Animal husbandry - Knowledge

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takes more than a year to mature; sheep and goats often have twins and these are ready for slaughter in less than a year; pigs are more prolific, producing more than one litter of up to about 11 piglets each year. Horses, donkeys, deer, buffalo, llamas, alpacas, guanacos and vicunas are farmed for meat in various regions. Some desirable traits of animals raised for meat include fecundity, hardiness, fast growth rate, ease of management and high food conversion efficiency. About half of the world's meat is produced from animals grazing on open ranges or on enclosed pastures, the other half being produced intensively in various factory-farming systems; these are mostly cows, pigs or poultry, and often reared indoors, typically at high densities.

457: 47: 1102: 1208: 304: 1244: 5887: 1610: 414: 830: 698: 1315: 903: 607: 523: 776: 1154: 5720: 720:; pigs may be housed in climate-controlled buildings and never go outdoors; poultry may be reared in barns and kept in cages as laying birds under lighting-controlled conditions. In between these two extremes are semi-intensive, often family-run farms where livestock graze outside for much of the year, silage or hay is made to cover the times of year when the grass stops growing, and fertiliser, feed, and other inputs are brought onto the farm from outside. 1446:

consumption has nearly doubled worldwide. Developing countries had a surge in meat consumption, particularly of monogastric livestock. Animal husbandry drives climate change, ocean acidification, and biodiversity loss, and kills 60 billion animals annually. It uses between 20 and 33% of the world's fresh water, Livestock, and the production of feed for them, occupy about a third of the Earth's ice-free land. Livestock production contributes to species

5732: 1438: 1354:, five thousand years ago, and man had been harvesting honey from the wild long before that. Fixed comb hives are used in many parts of the world and are made from any locally available material. In more advanced economies, where modern strains of domestic bee have been selected for docility and productiveness, various designs of hive are used which enable the combs to be removed for processing and extraction of honey. Quite apart from the 1306:. Similar facilities can be used to raise species with conservation needs to be released into the wild, or game fish for restocking waterways. Important aspects of husbandry at these early stages include selection of breeding stock, control of water quality and nutrition. In the wild, there is a massive amount of mortality at the nursery stage; farmers seek to minimise this while at the same time maximising growth rates. 1002: 5756: 5744: 488:, one of thousands of villages recorded in the book, had in 1086 "2 fisheries worth 7s and 6d and 20 acres of meadow . Woodland for 70 pigs." The improvements of animal husbandry in the medieval period in Europe went hand in hand with other developments. Improvements to the plough allowed the soil to be tilled to a greater depth. Horses took over from oxen as the main providers of traction, new ideas on 749:, the main exceptions being the pig and the chicken which are omnivorous. The herbivores can be divided into "concentrate selectors" which selectively feed on seeds, fruits and highly nutritious young foliage, "grazers" which mainly feed on grass, and "intermediate feeders" which choose their diet from the whole range of available plant material. Cattle, sheep, goats, deer and antelopes are 1462:. Some 70% of the agricultural land and 30% of Earth's land surface is involved directly or indirectly in animal husbandry. Habitat is destroyed by clearing forests and converting land to grow feed crops and for grazing, while predators and herbivores are frequently targeted because of a perceived threat to livestock profits; for example, animal husbandry causes up to 91% of the 1231:

within six or seven weeks of hatching. Newly hatched chicks are restricted to a small area and given supplementary heating. Litter on the floor absorbs the droppings and the area occupied is expanded as they grow. Feed and water is supplied automatically and the lighting is controlled. The birds may be harvested on several occasions or the whole shed may be cleared at one time.

753:; they digest food in two steps, chewing and swallowing in the normal way, and then regurgitating the semidigested cud to chew it again and thus extract the maximum possible food value. The dietary needs of these animals is mostly met by eating grass. Grasses grow from the base of the leaf-blade, enabling it to thrive even when heavily grazed or cut. 1198:

and essential nutrients around the world, averaging about 8% of man's energy intake. The actual types eaten depend on local preferences, availability, cost and other factors, with cattle, sheep, pigs and goats being the main species involved. Cattle generally produce a single offspring annually which

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Selective breeding has been responsible for large increases in productivity. For example, in 2007, a typical broiler chicken at eight weeks old was 4.8 times as heavy as a bird of similar age in 1957, while in the thirty years to 2007, the average milk yield of a dairy cow in the United States nearly

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had been domesticated, probably before 3,000 BC, as beasts of burden and for their wool. Neither was strong enough to pull a plough which limited the development of agriculture in the New World. Horses occur naturally on the steppes of Central Asia and their domestication began around 3,000 BC in the

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Extensively reared animals may subsist entirely on forage, but more intensively kept livestock will require energy and protein-rich foods in addition. Energy is mainly derived from cereals and cereal by-products, fats and oils and sugar-rich foods, while protein may come from fish or meat meal, milk

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of livestock was driven by the need to have food on hand when hunting was unproductive. The desirable characteristics of a domestic animal are that it should be useful to the domesticator, should be able to thrive in his or her company, should breed freely, and be easy to tend. Domestication was not

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and in Europe, only one generation is normally raised each year as this is a deciduous tree. In China, Korea and Japan however, two generations are normal, and in the tropics, multiple generations are expected. Most production of silk occurs in the Far East, with a synthetic diet being used to rear

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In the developed world, the majority of the poultry reared for meat is raised indoors in big sheds, with automated equipment under environmentally controlled conditions. Chickens raised in this way are known as broilers, and genetic improvements have meant that they can be grown to slaughter weight

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Poultry, kept for their eggs and for their meat, include chickens, turkeys, geese and ducks. The great majority of laying birds used for egg production are chickens. Methods for keeping layers range from free-range systems, where the birds can roam as they will but are housed at night for their own

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There is no single universally agreed definition of which species are livestock. Widely agreed types of livestock include cattle for beef and dairy, sheep, goats, pigs, and poultry. Various other species are sometimes considered livestock, such as horses, while poultry birds are sometimes excluded.

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Exploration and colonisation of North and South America resulted in the introduction into Europe of such crops as maize, potatoes, sweet potatoes and manioc, while the principal Old World livestock – cattle, horses, sheep and goats – were introduced into the New World for the first time along with

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Although all mammals produce milk to nourish their young, the cow is predominantly used throughout the world to produce milk and milk products for human consumption. Other animals used to a lesser extent for this purpose include sheep, goats, camels, buffaloes, yaks, reindeer, horses and donkeys.

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in grass and other forages, so they are fed entirely on cereals and other high-energy foodstuffs. The ingredients for the animals' rations can be grown on the farm or can be bought, in the form of pelleted or cubed, compound foodstuffs specially formulated for the different classes of livestock,

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A similar rearing system is usually used for turkeys, which are less hardy than chickens, but they take longer to grow and are often moved on to separate fattening units to finish. Ducks are particularly popular in Asia and Australia and can be killed at seven weeks under commercial conditions.

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All these animals have been domesticated over the centuries, being bred for such desirable characteristics as fecundity, productivity, docility and the ability to thrive under the prevailing conditions. Whereas in the past cattle had multiple functions, modern dairy cow breeding has resulted in

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Aquaculture has been defined as "the farming of aquatic organisms including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants and implies some form of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc. Farming also implies

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The breeding of farm animals seldom occurs spontaneously but is managed by farmers with a view to encouraging traits seen as desirable. These include hardiness, fertility, docility, mothering abilities, fast growth rates, low feed consumption per unit of growth, better body proportions, higher

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Animal husbandry has a significant impact on the world environment. Both production and consumption of animal products have increased rapidly. Since 1950, meat production has tripled, whereas the production of dairy products doubled and that of eggs almost increased fourfold. Meanwhile, meat

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Farm animals are widespread in books and songs for children; the reality of animal husbandry is often distorted, softened, or idealized, giving children an almost entirely fictitious account of farm life. The books often depict happy animals free to roam in attractive countryside, a picture

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are arranged in long rows in multiple tiers, with external feeders, drinkers, and egg collection facilities. This is the most labour saving and economical method of egg production but has been criticised on animal welfare grounds as the birds are unable to exhibit their normal behaviours.

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are available against certain diseases, and antibiotics are widely used where appropriate. At one time, antibiotics were routinely added to certain compound foodstuffs to promote growth, but this practice is now frowned on in many countries because of the risk that it may lead to

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is present in wild bird populations and can be carried large distances by migrating birds. This virus is easily transmissible to domestic poultry, and to humans living in close proximity with them. Other infectious diseases affecting wild animals, farm animals and humans include

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In northern Europe, agriculture including animal husbandry went into decline when the Roman empire collapsed. Some aspects such as the herding of animals continued throughout the period. By the 11th century, the economy had recovered and the countryside was again productive. The

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was domesticated by 6,000 BC. Fossilised chicken bones dated to 5040 BC have been found in northeastern China, far from where their wild ancestors lived in the jungles of tropical Asia, but archaeologists believe that the original purpose of domestication was for the sport of

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93 people who had visited a British interactive farm in an outbreak in 2009. Historic farms such as those in the United States offer farmstays and "a carefully curated version of farming to those willing to pay for it", sometimes giving visitors a romanticised image of a

428:, cattle were the most important livestock, and sheep, goats, and pigs were also kept; poultry including ducks, geese, and pigeons were captured in nets and bred on farms, where they were force-fed with dough to fatten them. The Nile provided a plentiful source of fish. 629:

way of life, producing not only the food needed by the family but also the fuel, fertiliser, clothing, transport and draught power. Killing the animal for food was a secondary consideration, and wherever possible its products such as wool, eggs, milk and blood (by the

859:. In the European Union, when farmers treat their own animals, they are required to follow the guidelines for treatment and to record the treatments given. Animals are susceptible to a number of diseases and conditions that may affect their health. Some, like 1281:

provide larval and juvenile fish, crustaceans and shellfish, for use in aquaculture systems. When large enough these are transferred to growing-on tanks and sold to fish farms to reach harvest size. Some species that are commonly raised in hatcheries include

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In the uplands of the United Kingdom, sheep are turned out on the fells in spring and graze the abundant mountain grasses untended, being brought to lower altitudes late in the year, with supplementary feeding being provided in winter. In rural locations,

352:, pulling a plough to increase production of crops, and drawing a sledge, and later a cart, to bring the produce home from the field. Draught animals were first used about 4,000 BC in the Middle East, increasing agricultural production immeasurably. 568:

The semi-natural, unfertilised pastures formed by traditional agricultural methods in Europe were managed by grazing and mowing. As the ecological impact of this land management strategy is similar to the impact of such natural disturbances as a

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recorded every parcel of land and every animal in England: "there was not one single hide, nor a yard of land, nay, moreover ... not even an ox, nor a cow, nor a swine was there left, that was not set down in writ." For example, the royal

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involves large herds of cattle grazing widely over public and private lands. Similar cattle stations are found in South America, Australia and other places with large areas of land and low rainfall. Ranching systems have been used for

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of the stock being cultivated." In practice it can take place in the sea or in freshwater, and be extensive or intensive. Whole bays, lakes or ponds may be devoted to aquaculture, or the farmed animal may be retained in cages (fish),

336:, were predisposed to become part of the human pack and join in the hunt. Prey animals, sheep, goats, pigs and cattle, were progressively domesticated early in the history of agriculture. Pigs were domesticated in the 239:

like cattle and sheep are adapted to feed on grass; they can forage outdoors or may be fed entirely or in part on rations richer in energy and protein, such as pelleted cereals. Pigs and poultry cannot digest the

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In many communities, milk production is only part of the purpose of keeping an animal which may also be used as a beast of burden or to draw a plough, or for the production of fibre, meat and leather, with the

4871: 262:, which in the 14th century referred to the ownership and care of a household or farm, but today means the "control or judicious use of resources", and in agriculture, the cultivation of plants or animals. 492:

were developed and the growing of crops for winter fodder gained ground. Peas, beans and vetches became common; they increased soil fertility through nitrogen fixation, allowing more livestock to be kept.

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are the main contributors to animal health on the farm, bringing economic benefits through maximised production. When, despite these precautions, animals still become sick, they are treated with

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in the 18th century. One of his most important breeding programs was with sheep. Using native stock, he was able to quickly select for large, yet fine-boned sheep, with long, lustrous wool. The

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In some parts of the world, livestock includes species such as buffalo, and the South American camelids, the alpaca and llama. Some authorities use much broader definitions to include fish in

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in the areas of modern Turkey and Pakistan around 8,500 BC. A cow was a great advantage to a villager as she produced more milk than her calf needed, and her strength could be put to use as a

772:(fermented grass). Other forage crops are also grown and many of these, as well as crop residues, can be ensiled to fill the gap in the nutritional needs of livestock in the lean season. 557:

and had a square, meaty body with straight top lines. These sheep were exported widely and have contributed to numerous modern breeds. Under his influence, English farmers began to breed

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protection, through semi-intensive systems where they are housed in barns and have perches, litter and some freedom of movement, to intensive systems where they are kept in cages. The

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for humans to use non-human animals, provided that no unnecessary suffering is caused, and that the benefits to humans outweigh the costs to the livestock. An opposing view is that

212:. On poorer soil, such as in uplands, animals are often kept more extensively and may be allowed to roam widely, foraging for themselves. Animal agriculture at modern scale drives 436:, all the livestock known in ancient Egypt were available. In addition, rabbits were domesticated for food by the first century BC. To help flush them out from their burrows, the 914:, diseases that humans may acquire from animals. Wild animal populations may harbour diseases that can affect domestic animals which may acquire them as a result of insufficient 4122: 645:

Animals can be kept extensively or intensively. Extensive systems involve animals roaming at will, or under the supervision of a herdsman, often for their protection from

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can obtain much of their nutrition from scavenging, and in African communities, hens may live for months without being fed, and still produce one or two eggs a week.

577:. This strategy is declining in Europe today due to the intensification of agriculture. The mechanized and chemical methods used are causing biodiversity to decline. 4862: 4588: 796:

their growth stages and their specific nutritional requirements. Vitamins and minerals are added to balance the diet. Farmed fish are usually fed pelleted food.

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Cattle were independently domesticated from the aurochs, a wild bovine species, in the vicinity of the current countries of Turkey and Pakistan ~10,000 y ago.

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Campbell, Bruce M.S.; Overton, M. (1993). "A New Perspective on Medieval and Early Modern Agriculture: Six Centuries of Norfolk Farming, c. 1250 – c. 1850".

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McAfee, Alison J.; McSorley, Emeir M.; Cuskelly, Geraldine J.; Moss, Bruce W.; Wallace, Julie M. W.; Bonham, Maxine P.; Fearon, Anna M. (January 2010).

1520:. Standards and laws for animal welfare have been created worldwide, broadly in line with the most widely held position in the western world, a form of 1400:

larvae in the south. The crickets are kept in pens, boxes or drawers and fed on commercial pelleted poultry food, while the palm weevil larvae live on

4292: 4205: 3492: 1540:. Animal rights activists have objected to long-distance transport of animals; one result was the banning of live exports from New Zealand in 2003. 3809: 2743: 1548: 5953: 5705: 5360: 5323: 2954: 3054:

Innes, Gabriel K.; Randad, Pranay R.; Korinek, Anton; Davis, Meghan F.; Price, Lance B.; So, Anthony D.; Heaney, Christopher D. (2020-04-02).

1928: 3839: 332:. Half-wild dogs, perhaps starting with young individuals, may have been tolerated as scavengers and killers of vermin, and being naturally 5793: 5058: 4391: 4266: 328:

in the Middle East, while cattle and pigs were associated with more settled communities. The first wild animal to be domesticated was the

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are affecting farmed salmon in Scotland. Reducing the parasite burdens of livestock results in increased productivity and profitability.

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was improved by Bakewell and in turn the Lincoln was used to develop the subsequent breed, named the New (or Dishley) Leicester. It was

6063: 1129:, grazing pastures and being fed hay in winter, nowadays there is a trend towards larger herds, more intensive systems, the feeding of 791:

and other plant foods, often the by-products of vegetable oil extraction. Pigs and poultry are non-ruminants and unable to digest the

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a single event, but a process repeated at various periods in different places. Sheep and goats were the animals that accompanied the

4129: 5673: 5617: 716:; dairy cows may be kept in zero-grazing conditions with all their forage brought to them; beef cattle may be kept in high density 4830: 1432: 3111:

Chua, K.B.; Chua, B.H.; Wang, C.W. (2002). "Anthropogenic deforestation, El Niño and the emergence of Nipah virus in Malaysia".

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becoming beasts of burden. By 1000 BC, caravans of Arabian camels were linking India with Mesopotamia and the Mediterranean.

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Machovina, B.; Feeley, K. J.; Ripple, W. J. (2015). "Biodiversity conservation: The key is reducing meat consumption".

1662:, dressing farm animals in clothes and having them walk on two legs, live in houses, and perform human activities. The 811:

yields, and better fibre qualities. Undesirable traits such as health defects and aggressiveness are selected against.

3866: 2022: 5760: 5031: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4726: 3661: 2153: 1793: 1428: 573:, this agricultural system shares many beneficial characteristics with a natural habitat, including the promotion of 542: 531: 141: 3894:

Prehistoric textiles: the development of cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with special reference to the Aegean

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of crops and wild plants, and in many places hives are transported around the countryside to assist in pollination.

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Jarman, M.R.; Clark, Grahame; Grigson, Caroline; Uerpmann, H.P.; Ryder, M.L. (1976). "Early Animal Husbandry".

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Pykala, Juha (2000). "Mitigating Human Effects of European Biodiversity Through Traditional Animal Husbandry".

1145:. Sheep and goats may be favoured for dairy production in climates and conditions that do not suit dairy cows. 886:

Where the condition is serious, governments impose regulations on import and export, on the movement of stock,

3056:"External Societal Costs of Antimicrobial Resistance in Humans Attributable to Antimicrobial Use in Livestock" 1670:" describes a farmer named MacDonald and the various animals he keeps, celebrating the noises they each make. 1082:

can serve as a fertiliser, returning minerals and organic matter to the soil in a semi-closed organic system.

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trees, which limits their production to areas where these trees grow. Another delicacy of this region is the

3466: 1848: 1470:. Cows produce some 570 million cubic metres of methane per day, that accounts for 35 to 40% of the overall 5988: 5906: 5395: 5370: 5027: 4209: 3411: 2009:

Origin of agriculture and domestication of plants and animals linked to early Holocene climate amelioration

1955: 1658:. Pigs tend to be "bearers of cheerfulness, good humour and innocence". Many of these books are completely 4230:

Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, Mahmoud MI, Laurance WF (13 November 2017).

4095: 3371:"Critical Steps in the Production of Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibodies: Evaluation and Recommendations" 1678: 1562: 6101: 6001: 5938: 5928: 5779: 5380: 5044: 3730: 3499: 2929: 456: 3567: 3322:"Innovative vaccine production technologies: the evolution and value of vaccine production technologies" 1122:

is widely available to allow farmers to select for the particular traits that suit their circumstances.

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Familiar livestock: ink and watercolour drawing of a farmyard with cow, horse, pigs, and chickens, 1869

4492:"Cow farts have 'larger greenhouse gas impact' than previously thought; methane pushes climate change" 1474:

of the planet. Further, livestock production is responsible for 65% of all human-related emissions of

1207: 597: 189: 6091: 5159: 4659: 4418:"Intensive Livestock Farming: Global Trends, Increased Environmental Concerns, and Ethical Solutions" 3843: 1619: 1579: 1397: 561:

for use primarily as beef. Long-horned heifers were crossed with the Westmoreland bull to create the

2958: 1677:; in Britain, some five million people a year visit a farm of some kind. This presents some risk of 1532:, should not be regarded as property, are not necessary to use, and should never be used by humans. 1133:

and "zero grazing", a system where grass is cut and brought to the cow, which is housed year-round.

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Trans-Scripts 3: An Interdisciplinary Online Journal in Humanities And Social Sciences at UC Irvine

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in the more developed parts of the world, where, for example, beef cattle are kept in high-density

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completely at odds with the realities of the impersonal, mechanized activities involved in modern

5871: 5595: 5318: 5313: 5204: 5174: 2170: 1119: 38: 3639: 2585: 2568: 2355: 46: 5663: 5648: 5590: 5585: 5340: 5271: 5264: 5083: 5078: 4815: 2516: 1728: 1351: 868: 283: 98: 5886: 4179: 4157: 3613: 3139: 2639: 5802: 5479: 5259: 4789: 3919: 3892: 3783: 3294: 3071: 2785: 2049:"The Introduction of Domestic Camels to the Southern Levant: Evidence from the Aravah Valley" 1412:, and the best rearing and harvesting techniques in semi-natural habitats are being studied. 1409: 860: 654: 4889: 3708: 3586: 2980: 2489: 2427: 1813: 1101: 5724: 5560: 5350: 5209: 5164: 4971: 4950: 4940: 4548: 4356: 2877: 2389: 2185: 2139: 1959: 1883: 1809: 1275:, either arriving naturally or being introduced, and both crops can be harvested together. 1243: 995: 294: 90: 3756: 8: 5748: 5179: 4715: 4456: 2906:. European Platform for the Responsible Use of Medicines in Animals. 2010. Archived from 1663: 1638:

stories, and somewhat more darkly (with a hint of animals going to slaughter) as Babe in

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in Malaysia in 1999 was traced back to pigs becoming ill after contact with fruit-eating

852: 824: 626: 217: 193: 4552: 4360: 4320: 4096:"Greenwashing the Animal-Industrial Complex: Sustainable Intensification and Happy Meat" 2881: 2726:

United States Agricultural Research Service, Animal Husbandry Research Division (1959).

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Steinfeld, H.; Gerber, P.; Wassenaar, T.; Castel, V.; Rosales, M.; de Haan, C. (2006).

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Both the name Bull and the reference to bacon indicate the archetypal livestock farmer.

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regions the summer pasture was up in the mountains, the winter pasture in the valleys.

538: 502: 125: 82: 4838: 4634: 4617: 1384:, each larva produces an exceedingly long, slender thread of silk. The larvae feed on 875:

animals. Animals living under intensive conditions are prone to internal and external

303: 5943: 5841: 5731: 5328: 5301: 5249: 5219: 4918: 4795: 4722: 4676: 4639: 4570: 4470: 4441: 4372: 4185: 4076: 4068: 4029: 4021: 3978: 3925: 3898: 3789: 3619: 3592: 3548: 3392: 3343: 3300: 3145: 3120: 3093: 3075: 2848: 2791: 2706: 2696: 2672: 2645: 2590: 2547: 2522: 2495: 2433: 2401: 2149: 2119: 2094: 2067: 1987: 1909: 1819: 1789: 1783: 1603: 1517: 1471: 1263: 1158: 926:, their faeces and urine. The pigs in turn passed the infection to humans. Avian flu 638:, people and livestock moved seasonally between fixed summer and winter pastures; in 221: 81:, or other products. It includes day-to-day care, management, production, nutrition, 4513: 4368: 3210: 2758: 2409: 2075: 5836: 5565: 5523: 5415: 5306: 5214: 4696: 4668: 4629: 4589:"Animals are not things: A view on animal welfare based on neurological complexity" 4556: 4462: 4429: 4364: 4256: 4248: 4060: 4048: 4011: 3540: 3528: 3382: 3355: 3333: 3083: 3067: 2885: 2580: 2397: 2288: 2217: 2193: 2063: 1977: 1967: 1899: 1891: 1733: 1659: 1525: 1318: 562: 554: 461: 341: 308: 133: 4763: 4561: 4536: 4206:"Unit 9: Biodiversity Decline // Section 7: Habitat Loss: Causes and Consequences" 4064: 4049:"World meat consumption patterns: An overview of the last fifty years (1961–2011)" 3969: 3544: 3003: 2609: 2463: 1788:(11 ed.). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. 2004. p. 607. 1609: 1536:

of animals has risen to meet increased global demand for livestock such as in the

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were domesticated from at least the Old Kingdom, providing both honey and wax. In

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Six-legged Livestock: Edible insect farming, collection and marketing in Thailand

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McTavish, E.J.; Decker, J.E.; Schnabel, R.D.; Taylor, J.F.; Hillis, D.M. (2013).

1639: 1635: 1451: 1268: 1216: 805: 550: 445: 386: 137: 3233: 697: 634:) were harvested while the animal was still alive. In the traditional system of 413: 6046: 5876: 5866: 5821: 5496: 4584: 4417: 2569:"Industrial food animal production, antimicrobial resistance, and human health" 2429:

Animal Husbandry Regained: The Place of Farm Animals in Sustainable Agriculture

2011:, Current Science, Vol. 87, No. 1, 10 July 2004 59. Indian Academy of Sciences. 1944:"New World cattle show ancestry from multiple independent domestication events" 1627: 1614: 1583: 1521: 1493: 1487: 1467: 1338: 1142: 1025: 983: 829: 610: 394: 381:

region. Although horses were originally seen as a source of meat, their use as

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Ferguson, W.; Ademosun, A.A.; von Kaufmann, R.; Hoste, C.; Rains, A. Blair.

2292: 1972: 6018: 5916: 5911: 5610: 5469: 5444: 5286: 5244: 5191: 5149: 4747: 4672: 4643: 4376: 4297: 4080: 4033: 3951: 3552: 3396: 3347: 3124: 3097: 2889: 2594: 1991: 1913: 1713: 1674: 1595: 1591: 1509: 1401: 1248: 1223: 960: 856: 761: 635: 614: 574: 433: 209: 74: 31: 4680: 4466: 4156:. Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations. Archived from 3977:. Bangkok: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2013. 3665: 3387: 3370: 1058:. Animals are also kept for more specialised purposes, such as to produce 606: 128:, when Old World livestock were brought to the New World, and then in the 5851: 5826: 5600: 5535: 5518: 5491: 5464: 5449: 5425: 5296: 5139: 5067: 4985:, in Food and Agriculture, Scientific American Books, San Francisco 1976. 4791:

The Mythology of the Animal Farm in Children's Literature: Over the Fence

4743:"'This one has heat stress': the shocking reality of live animal exports" 3686:

Sherwin, C.M. (2010). "Turkeys: Behavior, Management and Well-Being". In

2261: 1738: 1649: 1537: 1533: 1377: 1369: 1342: 1334: 1322: 1272: 1256: 1186: 1182: 1162: 1126: 987: 979: 975: 968: 948: 940: 919: 915: 833: 729: 477: 382: 378: 333: 173: 62: 4945:

The walking larder. Patterns of domestication, pastoralism and predation

4392:"Vast animal-feed crops to satisfy our meat needs are destroying planet" 2462:. London, UK: Overseas Development Institute. p. 12. Archived from 1872:"Insights into early pig domestication provided by ancient DNA analysis" 1673:

Many urban children experience animal husbandry for the first time at a

1492:

Since the 18th century, people have become increasingly concerned about

1372:, the rearing of silkworms, was first adopted by the Chinese during the 756:

In many climates grass growth is seasonal, for example in the temperate

522: 460:

Shepherd with sheep in woven hurdle pen. Medieval France. 15th century,

5921: 5291: 5239: 5234: 5119: 4261: 4239: 1631: 1505: 1447: 1385: 1363: 1330: 923: 887: 775: 750: 315:

across the Middle East and central Asia with a reliable source of food.

236: 185: 165: 3498:. Republic of Kenya: Ministry of Livestock Development. Archived from 3213:. Texas A&M University Department of Agriculture and Life Sciences 2608:

Meyer, Vernon M.; Driggers, L. Bynum; Ernest, Kenneth; Ernest, Debra.

2211: 1895: 1153: 5846: 5771: 5501: 5229: 1691: 1575: 1554: 1497: 1405: 1347: 1271:, racks or strings (shellfish). Fish and prawns can be cultivated in 1063: 1051: 991: 792: 746: 646: 586: 485: 429: 374: 361: 337: 241: 228: 86: 4123:"A Global Assessment of the Water Footprint of Farm Animal Products" 6068: 5196: 4965:

Storia cronologica delle epizoozie dal 1409 av. Cristo sino al 1800

2870:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B

1696: 1558: 1501: 1437: 1393: 1392:

Insects form part of the human diet in many cultures. In Thailand,

1138: 1067: 1005: 911: 902: 880: 876: 570: 398: 356: 232: 201: 51: 4461:. World Bank Working Papers. Washington: World Bank Publications. 4293:"Plant-based diets crucial to saving global wildlife, says report" 3690:. Wilson G. Pond and Alan W. Bell (Eds). Marcel Dekker. pp. 847–49 1381: 1001: 256:, meaning "to manage carefully", derives from an older meaning of 6041: 5831: 5550: 5506: 5474: 4955:

Horse power: a history of the horse and donkey in human societies

3296:

Counting Sheep: A Celebration of the Pastoral Heritage of Britain

2957:. National Institute for Animal Agriculture. 2001. Archived from 1718: 1687: 1682: 1513: 1303: 1295: 1195: 1059: 891: 864: 848: 788: 780: 717: 691: 667: 639: 437: 345: 267: 258: 205: 181: 4657:

Broom, D.M. (1991). "Animal welfare: concepts and measurement".

3415: 2518:

Encyclopedia of Community: From the Village to the Virtual World

1929:"New light shed on the domestication history of sheep and goats" 712:

At the other extreme, in the more developed parts of the world,

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Animals are raised for a wide variety of products, principally

1009: 932: 769: 757: 738: 679: 558: 541:

for desired traits was established as a scientific practice by

481: 441: 369: 263: 161: 106: 66: 5036: 4511: 5545: 3529:"Red meat consumption: An overview of the risks and benefits" 3186: 2456:'You can't go home again' – Pastoralism in the new millennium 1396:

are farmed for this purpose in the north of the country, and

1355: 1287: 841: 675: 659: 650: 390: 365: 157: 149: 110: 1941: 1598:; he is practical and down to earth, and anti-intellectual. 1118:

animals that produce large quantities of milk economically.

5436: 5224: 4541:

Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development

4537:"The Sustainability Challenges of Our Meat and Dairy Diets" 4534: 4514:"Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options" 2567:

Silbergeld, Ellen K.; Graham, Jay; Price, Lance B. (2008).

1699:

idyll from an unspecified time in the pre-industrial past.

1376:. The only species farmed commercially is the domesticated 1194:, mainly from farmed animals, is a major source of dietary 1191: 1075: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1013: 927: 837: 663: 177: 145: 114: 78: 70: 30:"Husbandry" redirects here. For cultivation of plants, see 4000:"Global Production and Consumption of Animal Source Foods" 3664:. Australian Chicken Meat Federation. 2013. Archived from 3526: 2867: 2171:"Livestock and animal husbandry in early medieval England" 340:

between 8,500 and 8000 BC, sheep and goats in or near the

97:, from around 13,000 BC onwards, predating farming of the 5856: 4535:

Stoll-Kleemann, Susanne; O'Riordan, Tim (23 April 2015).

4325: 3924:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 21–22. 3763:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 3737:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2491:

Let the Cowboy Ride: Cattle Ranching in the American West

1681:, especially if children handle animals and then fail to 1586:'s political satires, and soon afterwards in cartoons by 1359: 1043: 765: 687: 671: 329: 140:

sheep were rapidly improved by agriculturalists, such as

118: 4232:"World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice" 4229: 3785:

Australian Fish Farmer: A Practical Guide to Aquaculture

4967:, in Gazzetta medico-veterinaria, I–II, Milano 1871–72. 3522: 3520: 3053: 3320:

Bae, K.; Choi, J.; Jang, Y.; Ahn, S.; Hur, B. (2009).

2118:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 409. 867:

are specific to one type of stock, while others, like

4346: 3369:

Leenaars, Marlies; Hendriksen, Coenraad F.M. (2005).

3166:"Welcome to Equine Research, Education, and Outreach" 2607: 2566: 2040: 1125:

Whereas in the past cows were kept in small herds on

4957:, National history Museum publications, London 1992. 3517: 168:, are used as livestock in some parts of the world. 132:

of the 18th century, when livestock breeds like the

4981:Janick, Jules; Noller, Carl H.; Rhyker, Charles L. 4978:, Natural History Museum Publications, London 1988. 4458:

Causes of Deforestation of the Brazilian Rainforest

3414:. Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived from 2514: 890:restrictions and the reporting of suspected cases. 385:and for riding followed. Around the same time, the 188:, is widespread. Modern animal husbandry relies on 4861: 4714: 4695: 3368: 3234:"A classification of livestock production systems" 3231: 2314:. The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History 2046: 1441:Livestock production requires large areas of land. 89:. Husbandry has a long history, starting with the 3566:Aherne, Frank; Kirkwood, Roy (16 February 2001). 3259:. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety 3137: 2619:. Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service 6083: 4422:Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 4121:Mekonnen, Mesfin M.; Hoekstra, Arjen Y. (2012). 4120: 3867:"The Mind-Boggling Math of Migratory Beekeeping" 2935:. The Center for Food Security and Public Health 1926: 1165:, now raised in many countries around the world. 625:Traditionally, animal husbandry was part of the 244:in forage and require other high-protein foods. 4863:"Children's Petting Farms Face Tough New Rules" 4223: 2282: 598:Agriculture § Livestock production systems 270:who raise livestock are considered to practice 4883: 4881: 4818:. Compassion in World Farming. 1 October 2015. 4321:"Humans 'threaten 1m species with extinction'" 3938: 3611: 3584: 3565: 3319: 3138:Norrgren, Leif; Levengood, Jeffrey M. (2012). 1843: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1141:being used for fuel or for the improvement of 5787: 5052: 3585:Gregory, Neville G.; Grandin, Temple (2007). 3004:"Scottish salmon farming's sea lice 'crisis'" 2138: 1808: 101:. By the time of early civilisations such as 4507: 4505: 4312: 3144:. Baltic University Press. pp. 103–04. 3110: 2691: 2515:Levinson, David; Christensen, Karen (2003). 2254:"The progress of farming in Medieval Europe" 2168: 2021:Adler, Jerry; Lawler, Andrew (1 June 2012). 1870:Caliebe, Amke; et al. (16 March 2017). 1818:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. 1802: 745:Animals used as livestock are predominantly 393:were domesticated soon after this, with the 4976:Two hundred years of British farm livestock 4878: 4787: 4100:3rd ISA Forum of Sociology, Vienna, Austria 4046: 3459: 3435: 3433: 2742:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2586:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090904 2020: 1832: 1350:have been kept in hives since at least the 307:The domestication of ruminants, like these 5794: 5780: 5059: 5045: 4829:Waltz, Robert B.; Engle, David G. (2016). 4828: 4290: 3964: 3962: 3944: 3897:. Princeton University Press. p. 31. 3781: 3612:Miller, G. Tyler; Spoolman, Scott (2014). 2777: 2421: 2419: 2373: 2047:Sapir-Hen, Lidar; Ben-Yosef, Erez (2013). 511: 4783: 4781: 4633: 4560: 4502: 4340: 4260: 4154:"Livestock a major threat to environment" 4128:. Water Footprint Network. Archived from 4093: 4015: 3412:"Animal Husbandry in Organic Agriculture" 3386: 3337: 3277: 3087: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2584: 2116:Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology 2113: 2088: 1981: 1971: 1927:Orozco-terWengel, Pablo (20 March 2018). 1903: 1849:"History of the domestication of animals" 1815:A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals 1594:. He likes food, beer, dogs, horses, and 231:, except for pigs and chickens which are 148:. A wide range of other species, such as 4983:The Cycles of Plant and Animal Nutrition 4859: 4454: 4389: 4383: 4177: 3430: 3131: 3072:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043954 2763:Animal production based on crop residues 2508: 2276: 1626:Pigs, for example, appear in several of 1608: 1547: 1436: 1313: 1242: 1206: 1152: 1105:A modern rotary milking parlour, Germany 1100: 1000: 901: 828: 774: 733: 696: 605: 521: 455: 412: 408: 302: 45: 4583: 4318: 4291:Carrington, Damian (February 3, 2021). 4047:Sans, P.; Combris, P. (November 2015). 3959: 3578: 3292: 3189:"5. Livestock resources and management" 3031:. Animal Health Ireland. Archived from 2541: 2425: 2416: 2260:. University of Reading. Archived from 1935: 1869: 1785:Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary 1496:. Possible measures of welfare include 1433:Environmental impact of meat production 1422: 1362:they produce, honey bees are important 192:adapted to the type of land available. 14: 6084: 5801: 4887: 4778: 4693: 4615: 3997: 3890: 3842:. Bees for Development. Archived from 3605: 3001: 2840: 2829: 2809: 2807: 2783: 2756: 2664: 2658: 2637: 2631: 2546:. Penguin: Random House. p. 286. 2487: 2481: 2452: 2379: 5775: 5040: 4712: 4656: 3775: 2220:; Ingram, J. Project Gutenberg. 1996. 2169:O'Connor, Terry (30 September 2014). 2145:Domesticated animals from early times 2023:"How the Chicken Conquered the World" 996:crickets raised for human consumption 714:animals are often intensively managed 496: 451: 344:about 8,500 BC, and cattle from wild 288: 5743: 4489: 4416:Ilea, Ramona Cristina (2008-12-11). 4415: 4390:Smithers, Rebecca (5 October 2017). 3945:Carrington, Damian (1 August 2010). 3917: 3911: 3864: 3104: 3002:Fraser, Douglas (14 February 2017). 2844:Animal Breeding, Welfare and Society 2001: 847:Good husbandry, proper feeding, and 5755: 4794:. Lexington Books. pp. 18–29. 4761: 4208:. Annenberg Learner. Archived from 3788:. Landlinks Press. pp. 25–28. 3688:The Encyclopaedia of Animal Science 3409: 3236:. Food and Agriculture Organization 3191:. Food and Agriculture Organization 2847:. Routledge. p. Introduction. 2804: 1574:Since the 18th century, the farmer 1458:. and is the primary driver of the 954: 364:. Meanwhile, in South America, the 208:may be raised in broiler houses or 24: 5606:Environmental impact of irrigation 4992:, M. Dekker, New York, Basel 2002. 4721:. University of California Press. 3921:The Economic Importance of Insects 3588:Animal Welfare and Meat Production 3493:"Housing in a zero grazing system" 3113:The Malaysian Journal of Pathology 2305: 2093:. Cologne: Könemann. p. 381. 1464:deforestation in the Amazon region 25: 6113: 5032:National Animal Interest Alliance 4997: 4860:Laurance, Jeremy (15 June 2010). 4094:Boscardin, Livia (12 July 2016). 3865:Jabr, Ferris (1 September 2013). 3618:. Cengage Learning. p. 138. 3254: 3232:Steinfeld, H.; Mäki-Hokkonen, J. 1481: 1466:. In addition, livestock produce 1429:Environmental impact of livestock 965:Aquaculture § Species groups 508:wheat, barley, rice and turnips. 5885: 5754: 5742: 5730: 5719: 5718: 4874:from the original on 2022-05-07. 4853: 4822: 4808: 4755: 4735: 4349:Science of the Total Environment 3998:Speedy, Andrew W. (2003-11-01). 3782:Mosig, John; Fallu, Ric (2004). 3257:"Chapter 70 – Livestock Rearing" 2725: 2703:British Broadcasting Corporation 2402:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99119.x 2091:Egypt: The World of the Pharaohs 2068:10.1179/033443513x13753505864089 1751: 1630:'s "little books", as Piglet in 818: 144:, to yield more meat, milk, and 124:Major changes took place in the 5674:Agriculture and the environment 5411:British Agricultural Revolution 5066: 4706: 4687: 4650: 4622:The Canadian Veterinary Journal 4609: 4577: 4528: 4483: 4448: 4409: 4369:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.022 4284: 4198: 4184:. Academic Press. p. 277. 4171: 4146: 4114: 4087: 4040: 3991: 3884: 3858: 3832: 3802: 3761:Fishery Statistical Collections 3749: 3735:Fishery Statistical Collections 3731:"Global Aquaculture Production" 3723: 3693: 3680: 3654: 3632: 3568:"Factors Affecting Litter Size" 3559: 3485: 3403: 3362: 3313: 3286: 3271: 3248: 3225: 3203: 3180: 3158: 3047: 3021: 2995: 2973: 2947: 2922: 2896: 2861: 2750: 2719: 2685: 2610:"Swine Growing-Finishing Units" 2601: 2560: 2535: 2446: 2348: 2326: 2299: 2246: 2224: 2204: 2162: 2132: 2107: 2082: 910:Governments are concerned with 779:Cattle feed pellets of pressed 547:British Agricultural Revolution 518:British Agricultural Revolution 130:British Agricultural Revolution 5618:Climate change and agriculture 5391:Agriculture in the Middle Ages 4990:A History of the Life Sciences 4888:Searle, Sarah (30 June 2014). 4788:Hoult-Saros, Stacy E. (2016). 3060:Annual Review of Public Health 2644:. Elsevier. pp. 360–362. 2573:Annual Review of Public Health 2014: 1920: 1863: 1776: 1553:Opening of the budget; – or – 1238: 13: 1: 4562:10.1080/00139157.2015.1025644 4065:10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.05.012 3816:. 6 June 2003. Archived from 3757:"Fish culture in rice fields" 3642:. Compassion in World Farming 3545:10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.08.029 3471:Dairy production and products 3445:Dairy production and products 3299:. Profile Books. p. 16. 2453:Blench, Roger (17 May 2001). 2334:"Robert Bakewell (1725–1795)" 2089:Manuelian, Peter der (1998). 1764: 1543: 1078:are grown alongside animals, 5396:Arab Agricultural Revolution 4915:Storia delle scienze agrarie 4835:The Traditional Ballad Index 4496:International Business Times 4319:McGrath, Matt (6 May 2019). 4178:Whitford, Walter G. (2002). 3810:"Ancient Egypt: Bee-keeping" 3282:. Routledge. pp. 179ff. 2784:Dryden, Gordon McL. (2008). 2665:Dryden, Gordon McL. (2008). 2432:. Routledge. pp. 4–10. 2198:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.09.019 1956:National Academy of Sciences 1769: 899:in livestock and in humans. 580: 247: 121:were being raised on farms. 7: 4947:, Unwin Hyman, London 1988. 4917:, 4 vols, Bologna 1984–89, 2641:Intensive Livestock Farming 2494:. JHU Press. pp. 1–2. 2114:Nicholson, Paul T. (2000). 1702: 1494:the welfare of farm animals 1085: 1019: 799: 10: 6118: 6007:Monkeys in Chinese culture 5356:Agriculture in Mesoamerica 5028:Animal husbandry practices 4906: 4890:"Stop Romanticizing Farms" 4831:"Old MacDonald Had a Farm" 4717:The Case for Animal Rights 2148:. Heinemann. p. 145. 1485: 1426: 1415: 1328: 1309: 1254: 1214: 1202: 1168: 1094: 1023: 990:, as well as insects from 978:, micro-livestock such as 958: 822: 803: 727: 723: 595: 591: 584: 515: 500: 389:was being tamed in Egypt. 292: 281: 277: 36: 29: 27:Management of farm animals 5894: 5883: 5809: 5715: 5706:Universities and colleges 5682: 5626: 5574: 5435: 5339: 5324:Universities and colleges 5138: 5131: 5097: 5074: 5018:Resources in your library 4816:"Livestock in literature" 4660:Journal of Animal Science 4455:Margulis, Sergio (2003). 4434:10.1007/s10806-008-9136-3 4181:Ecology of desert systems 3339:10.1007/s12272-009-1400-1 3141:Ecology and Animal Health 2213:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1709:Animal–industrial complex 1620:The Tale of Pigling Bland 1580:English national identity 1070:) for medical use. Where 311:in Afghanistan, provided 5691:Agriculturist profession 5170:Agricultural engineering 5155:Agricultural cooperative 4004:The Journal of Nutrition 3918:Hill, Dennis S. (2012). 3293:Walling, Philip (2014). 3168:. University of Kentucky 2790:. CABI. pp. 16–19. 2787:Animal Nutrition Science 2759:"Ensiling crop residues" 2757:Jianxin, Liu; Jun, Guo. 2668:Animal Nutrition Science 2488:Starrs, Paul F. (2000). 2308:"The Columbian Exchange" 2178:Quaternary International 1744: 1668:Old MacDonald Had a Farm 1389:the silkworms in Japan. 1090: 897:antimicrobial resistance 879:; increasing numbers of 855:, by the farmer and the 741:around an outdoor feeder 707:Midwestern United States 602:Intensive animal farming 440:was domesticated as the 299:Domestication of animals 198:intensive animal farming 93:when animals were first 5872:Animal-assisted therapy 5596:Agricultural wastewater 5319:Sustainable food system 5314:Sustainable agriculture 5205:Animal-free agriculture 5175:Agricultural technology 4017:10.1093/jn/133.11.4048s 3891:Barber, E.J.W. (1992). 3662:"Growing meat chickens" 3640:"About egg laying hens" 3278:Unklesbay, Nan (1992). 2930:"Classical swine fever" 2817:. Food Standards Agency 2815:"What farm animals eat" 2542:Rebanks, James (2015). 2234:. The National Archives 2232:"Interpreting Domesday" 1973:10.1073/pnas.1303367110 1148: 1120:Artificial insemination 512:Agricultural Revolution 444:, its use described by 196:is being superseded by 39:Animal Husbandry (game) 37:For the dice game, see 5696:Agricultural machinery 5654:History of agriculture 5639:Agriculture by country 5634:Agricultural machinery 5591:Agricultural pollution 5586:Agricultural expansion 5361:Austronesian expansion 5272:Mechanised agriculture 4673:10.2527/1991.69104167x 3591:. CABI. pp. 1–2. 2890:10.1098/rstb.1976.0072 2841:Turner, Jacky (2010). 2671:. CABI. pp. 1–3. 2638:Blount, W. P. (2013). 2617:Pork Industry handbook 2521:. Sage. p. 1139. 2426:Webster, John (2013). 2258:History of Agriculture 1729:Industrial agriculture 1623: 1571: 1442: 1352:First Dynasty of Egypt 1326: 1252: 1212: 1166: 1116:Holstein Friesian-type 1106: 1016: 961:Livestock § Types 907: 869:foot-and-mouth disease 844: 783: 742: 709: 622: 535: 530:breed was improved by 465: 421: 355:In southern Asia, the 316: 284:History of agriculture 55: 5701:Government ministries 5644:Agriculture companies 5480:Convertible husbandry 5160:Agricultural supplies 5110:Agricultural Engineer 4972:Clutton Brock, Juliet 4951:Clutton Brock, Juliet 4941:Clutton Brock, Juliet 4616:Hewson, C.J. (2003). 4490:Ross, Philip (2013). 4467:10.1596/0-8213-5691-7 4253:10.1093/biosci/bix125 3388:10.1093/ilar.46.3.269 2293:10.1093/past/141.1.38 2140:Clutton-Brock, Juliet 1931:. Cardiff University. 1810:Clutton-Brock, Juliet 1612: 1590:and others including 1551: 1440: 1329:Further information: 1323:for human consumption 1317: 1246: 1210: 1156: 1104: 1046:, but also including 1004: 905: 861:classical swine fever 832: 823:Further information: 778: 768:(dried grass), or as 737: 700: 655:Western United States 609: 596:Further information: 585:Further information: 525: 459: 416: 409:Ancient civilisations 306: 282:Further information: 85:, and the raising of 49: 5351:Neolithic Revolution 5210:Cellular agriculture 5165:Agricultural science 4102:. ISAConf.confex.com 3615:Sustaining the Earth 2955:"Scrapie Fact Sheet" 2382:Conservation Biology 2027:Smithsonian Magazine 1423:Environmental impact 1380:. When it spins its 1211:Battery hens, Brazil 1161:is a hardy breed of 853:veterinary medicines 627:subsistence farmer's 534:in the 18th century. 295:Neolithic Revolution 91:Neolithic Revolution 69:that are raised for 4694:Garner, R. (2005). 4553:2015ESPSD..57c..34S 4361:2015ScTEn.536..419M 4272:on 15 December 2019 4010:(11): 4048S–4053S. 3871:Scientific American 3211:"Livestock Species" 2961:on 12 December 2020 2882:1976RSPTB.275...85J 2705:. pp. 113–14. 2693:Attenborough, David 2544:The Shepherd's Life 2394:2000ConBi..14..705P 2190:2014QuInt.346..109O 1964:2013PNAS..110E1398M 1888:2017NatSR...744550C 1648:, and as Wilbur in 1530:animals have rights 1516:, and freedom from 1460:Holocene extinction 1456:habitat destruction 1264:corporate ownership 825:Veterinary medicine 227:Most livestock are 218:ocean acidification 204:, and thousands of 194:Subsistence farming 6102:Animals and humans 5803:Mammals in culture 5485:Rotational grazing 5401:Columbian exchange 4913:Saltini, Antonio. 4713:Regan, T. (1983). 4605:on 19 August 2014. 3505:on 28 January 2018 3280:World Food and You 3029:"Parasite control" 2469:on 1 February 2012 2356:"English Longhorn" 2007:Gupta, Anil K. in 1876:Scientific Reports 1624: 1572: 1526:morally acceptable 1443: 1410:bamboo caterpillar 1327: 1253: 1213: 1167: 1107: 1017: 908: 845: 784: 743: 710: 623: 539:Selective breeding 536: 503:Columbian exchange 497:Columbian exchange 466: 452:Medieval husbandry 422: 417:Milking cattle in 317: 289:Birth of husbandry 190:production systems 126:Columbian exchange 83:selective breeding 56: 50:Cattle feedlot in 6079: 6078: 5842:Laboratory animal 5769: 5768: 5329:Urban agriculture 5302:Rice-duck farming 5250:Intensive farming 5220:Extensive farming 5004:Library resources 4988:Manger, Louis N. 4801:978-1-4985-1978-6 4476:978-0-8213-5691-3 4247:(12): 1026–1028. 4191:978-0-12-747261-4 3984:978-92-5-107578-4 3931:978-94-011-5348-5 3904:978-0-691-00224-8 3795:978-0-643-06865-0 3625:978-1-285-76949-3 3598:978-1-84593-216-9 3410:Godinho, Denise. 3306:978-1-84765-803-6 3255:Myers, Melvin L. 3151:978-91-86189-12-9 2983:. The Cattle Site 2854:978-1-136-54187-2 2797:978-1-84593-412-5 2712:978-0-563-20207-3 2698:The Living Planet 2678:978-1-78064-056-3 2651:978-1-4831-9565-0 2553:978-0-14-197936-6 2528:978-0-7619-2598-9 2501:978-0-8018-6351-6 2439:978-1-84971-420-4 2125:978-0-521-45257-1 2100:978-3-89508-913-8 1896:10.1038/srep44550 1825:978-0-521-63495-3 1604:intensive farming 1518:immunosuppression 1472:methane emissions 918:. An outbreak of 222:biodiversity loss 61:is the branch of 16:(Redirected from 6109: 6092:Animal husbandry 5889: 5837:Animals in sport 5817:Animal husbandry 5796: 5789: 5782: 5773: 5772: 5758: 5757: 5746: 5745: 5734: 5722: 5721: 5566:Wildlife farming 5416:Green Revolution 5367:Ancient history 5307:Rice-fish system 5215:Contract farming 5201:Animal husbandry 5061: 5054: 5047: 5038: 5037: 5009:Animal husbandry 4900: 4899: 4885: 4876: 4875: 4865: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4837:. 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Archived from 3697: 3691: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3524: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3504: 3497: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3437: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3390: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3341: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3091: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3014: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2981:"Foot-and-mouth" 2977: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2934: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2838: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2811: 2802: 2801: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2754: 2748: 2747: 2741: 2733: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2614: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2588: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2468: 2461: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2423: 2414: 2413: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2306:Crosby, Alfred. 2303: 2297: 2296: 2285:Past and Present 2280: 2274: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2216:. Translated by 2208: 2202: 2201: 2175: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2136: 2130: 2129: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2053: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2018: 2012: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1985: 1975: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1907: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1845: 1830: 1829: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1780: 1758: 1755: 1734:Wildlife farming 1683:wash their hands 1613:Dressed pigs in 1578:has represented 1468:greenhouse gases 1269:artificial reefs 955:Range of species 703:intensive system 613:in an extensive 563:Dishley Longhorn 551:Lincoln Longwool 528:Lincoln Longwool 462:Bodleian Library 342:Fertile Crescent 309:fat-tailed sheep 272:animal husbandry 138:Lincoln Longwool 134:Dishley Longhorn 59:Animal husbandry 21: 18:Animal Husbandry 6117: 6116: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6107: 6106: 6082: 6081: 6080: 6075: 5890: 5881: 5805: 5800: 5770: 5765: 5711: 5710: 5709: 5678: 5669:Poultry farming 5622: 5577: 5570: 5541:Poultry farming 5431: 5407:Modern history 5387:Post-classical 5335: 5334: 5333: 5277:Organic farming 5134: 5133: 5129: 5093: 5070: 5065: 5024: 5023: 5022: 5012: 5011: 5007: 5000: 4995: 4961:Fleming, George 4909: 4904: 4903: 4886: 4879: 4868:The Independent 4858: 4854: 4844: 4842: 4827: 4823: 4814: 4813: 4809: 4802: 4786: 4779: 4769: 4767: 4760: 4756: 4751:. 30 July 2018. 4741: 4740: 4736: 4729: 4711: 4707: 4702:. Polity Press. 4692: 4688: 4667:(10): 4167–75. 4655: 4651: 4614: 4610: 4602: 4591: 4585:Grandin, Temple 4582: 4578: 4533: 4529: 4519: 4517: 4510: 4503: 4488: 4484: 4477: 4453: 4449: 4414: 4410: 4400: 4398: 4388: 4384: 4345: 4341: 4331: 4329: 4317: 4313: 4303: 4301: 4289: 4285: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4234: 4228: 4224: 4215: 4213: 4204: 4203: 4199: 4192: 4176: 4172: 4163: 4161: 4152: 4151: 4147: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4125: 4119: 4115: 4105: 4103: 4092: 4088: 4045: 4041: 3996: 3992: 3985: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3960: 3943: 3939: 3932: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3889: 3885: 3875: 3873: 3863: 3859: 3849: 3847: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3823: 3821: 3820:on 9 March 2016 3814:Reshafim.org.il 3808: 3807: 3803: 3796: 3780: 3776: 3766: 3764: 3755: 3754: 3750: 3740: 3738: 3729: 3728: 3724: 3714: 3712: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3685: 3681: 3671: 3669: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3645: 3643: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3610: 3606: 3599: 3583: 3579: 3564: 3560: 3525: 3518: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3495: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3476: 3474: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3450: 3448: 3441:"Dairy animals" 3439: 3438: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3408: 3404: 3367: 3363: 3318: 3314: 3307: 3291: 3287: 3276: 3272: 3262: 3260: 3253: 3249: 3239: 3237: 3230: 3226: 3216: 3214: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3194: 3192: 3185: 3181: 3171: 3169: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3152: 3136: 3132: 3109: 3105: 3052: 3048: 3038: 3036: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3012: 3010: 3000: 2996: 2986: 2984: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2964: 2962: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2913: 2911: 2902: 2901: 2897: 2866: 2862: 2855: 2839: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2813: 2812: 2805: 2798: 2782: 2778: 2768: 2766: 2755: 2751: 2735: 2734: 2729:Hay crop silage 2724: 2720: 2713: 2690: 2686: 2679: 2663: 2659: 2652: 2636: 2632: 2622: 2620: 2612: 2606: 2602: 2565: 2561: 2554: 2540: 2536: 2529: 2513: 2509: 2502: 2486: 2482: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2459: 2451: 2447: 2440: 2424: 2417: 2378: 2374: 2364: 2362: 2360:The Cattle Site 2354: 2353: 2349: 2339: 2337: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2317: 2315: 2304: 2300: 2287:(141): 38–105. 2281: 2277: 2267: 2265: 2252: 2251: 2247: 2237: 2235: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2210: 2209: 2205: 2173: 2167: 2163: 2156: 2137: 2133: 2126: 2112: 2108: 2101: 2087: 2083: 2051: 2045: 2041: 2031: 2029: 2019: 2015: 2006: 2002: 1940: 1936: 1925: 1921: 1868: 1864: 1854: 1852: 1847: 1846: 1833: 1826: 1807: 1803: 1796: 1782: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1705: 1664:children's song 1660:anthropomorphic 1655:Charlotte's Web 1640:Dick King-Smith 1636:Winnie the Pooh 1546: 1512:, freedom from 1490: 1484: 1452:desertification 1435: 1427:Main articles: 1425: 1418: 1386:mulberry leaves 1345: 1312: 1279:Fish hatcheries 1259: 1241: 1219: 1217:Poultry farming 1205: 1189: 1169:Main articles: 1151: 1099: 1093: 1088: 1028: 1022: 971: 959:Main articles: 957: 827: 821: 808: 806:Animal breeding 802: 732: 726: 604: 594: 589: 583: 543:Robert Bakewell 532:Robert Bakewell 520: 514: 505: 499: 454: 446:Pliny the Elder 411: 301: 293:Main articles: 291: 286: 280: 250: 142:Robert Bakewell 65:concerned with 54:, United States 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6115: 6105: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6073: 6072: 6071: 6061: 6060: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6047:Whale watching 6044: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6024:Spotted hyenas 6021: 6016: 6015: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5970: 5969: 5964: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5925: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5904: 5898: 5896: 5892: 5891: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5879: 5877:Working animal 5874: 5869: 5867:Service animal 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5813: 5811: 5807: 5806: 5799: 5798: 5791: 5784: 5776: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5752: 5740: 5728: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5620: 5615: 5614: 5613: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5582: 5580: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5532: 5531: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5510: 5509: 5499: 5497:Insect farming 5494: 5489: 5488: 5487: 5482: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5441: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5405: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5385: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5376:Ancient Greece 5373: 5365: 5364: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5345: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5304: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5268: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5075: 5072: 5071: 5064: 5063: 5056: 5049: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5021: 5020: 5014: 5013: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4998:External links 4996: 4994: 4993: 4986: 4979: 4968: 4963:; Guzzoni, M. 4958: 4948: 4938: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4877: 4852: 4841:on 12 May 2016 4821: 4807: 4800: 4777: 4762:Johnson, Ben. 4754: 4734: 4727: 4705: 4686: 4649: 4608: 4576: 4527: 4501: 4482: 4475: 4447: 4428:(2): 153–167. 4408: 4382: 4339: 4311: 4283: 4222: 4197: 4190: 4170: 4145: 4113: 4086: 4039: 3990: 3983: 3958: 3937: 3930: 3910: 3903: 3883: 3857: 3846:on 18 May 2011 3831: 3801: 3794: 3774: 3748: 3722: 3692: 3679: 3653: 3631: 3624: 3604: 3597: 3577: 3558: 3516: 3484: 3458: 3429: 3402: 3361: 3326:Arch Pharm Res 3312: 3305: 3285: 3270: 3247: 3224: 3202: 3179: 3157: 3150: 3130: 3103: 3046: 3035:on 14 May 2017 3020: 2994: 2972: 2946: 2921: 2910:on 26 May 2017 2895: 2876:(936): 85–97. 2860: 2853: 2828: 2803: 2796: 2776: 2749: 2718: 2711: 2684: 2677: 2657: 2650: 2630: 2600: 2559: 2552: 2534: 2527: 2507: 2500: 2480: 2445: 2438: 2415: 2372: 2347: 2325: 2298: 2275: 2264:on 5 June 2023 2245: 2223: 2203: 2161: 2154: 2131: 2124: 2106: 2099: 2081: 2039: 2013: 2000: 1934: 1919: 1862: 1851:. Historyworld 1831: 1824: 1801: 1794: 1774: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1749: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1704: 1701: 1685:; a strain of 1628:Beatrix Potter 1615:Beatrix Potter 1596:country sports 1584:John Arbuthnot 1563:save his bacon 1545: 1542: 1522:utilitarianism 1488:Animal welfare 1486:Main article: 1483: 1482:Animal welfare 1480: 1424: 1421: 1417: 1414: 1339:Insect farming 1311: 1308: 1262:individual or 1255:Main article: 1240: 1237: 1215:Main article: 1204: 1201: 1150: 1147: 1143:soil fertility 1095:Main article: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1026:Animal product 1024:Main article: 1021: 1018: 1012:sheep for its 956: 953: 820: 817: 804:Main article: 801: 798: 728:Main article: 725: 722: 611:Herdwick sheep 593: 590: 582: 579: 516:Main article: 513: 510: 501:Main article: 498: 495: 464:, MS Douce 195 453: 450: 410: 407: 395:Bactrian camel 350:working animal 290: 287: 279: 276: 249: 246: 214:climate change 170:Insect farming 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6114: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6062: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6052:Whale worship 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5968: 5967:Horse worship 5965: 5963: 5962:Horses in art 5960: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5888: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5862:Equestrianism 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5797: 5792: 5790: 5785: 5783: 5778: 5777: 5774: 5763: 5762: 5753: 5751: 5750: 5741: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5717: 5714: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5664:Meat industry 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5649:Biotechnology 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5625: 5619: 5616: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5576:Environmental 5573: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5556:Sheep farming 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5460:Dairy farming 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5437:Farming Types 5434: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5371:Ancient Egypt 5369: 5368: 5366: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5282:Paludiculture 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5186: 5185:Biotechnology 5183: 5181: 5178: 5177: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5105:Agriculturist 5103: 5102: 5100: 5096: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5073: 5069: 5062: 5057: 5055: 5050: 5048: 5043: 5042: 5039: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5010: 5005: 4991: 4987: 4984: 4980: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4966: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4935:88-206-2415-X 4932: 4931:88-206-2414-1 4928: 4927:88-206-2413-3 4924: 4923:88-206-2412-5 4920: 4916: 4912: 4911: 4897: 4896: 4895:Modern Farmer 4891: 4884: 4882: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4856: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4825: 4817: 4811: 4803: 4797: 4793: 4792: 4784: 4782: 4766:. Historic UK 4765: 4758: 4750: 4749: 4744: 4738: 4730: 4728:9780520049048 4724: 4719: 4718: 4709: 4700: 4699: 4698:Animal Ethics 4690: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4661: 4653: 4645: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4628:(6): 496–99. 4627: 4623: 4619: 4612: 4601: 4597: 4590: 4586: 4580: 4572: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4531: 4515: 4508: 4506: 4497: 4493: 4486: 4478: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4459: 4451: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4412: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4328: 4327: 4322: 4315: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4287: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4241: 4233: 4226: 4212:on 2018-10-28 4211: 4207: 4201: 4193: 4187: 4183: 4182: 4174: 4160:on 2008-03-28 4159: 4155: 4149: 4135:on 2015-03-11 4131: 4124: 4117: 4101: 4097: 4090: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4043: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3986: 3980: 3973: 3972: 3965: 3963: 3954: 3953: 3948: 3941: 3933: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3914: 3906: 3900: 3896: 3895: 3887: 3872: 3868: 3861: 3845: 3841: 3840:"Fixed combs" 3835: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3805: 3797: 3791: 3787: 3786: 3778: 3762: 3758: 3752: 3736: 3732: 3726: 3711:on 4 May 2017 3710: 3706: 3702: 3696: 3689: 3683: 3668:on 2017-05-15 3667: 3663: 3657: 3641: 3635: 3627: 3621: 3617: 3616: 3608: 3600: 3594: 3590: 3589: 3581: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3523: 3521: 3501: 3494: 3488: 3472: 3468: 3462: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3434: 3418:on 2017-05-18 3417: 3413: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3381:(3): 269–79. 3380: 3376: 3372: 3365: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3332:(4): 465–80. 3331: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3308: 3302: 3298: 3297: 3289: 3281: 3274: 3258: 3251: 3235: 3228: 3212: 3206: 3190: 3183: 3167: 3161: 3153: 3147: 3143: 3142: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3050: 3034: 3030: 3024: 3009: 3005: 2998: 2982: 2976: 2960: 2956: 2950: 2931: 2925: 2909: 2905: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2864: 2856: 2850: 2846: 2845: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2816: 2810: 2808: 2799: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2780: 2764: 2760: 2753: 2745: 2739: 2731: 2730: 2722: 2714: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2699: 2694: 2688: 2680: 2674: 2670: 2669: 2661: 2653: 2647: 2643: 2642: 2634: 2618: 2611: 2604: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2563: 2555: 2549: 2545: 2538: 2530: 2524: 2520: 2519: 2511: 2503: 2497: 2493: 2492: 2484: 2465: 2458: 2457: 2449: 2441: 2435: 2431: 2430: 2422: 2420: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2388:(3): 705–12. 2387: 2383: 2376: 2361: 2357: 2351: 2336:. BBC History 2335: 2329: 2313: 2309: 2302: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2279: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2249: 2233: 2227: 2219: 2215: 2214: 2207: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2172: 2165: 2157: 2155:9780434139507 2151: 2147: 2146: 2141: 2135: 2127: 2121: 2117: 2110: 2102: 2096: 2092: 2085: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2062:(2): 277–85. 2061: 2057: 2050: 2043: 2028: 2024: 2017: 2010: 2004: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1958:: 1398–1406. 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1938: 1930: 1923: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1866: 1850: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1827: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1811: 1805: 1797: 1795:0-87779-825-7 1791: 1787: 1786: 1779: 1775: 1754: 1750: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1724:Food vs. feed 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1700: 1698: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1645:The Sheep-Pig 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1605: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1588:James Gillray 1585: 1581: 1577: 1569: 1568:James Gillray 1565: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1550: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1524:: that it is 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1489: 1479: 1477: 1476:nitrous oxide 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1420: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1374:Shang dynasty 1371: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1324: 1321:being raised 1320: 1316: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1258: 1250: 1245: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1225: 1224:battery cages 1218: 1209: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1179:Sheep farming 1176: 1172: 1171:Meat industry 1164: 1160: 1155: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1111: 1103: 1098: 1097:Dairy farming 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1027: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 970: 966: 962: 952: 950: 946: 942: 938: 937:leptospirosis 934: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 904: 900: 898: 893: 889: 884: 882: 878: 874: 873:cloven-hoofed 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 843: 839: 835: 831: 826: 819:Animal health 816: 812: 807: 797: 794: 790: 782: 777: 773: 771: 767: 763: 759: 754: 752: 748: 740: 736: 731: 721: 719: 715: 708: 704: 699: 695: 693: 689: 683: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 656: 652: 648: 643: 641: 637: 633: 628: 620: 619:Lake District 616: 612: 608: 603: 599: 588: 578: 576: 572: 566: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 533: 529: 524: 519: 509: 504: 494: 491: 490:crop rotation 487: 483: 479: 474: 473: 472:Domesday Book 463: 458: 449: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 426:ancient Egypt 420: 419:ancient Egypt 415: 406: 404: 403:Arabian camel 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 371: 367: 363: 358: 353: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 322: 321:domestication 314: 310: 305: 300: 296: 285: 275: 273: 269: 265: 261: 260: 255: 245: 243: 238: 234: 230: 225: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 172:, as well as 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 154:water buffalo 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 122: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 103:ancient Egypt 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 53: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 6019:Seal hunting 5917:Bear hunting 5912:Bear-baiting 5822:Draft animal 5816: 5759: 5747: 5735: 5723: 5611:Overdrafting 5470:Goat farming 5381:Ancient Rome 5287:Permaculture 5245:Horticulture 5192:Agroforestry 5150:Agribusiness 5008: 4989: 4982: 4975: 4964: 4954: 4944: 4914: 4893: 4867: 4855: 4843:. Retrieved 4839:the original 4834: 4824: 4810: 4790: 4768:. Retrieved 4757: 4748:The Guardian 4746: 4737: 4716: 4708: 4697: 4689: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4625: 4621: 4611: 4600:the original 4595: 4579: 4547:(3): 34–48. 4544: 4540: 4530: 4518:. Retrieved 4495: 4485: 4457: 4450: 4425: 4421: 4411: 4399:. Retrieved 4396:The Guardian 4395: 4385: 4352: 4348: 4342: 4330:. Retrieved 4324: 4314: 4302:. Retrieved 4298:The Guardian 4296: 4286: 4274:. Retrieved 4267:the original 4244: 4238: 4225: 4214:. Retrieved 4210:the original 4200: 4180: 4173: 4162:. Retrieved 4158:the original 4148: 4137:. Retrieved 4130:the original 4116: 4104:. Retrieved 4099: 4089: 4056: 4053:Meat Science 4052: 4042: 4007: 4003: 3993: 3970: 3952:The Guardian 3950: 3940: 3920: 3913: 3893: 3886: 3874:. Retrieved 3870: 3860: 3848:. Retrieved 3844:the original 3834: 3822:. Retrieved 3818:the original 3813: 3804: 3784: 3777: 3765:. Retrieved 3760: 3751: 3739:. Retrieved 3734: 3725: 3713:. 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Retrieved 1814: 1804: 1784: 1778: 1753: 1714:Agribusiness 1686: 1675:petting farm 1672: 1653: 1643: 1625: 1618: 1600: 1592:John Tenniel 1573: 1552: 1510:reproduction 1491: 1444: 1419: 1402:cabbage palm 1391: 1368: 1346: 1277: 1273:rice paddies 1260: 1249:fish farming 1233: 1229: 1220: 1190: 1135: 1127:family farms 1124: 1114:specialised 1112: 1108: 1066:(containing 1029: 972: 945:tuberculosis 924:flying foxes 909: 885: 857:veterinarian 846: 813: 809: 785: 762:rainy season 760:or tropical 755: 744: 711: 684: 644: 636:transhumance 624: 615:hill farming 575:biodiversity 567: 537: 506: 470: 467: 434:ancient Rome 423: 383:pack animals 362:cockfighting 354: 334:pack hunters 318: 271: 257: 253: 251: 226: 123: 95:domesticated 58: 57: 43: 32:Horticulture 5852:Pack animal 5827:Fur farming 5761:Wikiproject 5601:Overgrazing 5536:Pig farming 5519:Paddy field 5492:Hydroponics 5465:Fur farming 5450:Aquaculture 5445:Agrivoltaic 5426:Monoculture 5347:Prehistory 5297:Polyculture 5120:Farm worker 5098:Occupations 5068:Agriculture 4764:"John Bull" 4520:13 December 4355:: 419–431. 4262:11336/71342 4059:: 106–111. 3705:Poultry Hub 3539:(1): 1–13. 3066:: 141–157. 2579:: 151–169. 2312:History Now 2218:Giles, J.A. 1739:Zootechnics 1650:E. B. White 1582:, first in 1557:giving his 1538:Middle East 1534:Live export 1398:palm weevil 1370:Sericulture 1364:pollinators 1343:Sericulture 1335:Entomophagy 1257:Aquaculture 1247:Freshwater 1239:Aquaculture 1187:Cuniculture 1183:Pig farming 1163:beef cattle 988:guinea pigs 976:aquaculture 969:Entomophagy 949:trichinosis 941:brucellosis 920:Nipah virus 916:biosecurity 871:affect all 834:Vaccinating 747:herbivorous 730:Animal feed 701:Pigs in an 545:during the 379:Caspian Sea 186:crustaceans 174:aquaculture 136:cattle and 99:first crops 63:agriculture 6086:Categories 6012:Orangutans 5922:Teddy bear 5627:Categories 5292:Plantation 5240:Free range 5235:Feed ratio 4240:BioScience 4216:2020-06-18 4164:2015-10-05 4139:2015-10-05 3467:"Breeding" 2184:: 109–18. 1765:References 1632:A.A. 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