Buddhist symbolism

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affected by the plant, which correlates with the bodhisattva's path toward enlightenment. The bodhisattva's path begins with delusions, ignorance, desire, lastly hatred, which all can be translated into moha, raga, dvesa. The opening of the colorful tail of the peacock can be compared to the enlightenment of the bodhisattva. The tradition that comes with the symbol of the peacock is when the bodhisattva becomes enlightened. The bodhisattva's body is adorned with five brightly colored feathers (red, blue, green, and others) that can be seen on the body. During the ceremony, the bodhisattva eats the same poisonous plants as the peacock, as it happens, the feathers slowly change colors since, like the peacock, these individuals are not worried about the harm that may come to them. Essentially the peacock is a symbol of the change from the path of desire to the path of liberation. The deities that are associated with the peacock is

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ethics that had a part of the laws included the commandment to not kill which was similar to the principle of benevolence or jin, 仁. So from the 7th century onwards, the rulers would prohibit the killing of animals since the animals would be a symbol of benevolent rule for these rulers. What this meant for the animals that were kept by imperial officials included dogs, falcons, and cormorants to name a few who were used for hunting purposes were to be set free. Their offices once used for hunting were abolished later on and the personnel who worked there would be transferred. Though the longevity of these decrees did not last long, the decrees had a long-lasting effect on the norms, values, and behavior of at least the upper class of Japanese society for the next several hundred years.

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rain, in Indian society, but they were also are a symbol of good luck and prosperity, and since they were Kings would own them and even used them in wars. The white elephant can also be seen as a symbol of mental strength, the elephant would start as a gray elephant that is rampant when the mind is uncontrollable. As the individual continues to practice dharma and can tame their mind, the gray elephant now becomes a white one, which is a symbol for strong and powerful, who only destroys in the directions that are willed by the individual. The tusks are also seen as an emblem of the Seven Royal Emblems. However, Gangpati or

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standing on the end, a bird's claws and wings. In Hinduism, he can be represented as a human with wings. However, when looking at the symbolism of Garuda, it represents the space element and the power of the sun. Though when looking at the representation from a spiritual view, Garuda represents the spiritual energy that will devour the delusions from jealousy and hatred (represented by snakes). Since he represents the space element, this includes the openness that can be seen when he stretches his wings. Though, when looking at Buddhism specifically, he can represent the

1996: 1768: 1020: 483: 1653: 2364: 1684: 408: 560: 1586: 2232:, horses, elephants, and deer. Most of these are often symbolic of the Buddha himself (and some are epithets of the Buddha), though they may also be depicted as merely decorative illustrations depending on context. According to Jampa Choskyi, while the animals are considered to be symbols for the Buddha, lions are the symbols of the bodhisattvas or also known as the sons of the Buddha. Though the lion, is a symbol of royalty, sovereignty, and protection, is used as a symbol for the Buddha, who is also known as the "lion of the 2423:, which is the vehicle of the deity. Through this, he is also the vehicle form of Lokishvara Hariharihar vahana. However, he is a deity of his own, who is said to be able to cure the bites of snakes, epilepsy, and diseases caused by nagas. Garuda can be found in toranas which are the semicircular tympanum that stands above the temple doors. Along with an emerald that happens to be named Garuda stone which is said to be protection against poison. Images of the deity are on jewelry as protection against the bites of snakes. 2595: 1713: 1784: 2291: 1637: 244: 1796: 1733: 664: 907: 1669: 2221: 742: 2693: 883: 2494: 1531: 1753: 608: 1870:

different colors as well as different styles or ways on how they wear it. Once Buddhism spread throughout China back in sixth century BCE, it was seen wrong to show that much skin, and that's when robes to cover both arms with long sleeves came in to play. In Tibet, it have changed over time and they show both their shoulders as well as having a two piece attire rather than one. Shortly thereafter, Japan integrated a bib along with their long sleeve robe called a

3220: 7923: 2666:("Indras post") which appears in early Buddhist sites has sometimes been interpreted as a symbol for the Buddha (but it could just be a symbol of auspiciousness). This is usually "a series of formalized lotus plants one above the other, with artificial brackets in the borders from which hang jewelled garlands and necklaces of lucky talismans betokening both worldly and spiritual riches. At the top there is a trident and at the bottom a pair of footprints". 1308:(five elements). The base is square which represents the earth element, above that sits a dome representing water, on that is a cone representing fire, on the tip of the cone is a crescent representing air, inside the crescent is a flame representing ether. The tapering of the flame to a point can also be said to represent consciousness as a sixth element. The chörten presents these elements of the body in the order of the process of dissolution at death. 1277: 7934: 1937: 1119: 5332: 1854: 5319: 369: 2908: 2806: 5309: 2936: 1331: 919: 3394: 2142: 1846: 39: 2716: 3135: 2387:", which has “Aum or Om Mani Padme Hung or hum rhi” as the individual symbols. When said together, the translation of the mantra is "Adoration to the jewel in the Lotus Amen". According to Tseten Namgyal. states that the symbols represented as "Om corresponding angels, Mani representing demons, Padme as men, hum as quadrupeds srhi as birds and reptiles". 652: 2572:(often under a tree) or a platform. However, these seats or platforms may not specifically symbolize the "vajra seat" itself and may just be an altar or a symbol of the Buddha. A vajra seat or empty seat may also be decorated with lotuses or be depicted as a giant lotus (in this case, it can be referred to as a "lotus throne"). 1315:(three aspects) of a Buddha. The ground story may have a statue of the historical Buddha Gautama and depictions of Earth and so represent the nirmāṇakāya. The first story may have Buddha and elaborate ornamentation representing rising above the human condition and the sambhogakāya. The second story may have a primordial 3173:, the reason why the circle was used for centuries in the construction of cosmological models Once the ensō is drawn, one does not change it. It evidences the character of its creator and the context of its creation in a brief, continuous period of time. Ensō exemplifies the various dimensions of the Japanese 2614:) represents the Buddha. These footprints were often placed on stone slabs, and are usually decorated with some other Buddhist symbol, such as a Dharma wheel, swastika, or triratna, indicating Buddhist identity. According to Karlsson, "in the 3rd century AD as many as twelve signs can be seen on slabs from 125:

Many symbols are depicted in early Buddhist art. Many of these are ancient, pre-Buddhist and pan-Indian symbols of auspiciousness (mangala). According to Karlsson, Buddhists adopted these signs because "they were meaningful, important and well-known to the majority of the people in India." They also

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religious practices is tribu. Priests and devotees ring bells during the rituals. Together these ritual implements represent the inseparability of wisdom and compassion in the enlightened mindstream. During meditation ringing the bell represents the sound of Buddha teaching the dharma and symbolizes

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Wooden fish symbolized vigilance. In practice is a percussion instrument, known most commonly to the Western World as a Chinese temple block. It is symbolic of wakeful attention, as the eyes of a fish never close. The sound from the drum is believed to call the attention of divinity, and can also be

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During the early days in Japan, there were some places in the country that would allow the killing of animals in the region. However, Buddhism was transmitted to the country by China via the Korean peninsula. One of the teachings that resonated with the Japanese people was the basic laws of Buddhist

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The peacock has multiple distinctly different symbols for which it is considered in different parts of the world and religions; however, in Buddhism, the peacock is a symbol of wisdom. The way they are connected to the bodhisattvas is by the peacock's ability to eat a poisonous plant without getting

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the bones leftover from cremation) were said to have been placed in various stūpas and therefore, Buddhist stūpas are generally symbolic of the Buddha himself, particularly his passing away (final nirvana). It may even have been a belief of some early Buddhists that the presence of the Buddha or the

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Mudras are another form of physical hand expression in the Buddhist faith, used to evoke a particular state of mind in buddhist practice. The most recognized mundras are seen in artistic depictions of the Buddha. Every mundra has a symbolic function and an inner symbolic function, for communication

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Vajrayana Buddhism often specifies the number of feet of a Buddha or bodhisattva. While two is common there may also be ten, sixteen, or twenty-four feet. The position of the feet/legs may also have a specific meaning such as in Green Tara who is typically depicted as seated partly cross-legged but

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The hollow of the bell represents the void from which all phenomena arise, including the sound of the bell, and the clapper represents form. Together they symbolize wisdom (emptiness) and compassion (form or appearance). The sound, like all phenomena, arises, radiates forth and then dissolves back

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The five-pronged vajra (with four makara, plus a central prong) is the most commonly seen vajra. There is an elaborate system of correspondences between the five elements of the noumenal side of the vajra, and the phenomenal side. One important correspondence is between the five "poisons" with the

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and the flying elephants would be used as a vehicle for transportation. The elephant was said to be seen seemingly emerging from the white ocean, these animals were seen as having special powers with one being the ability to produce rain. Not only, were they considered to have the power to produce

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when the Buddha takes the form of a white elephant to enter his mother's womb. Though the characteristics that are emphasized are the animal's strength and steadfastness, these are the ones that become the symbol for the individual's mental and physical strength. The other way that the elephant is

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is also known as the king of the birds. When looking at the origins of the name it comes from Gri meaning to swallow since he devours snakes. The way he is represented in iconographies, he can either be seen with the upper body of a human, that has big eyes, a beak, short blue horns, yellow hair

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The style and design of the robes of a monastic often indicate the sect of Buddhism, tradition or country, they belong to. In most Buddhist cultures, the Buddhist monastic robe represents a renunciant monastic. Different traditions, sects of Buddhism (and different countries) will have robes of

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also known as Avalokitesvara, who also takes the form of a horse. When looking at Buddhist iconography, the horse is seen supporting the throne of Tathagatha Ratnasambhava. While they are used for support for Tathagatha Ratnasambhava, the animal is used as transportation for deities and dharma

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Buddhism symbolism is intended to represent the key values of the Buddhist faith. The popularity of certain symbols has grown and changed over time as a result of progression in the followers ideologies. Research has shown that the aesthetic perception of the Buddhist gesture symbol positively

2893:), and later became imbued with different Buddhist meanings. The scepters exact usage is unknown, however, is depicted in ancient Chinese artwork commonly as being held by scholars. The artistic style mirrors Buddhist appreciation of natural forms. Ruyi scepters were often given as gifts. 2858:

A conch shell represents victory, the spreading the teachings of the Buddha far and wide, and the aspect of speech. It is blown on auspicious events to announce (and also invite) the deities or other living beings of the happening of the auspicious event, such as marriages (in Sri Lanka).

2654:). Sometimes the chatra is depicted over an empty seat or a horse, and it is sometimes held by an attendant figure like Chandaka. In other depictions, the chatra is shown over an illustration of the Buddha himself. It also represents royalty and protection, as well as honor and respect. 1000: 3081:. These are mythological half-fish, half-crocodile creatures made up of two or more animals, often representing the union of opposites (or a harmonisation of qualities that transcend our usual experience). From the mouths of the makara come tongues which come together in a point. 470: 2126:(place of awakening). This tree has been venerated since early Buddhist times and a shrine was built for it. Offerings to the Buddha were offered to the tree. The Bodhi tree (often paired with an empty seat or āsana) thus represents the Buddha himself, as well as liberation and 1621:" are often very fearsome, with monstrous visages, wearing skulls or bodily parts. They also may carry all sorts of weapons or fierce tools, like tridents, flaying knives and skull cups. The fierceness of these deities symbolizes the fierce energy needed to overcome ignorance. 1923:

down is another form of symbolic position in the act of the ritual, when Buddhist bow in front of the Buddha or to another person they aren't bowing at the physical (the human or the statue) but they are bowing at the Buddha inside of them (the human) or it (the statue).

2086:). According to Karlsson "the association between the numbers of the spokes and a special Buddhist doctrine is a later interpretation and not present in early Buddhist art." Early Buddhist depictions contain wheels with various number of spokes (8, 16, 20, 25 and 32). 352: 3085:

five wisdoms. The five poisons are the mental states that obscure the original purity of a being's mind, while the five wisdoms are the five most important aspects of the enlightened mind. Each of the five wisdoms is also associated with a Buddha figure (see also

2240:, which symbolizes the supremacy of the Buddha's teaching over all other spiritual teachings. When looking at the shrines on the iconography, the lions symbolize another role, which they are considered the bodhisattvas who can be seen as the sons of the Buddha. 3149:, ensō (円相, "circular form") is a circle that is hand-drawn in one or two uninhibited brushstrokes to express a moment when the mind is free to let the body create. The ensō symbolizes absolute enlightenment, strength, elegance, the universe, and 2478:). Just like the lotus flower comes up from the muddy water unstained, the Buddha is said to transcend the world without stains. The Indian lotus also appears in early Buddhist sites like Sanchi and Bharhut. It is also the specific symbol of 1896:

In all sects of Buddhism, bells are often used to signify the start of rituals or to mark time. They use the bell to detain away the bad spirits and have the Buddha protect them at the time of their ritual. Some sects call this a part of the

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Buddhist monks traditionally carry a begging bowl, and this is another common symbol of Buddhist monastics around the world (even though not all modern Buddhist traditions make use of the traditional practice of begging for one's food).

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the attainment of wisdom and the understanding of emptiness. During the chanting of the mantras the Bell and Vajra are used together in a variety of different ritualistic ways to represent the union of the male and female principles.

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Shaving ones head is another ritual and symbolic act most Buddhist monastics complete before entering a monastic order. To shave ones head merely signifies ones readiness to enter into the monastic path and abandon the worldly life.

1156:). According to Beer, it represents "the impenetrable, imperishable, immovable, immutable, indivisible, and indestructible state of absolute reality, which is the enlightenment of Buddhahood." The vajra is often paired with a bell ( 1928:

to the practitioner as well as those who perceive it. In Buddhist ceremonies, a mundra acts as a form of visual "seal," affirming a faithful vow such as warding off evil spirits. They often accompany mantras when used in practice.

2078:("Turner of the Wheel"). In the Buddhist scriptures, it is described as a royal treasure of great, world class kings, a perfect wheel with a thousand spokes. Because of this, it was thus also used by the Mauryans, especially 3177:

perspective and aesthetic: fukinsei (asymmetry, irregularity), kanso (simplicity), koko (basic; weathered), shizen (without pretense; natural), yugen (subtly profound grace), datsuzoku (freedom), and seijaku (tranquility).

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Initially, Buddhist stūpas were simple domes which developed more elaborate and complex forms in later periods. Over time, the style and design of the stūpa evolved into unique and distinct regional styles (such as Asian

279: 325: 446: 2791:) represent happiness and spontaneity as well as fertility and abundance. In Tantric Buddhism, it represents the left and right subtle body channels (nadis). In China, it often represents fidelity and conjugal unity. 520:

Different artistic styles also developed throughout the Theravada world as well as unique ways of depicting the Buddha (such as the Thai style and the Khmer style) containing their own ways of using Buddhist symbols.

185:. According to Karlsson, three specific signs, the Bodhi tree, the Dharma wheel, and the stupa, occur frequently at all these major sites and thus "the earliest Buddhist cult practice focused on these three objects". 2466:) is an ancient symbol of purity, detachment and fertility, and it is used in various Indian religions. In Buddhism, the lotus is also another symbol for the Buddha and his awakening. In the Buddhist scriptures, the 231: 2301:

Some of the characteristics that are emphasized about the horse are their loyalty, industriousness. and swiftness. These characteristics can be seen in the riderless horse (representing the Buddha's royal horse,

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were found in Sanchi stupa number 3, while stupa number 2 contains a casket with relics from 10 monks (according to inscriptions). Stūpa were venerated by Buddhists, with offerings of flowers and the like.

2033:(Buddha's teaching, the ultimate truth). The main idea of this symbol is that the Buddha was seen as a person who "turned the wheel", which signifies a great and revolutionary moment in history (i.e. the 2778:

It also symbolizes the "endless wisdom and compassion for the Buddha," among other interpretations. The symbols are used in a variety of ways, such as greeting cards, ceremonial scarves, and in jewelry.

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blooms on either side of the sphere and come to a point at two points equidistant from the centre, thus giving it the appearance of a "diamond sceptre", which is how the term is sometimes translated.

1058: 255: 2383:, who happens to represent desire and attachment into changes into liberation. Along with the peacock being a symbol in Buddhism, birds as a whole can be seen to be a part of the mantra said during " 3161:. The circle may be open or closed. In the former case, the circle is incomplete, allowing for movement and development as well as the perfection of all things. Zen practitioners relate the idea to 3058:, the primordial nature of the universe, the underlying unity of all things. Emerging from the sphere are two eight petaled lotus flowers. One represents the phenomenal world (or in Buddhist terms 965: 2751:, mainly 卍 and 卐) is common in Buddhist art. It is widely used in East Asia to represent Buddhism, and Buddhist temples. Buddhist symbols like the swastika have also been used as a family emblem ( 2343:" in the sutras, which is a mythical serpent-like being with magical powers. However, this term is also generally indicative of the greatness and magical power of the Buddha, whose psychic power ( 1861:

Buddhist material and visual culture as well as ritual tools (such as robes and bells) have often developed various symbolic meanings which are commonly shared by Buddhist sects around the world.

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Buddhism retained most of the classic Indian Buddhist symbols such as the Dharma wheel, though in many cases, these symbols became more elaborately decorated with gold, jewels and other designs.

2522:) in non-Buddhist contexts. According to Karlsson, the ancient pre-Buddhist symbol was initially seen as a "weapon against enemies or Evil." In Buddhism, this symbol later came to represent the 1094: 294: 3040:

An instrument symbolizing vajra is also extensively used in the rituals of the tantra. It consists of a spherical central section, with two symmetrical sets of five prongs, which arc out from

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with one leg down symbolising "immersion within in the absolute, in meditation" and readiness to step forth and help sentient beings by "engagement without in the world through compassion".

161:(322 BCE – 184 BCE), there is little archeological evidence for pre-Mauryan period symbolism. Early Buddhist art (circa 2nd century BCE to 2nd century CE) is commonly (but not exclusively) 2130:. Branches and saplings from the Bodhi tree were sent to other regions as well. It is said that when the Buddha was born, the Bodhi tree sprung up on the bodhimanda at the same time. The 2816:

The victory banner was a military symbol of victory, and symbolizes the Buddha's victory over Mara and the defilements (an epithet for the Buddha is the "conqueror"; in Sanskrit, Jina).

2871:) is "an oil lamp kept in the monastery that in theory was never allowed to burn out". This was used as a symbol for the Buddhist teachings and for the "mind of correct enlightenment" ( 2310:" scene (along with Chandaka, the Buddha's attendant holding up a royal umbrella). Meanwhile, deer represent Buddhist disciples, as the Buddha gave his first sermon at the deer park of 1829: 1559:– white, green, yellow, blue, red) are supplemented by several other colors including black and orange and gold (which is commonly associated with yellow). They are commonly used for 2954:

The ring staff is traditionally said to be useful in alerting nearby animals as well as alerting Buddhist donors of the monk's presence (and thus is a symbol of the Buddhist monk).

4639: 380: 494: 165:(i.e. lacking an anthropomorphic image), and instead used various symbols to depict the Buddha. The best examples of this aniconic period symbolism can be found at sites like 894: 2739:

to represent good fortune. This symbol was adopted to symbolize the auspiciousness of the Buddha. The left-facing svastika is often imprinted on the chest, feet or palms of

407: 1078: 309: 1163:), which represents the feminine principle of wisdom. When paired together, they represent the perfect union of wisdom or emptiness (bell) and method or skilful means ( 981: 4613: 4113: 2924:

associated with prayers for rain, the act of reincarnation, and wealth. In Buddhist services, the drum is struck persistently whilst the name of Buddha is chanted.

639: 1732: 1712: 392: 3026:(wisdom). Some deities are shown holding each the vajra and bell in separate hands, symbolizing the union of the forces of compassion and wisdom, respectively. 559: 1617:

Buddha is typically red. These deities may also hold various attributes and implements in their hands, like flowers, jewels, bowls and sutras. Depictions of "

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There are also some symbols that are generally unique to East Asian Buddhism, including the purple robe(which indicated a particularly eminent monastic), the

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uses, and thus they "must have been a way for Buddhists to protect themselves, but also a way of popularizing and strengthening the Buddhist movement."

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Lion faced Dakini, wrathful emanation of guru Rinpoche. Painting on the walls of 17th century Tawang Monastery, Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh, India.

583: 7216: 3630: 3363:). These symbols were pre-Buddhist Indian symbols which were associated with kingship and may originally have included other symbols, like the 2045:

have become a great king, he instead chose to become a great sage. Illustrations from early Buddhist sites as well as Buddhist texts like the

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is chimed 108 times in Buddhist temples to finish the old year and welcome the new one. Each ring represents one of 108 earthly temptations (

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also a symbol of responsibility and earthiness. When looking at the myth in India about elephants, the way that the myth goes is that the

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that have different meanings. Green Tara is associated with protecting people from fear while the White Tara is associated with longevity.

5241:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Buddhist symbolism 4614:"Significance of 'Eight Traditional Tibetan Buddhist Auspicious Symbols /Emblems' (bkra shis rtags brgyad) in day to day Rite and Rituals" 4590: 3714: 623: 4949: 1795: 547: 5541: 3181: 729: 5276: 933: 7979: 5298: 5270: 663: 4765: 4295: 2968:

The number 108 is very sacred in Buddhism. It represents 108 kleshas of humankind to overcome in order to achieve enlightenment. In

2017:) is one of the earliest Buddhist symbols. It is an ancient Indian symbol of sovereignty and auspiciousness (as well as the sun god 4030: 4001: 2707: 7808: 7260: 4981:. Internet Archive. Westport, Conn. : Bold Strummer ; White Plains, N.Y. : Distributed by Pro/AM Music Resources. 5249: 4088: 1597:

may often assume different roles and are thus drawn, sculpted and visualized differently according to these roles. For example,

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are genre of Buddhist art that contains numerous symbols and images in a circle and are an important element of tantric ritual.

267: 7463: 5443: 3972: 741: 607: 532: 5238: 5110: 4986: 4898: 4865: 4321: 3553:"The Sacred Power of Beauty: Examining the Perceptual Effect of Buddhist Symbols on Happiness and Life Satisfaction in China" 1297: 2220: 2186:

Other relics belonging to the Buddha's disciples were also enclosed in caskets and placed in stupas. Caskets with relics of

2175:. The earliest Buddhist stupas are from about the 3rd century BCE. In the early Buddhist texts, the Buddha's bodily relics ( 2058: 1323:(sexual union with his female counterpart) and be otherwise unadorned representing a return to the absolute reality and the 5626: 5468: 4257: 3478:

at the centre of the sole, or the group of 32, 108 or 132 auspicious signs of the Buddha, engraved or painted on the sole.

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symbolism depicting the Buddha (as well as other figures) became very popular around the first century CE with the arts of

1652: 7803: 4109: 2568:) and is thus similar to the Bodhi tree in this regard. In early Buddhist art, the vajra seat may also be depicted as an 761: 2824: 1913:

Another form of symbolism of the Buddhist is the joining of your hands together at prayer or at the time of the ritual (

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as well as for visualizing deities and spiritual energy, construction of mandalas and the painting of religions icons.

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Depiction of the dream of Maya (Buddha's mother), in which the Buddha enters her side as a white elephant, from Bharhut

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and deer. Contemporary Buddhist art contains numerous symbols, including unique symbols not found in early Buddhism.

7793: 4236: 3943: 3647: 1260:" is widely used to symbolize compassion and is commonly seen inscribed on rocks, prayer wheels, stupas and art. In 7478: 7223: 1574:

contains numerous esoteric figures and symbols. There are different types of visual art in Indo-Tibetan Vajrayana.

17: 4920: 4204: 3207:. There are numerous mudras with different meanings. Mudras are used to represent specific moments in the life of 1698: 7870: 7860: 5689: 2842:

A treasure vase, which represents inexhaustible treasure and wealth, is also an attribute of wealth deities like

2314:. In terms of Buddhism, the horse is a symbol of energy and effort when practicing dharma, along with the air or 1783: 513:

Buddhist art is strongly influenced by the Indian Buddhist art styles like the Amaravati and Gupta styles. Thus,

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Carved decorations on the doorway of Sanchi stupa, note the dharma chakra, various animals, and Triratna (with

5136:"Tadeusz Skorupski: The Buddhist Forum, Volume VI. ix, 269 pp. Tring: The Institute of Buddhist Studies, 2001" 4059: 7785: 7483: 7166: 5458: 5291: 4281:

Wayman, Alex. "The Mirror as a Pan-Buddhist Metaphor-Simile." History of Religions 13, no. 4 (1974): 251–269.

2486:(i.e. Padmapani, the "lotus holder"). In Tantric Buddhism, it is also symbolic for the vagina as well as for 2441: 1683: 595: 134: 1901:" which is the beginning of a Buddhist ritual. Other ritual tools include drums, wooden fish, trumpets, the 906: 7368: 7240: 7211: 6913: 4134: 2021:) which pre-dates Buddhism and was adopted by early Buddhists. It appears in early Buddhist sites such as 7059: 6968: 6438: 6083: 5596: 5491: 2579:

The Emerald Buddha; note the elaborate umbrella (chatra) decorated with Bodhi leaves and the lotus throne

2558:) is a symbol of the Buddha. The vajra seat or awakening seat represents the place where he sat down (in 2322:" is the transportation of the mind and can be ridden on. The deity that is associated with the horse is 2261: 2034: 918: 6603: 5025:

Chinese Symbolism and Art Motifs: A Comprehensive Handbook on Symbolism in Chinese Art through the Ages,

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Chinese Symbolism and Art Motifs: A Comprehensive Handbook on Symbolism in Chinese Art through the Ages,

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Chinese Symbolism and Art Motifs: A Comprehensive Handbook on Symbolism in Chinese Art through the Ages,

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Chinese Symbolism and Art Motifs: A Comprehensive Handbook on Symbolism in Chinese Art through the Ages,

482: 7964: 7908: 7388: 6864: 6350: 5473: 5306: 852: 6798: 651: 30: 7959: 7798: 7611: 7601: 7473: 6456: 6036: 5797: 5772: 3724: 2135: 1978: 788:, "wheel of life") became well known in China. There were also more elaborate symbols, like Buddhist 5822: 3628: 1752: 7903: 7255: 7069: 7047: 7040: 6943: 6476: 6096: 5912: 5857: 5478: 5284: 3078: 2674:

Another symbol which may indicate the Buddha is a "flaming pillar". This may be a reference to the

2446: 2368: 1110: 703:, Teak wood decorated with mother of pearl and glass. Lanna art, late 15th - early 16th centuries. 3077:

Arranged equally around the mouth of the lotus are two, four, or eight creatures which are called

2395: 1225:, the number 108 and the Buddha eyes (or wisdom eyes) commonly seen on Nepalese stupas such as at 368: 7840: 7820: 7151: 7131: 6888: 6618: 5862: 4170: 3733: 3729: 3405: 2998: 188:

Among the earliest and most common Buddhist symbols found in these early Buddhist sites are the

7850: 7690: 7358: 7328: 7101: 7052: 6893: 6841: 6836: 6598: 6419: 6316: 6068: 6063: 5812: 3245: 2772: 2575: 1802: 6180: 3277:), which originated in India as a way to count prayers or mantras and commonly have 108 beads. 843:

Chinese Buddhism also adopted traditional pre-Buddhist Chinese symbols and deities, including

7855: 7825: 7406: 7338: 7171: 7086: 7081: 7005: 7000: 6918: 5448: 4941: 2248: 1874:. This was a clothing piece made specifically for their school of Zen which they practice in 1289: 1100:

Casket Seal Dharani written on a five-wheel stupa, with colors representing the five elements

6471: 4582: 2927: 2618:. At that time we can found such signs as fishes, stupas, pillars, flowers, urns of plenty ( 38: 7878: 7845: 7830: 7348: 7245: 7191: 7076: 7015: 6983: 6978: 6963: 6948: 6938: 6903: 6816: 6508: 6431: 5734: 5674: 5423: 5390: 5340: 5245:

web site showing iconic representations of the 8 auspicious symbols along with explanations

3814:"The Spiritual and Cultural Symbols in a Mahayana Buddhist Temple 'Vihara Lotus' Surakarta" 3720: 3165:, the beauty of imperfection. When the circle is closed, it represents perfection, akin to 2554: 2543: 316: 205: 7718: 6333: 6202: 6128: 6004: 5742: 5255: 2419:, when the sun's rays give life to the earth. The deity that Garuda is associated with is 1546: 1311:

Tibetan temples are often three-storied. The three can represent many aspects such as the

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is a key symbol in Vajrayana Buddhism. It represents indestructibility (like a diamond),

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are cloth paintings which are commonly used throughout the Indo-Tibetan Buddhist world.

7974: 7969: 7748: 7495: 7458: 7453: 7383: 7333: 7280: 7275: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7126: 7111: 7096: 7091: 7030: 7010: 6973: 6898: 6703: 6404: 6328: 6206: 6148: 5989: 5889: 5817: 5792: 5438: 5368: 5260: 5178: 5163: 3587: 3552: 3023: 3022:(skilful means) whereas its companion tool, the bell which is a female symbol, denotes 2977: 2748: 2641: 2563: 2307: 2131: 2127: 2123: 1966: 103: 7547: 3328:

Mahayana Buddhist art makes use of a common set of Indian "eight auspicious symbols" (

2562:) to meditate and attained awakening. It thus also represents the place of awakening ( 1704: 1344: 1176: 7926: 7888: 7584: 7569: 7532: 7517: 7290: 7206: 7121: 6958: 6923: 6908: 6635: 6625: 6306: 6153: 6138: 6009: 5932: 5852: 5787: 5719: 5606: 5363: 5211: 5167: 5155: 5106: 5087: 4982: 4894: 4861: 4790: 4735: 4375:, The Wheel Publication No. 137/138, Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy • Sri Lanka. 4080: 3835: 3648:"The Meeting of Traditions: Inter-Buddhist and Inter-Religious Relations in the West" 3592: 3574: 3450: 3414: 3356: 3108: 2650: 2631: 2083: 1970: 1915: 1674: 1373: 1257: 844: 286: 6870: 5664: 5564: 4976: 4052:"Why do Buddhist monks and nuns shave their heads? – Mahamevnawa Buddhist Monastery" 3964: 3018:

symbol that represents many things for the tantrika. The vajra is representative of

2847: 2483: 2275: 1007: 7574: 7527: 7522: 7378: 7343: 7318: 7313: 7064: 7020: 6933: 6608: 6264: 6257: 6041: 6031: 5917: 5581: 5453: 5203: 5147: 5079: 3825: 3582: 3564: 3469: 3383: 3338: 3112: 2675: 2607: 2589: 2455: 2306:) symbolizes the Buddha's renunciation, and can be seen in some depictions of the " 2029:, where it is a symbol of the Buddha himself. The Dharma wheel also represents the 1594: 1214: 1114:

Five esoteric Buddhist ritual objects from Japan, including vajras, knife and bell.

863:. Japanese Buddhism also developed some unique symbols of its own. For example, in 817: 669: 630: 413: 213: 209: 127: 95: 77: 6653: 4317: 3054:

The vajra is made up of several parts. In the center is a sphere which represents

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Statue of Guanyin with various attributes (cintamani, chakra, lotus, prayer beads)

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Dhamma wheel, Dvaravati period, Khao Klang Nai, Si Thep Historical Park, Thailand

398: 331:

Buddhapada decorated with lotus roundels, Triratna's and swastikas, 2nd century,

137:

adopted two symbols to represent Buddhism. These were a traditional eight-spoked

6683: 5837: 5827: 5265: 4261: 1149: 7893: 7596: 7446: 7228: 6808: 6788: 6708: 6397: 6387: 6321: 6158: 5644: 5507: 5135: 3830: 3813: 3376: 3236: 3208: 2884: 2724: 2615: 2523: 2355:, king of the nāgas, who is known for having protected the Buddha from storms. 2327:

protectors, known as Mahali and the horse-faced deities, an example of this is

2282:. Like the lion, the elephant is seen as a guardian of temples and the Buddha. 2257: 2187: 1974: 1618: 1610: 1305: 1141:

has numerous esoteric symbols which are not common in other forms of Buddhism.

956: 848: 796: 704: 65: 5151: 4164: 900:

A statue of bodhisattva Kṣitigarbha holding a cintamani stone and a ring staff

476:

A Pillar depicting an empty throne, the Naga king Mucalinda and the Bodhi tree

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Face to Face With the Absent Buddha - The Formation of Buddhist Aniconic Art.

5159: 3839: 3578: 3150: 2949: 2890: 2720: 2274:

is known to be an elephant-faced deity which is a form of the bodhisattva of

2236:". Buddha's teachings are referred to as the "Lion's Roar" (sihanada) in the 2191: 2146: 1958: 1952: 1940: 1719: 1438: 1343:

In Tibetan Buddhist art, various colors and elements are associated with the

1152:

as well as power (like a thunder bolt, which was the weapon of the Vedic god

1049: 748: 452:

The Buddha's horse, Kanthaka, and an attendant with a chakra (royal umbrella)

158: 142: 119: 6121: 6111: 5483: 4837: 3256:

or "wheel of joy" symbol, which can symbolize different sets of three ideas.

3033:

traditions of Buddhism, the vajra is a symbol for the nature of reality, or

2743:

images. The swastika was also a symbol of protection from evil. The ancient

1324: 72:(teaching). Early Buddhist symbols which remain important today include the 7753: 7738: 7708: 7658: 7648: 7490: 7285: 6778: 6613: 6491: 6279: 6274: 6101: 5972: 5847: 5308: 5197: 5073: 4889: 3625:

Face to face with the absent Buddha: The formation of Buddhist Aniconic art

3596: 3569: 3503: 3488: 3475: 3438: 3420: 3398: 3333: 3323: 3282: 3204: 3041: 2963: 2766: 2752: 2599: 2493: 2420: 2384: 2260:, another Indian symbol of royal power. This symbol appears in the myth of 2075: 2013: 2008: 1990: 1643: 1530: 1413: 1368: 1011: 987: 856: 781: 773: 720: 425: 154: 138: 73: 6536: 6521: 6481: 6178: 5842: 5418: 5207: 5083: 4081:"Buddhist Bells and Statues – Presentation | Art in the Modern World 2014" 3313:

A Chinese Metal Cup stand with the eight auspicious symbols (14th century)

3243:

are depicted as holding a flaming sword, symbolizing the power of wisdom (

2889:

Ruyi may have been used as a baton held by a speaker in a conversation (a

2051:, indicate that the worship of Dharma wheels on pillars ("wheel pillars", 772:

adopted many of the classic Buddhist symbolism outlined above. During the

7723: 7552: 6693: 6678: 6461: 6269: 6197: 5977: 5807: 5709: 5556: 5428: 5250:

the eight auspicious symbols of Buddhism — a study in spiritual evolution

4228: 3935: 3651: 3518: 3493: 3293:, which is a tool to drive away insects and thus symbolizes non-harming ( 3071: 3048: 3011: 2912: 2902: 2701: 2177: 2074:

The Dharma wheel is thus also a royal symbol, indicating a king who is a

1571: 1560: 1534: 1025: 991: 803: 7713: 6173: 5054:

Zhou Lili. "A Summary of Porcelains' Religious and Auspicious Designs."

4110:"The Meaning of Burning Incense and Ringing Bells in Buddhism | Synonym" 3219: 2835: 2692: 2479: 2380: 1614: 1488: 776:(618–907 CE) Buddhist symbolism became widespread, and symbols like the 261:

Illustrations from Sanchi, depicting a dharma chakra, devotees, and deer

7668: 7626: 7502: 7308: 7233: 6847: 6831: 6793: 6773: 6668: 6643: 6551: 6486: 6466: 6212: 6143: 6014: 5897: 5867: 5802: 5752: 5410: 5400: 5373: 4912: 4704:

Ching, Francis D. K.; Jarzombek, Mark M.; Vikramaditya Prakash (2017).

4196: 3508: 3498: 3261: 3227: 3154: 2569: 2372: 2319: 2295: 2279: 2101: 2095: 1919:). Buddhist compare their fingers with the petals of the lotus flower. 1690: 1316: 1241: 1226: 1218: 700: 673: 300: 197: 85: 6688: 5684: 2648:

In some early reliefs, the Buddha is represented by a royal umbrella (

216:. Several animals are also widely depicted, such as elephants, lions, 7643: 7616: 6783: 6658: 6370: 6286: 6163: 6053: 6026: 6019: 5982: 5939: 5902: 5669: 5634: 5601: 5576: 5531: 4135:"Why Buddhists Join Their Hands in Prayer | Myosenji Buddhist Temple" 3372: 3368: 3290: 3267: 3240: 3174: 3162: 3015: 2559: 2352: 2344: 2328: 2323: 2134:

is an ancient Indian custom which can be found as far back as in the

1969:. The six vertical bands of the flag represent the six colors of the 1962: 1875: 1723: 1463: 1386: 1276: 1237: 1233: 1138: 808: 539: 514: 510: 359: 178: 170: 162: 111: 7416: 6252: 6106: 5872: 5654: 5523: 5515: 5181:.Lokesh, C., & International Academy of Indian Culture. (1999). 2973: 1853: 7933: 7773: 7728: 7673: 7638: 7542: 7201: 6768: 6763: 6713: 6648: 6566: 6531: 6526: 6187: 6058: 6046: 5957: 5616: 5313: 3426: 3364: 3329: 3063: 2843: 2744: 2732: 2687: 2518: 2513: 2507: 2404: 2311: 2303: 2266: 2038: 1936: 1774: 1739: 1659: 1261: 1206: 1118: 777: 614: 421: 417: 332: 201: 107: 81: 57: 47: 6758: 6748: 6733: 6556: 6426: 5694: 2907: 2228:

Early Buddhist art contains various animals. These include lions,

975:) holding a sword and a lotus topped with a sutra, Kamakura period 110:. New symbols continued to develop into the medieval period, with 7678: 7621: 7606: 6753: 6743: 6718: 6593: 6588: 6546: 6516: 6448: 6414: 6301: 6242: 6237: 6091: 5994: 5832: 5782: 5569: 5395: 3557:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

3456: 3253: 3223: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3037:, indicating endless creativity, potency, and skillful activity. 3034: 3007: 2981: 2805: 2771:

The endless knot is a symbol of good luck. It may also represent

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Chinese Buddhist priest's silk robe with various Buddhist symbols

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Pinnacles from Bharhut depicting Dharmawheels and Lotus roundels

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Before and beyond the Image: Aniconic Symbolism in Buddhist Art

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Buddhist Architecture, Lee Huu Phuoc, Grafikol 2009, p.140-174

3965:"Get an Overview of the Robes Worn by Buddhist Monks and Nuns" 2149:; note the addition of more elaborate chatras (royal umbrella) 1835:

Container for Buddhist Relics in Shape of Flaming Sacred Jewel

645:

Dhammacakka on Main Gable, Wat Phra Putthabat Tak Pha, Lamphun

7898: 7733: 7591: 7557: 7537: 7507: 7436: 6853: 6698: 6576: 6571: 6541: 6496: 6343: 6338: 6217: 5922: 5747: 5714: 5704: 3474:

Buddha footprints often bear distinguishing marks, such as a

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A Dharma Wheel with a lotus half-roundel and lion base, from

1743: 1285: 1265: 1153: 1145: 1085: 1045: 833: 189: 115: 4350: 2347:) is greater than that of all gods (devas), nature spirits ( 1171:), which has four vajra heads emanating from a central hub. 955:

Chinese depiction of Manjushri, riding a lion and holding a

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The most common set of "Eight Auspicious Symbols" (used in

3098: 3006:

A vajra is a ritual weapon symbolizing the properties of a

2471: 2168: 837: 688:

Buddha Left Footprint, Wat Phra That Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai

500:

A depiction of devas holding up the begging bowl of Buddha.

285:

A depiction of a Dharma wheel held up by lions, one of the

1845: 1746:

is symbolized by the white A inside of a circular rainbow.

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Snow Lion, one of the types of Lions in Buddha symbolism.

1029: 864: 4477: 4475: 4465: 4463: 3423:(srivasta, granthi) or "curl of happiness" (nandyavarta) 1304:. The chörten consists of five parts that represent the 577:

A Thai Dhamma wheel at Wat Phothivihan, Tumpat, Kelantan

4734:, "Bodhimanda". Princeton: Princeton University Press. 3756:

The Ascendency of Theravada Buddhism in Southeast Asia,

3134: 2622:) and mollusc shells engraved on the buddhapada slab". 1613:

Buddha may be seen in (pale) yellow or orange skin and

1174:

Other tantric ritual symbols include the ritual knife (

792:

and complex images of Buddhas and bodhisattva figures.

5140:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

4367: 4365: 3103:

The vajra is almost always paired with a ritual bell.

2118:) which stood is on the spot where the Buddha reached 1973:

which Buddhists believe emanated from the body of the

1880:

that involves the monks of Japan wearing a straw hat.

92:

influenced perceived happiness and life satisfaction.

5185:. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture. 4730:

Buswell Jr., Robert E.; Lopez Jr., Donald S. (2013).

4472: 4460: 2318:

that will run through the channels of the body. The "

1167:). There is also what is called the "crossed vajra" ( 401:

relief with numerous early Buddhist symbols and lions

386:

Bodhi tree with garlands, an umbrella, and Triratna's

4942:"Ruyi Scepter, China ^ Minneapolis Institute of Art" 5226:

The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture.

4362: 1510:Death, death of ignorance, awakening/enlightenment 505: 5239:Sacred Visions: Early Paintings from Central Tibet 3861:see for example: Ensō: Audrey Yoshiko Seo (2007). 3776:Kieschnick (2020), pp. 100, 113–115, 138–139, 153. 2919:), a wooden percussion instrument used in chanting 1460:Knowledge, dark blue also awakening/enlightenment 589:Dhamma wheel at Wat Maisuwankiri, Tumpat, Malaysia 5128:Early Buddhist Art in India: 300 B.C. to 300 A.D. 4764:. Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc. 2008. 1284:Tibetan Buddhist architecture is centered on the 303:showing distinctive heart-shaped leaves and devas 7951: 2171:structures which may derive from ancient Indian 1271: 440:The Buddha turning the dharma wheel at deer park 4386:The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art, 3818:Analisa: Journal of Social Science and Religion 3051:are represented holding or wielding the vajra. 1840: 1052:(無, "no", "not") widely used in Zen calligraphy 3645: 2931:Tibetan ritual conch shell trumpet with dragon 756: 114:adopting further symbols such as the stylized 5292: 5188:Seckel, Dietrich; Leisinger, Andreas (2004). 4318:"The Origin and Meaning of the Buddhist Flag" 4197:"Mudra: What Do Buddhist Hand Gestures Mean?" 3994:"Buddhist Monks' Robes: An Illustrated Guide" 3707: 3627:. Diss. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2000. 3317: 2482:, the Buddha of the Lotus family, as well as 1801:Manjushri with the flaming sword symbolizing 1777:with windhorse, three jewels and dharma wheel 1338: 1232:There are various mythical creatures used in 1105: 994:dish with Chinese dragons and an endless knot 6074:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 5271:Buddhist Symbols: the Eight Auspicious Signs 5100: 4647:The Lumbini International Research Institute 3463: 1424:jealousy → Accomplishing pristine awareness 3758:p. 133. University of California, Berkeley. 2640:The Buddha as a flaming pillar, Amaravati, 2548:The Buddha throne, or empty seat/platform ( 1126:or "double vajra" appears in the emblem of 5299: 5285: 4448:, pp. 319–321. Asian Educational Services. 4310: 3919: 3203:are a series of symbolic hand gestures in 3074:which are perceived by the unenlightened. 3014:(irresistible force). The vajra is a male 2552:, later associated with the "vajra seat", 2183:Buddha's power could be found in a stūpa. 2055:) was a common practice in early Buddhism. 1857:Tibetan Buddhists with prayer beads (mala) 1566: 118:. In the modern era, new symbols like the 4831: 4446:Dictionary of Pali Proper Names, Volume 1 4399:Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.–A.D. 700 4258:"Online edition of Daily News - Features" 3829: 3586: 3568: 2711:Endless knot in a Burmese Pali Manuscript 2516:("three jewels"), also called a trident ( 2339:The Buddha is also often called a "great 1722:, in use between 1912 and 1950, with two 1499:Attachment → Discernment/ discrimination 148: 5133: 5103:The Handbook of Tibetan Buddhist Symbols 5071: 4978:Percussion instruments and their history 4680: 4229:"mudra | symbolic gestures | Britannica" 3811: 3404: 3392: 3308: 3218: 3185:Japanese scroll depicting various mudras 3180: 3133: 2997: 2934: 2926: 2906: 2823: 2804: 2714: 2706: 2691: 2635: 2598:Buddha footprint at the entrance of the 2593: 2574: 2492: 2445: 2394: 2362: 2289: 2247: 2219: 2140: 2057: 1994: 1935: 1852: 1844: 1584: 1529: 1329: 1275: 1264:, the mirror is one important symbol of 1117: 1109: 760: 37: 29: 7261:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 5192:, Artibus Asiae, Supplementum 45, 3–107 5023:Williams, Charles Alfred Speed (2006). 5001:Williams, Charles Alfred Speed (2006). 4910: 4787:Buddhist Sculpture of Northern Thailand 4689: 4637: 4580: 4497: 4401:, p. 42. University of California Press 3798:Williams, Charles Alfred Speed (2006). 3785:Williams, Charles Alfred Speed (2006). 3551:Qin, Zhenzhen; Song, Yao (2020-04-08). 3550: 2351:), or nāgas. Another important nāga is 2252:Tibetan painting of a Buddhist elephant 1391:East (or, in alternate system, North) 14: 7952: 7464:List of Buddhist architecture in China 4974: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4611: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4512:Karlsson (2000), pp. 164–165, 174–175. 4320:. The Buddhist Council of Queensland. 4223: 4221: 2427:Prevention of killing animals in Japan 1905:, and the tantric the vajra and bell. 1088:holding a wooden staff and a fly-whisk 64:) to represent certain aspects of the 5280: 5056:The Bulletin of the Shanghai Museum 7 4673: 4671: 4440: 4438: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4324:from the original on 25 December 2018 4190: 4188: 4186: 4023:"Why do Buddhists Shave their Heads?" 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3153:(the void). It is characterised by a 1864: 1820:, a ritual implement associated with 5195: 4911:Project, Tibetan Nuns (2019-04-10). 4732:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism 4484: 4194: 3700: 3698: 3679: 3677: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3537: 3535: 3441:(Skt. Dharmacakra Pali. Dhammacakka) 2980:) a person must overcome to achieve 2939:Votive lamps from a Taiwanese temple 2862: 2678:and the Buddha's magical abilities. 2256:The Buddha was also symbolized by a 1965:in the 1880s with the assistance of 1908: 719:Burmese Pali manuscript depicting a 553:Dhamma wheel and deer from Dvaravati 4963: 4555: 4218: 3922:An Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism 1213:Other Vajrayana symbols popular in 1032:, the moon symbolizes enlightenment 24: 7251:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 5183:Dictionary of Buddhist iconography 5134:Kapstein, Matthew T. (June 2004). 4860:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 82–83. 4668: 4583:"Symbolism of Animals in Buddhism" 4435: 4384:John C. Huntington, Dina Bangdel, 4336: 4298:from the original on 15 March 2015 4183: 4162: 3904: 3805: 3070:). This is one of the fundamental 1931: 971:A japanese painting of Manjushri ( 25: 7991: 5232: 5121:Elements of Buddhist Iconography. 4789:, p. 301. Serindia Publications. 3754:Prapod Assavavirulhakarn (1990). 3695: 3674: 3603: 3532: 3141:Calligraphy by Kanjuro Shibata XX 2782: 2696:Swastika on a Buddhist temple in 2669: 1789:White elephant with mani (jewels) 1399:Ignorance → Awareness of reality 735:Lion in a Burmese Pali Manuscript 7980:Tibetan Buddhist art and culture 7932: 7922: 7921: 7479:Thai temple art and architecture 7224:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 5464:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 5330: 5317: 5307: 5123:Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. 5119:Coomaraswamy, Ananda K. (1998). 4847:, Encyclopædia Britannica (2017) 4708:, p. 570. John Wiley & Sons. 4706:A Global History of Architecture 4490:Encyclopædia Britannica (2008), 4166:Why Do Buddhists Bow to Buddhas? 3214: 2719:Swastika monogram at the end of 2470:compares himself to a lotus (in 1946: 1828: 1810: 1794: 1782: 1766: 1751: 1731: 1711: 1697: 1682: 1667: 1651: 1635: 1572:Indo-Tibetan Buddhism visual art 1474:Anger → "Mirror-like" awareness 1093: 1077: 1057: 1037: 1018: 999: 980: 964: 948: 932: 917: 905: 893: 881: 824:) and various kinds of Buddhist 820:: 十八羅漢)the "ever burning lamp" ( 740: 728: 712: 693: 681: 662: 650: 638: 622: 617:stone (monastery boundary stone) 606: 594: 582: 570: 558: 546: 531: 506:Southeast Asian Buddhist symbols 493: 481: 469: 457: 445: 433: 406: 391: 379: 367: 351: 339: 324: 308: 293: 278: 266: 254: 242: 230: 5331: 5065: 5048: 5039: 5030: 5017: 5014:Kieschnick (2020), pp. 116–124. 5008: 4995: 4952:from the original on 2022-09-28 4934: 4923:from the original on 2022-09-29 4904: 4880: 4871: 4850: 4822: 4813: 4800: 4779: 4768:from the original on 2019-04-13 4754: 4745: 4724: 4711: 4698: 4656:from the original on 2020-09-20 4631: 4605: 4593:from the original on 2017-04-15 4542: 4533: 4524: 4515: 4506: 4451: 4426: 4417: 4404: 4391: 4378: 4359:Chauley, G. C. (1998) pp. 1–20. 4284: 4275: 4250: 4239:from the original on 2022-10-29 4207:from the original on 2022-10-29 4173:from the original on 2021-12-12 4156: 4145:from the original on 2018-10-28 4127: 4116:from the original on 2020-02-17 4102: 4091:from the original on 2018-10-28 4073: 4044: 4033:from the original on 2018-10-12 4015: 4004:from the original on 2019-04-14 3986: 3975:from the original on 2019-04-14 3957: 3946:from the original on 2020-02-17 3928: 3895: 3886: 3877: 3868: 3855: 3846: 3792: 3779: 3770: 3761: 3748: 3704:Chauley, G. C. (1998) pp. 1–16. 2760: 2534:(Buddhist monastic community). 2490:(often visualized as lotuses). 2035:teaching of the Buddha's Dharma 1984: 1605:which are different aspects of 1347:and other aspects and symbols: 34:Lotus motif from Sanchi complex 7469:Japanese Buddhist architecture 7271:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 6351:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 5542:Places where the Buddha stayed 5072:Anderson, Carol (2013-10-11). 4347:Karlsson (2000), pp. 160, 164. 4056:Mahamevnawa Buddhist Monastery 3686: 3665: 3639: 3617: 3544: 3351: 2896: 2853: 1449:Pride → Awareness of sameness 1204:) and the thigh bone trumpet ( 924:Bhutanese throne cover with a 867:, a widely used symbol is the 315:Relief of the Diamond Throne ( 192:(and the relics therein), the 13: 1: 7484:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 4886:(Japanese) Hitoshi Takazawa, 4828:Karlsson (2000), pp. 48, 120. 4819:Karlsson (2000), pp. 100–102. 4677:Karlsson (2000), pp. 165–166. 4521:Karlsson (2000), pp. 183–184. 4201:Tricycle: The Buddhist Review 3863:Zen Circles of Enlightenment. 3812:Prasetyo, Lery (2019-08-01). 3802:pp. 83–87. Tuttle Publishing. 3541:Coomaraswamy (1998), pp. 1–5. 3525: 2957: 2943: 2657: 2583: 2530:(teaching, eternal law), and 2442:Sacred lotus in religious art 2089: 1280:Eight types of Tibetan stupas 1272:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 943:with Dharma wheel and gankyil 871:, a hand-drawn black circle. 705:Wat Phra Singh Woramahaviharn 672:outside the Silver temple in 346:Buddhapada with other symbols 135:World Fellowship of Buddhists 133:At its founding in 1952, the 27:Religious symbols in Buddhism 7241:Buddhism and the Roman world 7217:Decline of Buddhism in India 7212:History of Buddhism in India 5312: Topics in 4457:Karlsson (2000), pp. 98–102. 4412:The Footprint of the Buddha, 4058:. 2018-04-20. Archived from 3062:), the other represents the 2972:, at the end of the year, a 2787:A pair of fishes (Sanskrit: 2537: 2512:Another early symbol is the 2450:Lotus and triratna at Sanchi 1841:Symbolic physical attributes 1628: 1410:Peace, protection from harm 874: 828:or charms, such as Japanese 524: 237:A Dharmachakra being revered 7: 6439:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 6179: 5228:Princeton University Press. 4686:AN 10.81, '"Bāhuna suttaṃ". 3481: 3453:(Skt. chatra; Pali. Chatta) 3375:(this is still part of the 3270:or "wish fulfilling jewel". 3047:Various figures in Tantric 2681: 2501: 2407:artwork, second century CE. 2294:Tibetan bronze statue of a 2243: 912:The Flaming Sword of Wisdom 757:East Asian Buddhist symbols 374:Empty throne and bodhi tree 273:Dharmachakra, and elephants 10: 7996: 7389:The unanswerable questions 5273:(archived 6 February 2006) 5196:Xing, Guang (2004-11-10). 5174:Karlsson, Klemens (2000). 5027:p. 201. Tuttle Publishing. 5005:p. 413. Tuttle Publishing. 4858:The Symbolism of the Stupa 4762:"Footprints of the Buddha" 4397:Pal, Pratapaditya (1986), 4371:T. B. Karunaratne (1969), 3831:10.18784/analisa.v4i01.788 3789:p. 170. Tuttle Publishing. 3467: 3435:(Skt. dhvaja; Pali. dhaja) 3417:(Skt. padma; Pali. Paduma) 3321: 3318:The eight auspicious signs 3280:The wish fulfilling tree ( 3193: 3127: 3096: 3010:(indestructibility) and a 2991: 2961: 2947: 2900: 2882: 2798: 2764: 2735:was traditionally used in 2685: 2629: 2625: 2587: 2541: 2505: 2439: 2358: 2210: 2157: 2093: 1988: 1950: 1849:Two Burmese Buddhist monks 1555:The five colors (Sanskrit 1339:Colour in Tibetan Buddhism 1106:Vajrayana Buddhist symbols 859:and various generals like 223: 7917: 7869: 7784: 7699: 7474:Buddhist temples in Korea 7397: 7299: 7182: 6879: 6807: 6634: 6507: 6447: 6082: 6037:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 5948: 5940:Three planes of existence 5888: 5733: 5625: 5555: 5547:Buddha in world religions 5409: 5354: 5326: 5252:(archived 1 January 2017) 5224:Kieschnick, John (2020). 5199:The Concept of the Buddha 5152:10.1017/s0041977x04420163 5105:. Serindia Publications. 4893:, Tōkyōdō Shuppan, 2008. 4856:Adrian Snodgrass (1992). 4444:G.P. Malalasekera (2003) 4373:The Buddhist Wheel Symbol 3852:Kieschnick (2020), p. 83. 3767:Kieschnick (2020), p. 85. 3725:Arthur M. Sackler Gallery 3464:Symbols on Feet of Buddha 3371:, a throne, a drum and a 3342: 3304: 3259:Various kinds of jewels ( 3189: 2867:The "ever-burning lamp" ( 2794: 2390: 2136:Indus Valley Civilization 1383:Purity, primordial being 657:A Thai style Dhamma wheel 420:, with depictions of the 42:An "Indra Post" at Sanchi 7256:Persecution of Buddhists 6477:Four stages of awakening 5858:Three marks of existence 5444:Physical characteristics 5266:Buddhist Tantric Symbols 5261:Tibetan Buddhist Symbols 5256:General Buddhist Symbols 4877:Karlsson (2000), p. 169. 4785:Stratton, Carol (2003). 4751:Karlsson (2000), p. 166. 4539:Karlsson (2000), p. 182. 4530:Karlsson (2000), p. 181. 4481:Karlsson (2000), p. 175. 4469:Karlsson (2000), p. 158. 4432:Karlsson (2000), p. 162. 4423:Karlsson (2000), p. 161. 3901:Beer (2003), pp. 98–112. 3692:Karlsson (2000), p. 174. 3614:Karlsson (2000), p. 168. 2987: 2676:Twin Miracle at Savatthi 2435: 2369:Wat Phra That Doi Suthep 2285: 2153: 1887: 1068:of a monk's ring staff ( 836:, and Chinese fu (符) or 6619:Ten principal disciples 5502:(aunt, adoptive mother) 5126:Chauley, G. C. (1998). 4946:collections.artsmia.org 4695:AN 4.36, "Doṇa suttaṃ". 4640:"Buddhism and Violence" 4638:Vollmer, Klaus (2006). 4612:Namgya, Tseten (2016). 4581:Choskyi, Jampa (1988). 4410:Ludowyk, E.F.C. (2013) 3865:Shambhala Publications. 3730:Smithsonian Institution 3683:Karlsson (2000), p. 11. 3273:Buddhist prayer beads ( 3123: 3092: 2878: 2819: 2497:Vajra seat at Bodh Gaya 2399:Garuda vanquishing the 2334: 2215: 2167:(literally "heap") are 2145:The development of the 1567:Indo-Tibetan visual art 1252:and tiger. The popular 1084:A portrait of Zen monk 7329:Buddhism and democracy 6842:Tibetan Buddhist canon 6837:Chinese Buddhist canon 6069:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 6064:Early Buddhist schools 5045:Beer (2003), pp. 1–14. 4975:Blades, James (1992). 4552:e, p.149-150, Grafikol 4548:Lee Huu Phuoc (2009). 3732:. 2008. Archived from 3570:10.3390/ijerph17072551 3410: 3402: 3361:bkra-shis rtags-brgyad 3314: 3231: 3186: 3142: 3003: 2940: 2932: 2920: 2839: 2838:. Nepal, 17th century. 2813: 2728: 2712: 2704: 2645: 2603: 2580: 2498: 2451: 2408: 2375: 2298: 2253: 2225: 2150: 2122:("bodhi"), called the 2071: 2066:complex topped with a 2004: 1943: 1858: 1850: 1590: 1552: 1457:Blue (light and dark) 1335: 1281: 1192:), the flaying knife ( 1137:, "Secret Mantra") or 1130: 1115: 1028:is widely depicted in 784:(Chinese: 法輪; pinyin: 766: 149:Early Buddhist symbols 43: 35: 7339:Eight Consciousnesses 5449:Life of Buddha in art 5208:10.4324/9780203413104 5101:Beer, Robert (2003). 5084:10.4324/9781315027401 4913:"Eternal Knot Symbol" 4719:Buddhist Architecture 3715:"The Art of Buddhism" 3671:Chauley (1998), p. 4. 3408: 3396: 3312: 3235:Some deities such as 3222: 3184: 3137: 3002:Ritual bell and vajra 3001: 2938: 2930: 2910: 2827: 2808: 2773:dependent origination 2757:) by Japanese clans. 2718: 2710: 2695: 2639: 2597: 2578: 2496: 2449: 2398: 2366: 2293: 2251: 2223: 2144: 2061: 1998: 1939: 1856: 1848: 1726:and the three jewels. 1588: 1533: 1333: 1279: 1121: 1113: 764: 41: 33: 7816:East Asian religions 7246:Buddhism in the West 6817:Early Buddhist texts 6432:Four Right Exertions 5898:Ten spiritual realms 5391:Noble Eightfold Path 4917:Tibetan Nuns Project 4550:Buddhist Architectur 3736:on 17 September 2022 3721:Freer Gallery of Art 3646:Freiberger, Oliver. 3379:eight symbol list). 2544:Vajrasana, Bodh Gaya 2041:). While the Buddha 1345:five Buddha families 1288:, called in Tibetan 751:, Bangkok, Thailand. 319:) with two triratnas 204:(three jewels), the 7939:Religion portal 7686:Temple of the Tooth 7565:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 6604:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 6097:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 5880:Two truths doctrine 5700:Mahapajapati Gotamī 5500:Mahapajapati Gotamī 5075:Pain and Its Ending 4808:"A Guide to Sanchi" 4292:"The Buddhist Flag" 4027:www.chomonhouse.org 3936:"Buddhism in China" 3892:Beer (2003), p. 95. 3883:Beer (2003), p. 92. 3874:Beer (2003), p. 87. 3623:Karlsson, Klemens. 3514:Religious symbolism 3427:Pair of golden fish 3409:Burmese Buddha feet 3388:East Asian Buddhism 3159:Japanese aesthetics 3087:Five Wisdom Buddhas 1545:and tantric staff ( 1369:Transforming effect 1044:Calligraphy of the 806:", the ring staff ( 770:East Asian Buddhism 122:were also adopted. 7861:Western philosophy 7459:Dzong architecture 7281:Vipassana movement 7276:Buddhist modernism 6704:Emperor Wen of Sui 6472:Pratyekabuddhayāna 6405:Threefold Training 6207:Vipassana movement 5923:Hungry Ghost realm 5743:Avidyā (Ignorance) 5690:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 5439:Great Renunciation 5434:Eight Great Events 5316: 5179:Uppsala University 5036:Beer (2003), p. 1. 4843:2021-05-08 at the 4233:www.britannica.com 3633:2021-10-01 at the 3429:(Skt. matsyayugma) 3411: 3403: 3315: 3232: 3187: 3143: 3107:term for a ritual 3004: 2941: 2933: 2921: 2840: 2814: 2749:Chinese characters 2729: 2721:Karna Chaupar Cave 2713: 2705: 2646: 2604: 2602:temple, Sri Lanka. 2581: 2499: 2452: 2409: 2376: 2308:Great Renunciation 2299: 2254: 2226: 2151: 2072: 2005: 1967:Henry Steel Olcott 1944: 1865:Robes and baldness 1859: 1851: 1591: 1553: 1336: 1282: 1186:), the skull cup ( 1180:), tantric staff ( 1133:Mantric Buddhism ( 1131: 1116: 767: 747:Garuda and Nagas, 538:Dhamma wheel from 112:Vajrayana Buddhism 104:Greco-Buddhist art 44: 36: 7965:Religious symbols 7947: 7946: 7585:Om mani padme hum 7291:Women in Buddhism 7207:Buddhist councils 7077:Western countries 6865:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 6626:Shaolin Monastery 6203:Samatha-vipassanā 5813:Pratītyasamutpāda 5617:Metteyya/Maitreya 5535: 5527: 5519: 5511: 5503: 5495: 5487: 5364:Four Noble Truths 5130:Sundeep Prakashan 5112:978-1-932476-03-3 4988:978-0-933224-71-1 4899:978-4-490-10738-8 4866:978-81-208-0781-5 4414:Routledge, p. 22. 4163:본엄 (2015-06-07), 4085:blogs.cornell.edu 3457:White Conch Shell 3230:(the vajra realm) 2863:Ever-burning lamp 2632:Chatra (umbrella) 2084:Pillars of Ashoka 1977:when he attained 1959:five-colored flag 1909:Physical gestures 1677:in Tibetan script 1675:Om mani padme hum 1528: 1527: 1485:Love, compassion 1258:om mani padme hum 1221:(wheel of life), 416:. First century, 287:pillars of Ashoka 143:five-colored flag 16:(Redirected from 7987: 7960:Buddhist symbols 7937: 7936: 7925: 7924: 7764:Sacred languages 7612:Maya Devi Temple 7575:Mahabodhi Temple 7379:Secular Buddhism 7344:Engaged Buddhism 6184: 6032:Tibetan Buddhism 5983:Vietnamese Thiền 5582:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 5533: 5525: 5517: 5509: 5501: 5493: 5485: 5334: 5333: 5321: 5311: 5301: 5294: 5287: 5278: 5277: 5221: 5171: 5116: 5097: 5059: 5052: 5046: 5043: 5037: 5034: 5028: 5021: 5015: 5012: 5006: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4972: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4928: 4908: 4902: 4888:Encyclopedia of 4884: 4878: 4875: 4869: 4854: 4848: 4838:Swastika: SYMBOL 4835: 4829: 4826: 4820: 4817: 4811: 4806:Marshall, John. 4804: 4798: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4758: 4752: 4749: 4743: 4728: 4722: 4715: 4709: 4702: 4696: 4693: 4687: 4684: 4678: 4675: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4655: 4644: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4578: 4553: 4546: 4540: 4537: 4531: 4528: 4522: 4519: 4513: 4510: 4504: 4501: 4495: 4488: 4482: 4479: 4470: 4467: 4458: 4455: 4449: 4442: 4433: 4430: 4424: 4421: 4415: 4408: 4402: 4395: 4389: 4382: 4376: 4369: 4360: 4357: 4348: 4345: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4288: 4282: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4269: 4260:. 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Archived from 3643: 3637: 3621: 3615: 3612: 3601: 3600: 3590: 3572: 3548: 3542: 3539: 3470:Buddha footprint 3353: 3344: 3120:into emptiness. 2812:, victory banner 2747:(which are also 2608:Buddha footprint 2590:Buddha footprint 2460:Nelumbo nucifera 2132:worship of trees 2070:(royal umbrella) 2062:Bodhi tree from 1961:was designed in 1832: 1814: 1798: 1786: 1773:State emblem of 1770: 1755: 1735: 1715: 1701: 1686: 1671: 1655: 1639: 1619:wrathful deities 1595:Buddhist deities 1493:West (or South) 1468:Centre (or n/a) 1443:South (or West) 1350: 1349: 1215:Tibetan Buddhism 1097: 1081: 1061: 1041: 1022: 1003: 984: 968: 952: 936: 921: 909: 897: 885: 744: 732: 716: 697: 685: 670:Buddha footprint 666: 654: 642: 631:Chainat province 626: 610: 598: 586: 574: 562: 550: 535: 497: 488:A Naga at Sanchi 485: 473: 461: 449: 437: 414:Buddha footprint 410: 395: 383: 371: 355: 343: 328: 312: 297: 282: 270: 258: 246: 234: 214:Buddha footprint 21: 18:Buddhist symbols 7995: 7994: 7990: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7985: 7984: 7950: 7949: 7948: 7943: 7931: 7913: 7865: 7780: 7695: 7432:Ordination hall 7393: 7295: 7266:Buddhist crisis 7178: 6875: 6827:Mahayana sutras 6803: 6799:Thích Nhất Hạnh 6630: 6503: 6443: 6393:Bodhisattva vow 6078: 5944: 5884: 5843:Taṇhā (Craving) 5778:Five hindrances 5729: 5621: 5551: 5405: 5350: 5322: 5305: 5235: 5218: 5113: 5094: 5068: 5063: 5062: 5053: 5049: 5044: 5040: 5035: 5031: 5022: 5018: 5013: 5009: 5000: 4996: 4989: 4973: 4964: 4955: 4953: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4926: 4924: 4909: 4905: 4885: 4881: 4876: 4872: 4855: 4851: 4845:Wayback Machine 4836: 4832: 4827: 4823: 4818: 4814: 4805: 4801: 4784: 4780: 4771: 4769: 4760: 4759: 4755: 4750: 4746: 4729: 4725: 4716: 4712: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4681: 4676: 4669: 4659: 4657: 4653: 4642: 4636: 4632: 4622: 4620: 4610: 4606: 4596: 4594: 4579: 4556: 4547: 4543: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4525: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4498: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4473: 4468: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4443: 4436: 4431: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4409: 4405: 4396: 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2952: 2946: 2905: 2899: 2887: 2881: 2865: 2856: 2850:and Vasudhara. 2836:Buddha Amitābha 2822: 2803: 2797: 2785: 2769: 2763: 2690: 2684: 2672: 2660: 2634: 2628: 2592: 2586: 2546: 2540: 2510: 2504: 2484:Avalokiteshvara 2444: 2438: 2429: 2393: 2367:Peacock Gable, 2361: 2337: 2288: 2246: 2218: 2213: 2173:funerary mounds 2162: 2156: 2115:ficus religiosa 2098: 2092: 1993: 1987: 1955: 1949: 1934: 1932:Notable symbols 1911: 1890: 1867: 1843: 1836: 1833: 1824: 1815: 1806: 1799: 1790: 1787: 1778: 1771: 1762: 1756: 1747: 1736: 1727: 1716: 1707: 1702: 1693: 1687: 1678: 1672: 1663: 1656: 1647: 1640: 1631: 1569: 1435:Wealth, beauty 1418:North (or n/a) 1341: 1274: 1108: 1101: 1098: 1089: 1082: 1073: 1062: 1053: 1042: 1033: 1023: 1014: 1004: 995: 985: 976: 969: 960: 953: 944: 937: 928: 922: 913: 910: 901: 898: 889: 886: 877: 849:Chinese dragons 814:Eighteen Arhats 759: 752: 745: 736: 733: 724: 717: 708: 698: 689: 686: 677: 667: 658: 655: 646: 643: 634: 627: 618: 611: 602: 601:Dhamma wheel at 599: 590: 587: 578: 575: 566: 563: 554: 551: 542: 536: 527: 508: 501: 498: 489: 486: 477: 474: 465: 462: 453: 450: 441: 438: 429: 411: 402: 399:Amaravati Stupa 396: 387: 384: 375: 372: 363: 362:in the center). 356: 347: 344: 335: 329: 320: 313: 304: 298: 289: 283: 274: 271: 262: 259: 250: 247: 238: 235: 226: 151: 96:Anthropomorphic 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7993: 7983: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7941: 7929: 7918: 7915: 7914: 7912: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7875: 7873: 7867: 7866: 7864: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7812: 7811: 7806: 7796: 7790: 7788: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7778: 7777: 7776: 7771: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7705: 7703: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7682: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7630: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7588: 7587: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7561: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 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6851: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6813: 6811: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6789:B. R. Ambedkar 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6709:Songtsen Gampo 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6640: 6638: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6628: 6623: 6622: 6621: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6585: 6584: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6513: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6453: 6451: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6441: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6402: 6401: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6388:Eight precepts 6385: 6375: 6374: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6348: 6347: 6346: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6325: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6283: 6282: 6277: 6267: 6262: 6261: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6176: 6166: 6161: 6159:Five Strengths 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6125: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6099: 6094: 6088: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6050: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5986: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5954: 5952: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5942: 5937: 5936: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5900: 5894: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5798:Mental factors 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5739: 5737: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5650:Mahamoggallāna 5647: 5642: 5637: 5631: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5573: 5572: 5565:Avalokiteśvara 5561: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5529: 5521: 5513: 5505: 5497: 5489: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5415: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5366: 5360: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5304: 5303: 5296: 5289: 5281: 5275: 5274: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5247: 5242: 5234: 5233:External links 5231: 5230: 5229: 5222: 5216: 5193: 5186: 5172: 5131: 5124: 5117: 5111: 5098: 5092: 5067: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5047: 5038: 5029: 5016: 5007: 4994: 4987: 4962: 4933: 4903: 4879: 4870: 4849: 4830: 4821: 4812: 4799: 4778: 4753: 4744: 4723: 4717:Huu Phuoc Le. 4710: 4697: 4688: 4679: 4667: 4630: 4604: 4554: 4541: 4532: 4523: 4514: 4505: 4496: 4483: 4471: 4459: 4450: 4434: 4425: 4416: 4403: 4390: 4377: 4361: 4349: 4335: 4309: 4283: 4274: 4249: 4217: 4182: 4155: 4126: 4101: 4072: 4043: 4014: 3985: 3956: 3927: 3903: 3894: 3885: 3876: 3867: 3854: 3845: 3804: 3791: 3778: 3769: 3760: 3747: 3706: 3694: 3685: 3673: 3664: 3638: 3616: 3602: 3543: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3465: 3462: 3461: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3433:Victory banner 3430: 3424: 3418: 3397:Tibetan style 3322:Main article: 3319: 3316: 3306: 3303: 3302: 3301: 3298: 3287: 3278: 3271: 3257: 3250: 3237:Prajñaparamita 3216: 3213: 3209:Gautama Buddha 3194:Main article: 3191: 3188: 3128:Main article: 3125: 3122: 3097:Main article: 3094: 3091: 2992:Main article: 2989: 2986: 2962:Main article: 2959: 2956: 2948:Main article: 2945: 2942: 2901:Main article: 2898: 2895: 2885:Ruyi (scepter) 2883:Main article: 2880: 2877: 2864: 2861: 2855: 2852: 2834:with image of 2821: 2818: 2799:Main article: 2796: 2793: 2784: 2783:Pair of fishes 2781: 2765:Main article: 2762: 2759: 2725:Emperor Ashoka 2686:Main article: 2683: 2680: 2671: 2670:Flaming pillar 2668: 2659: 2656: 2630:Main article: 2627: 2624: 2616:Nagarjunakonda 2588:Main article: 2585: 2582: 2542:Main article: 2539: 2536: 2506:Main article: 2503: 2500: 2440:Main article: 2437: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2392: 2389: 2360: 2357: 2336: 2333: 2287: 2284: 2276:Avalokitesvara 2258:white elephant 2245: 2242: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2158:Main article: 2155: 2152: 2094:Main article: 2091: 2088: 1989:Main article: 1986: 1983: 1951:Main article: 1948: 1945: 1933: 1930: 1910: 1907: 1889: 1886: 1866: 1863: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1827: 1825: 1816: 1809: 1807: 1800: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1781: 1779: 1772: 1765: 1763: 1761:, wheel of joy 1757: 1750: 1748: 1737: 1730: 1728: 1717: 1710: 1708: 1703: 1696: 1694: 1688: 1681: 1679: 1673: 1666: 1664: 1662:, three jewels 1658:Tibetan style 1657: 1650: 1648: 1642:Tibetan style 1641: 1634: 1630: 1627: 1568: 1565: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1516:n/a (or East) 1514: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1461: 1458: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1436: 1433: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1392: 1389: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1340: 1337: 1327:"truth body". 1273: 1270: 1198:), hand drum ( 1107: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1092: 1090: 1083: 1076: 1074: 1063: 1056: 1054: 1043: 1036: 1034: 1024: 1017: 1015: 1005: 998: 996: 986: 979: 977: 970: 963: 961: 954: 947: 945: 938: 931: 929: 923: 916: 914: 911: 904: 902: 899: 892: 890: 887: 880: 876: 873: 758: 755: 754: 753: 746: 739: 737: 734: 727: 725: 718: 711: 709: 699: 692: 690: 687: 680: 678: 668: 661: 659: 656: 649: 647: 644: 637: 635: 628: 621: 619: 612: 605: 603: 600: 593: 591: 588: 581: 579: 576: 569: 567: 564: 557: 555: 552: 545: 543: 537: 530: 526: 523: 507: 504: 503: 502: 499: 492: 490: 487: 480: 478: 475: 468: 466: 463: 456: 454: 451: 444: 442: 439: 432: 430: 412: 405: 403: 397: 390: 388: 385: 378: 376: 373: 366: 364: 357: 350: 348: 345: 338: 336: 330: 323: 321: 314: 307: 305: 299: 292: 290: 284: 277: 275: 272: 265: 263: 260: 253: 251: 248: 241: 239: 236: 229: 225: 222: 150: 147: 52:is the use of 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7992: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7928: 7920: 7919: 7916: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7872: 7868: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7801: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7791: 7789: 7787: 7783: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7766: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7702: 7701:Miscellaneous 7698: 7692: 7691:Vegetarianism 7689: 7687: 7684: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7604: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7535: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7513:Buddha in art 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7497: 7494: 7493: 7492: 7489: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7448: 7445: 7444: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7400: 7396: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7302: 7298: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7185: 7181: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7167:United States 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7078: 7075: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7062: 7061: 7058: 7054: 7051: 7050: 7049: 7046: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6994: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6976: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6878: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6849: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6806: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6724:Padmasambhava 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6636:Major figures 6633: 6627: 6624: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6583: 6582:Western tulku 6580: 6579: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6506: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6479: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6446: 6440: 6437: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6428: 6425: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6403: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6383:Five precepts 6381: 6380: 6379: 6376: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6361:Dhamma vicaya 6359: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6349: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6129:Buddhābhiṣeka 6127: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6081: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6025: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5947: 5941: 5938: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5881: 5878: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5773:Enlightenment 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5763:Dhamma theory 5761: 5759: 5758:Buddha-nature 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5732: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5597:Samantabhadra 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5536: 5530: 5528: 5522: 5520: 5514: 5512: 5506: 5504: 5498: 5496: 5490: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5329: 5328: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5302: 5297: 5295: 5290: 5288: 5283: 5282: 5279: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5217:9781134317004 5213: 5209: 5205: 5202:. Routledge. 5201: 5200: 5194: 5191: 5187: 5184: 5180: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5132: 5129: 5125: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5108: 5104: 5099: 5095: 5093:9781136813252 5089: 5085: 5081: 5078:. Routledge. 5077: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5058:(1996), p.133 5057: 5051: 5042: 5033: 5026: 5020: 5011: 5004: 4998: 4990: 4984: 4980: 4979: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4937: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4907: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4891: 4883: 4874: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4846: 4842: 4839: 4834: 4825: 4816: 4809: 4803: 4796: 4795:1-932476-09-1 4792: 4788: 4782: 4767: 4763: 4757: 4748: 4741: 4740:9781400848058 4737: 4733: 4727: 4720: 4714: 4707: 4701: 4692: 4683: 4674: 4672: 4652: 4648: 4641: 4634: 4619: 4615: 4608: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4551: 4545: 4536: 4527: 4518: 4509: 4500: 4493: 4487: 4478: 4476: 4466: 4464: 4454: 4447: 4441: 4439: 4429: 4420: 4413: 4407: 4400: 4394: 4387: 4381: 4374: 4368: 4366: 4356: 4354: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4323: 4319: 4313: 4297: 4294:. Buddhanet. 4293: 4287: 4278: 4264:on 2004-09-23 4263: 4259: 4253: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4222: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4172: 4168: 4167: 4159: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4130: 4115: 4111: 4105: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4076: 4062:on 2018-10-28 4061: 4057: 4053: 4047: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4018: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3989: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3931: 3923: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3898: 3889: 3880: 3871: 3864: 3858: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3801: 3795: 3788: 3782: 3773: 3764: 3757: 3751: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3701: 3699: 3689: 3680: 3678: 3668: 3654:on 2004-06-26 3653: 3649: 3642: 3636: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3620: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3547: 3538: 3536: 3531: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3486: 3479: 3477: 3471: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3445:Treasure vase 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3407: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3311: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3285: 3284: 3279: 3276: 3272: 3269: 3265: 3263: 3258: 3255: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3215:Other symbols 3212: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3183: 3179: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3121: 3117: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3100: 3090: 3088: 3082: 3080: 3075: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3050: 3045: 3043: 3038: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3000: 2995: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2965: 2955: 2951: 2950:Buddhist flag 2937: 2929: 2925: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2894: 2892: 2891:talking stick 2886: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2869:changmingdeng 2860: 2851: 2849: 2845: 2837: 2833: 2832: 2826: 2817: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2792: 2790: 2780: 2776: 2774: 2768: 2758: 2756: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2709: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2679: 2677: 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flag 1942: 1941:Buddhist flag 1938: 1929: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1917: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1894: 1885: 1881: 1879: 1878: 1873: 1862: 1855: 1847: 1831: 1826: 1823: 1819: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1797: 1792: 1785: 1780: 1776: 1769: 1764: 1760: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1720:Flag of Tibet 1714: 1709: 1706: 1700: 1695: 1692: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1654: 1649: 1646:with two deer 1645: 1638: 1633: 1632: 1626: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1587: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1550: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1539:flaying knife 1536: 1532: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1439:Ratnasaṃbhava 1437: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1332: 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Jewels 5225: 5198: 5189: 5182: 5175: 5143: 5139: 5127: 5120: 5102: 5074: 5066:Bibliography 5055: 5050: 5041: 5032: 5024: 5019: 5010: 5002: 4997: 4977: 4954:. 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Retrieved 3652:the original 3641: 3624: 3619: 3560: 3556: 3546: 3504:Japanese art 3489:Buddhist art 3476:Dharmachakra 3473: 3439:Dharma wheel 3421:Endless knot 3415:Lotus flower 3381: 3360: 3350: 3332: 3327: 3324:Ashtamangala 3294: 3283:kalpavriksha 3281: 3274: 3260: 3244: 3205:Buddhist art 3199: 3144: 3118: 3102: 3083: 3076: 3053: 3046: 3039: 3028: 3005: 2967: 2964:108 (number) 2953: 2922: 2916: 2911:A Japanese " 2888: 2872: 2868: 2866: 2857: 2841: 2829: 2815: 2788: 2786: 2777: 2770: 2767:Endless knot 2761:Endless knot 2753: 2730: 2673: 2663: 2661: 2649: 2647: 2619: 2611: 2605: 2600:Seema Malaka 2564: 2553: 2549: 2547: 2517: 2511: 2475: 2463: 2462:, Sanskrit: 2459: 2456:Indian lotus 2453: 2430: 2421:Amoghasiddhi 2410: 2385:Wheel of Law 2377: 2338: 2300: 2255: 2227: 2204: 2203:and Tibetan 2197: 2185: 2176: 2163: 2113: 2105: 2099: 2076:chakravartin 2073: 2067: 2053:cakrastambha 2052: 2047: 2042: 2012: 2009:Dharma wheel 2006: 1991:Dharmachakra 1985:Dharma wheel 1956: 1926: 1916:añjali mudrā 1914: 1912: 1895: 1891: 1882: 1876: 1871: 1868: 1860: 1644:Dharma wheel 1623: 1592: 1570: 1561:prayer flags 1556: 1554: 1547: 1537:, holding a 1414:Amoghasiddhi 1342: 1310: 1301: 1293: 1283: 1231: 1217:include the 1212: 1205: 1199: 1193: 1187: 1182: 1175: 1173: 1169:vishva-vajra 1168: 1164: 1157: 1143: 1134: 1132: 1123: 1069: 1012:kalpavriksha 988:Ming dynasty 972: 939:Old flag of 865:Japanese Zen 857:Jade emperor 853:Chinese gods 842: 821: 807: 797: 794: 785: 782:Dharma wheel 774:Tang dynasty 768: 629:Seal of the 519: 509: 426:Dharmachakra 210:lotus flower 187: 157:is from the 155:Buddhist art 152: 139:Dharma wheel 132: 124: 116:double vajra 94: 90: 82:three jewels 78:Indian lotus 74:Dharma wheel 61: 46: 45: 7724:Dharma talk 7553:Asalha Puja 7349:Eschatology 7152:Switzerland 7132:New Zealand 7060:Middle East 6969:Philippines 6889:Afghanistan 6694:Bodhidharma 6679:Buddhaghosa 6599:Householder 6509:Monasticism 6462:Bodhisattva 6317:Prostration 6270:Mindfulness 6198:Anapanasati 6181:Kammaṭṭhāna 5978:Korean Seon 5918:Asura realm 5913:Human realm 5853:Ten Fetters 5808:Parinirvana 5710:Uppalavanna 5675:Mahākaccana 5660:Mahākassapa 5592:Kṣitigarbha 5587:Ākāśagarbha 5484:Suddhodāna 5429:Four sights 5356:Foundations 3563:(7): 2551. 3519:Tibetan art 3494:Chinese art 3399:aṣṭamaṅgala 3334:aṣṭamaṅgala 3169:'s perfect 3072:dichotomies 3049:iconography 3012:thunderbolt 2913:wooden fish 2903:Wooden fish 2897:Wooden fish 2873:zhengjuexin 2854:Conch shell 2848:Vaishravana 2789:matsyayugma 2702:South Korea 1738:In Tibetan 1705:Kila dagger 1535:Vajrayogini 1356:Symbolises 1334:Mani stones 1135:Guhyamantra 1026:Bodhidharma 1006:Cinatamani 992:lacquerware 845:money trees 804:wooden fish 196:wheel, the 159:Mauryan era 7954:Categories 7841:Psychology 7821:Gnosticism 7809:Comparison 7804:Influences 7786:Comparison 7669:Bhavacakra 7627:Kushinagar 7602:Pilgrimage 7548:Māgha Pūjā 7503:Bodhi Tree 7319:Buddhology 7309:Abhidharma 7301:Philosophy 7234:Menander I 7102:Costa Rica 7053:Uzbekistan 6894:Bangladesh 6848:Dhammapada 6832:Pali Canon 6794:Ajahn Chah 6774:Dalai Lama 6674:Kumārajīva 6669:Vasubandhu 6644:The Buddha 6552:Zen master 6487:Sakadagami 6467:Buddhahood 6398:Pratimokṣa 6213:Shikantaza 6169:Meditation 6144:Deity yoga 6015:Madhyamaka 5908:Deva realm 5803:Mindstream 5753:Bodhicitta 5665:Aṅgulimāla 5532:Devadatta 5508:Yaśodharā 5411:The Buddha 5401:Middle Way 5146:(2): 266. 4956:2022-10-29 4927:2022-10-29 4772:2008-05-11 4660:15 October 4623:15 October 4597:15 October 4268:2004-07-15 4243:2022-10-29 4211:2022-10-29 4195:Tricycle. 4177:2018-10-12 4149:2018-10-12 4120:2018-10-11 4095:2018-10-28 4066:2018-10-28 4037:2018-10-12 4008:2018-10-11 3979:2018-10-28 3950:2018-10-28 3658:2004-07-15 3526:References 3509:Korean art 3499:Indian art 3468:See also: 3352:Bā jíxiáng 3228:Vajradhatu 3155:minimalism 2958:Number 108 2944:Ring staff 2664:Indrakhila 2658:Indrakhila 2642:Satavahana 2620:purnaghata 2612:buddhapāda 2584:Footprints 2570:empty seat 2565:bodhimanda 2373:Chiang Mai 2320:Wind Horse 2262:Queen Maya 2192:Moggallana 2124:bodhimanda 2106:bodhirukka 2102:Bodhi Tree 2096:Bodhi Tree 2090:Bodhi tree 1899:Mystic Law 1724:snow lions 1691:Kalachakra 1689:Symbol of 1611:Shakyamuni 1603:White Tara 1599:Green Tara 1557:pañcavarṇa 1362:Direction 1325:dharmakāya 1317:Adi-Buddha 1294:mchod rten 1242:Wind Horse 1227:Boudhanath 1219:bhavacakra 1124:viśvavajra 701:Buddhapada 674:Chiang Mai 301:Bodhi tree 212:, and the 206:vajra seat 198:Bodhi Tree 128:apotropaic 86:Bodhi tree 7975:Vajrayana 7970:Symbolism 7909:Festivals 7889:Buddhists 7851:Theosophy 7654:Symbolism 7644:Hama yumi 7617:Bodh Gaya 7384:Socialism 7359:Evolution 7334:Economics 7172:Venezuela 7087:Australia 7082:Argentina 7006:Sri Lanka 7001:Singapore 6919:Indonesia 6881:Countries 6822:Tripiṭaka 6784:Ajahn Mun 6659:Nagarjuna 6654:Aśvaghoṣa 6537:Anagārika 6532:Śrāmaṇerī 6527:Śrāmaṇera 6522:Bhikkhunī 6482:Sotāpanna 6371:Passaddhi 6312:Offerings 6287:Nekkhamma 6164:Iddhipada 6084:Practices 6054:Theravada 6027:Vajrayana 6020:Yogachara 5990:Pure Land 5903:Six Paths 5890:Cosmology 5670:Anuruddha 5645:Sāriputta 5635:Kaundinya 5627:Disciples 5602:Vajrapāṇi 5454:Footprint 5419:Tathāgata 5168:162316190 5160:0041-977X 4618:EBSCOhost 4587:Gakken Co 3998:ThoughtCo 3969:ThoughtCo 3840:2621-7120 3579:1660-4601 3291:fly-whisk 3268:cintamani 3241:Manjushri 3175:wabi-sabi 3163:wabi-sabi 3016:polysemic 2727:c.257 BCE 2723:edict of 2560:Bodh Gaya 2555:vajrāsana 2538:Vajrasana 2353:Mucalinda 2329:Hayagriva 2324:Lokesvara 2296:windhorse 2280:Balabadra 2188:Sariputta 2120:awakening 2048:Mahavamsa 2001:Amaravati 1963:Sri Lanka 1877:Takahatsu 1805:(wisdom). 1742:thought, 1548:khatvanga 1543:skull cup 1387:Vairocana 1306:mahābhūta 1238:Snow Lion 1234:Vajrayana 1183:khatvanga 1150:emptiness 1139:Vajrayana 1008:Lokesvara 855:like the 809:khakkhara 540:Dvaravati 515:Theravada 511:Theravada 317:Vajrasana 171:Amaravati 50:symbolism 7927:Category 7856:Violence 7826:Hinduism 7774:Sanskrit 7729:Hinayana 7714:Amitābha 7674:Swastika 7543:Uposatha 7533:Holidays 7518:Calendar 7364:Humanism 7202:Kanishka 7192:Timeline 7016:Thailand 6984:Kalmykia 6979:Buryatia 6964:Pakistan 6949:Mongolia 6944:Maldives 6939:Malaysia 6904:Cambodia 6769:Shamarpa 6764:Nichiren 6714:Xuanzang 6649:Nagasena 6567:Rinpoche 6297:Pāramitā 6139:Devotion 6059:Navayana 6047:Dzogchen 6010:Nichiren 5958:Mahayana 5950:Branches 5828:Saṅkhāra 5577:Mañjuśrī 5534:(cousin) 5526:(cousin) 5494:(mother) 5486:(father) 5474:Miracles 5424:Birthday 5341:Glossary 5314:Buddhism 4950:Archived 4921:Archived 4841:Archived 4810:, p. 31. 4766:Archived 4651:Archived 4591:Archived 4322:Archived 4296:Archived 4237:Archived 4205:Archived 4171:archived 4143:Archived 4114:Archived 4089:Archived 4031:Archived 4002:Archived 3973:Archived 3944:Archived 3631:Archived 3597:32276426 3482:See also 3459:(sankha) 3447:(kumbha) 3373:fly wisk 3369:srivasta 3365:swastika 3330:Sanskrit 3157:born of 3113:Buddhist 3111:used in 3064:noumenal 2844:Jambhala 2745:swastika 2733:svastika 2688:Swastika 2682:Swastika 2519:trishula 2514:triratna 2508:Triratna 2502:Triratna 2480:Amitabha 2405:Gandhara 2403:clan, a 2381:Amitabha 2312:Varanasi 2304:Kanthaka 2267:Airavata 2244:Elephant 2205:chortens 2108:) was a 2082:(in the 2039:Varanasi 1775:Mongolia 1740:Dzogchen 1660:Triratna 1615:Amitabha 1593:Tibetan 1580:Thangkas 1576:Mandalas 1489:Amitābha 1464:Akṣobhya 1374:Syllable 1365:Element 1262:Dzogchen 1223:mandalas 1207:kangling 1072:), Japan 790:mandalas 780:and the 778:swastika 615:Bai Sema 424:and the 422:triratna 418:Gandhara 360:srivasta 333:Gandhara 202:triratna 179:Bodhgaya 163:aniconic 141:and the 108:Gandhara 102:and the 84:and the 58:Sanskrit 48:Buddhist 7904:Temples 7884:Buddhas 7846:Science 7836:Judaism 7831:Jainism 7749:Lineage 7709:Abhijñā 7679:Thangka 7622:Sarnath 7607:Lumbini 7528:Funeral 7523:Cuisine 7399:Culture 7374:Reality 7324:Creator 7314:Atomism 7184:History 7157:Ukraine 7117:Germany 7036:Senegal 7026:Vietnam 6954:Myanmar 6754:Shinran 6744:Karmapa 6719:Shandao 6689:Dignāga 6614:Śrāvaka 6594:Donchee 6589:Kappiya 6547:Sayadaw 6517:Bhikkhu 6492:Anāgāmi 6449:Nirvana 6415:Samadhi 6302:Paritta 6243:Tonglen 6238:Mandala 6193:Smarana 6174:Mantras 6122:Upekkha 6092:Bhavana 6042:Shingon 5995:Tiantai 5848:Tathātā 5838:Śūnyatā 5833:Skandha 5823:Saṃsāra 5818:Rebirth 5793:Kleshas 5783:Indriya 5685:Subhūti 5570:Guanyin 5524:Ānanda 5516:Rāhula 5396:Nirvana 5336:Outline 4721:, p.240 4388:p. 524. 4328:2 April 4302:2 April 3588:7177423 3401:symbols 3390:) are: 3384:Tibetan 3339:Chinese 3300:Yantra. 3264:, ratna 3254:gankyil 3224:Mandala 3105:Tibetan 3068:Nirvana 3066:world ( 3060:Samsara 3056:Sunyata 3035:sunyata 3031:tantric 3029:In the 3008:diamond 2982:nirvana 2917:mokugyo 2626:Chhatra 2488:chakras 2359:Peacock 2234:Shakyas 2211:Animals 2201:pagodas 2128:nirvana 2104:(Pali: 2027:Bharhut 1903:keisaku 1822:dakinis 1818:Kartika 1759:Gankyil 1629:Gallery 1432:Yellow 1359:Buddha 1353:Colour 1321:Yab-Yum 1313:Trikaya 1302:chörten 1195:kartika 1070:shakujō 1064:Bronze 1010:with a 959:scepter 926:gankyil 875:Gallery 861:Guan Yu 830:omamori 826:amulets 818:Chinese 812:), The 802:, the " 800:scepter 525:Gallery 224:Gallery 183:Sarnath 175:Bharhut 100:Mathura 62:pratīka 54:symbols 7899:Sutras 7894:Suttas 7759:Siddhi 7744:Koliya 7719:Brahmā 7634:Poetry 7580:Mantra 7570:Kasaya 7442:Pagoda 7422:Kyaung 7417:Vihāra 7412:Temple 7354:Ethics 7197:Ashoka 7147:Sweden 7142:Poland 7137:Norway 7127:Mexico 7112:France 7097:Canada 7092:Brazil 7031:Africa 7011:Taiwan 6974:Russia 6899:Bhutan 6859:Vinaya 6739:Naropa 6729:Saraha 6664:Asanga 6420:Prajñā 6329:Refuge 6292:Nianfo 6253:Tertön 6248:Tantra 6233:Ganana 6223:Tukdam 6149:Dhyāna 6117:Mudita 6112:Karuṇā 6005:Risshū 6000:Huayan 5933:Naraka 5873:Anattā 5868:Dukkha 5863:Anicca 5768:Dharma 5720:Channa 5655:Ānanda 5640:Assaji 5607:Skanda 5510:(wife) 5479:Family 5459:Relics 5384:Sangha 5379:Dharma 5374:Buddha 5214: 5166: 5158: 5109: 5090: 4985: 4897: 4864: 4793: 4738: 4492:Pagoda 3838: 3595: 3585: 3577: 3367:, the 3349:: 3347:pinyin 3341:: 3305:Groups 3295:ahimsa 3246:prajña 3201:Mudras 3190:Mudras 3079:makara 3024:prajna 2810:Dhvaja 2801:Dhvaja 2795:Dhvaja 2741:Buddha 2651:chatra 2644:period 2532:sangha 2528:Dharma 2524:Buddha 2476:paduma 2468:Buddha 2412:Garuda 2391:Garuda 2349:yakkha 2345:siddhi 2272:Ganesh 2238:sutras 2178:śarīra 2165:Stūpas 2080:Ashoka 2068:chatra 2064:Sanchi 2031:Dharma 2023:Sanchi 1975:Buddha 1921:Bowing 1872:koromo 1803:prajna 1507:Black 1471:Water 1446:Earth 1407:Green 1380:White 1254:mantra 1250:garuda 1246:dragon 1201:damaru 1189:kapala 1160:ghanta 1158:vajra- 1128:Bhutan 1066:finial 941:Sikkim 851:, and 208:, the 200:, the 194:Dharma 167:Sanchi 80:, the 76:, the 70:Dharma 66:Buddha 7871:Lists 7739:Kalpa 7734:Iddhi 7597:Music 7592:Mudra 7558:Vassa 7538:Vesak 7508:Budai 7454:Candi 7437:Stupa 7369:Logic 7122:Italy 7021:Tibet 6959:Nepal 6929:Korea 6924:Japan 6914:India 6909:China 6854:Sutra 6809:Texts 6759:Dōgen 6749:Hōnen 6734:Atiśa 6699:Zhiyi 6609:Achar 6577:Tulku 6572:Geshe 6557:Rōshi 6542:Ajahn 6497:Arhat 6457:Bodhi 6427:Vīrya 6344:Sacca 6339:Satya 6334:Sādhu 6322:Music 6265:Merit 6258:Terma 6218:Zazen 6154:Faith 6107:Mettā 5788:Karma 5748:Bardo 5715:Asita 5705:Khema 5695:Upāli 5680:Nanda 5518:(son) 5492:Māyā 5469:Films 5346:Index 5164:S2CID 4890:Kamon 4654:(PDF) 4643:(PDF) 3196:Mudra 3167:Plato 3042:lotus 3020:upaya 2994:Vajra 2988:Vajra 2978:Bonnō 2970:Japan 2831:bumpa 2828:Gilt 2737:India 2698:Seoul 2550:āsana 2464:padma 2436:Lotus 2316:Prana 2286:Horse 2230:nāgas 2169:domed 2160:Stupa 2154:Stupa 2110:ficus 2043:could 2019:Surya 1888:Tools 1744:rigpa 1496:Fire 1421:Wind 1395:Space 1290:Wylie 1286:stupa 1266:rigpa 1165:vajra 1154:Indra 1146:vajra 1086:Ingen 1046:kanji 973:monju 834:ofuda 786:fălún 723:bird. 721:hamsa 190:stupa 7769:Pāḷi 7754:Māra 7664:Flag 7065:Iran 6989:Tuva 6934:Laos 6562:Lama 6410:Śīla 6378:Śīla 6366:Pīti 6356:Sati 6307:Puja 6228:Koan 6134:Dāna 5725:Yasa 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