yeh 叶, Hsu 许, Fang 方 and Wu 吴 1992:

as many of their parents did. Groups like the Myanmar Overseas Young Chinese League report a lack of interest from Burmese Chinese youth.

6357: 6096: 5941: 5852: 5847: 5823: 3384: 5187: 4432: 3708: 2095:, using phonetic transcriptions or translated. For example, a Burmese Chinese person named 'Khin Aung' may have the Chinese name of 慶豐 ( 7579: 7306: 6565: 6447: 6362: 6106: 5986: 4873: 4331: 1669:

Burmese entrepreneurs of Chinese ancestry have become dominant figures in key industries following the economic liberalisation of the

1279:, in Burma, from 65 in 1935 to 259 in 1953 and 259 at its peak in 1962, with many such schools affiliated to the Chinese nationalist ( 6387: 6382: 6377: 6141: 6121: 5991: 5966: 5818: 2849: 1609:

Historically, Burmese Chinese have made their livelihoods as merchants, traders, and shopkeepers as well as manual labourers such as

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1967. All schools were nationalised, including Chinese language schools. Beginning in 1967 and continuing throughout the 1970s,

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the city's development has also been amplified by additional investment from mainland and overseas Chinese investment through

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Lu, Hsin-chun Tasaw (2008). "Festivalizing Thingyan, Negotiating Ethnicity: Burmese Chinese Migrants in Taiwan".

1782:. The influence of mainland China is felt throughout the city, leading locals to call Mandalay a "Chinese city". 1492: 45: 17: 4459: 2910:. These are an established part of today's Burmese cuisine, and are hardly differentiated as a foreign cuisine. 7193: 6558: 2601: 998:

The Hakkas are further subdivided into those with ancestry from Fujian Province and Guangdong Province, called

509: 418: 371: 280: 1304: 668: 647: 588: 7514: 6911: 5617: 4550: 2842: 1231: 437: 299: 7260: 7105: 7046: 7041: 6953: 6749: 6744: 6734: 6626: 2767: 2611: 2508: 1073:, meaning "hybrid") have a tendency to follow the customs of the Chinese more than of the Burmese. Indeed, 4259: 3047:

A streetside vendor in Latha Township (also known as "China Town") selling Chinese baked goods, including

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is also a prominent businessman well known for being at the helm of Burma's largest conglomerate company

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warlord, gaining economic clout by cutting deals with the government to resolve conflict in his native

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Twentieth century impressions of Burma : its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources

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Soldiers and Diplomacy in Burma: Understanding The Foreign Relations Of The Burmese Praetorian State

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Soldiers and Diplomacy in Burma: Understanding The Foreign Relations Of The Burmese Praetorian State

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can be attributed to Chinese influence. The following is a partial list of Chinese contributions to

7477: 7472: 7467: 7343: 7301: 7296: 7088: 6963: 6817: 6783: 6739: 6719: 6677: 5684: 3082: 2835: 2752: 2661: 2643: 2596: 2581: 2571: 2434: 2212: 2031: 1721: 1312: 5606: 1728:, whose investments include a container shipping line, port buildings, and toll road authorities. 1673:

rule in 1989. These include the timber industry- primarily teak- and gemstones- primarily rubies.

7436: 7426: 7067: 7062: 6989: 6667: 6631: 6605: 6600: 4112:(20). Cambridge University Press on behalf of the School of Oriental and African Studies: 78–80. 3146: 2666: 2638: 2561: 2556: 2047: 1758: 1658: 1341: 1263: 1082: 836: 5267: 4161: 3440: 1226:

The Yunnanese Buddhist Temple and Association in Mandalay is a major Chinese temple in the city.

7524: 7291: 6771: 6636: 6500: 5956: 5803: 5431: 5425: 5374: 5368: 5093: 5087: 5007: 5001: 4881: 4774: 4768: 4582: 4576: 2757: 2689: 2618: 2586: 2137: 2034:. There are also some prominent Theravadin Buddhist meditation teacher of Chinese descent like 1496: 1440:

has seen a demographic shift resulting from the recent immigration of many mainland Chinese to

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is home to nearly 100,000 Chinese. The northern region of Myanmar has seen a recent influx of

7502: 6527: 5520: 5514: 3854:(2). Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Southern Political Science Association: 89. 3781: 2115: 2055: 1972: 1953: 1685:

reportedly controls 100 gem mines and produces over 2,000 kilograms of raw rubies annually.

1328: 902: 1617:

manufacturing, 26.6 to 1.8 percent in brokerage, and 31 to 4.3 percent in contracting while

1503: 56: 7188: 6473: 6417: 4983: 4339: 3746: 3276: 1646: 6760: 3254: 2118:, a clan association based in Yangon, the ten most common Chinese surnames in Yangon are: 1507: 1185:

They integrated well into Burmese society not least because they, like the Bamar, were of

60: 8: 7551: 7497: 7110: 7014: 6958: 6929: 6922: 6888: 6881: 5788: 2400: 2385: 5580: 3750: 7462: 7222: 7004: 6984: 6979: 6852: 5561: 4382: 4133: 4113: 4087: 3966: 3906: 3871: 3863: 3828: 3762: 3689: 3645: 3562: 3518: 3217: 2035: 2019: 1945: 698: 211: 5612:

Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China

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Ying, Duan (2017). "Rethinking "pauk-phaw"". In Wong, Bernard; Tan, Chee-Beng (eds.).

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There are substantial Burmese Chinese communities outside of Myanmar, particularly in

3009: 2104: 2100: 2096: 533: 488: 395: 350: 7137: 7098: 7093: 6999: 6916: 6875: 6842: 6809: 5926: 5565: 5524: 5493: 5435: 5378: 5347: 5318: 5293: 5246: 5221: 5193: 5147: 5122: 5097: 5066: 5041: 5011: 4963: 4933: 4908: 4853: 4828: 4803: 4778: 4742: 4717: 4692: 4658: 4633: 4586: 4521: 4490: 4465: 4438: 4386: 4362: 4249:"The Political Economy of China–Myanmar Relations: Strategic and Economic Dimensions" 4140: 4091: 4050: 4025: 3989: 3875: 3832: 3714: 3652: 3604: 3566: 3522: 3356: 3328: 3303: 3226: 3133: 3105:(2008), one of the largest communities outside of Myanmar. Huaxin Street is known as 2523: 2488: 2236: 2023: 1637: 1601: 831: 690: 216: 4288: 4222: 4108:

Murray, Douglas P. (October–December 1964). "Chinese Education in South-East Asia".

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Holmes, Robert A. (1967). "Burmese Domestic Policy: The Politics of Burmanization".

7539: 7534: 7519: 7176: 6994: 6837: 6832: 6766: 6574: 6367: 6091: 6066: 5916: 5737: 5553: 5512: 5146:. A New Republic Book. Yale University Press (published 27 May 2008). p. 105. 4374: 4079: 3958: 3898: 3855: 3820: 3754: 3681: 3672:

Chen, Yi-Sein (1966). "The Chinese in Rangoon during the 18th and 19th Centuries".

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and Burma's open-door immigration policy attracted many poor Chinese migrants from

1631: 1427: 1419: 1276: 1271:'s population. During this period, there was a sharp rise in the number of private 1131: 965: 911: 845: 661: 637: 597: 583: 556: 460: 322: 257: 193: 168: 3811:(2008). "The Modern Burmese Woman and the Politics of Fashion in Colonial Burma". 7509: 7396: 7227: 7132: 7115: 6532: 6517: 6505: 6490: 6268: 6111: 5857: 3159: 3102: 2907: 2863: 2782: 2724: 2699: 2528: 2518: 2493: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2444: 2429: 2405: 2361: 2320: 2292: 2226: 2194: 2043: 1676: 1618: 1569: 1461: 1457: 1441: 1353: 1248: 1158: 173: 7237: 6081: 4191: 2167: 1414:) in the major cities, the Chinese are widely dispersed throughout the country. 1365: 428: 425: 290: 287: 7242: 6822: 6522: 6510: 6495: 6412: 6407: 6372: 6352: 6342: 6322: 6246: 6161: 6051: 6006: 5921: 5808: 5798: 5752: 5694: 3113: 2513: 2503: 2478: 2473: 2415: 2366: 2264: 2149: 2128: 1810: 1795: 1779: 1705: 1272: 1222: 1179: 1114:

The earliest records of Chinese migration into present-day Myanmar were in the

1027: 188: 150: 7232: 3889:

Greene, Katrine R. C. (25 February 1948). "Repatriating China's Expatriates".

3824: 3557: 3541:"The "Pauk Phaw" narrative and China's relations with Myanmar since the 1950s" 3504: 7573: 7159: 6867: 6452: 6427: 6327: 6166: 6156: 6046: 5772: 5742: 5712: 5703: 5627: 4877: 3786: 3389: 3192: 3129: 3078: 2823: 2483: 2390: 2380: 2338: 2315: 2269: 2259: 2155: 2088: 2039: 1976: 1881: 1837: 1806: 1437: 1431: 1397: 1251:. The Burmese government fought and removed the armed KMT and forced them to 1175: 766: 706: 481: 343: 4607:"Marketing, advertising, and communication management using effective tools" 2091:. Given names in various Chinese dialects are often transliterated into the 7205: 6317: 6273: 6181: 6131: 6036: 5951: 5838: 5767: 5653: 5490:

Gateway to the promised land: ethnic cultures on New York's Lower East Side

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Chinese Circulations: Capital, Commodities, and Networks in Southeast Asia

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Stamp, L. Dudley (January 1930). "Burma: An Undeveloped Monsoon Country".

2999: 2038:. There are several notable Chinese temples situated in Yangon, including 7147: 6442: 6347: 6332: 6312: 6298: 6220: 6210: 6126: 6071: 5897: 5762: 5757: 5644:

Southeast Asian Personalities of Chinese Descent: Biographical dictionary

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Identity and Ethnic Relations in Southeast Asia: Racializing Chineseness

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Yian, Goh Geok (2009). "The question of 'China' in Burmese chronicles".

1230:

During the 1950s, Burma was one of the first countries to recognise the

7215: 7198: 7169: 7142: 7120: 6402: 6283: 6236: 6200: 6171: 5936: 5872: 3970: 3910: 3867: 3808: 3693: 3513: 2946: 2926: 2122: 2070: 1937: 1742: 1725: 1445: 1236: 1143: 1047: 788: 613: 5513:

Kathleen Nadeau; Jonathan H. X. Lee; Kathleen M. Nadeau, eds. (2010).

4117: 3766: 1708:, teak logging companies, gemstone mining concessions. Lo was also an 6397: 5931: 5649:

Chinese in Colonial Burma: A Migrant Community in A Multiethnic State

3121: 3086: 3074: 3070: 2891: 2887: 2871: 1929: 1558: 1401: 1333: 1190: 1139: 951: 820: 816: 678: 628: 502: 364: 145: 3962: 3902: 3859: 3846:

Vandenbosch, Amry (February 1947). "The Chinese in Southeast Asia".

3685: 3540: 7210: 6543: 6483: 5399:"Location, location, location: Myanmar's the hot new neighbourhood" 4928:

Gilmour, Karen; Humphries, Anne-Marie; Stonehouse, Phillip (1997).

4905:

The Dragon Looks South: China and Southeast Asia in the New Century

4716:. Brookings Institution Press (published 1 June 1998). p. 72. 3933:. London, New Jersey: Zed Books. pp. 153–154, 225–226, 98, 39. 3758: 3125: 3117: 2956: 2903: 2899: 2879: 2079:, lit. "little flowers") originated from Yunnan are mainly Muslim. 1925: 1858: 1845: 1750: 1737: 1641: 1554: 1550: 1453: 1393: 1389: 1384:

Today, the majority of Burmese Chinese live in the major cities of

1244: 1170:

Another wave of immigration occurred in the 19th century under the

1147: 1039: 812: 130: 125: 3977: 2202: 1770:

has poured in from mainland China, mostly ending up in Mandalay's

1452:. Ethnic Chinese now constitute an estimated 30 to 40 per cent of 897: 7181: 7164: 6392: 6151: 5144:

Charm Offensive: How China's Soft Power Is Transforming the World

3202: 3048: 3029: 3019: 2996: 2966: 2936: 2175: 2066: 2059: 2006: 1995: 1984: 1921: 1917: 1869: 1801:

with senior Burmese government officials through activities like

1689: 1268: 1240: 601: 530: 392: 250: 178: 2161: 6257: 6116: 5747: 3098: 3094: 3062: 3014:: literally "noodles laced in cooked oil," usually with chicken 2986: 2875: 2867: 2027: 1980: 1968: 1960: 1949: 1821: 1762: 1713: 1693: 1610: 1573: 1562: 1545: 1415: 1385: 1358: 1300: 1252: 1174:. Britain encouraged immigration of the Indians and Chinese to 1127: 885: 808: 617: 609: 246: 221: 140: 135: 120: 823:

comprised 30 to 40 per cent of the ethnic Chinese population.

5189:

Business Networks in Asia: Promises, Doubts, and Perspectives

4434:

Business Networks in Asia: Promises, Doubts, and Perspectives

3066: 2976: 2916: 2606: 1952:

are mostly used in Yangon as well as in Lower Myanmar, while

1853: 1709: 1135: 1102: 538: 400: 231: 5268:"Indian Migrants in Myanmar: Emerging Trends and Challenges" 4960:

Chinese Capitalism in Southeast Asia: Cultures and Practices

4739:

Chinese Capitalism in Southeast Asia: Cultures and Practices

4689:

China's Asian Dream: Empire Building Along the New Silk Road

4655:

Chinese Capitalism in Southeast Asia: Cultures and Practices

4630:

Fiery Dragons: Banks, Moneylenders and Microfinance in Burma

4162:"Indian Migrants in Myanmar: Emerging Trends and Challenges" 4047:

Chinese Capitalism in Southeast Asia: Cultures and Practices

3441:"Indian Migrants in Myanmar: Emerging Trends and Challenges" 3327:. National University of Singapore Press. pp. 271–273. 2111:

to future generations, for the purpose of denoting lineage.

1908:

in their daily life. Those with higher education also speak

1640:

in Burmese commerce at every level of society. According to

1046:

diaspora community. They are Chinese Muslims who are called

819:

comprised 45 per cent of the ethnic Chinese population. The

4363:"Negotiating Ethnicity: Burmese Chinese Migrants in Taiwan" 3598: 2051: 1802: 1337: 1085:

through intermarriage with the indigenous Burmese peoples.

5169:"Animosity in a Burmese Hub Deepens as Chinese Get Richer" 5040:. Routledge (published 10 August 2017). pp. 117–127. 4927: 3988:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 122–125. 3581: 2087:

The Burmese Chinese have Burmese names and many also have

1369:

Chinese New Year festivities in Yangon's Chinatown in 2011

705:(大月支 or 大月氏), a Chinese term referring to Mongol-speaking 5611: 4461:

Indian Communities in Southeast Asia (First Reprint 2006)

4406: 1138:. Some of them stayed and started a Chinese community at 1063:) of mixed Chinese and indigenous Burmese parentage. The 514: 376: 5340:

Under Beijing's Shadow: Southeast Asia's China Challenge

4932:. Department Of Foreign Affairs And Trade. p. 135. 4402:"A History Of Indentured Labor Gives 'Coolie' Its Sting" 4018:

Under Beijing's Shadow: Southeast Asia's China Challenge

1900:

Language and overseas Chinese communities § Myanmar

1605:

A baker's shop in Downtown Mandalay's Chinatown in 1886.

787:, spoken in the borderlands between Yunnan Province and 717:

was not an established practice until the 19th century.

4827:. National University of Singapore Press. p. 265. 4332:"Dangerous Anti-Chinese Discontent Growing in Mandalay" 1720:

of Myanmar like any other economic industry. Lo's son,

1422:

migrant workers, black market traders and gamblers. In

1212:

United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration

1873:

Celebrating tour in the Chinese New Year; mainly from

1162:

A portrait of a Sino-Burmese merchant and his wife in

954:. Most migrants from Guangdong Province were artisans. 5317:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 125. 5292:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 144. 5245:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 145. 5220:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 128. 5121:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 128. 4489:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 143. 3027: 3017: 3007: 2994: 2984: 2944: 472: 334: 5516:

Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife

4798:

Chang, Wen-chin; Tagliacozzo, Eric (13 April 2011).

3155: 4930:

The New ASEANs: Vietnam, Burma, Cambodia & Laos

4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 3225:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 1636:Like much of Southeast Asia, ethnic Chinese form a 1464:. The Chinese influx accelerated after the current 1460:, many of whom were recent illegal immigrants from 677:). The earliest evidence of this term dates to the 493: 355: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4360: 4256:Ritsumeikan Annual Review of International Studies 4132: 3644: 3218:"The Ethnic Chinese in Myanmar and their Identity" 3216: 3056: 1831: 1400:, and their surrounding areas. Although there are 1336:, scarcity of consumer items and rising prices of 4308: 3353:Asian Firms: History, Institutions and Management 2878:provinces, with local influences. Spices such as 1822:Confucian paradigm of interpersonal relationships 1081:blood, possibly because immigrants could acquire 7571: 5344:Center for Strategic & International Studies 4921: 4797: 4621: 4215:"Instability Beckons in Wake of Kachin Conflict" 4022:Center for Strategic & International Studies 4002: 3931:Burma – Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity 3539:Zhu, Tingshu; Meyer, Morakot (30 January 2020). 3499:(1). National University of Singapore: 125–152. 3024:: literally "beehoon soup with chicken or pork," 5417: 4995: 4993: 4907:. Praeger (published 1 June 2007). p. 40. 4755: 4570: 4568: 4549:. ASEAN-Korea Centre. p. 9. Archived from 1967:refers to the national language of the PRC and 1754:centres in the whole city being Chinese-owned. 1680:A Chinese-owned Burmese Jade Market in Mandalay 4880:, September 2008 - Vol.16 No.9. Archived from 4424: 4184:"Wa People Rely on Chinese Wages for Survival" 3957:(3). University of California Press: 188–197. 3596: 1916:. The use of Chinese dialects still prevails. 1716:. Like him, many Chinese Burmese dominate the 6559: 5669: 5211: 5209: 5192:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 197-8. 4822: 4246: 4181: 4103: 4101: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3745:(1). American Geographical Society: 107–109. 3545:International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies 3322: 3247: 2974: 2964: 2954: 2934: 2924: 2914: 2843: 2074: 2000: 1405: 1286: 1280: 1198: 1068: 1058: 1013: 1003: 973: 929: 919: 863: 853: 774: 756: 666: 645: 442: 423: 304: 285: 5683: 5031: 5029: 5027: 4990: 4565: 3928: 3897:(4). Institute of Pacific Relations: 44–47. 1786:businesspeople due to cultural differences. 1042:have long been considered distinct from the 608:political scene with several people such as 5618:Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission, R.O.C. 5312: 5287: 5240: 5215: 5141: 5116: 4957: 4802:. Duke University Press. pp. 215–216. 4736: 4652: 4541:Choi (최), Ho-Rim (호 림) (17 November 2015). 4503: 4484: 4044: 3983: 3845: 3706: 3415: 2103:: khèng) corresponding to 'Khin', and '豐' ( 1426:, which borders China in three directions, 979: 935: 869: 729: 6566: 6552: 5676: 5662: 5607:Burma Overseas Chinese Student Association 5206: 4852:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 26. 4457: 4098: 3937: 3140: 2850: 2836: 1589:Rangoon Chinese Elementary School (仰光華僑小學) 1506:. Please do not remove this message until 1381:companies tended to hire ethnic Chinese. 1153: 59:. Please do not remove this message until 7143:Peranakan / Baba Nyonya / Straits Chinese 5024: 4323: 4130: 3556: 3512: 1526:Learn how and when to remove this message 79:Learn how and when to remove this message 5639:Yeo Cheow Kaw and Rangoon Kian Teik Tong 5578: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4902: 4741:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 234–236. 4714:Burma: Prospects for a Democratic Future 4682: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4540: 4464:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 4286: 4258:. Ritsumeikan University. Archived from 3732: 3730: 3713:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 3643:Mya Than (1997). Leo Suryadinata (ed.). 3642: 3538: 3355:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 277. 3214: 1994: 1880: 1868: 1741: 1675: 1625: 1600: 1596: 1502:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1364: 1352: 1221: 1157: 1092: 896: 830: 627: 55:Relevant discussion may be found on the 27:People of Han Chinese descent in Myanmar 7554:of France in the western Indian Ocean. 5623:Chronology of Chinese-Burmese Relations 5430:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. pp. 5373:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. pp. 5337: 5185: 5092:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. pp. 5006:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. pp. 4823:Egreteau, Renaud; Jagan, Larry (2013). 4773:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. pp. 4711: 4627: 4581:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. pp. 4516:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. pp. 4458:Sandhu, K. S.; Mani, A. (2 June 2018). 4430: 4329: 4282: 4280: 4212: 4049:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 244-245. 4015: 3819:(4). Cambridge University Press: 1299. 3486: 3484: 3323:Egreteau, Renaud; Jagan, Larry (2013). 3302:. Institute of SoutheastAsian Studies. 1850:State Law and Order Restoration Council 1731: 1655:State Law and Order Restoration Council 1585:Basic Education High School No. 2 Bahan 1375:State Law and Order Restoration Council 14: 7572: 5265: 5166: 4686: 4399: 4242: 4240: 4159: 4107: 3948: 3888: 3579: 3438: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3350: 3346: 3344: 3297: 1861:by the Chinese community in Mandalay. 1844:Chinese economic clout in cities like 1285:, lit. "White Chinese") or communist ( 994:) from Fujian and Guangdong provinces. 6547: 5657: 5487: 5457:"A new generation of Burmese-Chinese" 5186:Richter, Frank-Jürgen (2 June 1999). 5038:China's Rise and the Chinese Overseas 4986:. IISS Strategic Comments. July 2000. 4946: 4671: 4431:Richter, Frank-Jürgen (2 June 1999). 4304: 4302: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3807: 3736: 3727: 3680:. Artibus Asiae Publishers: 107–111. 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3534: 3532: 3300:Law and the Chinese in Southeast Asia 3269: 1026:In Upper Myanmar and Shan Hills, the 660: 620:having been major political figures. 6573: 5602:Newidea! Myanmar information website 5454: 5423: 5366: 5085: 5060: 5035: 4999: 4976: 4847: 4766: 4574: 4509: 4277: 3780:Aung, Pho Thar (16 September 2003). 3779: 3671: 3665: 3490: 3481: 3432: 2886:are commonly used. Also, the use of 2862:Burmese Chinese cuisine is based on 1956:is well preserved in Upper Myanmar. 1476: 1217: 802: 112:Regions with significant populations 29: 5275:Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs 4962:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 237. 4657:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 244. 4393: 4237: 4169:Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs 3448:Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs 3382: 3369: 3341: 1671:State Peace and Development Council 888:. Most of the Hokkien were traders. 701:; a Chinese corruption of the term 24: 5543: 5315:Ethnic Chinese as Southeast Asians 5290:Ethnic Chinese As Southeast Asians 5243:Ethnic Chinese as Southeast Asians 5218:Ethnic Chinese as Southeast Asians 5119:Ethnic Chinese as Southeast Asians 4487:Ethnic Chinese as Southeast Asians 4299: 4069: 3986:Ethnic Chinese as Southeast Asians 3917: 3710:Ethnic Chinese as Southeast Asians 3647:Ethnic Chinese As Southeast Asians 3617: 3529: 3493:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 3223:Ethnic Chinese as Southeast Asians 3208: 1657:(SLORC) came to power in 1988 and 1592:Kee Mei Elementary School (仰光集美小學) 1583:Nanyang High School (緬甸南洋中學)- now 1580:Burma-Chinese High School (緬甸華僑中學) 901:The Cantonese Chinese founded the 25: 7601: 7580:Burmese people of Chinese descent 5595: 5579:Prentice, David (18 March 2017). 5455:Peng, Qinqin (31 December 2012). 5167:Perlez, Jane (28 November 2016). 4309:Stephen Mansfield (13 May 1999). 3418:"Ethnic tensions grow in Myanmar" 3034:: noodle with thick starchy gravy 1789: 1472: 1294: 720:In the 1940s and 1950s, the term 3707:Suryadinata, Leo (2 June 1997). 3172: 3158: 3040: 2817: 2805: 2793: 2781: 2201: 1944:dialect akin to Cantonese) from 1481: 1122:dynasties. In the 18th century, 34: 5572: 5537: 5506: 5481: 5448: 5391: 5360: 5331: 5306: 5281: 5259: 5234: 5179: 5160: 5135: 5110: 5079: 5054: 4896: 4866: 4841: 4816: 4791: 4730: 4705: 4646: 4599: 4534: 4478: 4451: 4400:Gandhi, L. (25 November 2013). 4354: 4206: 4182:Sai Zom Hseng (18 April 2011). 4175: 4153: 4139:. Georgetown University Press. 4124: 4063: 4038: 3882: 3839: 3801: 3773: 3700: 3590: 3583:Dictionary of Modern Spoken Mon 3573: 3057:Burmese Chinese outside Myanmar 2005:) in Mandalay serves the local 1832:Burmese attitudes and responses 1544:pursuing advanced degrees when 1172:British colonial administration 1109: 596:ethnicity. They are a group of 539: 515: 494: 401: 377: 356: 4984:"China's Ambitions in Myanmar" 4609:. Sein Gay Har Company Limited 4437:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 4311:"Myanmar's Chinese connection" 4289:"The Chinese Road to Mandalay" 3476:字詞【突厥】注音ㄊㄨˊ　ㄐㄩㄝˊ 漢語拼音 tú jué 3454: 3409: 3316: 3298:Hooker, Michael Barry (2002). 3291: 3028: 3008: 2985: 2945: 2018:Most Burmese Chinese practice 473: 443: 424: 335: 305: 286: 13: 1: 5175:(published 27 November 2016). 3240: 3004:: Panthay-style fried noodles 2684:Ingredients and types of food 2114:According to publications of 1813:that also share common ties. 1348: 6699:Democratic Republic of Congo 5142:Kurlantzick, Joshua (2008). 4131:Steinberg, David L. (2002). 3813:The Journal of Asian Studies 3221:. In Leo Suryadinata (ed.). 2768:List of restaurants in China 1538: 892: 623: 7: 4632:. NIAS Press. p. 261. 4361:Hsin-chun Tasaw Lu (2008). 4135:Burma: The State of Myanmar 3416:Sarah Birke (3 July 2010). 3151: 3018: 2995: 2975: 2965: 2955: 2935: 2925: 2915: 2763:List of Chinese restaurants 2022:, while incorporating some 2013: 1904:Most Burmese Chinese speak 1893: 1848:grew at the same time that 1508:conditions to do so are met 1193:, implicit in the nickname 751:, the Chinese are known as 592:), are Burmese citizens of 61:conditions to do so are met 10: 7606: 4903:Percival, Bronson (2007). 3586:. Oxford University Press. 3279:. State.gov. 3 August 2011 3255:"CIA – The World Factbook" 3144: 2374:New Eight Great Traditions 2181: 1897: 1864: 1793: 1735: 1629: 1232:People's Republic of China 1088: 1033: 826: 791:, the word for Chinese is 7548: 7490: 7445: 7419: 7352: 7326: 7319: 7284: 7253: 7081: 7055: 7034: 7027: 6972: 6946: 6866: 6808: 6801: 6712: 6686: 6655: 6619: 6588: 6581: 6466: 6297: 6245: 6229: 6180: 5896: 5837: 5781: 5702: 5691: 5581:"Taiwan's 'Little Burma'" 5313:Suryadinata, Leo (1997). 5288:Suryadinata, Leo (1997). 5241:Suryadinata, Leo (1997). 5216:Suryadinata, Leo (1997). 5202:– via Google Books. 5117:Suryadinata, Leo (1997). 5065:. Springer. p. 155. 5061:Tong, Chee Kiong (2014). 4958:Santasombat, Yos (2017). 4737:Santasombat, Yos (2017). 4653:Santasombat, Yos (2017). 4485:Suryadinata, Leo (1997). 4474:– via Google Books. 4447:– via Google Books. 4045:Santasombat, Yos (2017). 3984:Suryadinata, Leo (1997). 3825:10.1017/S0021911808001782 3723:– via Google Books. 3558:10.21315/ijaps2020.16.1.4 3505:10.1017/s0022463409990282 3351:Tipton, Frank B. (2008). 3081:(such as New York City's 2328:Fourteen Great Traditions 2099:: Khèng-hong), with '慶' ( 2075: 2001: 1877:Chinese teenagers, Yangon 1768:foreign direct investment 1406: 1287: 1281: 1199: 1069: 1059: 1021: 1014: 1004: 974: 958: 930: 920: 905:in Latha Township, Yangon 864: 854: 839:in Latha Township, Yangon 775: 757: 667: 646: 640:, the Chinese are called 587: 565: 555: 550: 529: 522: 508: 501: 487: 480: 466: 459: 454: 450: 436: 417: 412: 391: 384: 370: 363: 349: 342: 328: 321: 316: 312: 298: 279: 275: 271:Chinese people in Myanmar 270: 245: 240: 207: 202: 164: 159: 116: 111: 106: 101: 7585:Ethnic groups in Myanmar 5685:Ethnic groups in Myanmar 5546:Journal of Burma Studies 5338:Hiebert, Murray (2020). 4712:Rotberg, Robert (1998). 4367:Journal of Burma Studies 4213:Wai Moe (15 June 2011). 4016:Hiebert, Murray (2020). 3462: 2941:: fried Chinese doughnut 2753:List of Chinese desserts 2423:Beijing and the vicinity 2351:Sixteen Great Traditions 2082: 1561:, for advanced studies. 1342:The 1982 Citizenship Law 1313:Burmese Way to Socialism 1273:Chinese language schools 835:Hokkien Chinese temple, 419:Traditional Chinese 413:Alternative Chinese name 281:Traditional Chinese 5804:Ka-Yun (Kayan; Padaung) 5614:(Chinese-language only) 4330:Kyi Wai (8 July 2011). 4287:Min Lwin (April 2009). 3848:The Journal of Politics 3600:Shan-English Dictionary 3597:Sao Tern Moeng (1995). 3383:Win, Htet (July 2004). 3147:List of Burmese Chinese 3141:Notable Burmese Chinese 3134:China's economic reform 2971:: thin rice noodle soup 2713:Preparation and cooking 2305:Twelve Great Traditions 2048:Kheng Hock Keong Temple 1987:). At the end of 2012, 1759:economic liberalization 1659:liberalised the economy 1264:Kheng Hock Keong Temple 1154:British Colonial period 1053:Finally, there are the 837:Kheng Hock Keong Temple 438:Simplified Chinese 300:Simplified Chinese 7590:Immigration to Myanmar 5492:. Rodopi. p. 22. 4874:"Tracking the Tycoons" 4628:Turnell, Sean (2009). 4247:Poon Kim Shee (2002). 3651:. St. Martin's Press. 3051:and paste-filled buns. 2758:List of Chinese dishes 2249:Eight Great Traditions 2010: 1890: 1878: 1747: 1681: 1606: 1370: 1362: 1227: 1167: 1106: 906: 840: 697:), the capital of the 633: 632:Chinese in Bhamo, 1900 6467:Unrecognised / Others 5558:10.1353/jbs.2008.0001 5488:Maffi, Mario (1994). 4379:10.1353/jbs.2008.0001 4084:10.1353/amu.2011.0017 3929:Martin Smith (1991). 3580:Shorto, H.L. (1962). 3385:"The Road To Riches?" 3188:China–Burma relations 2748:Customs and etiquette 2452:Other regional styles 2220:Four Great Traditions 2056:Guanyin Gumiao Temple 1998: 1973:Southwestern Mandarin 1885:The Kuan Yin Temple ( 1884: 1872: 1745: 1679: 1626:Commerce and industry 1604: 1597:Historical employment 1368: 1356: 1329:Anti-Indian sentiment 1309:Revolutionary Council 1305:Socialist coup d'état 1275:, primarily teaching 1225: 1161: 1146:moved his capital to 1096: 945:short-sleeved jackets 900: 834: 713:as an exonym for the 665:) and formerly spelt 631: 241:Related ethnic groups 7307:United Arab Emirates 7199:Straits-Born Chinese 5519:. ABC-CLIO. p. 5346:. pp. 111–112. 4884:on 20 September 2010 4687:Miller, Tom (2017). 2981:: thin wheat noodles 2866:, particularly from 2812:Hong Kong portal 2282:Ten Great Traditions 1999:The Panthay Mosque ( 1971:, distinct from the 1732:Migrants to Mandalay 1611:indentured labourers 1247:over the borders of 879:long-sleeved jackets 689:); from the name of 7552:overseas department 6858:Trinidad and Tobago 5266:Chaturvedi, Medha. 4160:Chaturvedi, Medha. 4110:The China Quarterly 4024:. p. 107-109. 3751:1930GeoRv..20...86S 3739:Geographical Review 3439:Chaturvedi, Medha. 2189:Part of a series on 1495:of this section is 1466:military government 1307:, establishing the 1126:princes settled in 1083:Burmese citizenship 1030:predominate there. 495:Mién-thien fà-kiaau 249: • 98: 48:of this article is 7560:Hong Kong Diaspora 6828:Dominican Republic 5853:Mon Kayin (Sarpyu) 5424:Chua, Amy (2003). 5367:Chua, Amy (2003). 5173:The New York Times 5086:Chua, Amy (2003). 5000:Chua, Amy (2003). 4848:Chua, Amy (2003). 4767:Chua, Amy (2003). 4575:Chua, Amy (2003). 4510:Chua, Amy (2003). 3891:Far Eastern Survey 3782:"Tango with China" 3603:. Dunwoody Press. 3101:is home to 40,000 2656:Religious cuisines 2242:Huaiyang (Jiangsu) 2036:Sayadaw U Tejaniya 2030:beliefs including 2020:Theravada Buddhism 2011: 1954:Yunnanese Mandarin 1891: 1879: 1748: 1682: 1607: 1371: 1363: 1325:anti-Chinese riots 1228: 1168: 1107: 952:Guangdong Province 907: 841: 769:, they are called 709:. The adoption of 699:Kingdom of Nanzhao 634: 600:born or raised in 561:မြန်မာတရုတ်လူမျိုး 540:Biān-tián hôa-kiâu 357:Mién-thien fà-ngìn 212:Theravada Buddhism 174:Yunnanese Mandarin 96: 7567: 7566: 7506: 7486: 7485: 7405: 7315: 7314: 7194:Chinese nationals 7121:Peranakan Chinese 7023: 7022: 6936:by city and state 6932: 6925: 6891: 6884: 6797: 6796: 6704:Republic of Congo 6541: 6540: 6152:Zahnyet (Zanniat) 5530:978-0-313-35066-5 5499:978-90-5183-677-6 5469:on 3 January 2013 5441:978-0-385-72186-8 5405:. 30 January 2012 5384:978-0-385-72186-8 5353:978-1-4422-8138-7 5299:978-981-3055-50-6 5199:978-1-56720-302-8 5153:978-0-300-13628-9 5103:978-0-385-72186-8 5072:978-94-007-9518-1 5047:978-1-138-29368-7 5017:978-0-385-72186-8 4969:978-981-10-4695-7 4939:978-0-642-27148-8 4914:978-978-097-899-0 4859:978-0-385-72186-8 4834:978-9971-69-673-3 4809:978-0-8223-4903-7 4784:978-0-385-72186-8 4748:978-981-10-4695-7 4723:978-0-8157-7581-2 4698:978-1-78360-923-9 4664:978-981-10-4695-7 4639:978-87-7694-040-9 4592:978-0-385-72186-8 4527:978-0-385-72186-8 4471:978-981-230-418-6 4444:978-1-56720-302-8 4225:on 18 August 2011 4194:on 4 October 2011 4056:978-981-10-4695-7 4031:978-1-4422-8138-7 3720:978-981-3055-50-6 3397:on 6 October 2010 3362:978-1-84720-514-8 3334:978-9971-69-673-3 3215:Mya Than (1997). 2860: 2859: 2824:Taiwan portal 2356: 2333: 2310: 2287: 2254: 2213:Regional cuisines 2032:ancestral worship 2024:Mahayana Buddhist 1959:Although General 1746:Mandalay at night 1638:dominant minority 1536: 1535: 1528: 1218:Post-independence 989:mid-length sleeve 803:Ancestral origins 569: 568: 546: 545: 510:Yale Romanization 461:Standard Mandarin 408: 407: 402:Biān-tián hôa-jîn 372:Yale Romanization 323:Standard Mandarin 266: 265: 217:Mahayana Buddhism 89: 88: 81: 16:(Redirected from 7597: 7530:Papua New Guinea 7500: 7401: 7324: 7323: 7032: 7031: 6928: 6921: 6895:British Columbia 6887: 6880: 6806: 6805: 6586: 6585: 6575:Overseas Chinese 6568: 6561: 6554: 6545: 6544: 6443:Kaw (Akha-E-Kaw) 6132:Tiddim (Hai-Dim) 6067:Mro-Khimi people 5962:Kaung Saing Chin 5678: 5671: 5664: 5655: 5654: 5589: 5588: 5576: 5570: 5569: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5465:. 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932: 923: 922: 883: 880: 877: 874: 871: 867: 866: 857: 856: 798: 782: 778: 777: 764: 760: 759: 743: 740: 737: 734: 731: 672: 671: 664: 662:[təjoʊʔ] 659: 651: 650: 638:Burmese language 598:overseas Chinese 591: 542: 541: 518: 517: 497: 496: 476: 475: 474:Miǎndiàn huáqiáo 452: 451: 446: 445: 432: 431: 404: 403: 380: 379: 359: 358: 338: 337: 314: 313: 308: 307: 294: 293: 268: 267: 258:Overseas Chinese 194:Standard Chinese 107:1,637,540 (2012) 102:Total population 99: 95: 84: 77: 73: 70: 64: 38: 37: 30: 21: 7605: 7604: 7600: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7595: 7594: 7570: 7569: 7568: 7563: 7562: 7544: 7482: 7441: 7415: 7348: 7311: 7280: 7249: 7126:Bangka-Belitung 7116:Benteng Chinese 7077: 7051: 7019: 6968: 6942: 6862: 6793: 6708: 6682: 6651: 6615: 6577: 6572: 6542: 6537: 6462: 6293: 6284:Mru (Taung Mro) 6248: 6241: 6225: 6176: 6047:Meithei (Kathe) 5997:Lai (Haka Chin) 5892: 5833: 5777: 5748:Lashi (La Chit) 5698: 5687: 5682: 5598: 5593: 5592: 5577: 5573: 5542: 5538: 5531: 5511: 5507: 5500: 5486: 5482: 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2649: 2648: 2547: 2539: 2538: 2353: 2330: 2307: 2284: 2251: 2237:Yue (Guangdong) 2227:Chuan (Sichuan) 2215: 2195:Chinese cuisine 2184: 2085: 2071:Chinese Muslims 2044:Qingshui Zhushi 2016: 1975:dialect of the 1902: 1896: 1867: 1834: 1798: 1792: 1780:bamboo networks 1740: 1734: 1634: 1628: 1619:Burmese Indians 1599: 1570:nationalisation 1541: 1532: 1521: 1515: 1512: 1501: 1486: 1482: 1475: 1442:Mandalay Region 1351: 1297: 1249:Yunnan Province 1239:, many fled to 1220: 1189:stock and were 1166:Rangoon in 1895 1156: 1112: 1091: 1036: 1024: 991: 988: 985: 982: 961: 950:) from Central 947: 944: 941: 938: 903:Kwun Yam Temple 895: 886:Fujian Province 881: 878: 875: 872: 829: 805: 741: 738: 735: 732: 657: 626: 572:Chinese Burmese 336:Miǎndiàn huárén 262: 253: 236: 198: 155: 97:Chinese Burmese 94: 85: 74: 68: 65: 54: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Burmese Chinese 15: 12: 11: 5: 7603: 7593: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7565: 7564: 7549: 7546: 7545: 7543: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7503:from Hong Kong 7494: 7492: 7488: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7458:Czech Republic 7455: 7449: 7447: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7423: 7421: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7413: 7412: 7411: 7406: 7403:from Hong Kong 7397:United Kingdom 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7373: 7372: 7362: 7356: 7354: 7350: 7349: 7347: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7330: 7328: 7321: 7317: 7316: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7288: 7286: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7257: 7255: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7220: 7219: 7218: 7213: 7203: 7202: 7201: 7196: 7186: 7185: 7184: 7174: 7173: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7152: 7151: 7150: 7145: 7135: 7130: 7129: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7108: 7103: 7102: 7101: 7091: 7085: 7083: 7079: 7078: 7076: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7059: 7057: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7049: 7044: 7038: 7036: 7029: 7025: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6976: 6974: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6950: 6948: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6940: 6939: 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The National 3408: 3368: 3361: 3340: 3333: 3315: 3308: 3290: 3268: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3238: 3237: 3231: 3210: 3207: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3169: 3153: 3150: 3145:Main article: 3142: 3139: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3053: 3046: 3039: 3036: 3035: 3025: 3015: 3005: 2992: 2982: 2972: 2962: 2952: 2942: 2932: 2931:: roasted duck 2922: 2921:: steamed buns 2858: 2857: 2855: 2854: 2847: 2840: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2827: 2826: 2814: 2802: 2790: 2775: 2774: 2771: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2744: 2741: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2733: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2716: 2711: 2710: 2707: 2706: 2703: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2686: 2683: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2675: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2658: 2655: 2654: 2651: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2615: 2614: 2609: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2426: 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1087: 1035: 1032: 1023: 1020: 1010:eingyi to haka 1005:အင်္ကျီရှည်ဟကာ 996: 995: 960: 957: 956: 955: 894: 891: 890: 889: 828: 825: 804: 801: 625: 622: 567: 566: 563: 562: 559: 553: 552: 548: 547: 544: 543: 536: 527: 526: 520: 519: 516:Míhndihn wàkìu 512: 506: 505: 503:Yue: Cantonese 499: 498: 491: 485: 484: 478: 477: 470: 464: 463: 457: 456: 455:Transcriptions 448: 447: 440: 434: 433: 421: 415: 414: 410: 409: 406: 405: 398: 389: 388: 382: 381: 378:Míhndihn wàyàn 374: 368: 367: 365:Yue: Cantonese 361: 360: 353: 347: 346: 340: 339: 332: 326: 325: 319: 318: 317:Transcriptions 310: 309: 302: 296: 295: 283: 277: 276: 273: 272: 264: 263: 261: 260: 254: 243: 242: 238: 237: 235: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 208: 205: 204: 200: 199: 197: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 165: 162: 161: 157: 156: 154: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 117: 114: 113: 109: 108: 104: 103: 92: 87: 86: 69:September 2024 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7602: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7577: 7575: 7561: 7557: 7553: 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7092: 7090: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7080: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7054: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7033: 7030: 7026: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6971: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6945: 6937: 6934: 6931: 6927: 6924: 6920: 6919: 6918: 6917:United States 6915: 6913: 6910: 6906: 6903: 6900: 6896: 6893: 6890: 6886: 6883: 6879: 6878: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6871: 6869: 6865: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6807: 6804: 6800: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6778: 6775: 6774: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6762: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6715: 6711: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6691: 6689: 6685: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6654: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6618: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6587: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6569: 6564: 6562: 6557: 6555: 6550: 6549: 6546: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6474:Anglo-Burmese 6472: 6471: 6469: 6465: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6308:Danaw (Danau) 6306: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6296: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6244: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6179: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5982:Kwangli (Sim) 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5895: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5839:Kayin (Karen) 5836: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5780: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5696: 5690: 5686: 5679: 5674: 5672: 5667: 5665: 5660: 5659: 5656: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5629: 5628:The Irrawaddy 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5586: 5582: 5575: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5540: 5532: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5517: 5509: 5501: 5495: 5491: 5484: 5468: 5464: 5463: 5458: 5451: 5443: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5428: 5427:World On Fire 5420: 5404: 5400: 5394: 5386: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5371: 5370:World On Fire 5363: 5355: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5334: 5326: 5324:981-3055-58-8 5320: 5316: 5309: 5301: 5295: 5291: 5284: 5277:. p. 35. 5276: 5269: 5262: 5254: 5252:981-3055-58-8 5248: 5244: 5237: 5229: 5227:981-3055-58-8 5223: 5219: 5212: 5210: 5201: 5195: 5191: 5190: 5182: 5174: 5170: 5163: 5155: 5149: 5145: 5138: 5130: 5128:981-3055-58-8 5124: 5120: 5113: 5105: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5090: 5089:World On Fire 5082: 5074: 5068: 5064: 5057: 5049: 5043: 5039: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5019: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5004: 5003:World On Fire 4996: 4994: 4985: 4979: 4971: 4965: 4961: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4941: 4935: 4931: 4924: 4916: 4910: 4906: 4899: 4883: 4879: 4878:The Irrawaddy 4875: 4869: 4861: 4855: 4851: 4850:World On Fire 4844: 4836: 4830: 4826: 4819: 4811: 4805: 4801: 4794: 4786: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4771: 4770:World On Fire 4763: 4761: 4759: 4750: 4744: 4740: 4733: 4725: 4719: 4715: 4708: 4700: 4694: 4691:. Zed Books. 4690: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4666: 4660: 4656: 4649: 4641: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4608: 4602: 4594: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4578:World On Fire 4571: 4569: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4537: 4529: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4514: 4513:World On Fire 4506: 4498: 4496:981-3055-58-8 4492: 4488: 4481: 4473: 4467: 4463: 4462: 4454: 4446: 4440: 4436: 4435: 4427: 4420: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4357: 4341: 4337: 4336:The Irrawaddy 4333: 4326: 4318: 4317: 4312: 4305: 4303: 4294: 4293:The Irrawaddy 4290: 4283: 4281: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4243: 4241: 4224: 4220: 4219:The Irrawaddy 4216: 4209: 4193: 4189: 4188:The Irrawaddy 4185: 4178: 4171:. p. 35. 4170: 4163: 4156: 4148: 4146:0-87840-893-2 4142: 4137: 4136: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4104: 4102: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4066: 4058: 4052: 4048: 4041: 4033: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 3997: 3995:981-3055-58-8 3991: 3987: 3980: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3932: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3885: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3804: 3789: 3788: 3787:The Irrawaddy 3783: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3733: 3731: 3722: 3716: 3712: 3711: 3703: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3660: 3658:0-312-17576-0 3654: 3649: 3648: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3612: 3610:0-931745-92-6 3606: 3602: 3601: 3593: 3585: 3584: 3576: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3533: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3487: 3485: 3477: 3465: 3457: 3449: 3442: 3435: 3419: 3412: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3390:The Irrawaddy 3386: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3364: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3345: 3336: 3330: 3326: 3319: 3311: 3309:981-230-125-9 3305: 3301: 3294: 3278: 3272: 3256: 3250: 3246: 3234: 3232:981-3055-58-8 3228: 3224: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3193:Kokang people 3191: 3189: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3170: 3167: 3161: 3156: 3148: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3079:United States 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3050: 3043: 3038: 3037: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3002: 3001: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2978: 2973: 2969: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2928: 2923: 2919: 2918: 2913: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2853: 2848: 2846: 2841: 2839: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2830: 2825: 2815: 2813: 2803: 2801: 2791: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2778: 2777: 2776: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2717: 2714: 2709: 2708: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2645: 2644:United States 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2604: 2603: 2602:Latin America 2600: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2543: 2542: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2352: 2349: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2313: 2306: 2303: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2290: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2250: 2247: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2232:Lu (Shandong) 2230: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2214: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2188: 2187: 2179: 2177: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2119: 2117: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2089:Chinese names 2080: 2072: 2068: 2065:The minority 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2040:Fushan Temple 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2008: 1997: 1993: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1977:Upper Myanmar 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1901: 1888: 1883: 1876: 1871: 1862: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1839: 1838:8888 Uprising 1829: 1825: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1807:Greater China 1804: 1797: 1787: 1783: 1781: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1752: 1744: 1739: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1678: 1674: 1672: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1648: 1647:World on Fire 1644:'s 2003 book 1643: 1639: 1633: 1623: 1620: 1614: 1612: 1603: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1530: 1527: 1519: 1509: 1505: 1499: 1498: 1494: 1488: 1479: 1478: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1450:Kachin States 1447: 1443: 1439: 1438:Upper Myanmar 1435: 1433: 1432:lingua franca 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1376: 1373:In 1988, the 1367: 1360: 1355: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1292: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1224: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1176:British Burma 1173: 1165: 1160: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1066: 1056: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1031: 1029: 1028:Kokang people 1019: 1015:အင်္ကျီတိုဟကာ 1011: 1001: 971: 967: 963: 962: 953: 927: 917: 913: 909: 908: 904: 899: 887: 861: 851: 847: 843: 842: 838: 833: 824: 822: 818: 814: 810: 800: 795:, pronounced 794: 790: 786: 772: 768: 754: 750: 745: 727: 723: 718: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 670: 663: 655: 649: 643: 639: 630: 621: 619: 615: 611: 605: 603: 599: 595: 590: 585: 581: 577: 573: 564: 560: 558: 554: 549: 537: 535: 532: 528: 525: 521: 513: 511: 507: 504: 500: 492: 490: 486: 483: 479: 471: 469: 465: 462: 458: 453: 449: 441: 439: 435: 430: 427: 422: 420: 416: 411: 399: 397: 394: 390: 387: 383: 375: 373: 369: 366: 362: 354: 352: 348: 345: 341: 333: 331: 327: 324: 320: 315: 311: 303: 301: 297: 292: 289: 284: 282: 278: 274: 269: 259: 256: 255: 252: 248: 244: 239: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 209: 206: 201: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 166: 163: 158: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 118: 115: 110: 105: 100: 91: 83: 80: 72: 62: 58: 52: 51: 47: 41: 32: 31: 19: 7555: 7154: 6777:Johannesburg 6772:South Africa 6759: 6478: 6333:Khmu (Khamu) 6279:Miram (Mara) 5922:Bre (Ka-Yaw) 5693: 5626: 5585:The Diplomat 5584: 5574: 5549: 5545: 5539: 5515: 5508: 5489: 5483: 5471:. 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