Ambulance - Knowledge

898: 349: 2259: 959: 875: 1805: 728: 1225:. Unrestrained occupants, particularly those riding in the patient-care compartment, are particularly vulnerable. When compared to civilian vehicles of similar size, one study found that on a per-accident basis, ambulance collisions tend to involve more people, and result in more injuries. An 11-year retrospective study concluded in 2001 found that although most fatal ambulance crashes in the United States occurred during emergency runs, they typically occurred on improved, straight, dry roads, during clear weather. Furthermore, paramedics are also at risk in ambulances while helping patients, as 27 paramedics died during ambulance trips in the US between 1991 and 2006. 324: 791: 2076: 829: 936: 1164:, which offers an alternative to KKK-A-1822F. The Commission on Accreditation of Ambulance Services (CAAS) has published its Ground Vehicle Standard for Ambulances v2.0, effective July 2019. This standard is similar to the KKK-A-1822F and NFPA 1917–2019 specifications. The decision on which of the current (3) standards to require is left up to each individual state legislature or EMS director. Some states have no specific requirement, while others specify which standard is acceptable. Others, yet, allow the end user to decide which standard to comply to. 1003: 769: 161: 1821: 1905:– Some services employ staff with no medical qualification (or just basic first aid training) whose job is to simply drive the vehicle. In some emergency ambulance contexts this term is a pejorative towards personnel with higher medical training, as it implies they perform no function other than driving, although it may be acceptable for patient transport or community operations. Ambulance drivers may also have training in using the radio and knowing where medical supplies are stored in the ambulance. 1447: 917: 747: 2019:– Physician Assistants are found predominately in English-speaking countries and may also be known as physician associates in some countries. PA's mirror the practice of a physician and are capable of providing the range of medical skills a physician provides. They generally work in collaboration with a physician, although in an ambulance environment this may not be possible. Instead, advanced directives or electronic communication is available to PA's to consult with physicians when required. 1234: 1764: 1105:, depending on the preference of the operator and the availability of different options. Colder regions often use gasoline-powered engines, as diesels can be difficult to start when they are cold. Warmer regions may favor diesel engines, as they are more efficient and more durable. Diesel power is sometimes chosen due to safety concerns, after a series of fires involving gasoline-powered ambulances during the 1980s. These fires were ultimately attributed in part to gasoline's higher 1684:, which are usually brighter than incandescent lights. Each of these can be programmed to flash singly or in groups, and can be programmed to flash in patterns (such as a left -> right pattern for use when the ambulance is parked on the left hand side of the road, indicating to other road users that they should move to the right (away from the ambulance)). Incandescent and LED lights may also be programmed to burn steadily, without flashing, which is required in some provinces. 1438: 142: 1552: 1467: 813: 381: 524:– A typical general-purpose ambulance is based on either the chassis of a van ("vanbulance") or a light-duty truck. This chassis is then modified to the designs and specifications of the purchaser. Vans may either retain their original body and be upfitted inside, or may be based on a chassis without the original body with a modular box body fitted instead. Those based on pickup trucks almost always have modular bodies. Those vehicles intended for especially 853: 1760:, which can alert people and vehicles to the presence of an ambulance before they can be seen. The first audible warnings were mechanical bells, mounted to either the front or roof of the ambulance. Most modern ambulances are now fitted with electronic sirens, producing a range of different noises which ambulance operators can use to attract more attention to themselves, particularly when proceeding through an intersection or in heavy traffic. 2045: 2139: 2057: 43: 5180: 1657: 1246: 1458: 1429: 1125: 983: 1703:. Additional white lights may be placed strategically around the vehicle to illuminate the area around it when it is dark, almost always at the rear for loading and unloading stretchers and often at the sides as well. In areas very far North or South where there are times of year with long periods of darkness, additional driving lights at the front are often fitted as well to increase visibility for the driver. 5192: 715:– Fire services (especially in North America) often train firefighters to respond to medical emergencies and most apparatuses carry at least basic medical supplies. By design, most apparatuses cannot transport patients unless they can sit in the cab. However, some fire trucks may be designed to have a large ambulance compartment behind the front of the cab, where the driver and officer's seats are located. 5528: 1189: 1927:– Members of a frontline ambulance that drive the vehicles under both emergency and non-emergency conditions to incidents. Their role is to assist the clinician that they are working with, either a Technician or Paramedic, in their duties, whether that be drawing up drugs, setting up fluids (but not attaching), doing basic observations or performing 12 lead ECG assessments. 1305:– Some ambulances are now being fitted with video cameras used to record activity either inside or outside the vehicle. They may also be fitted with sound recording facilities. This can be used as a form of protection from violence against ambulance crews, or in some cases (dependent on local laws) to prove or disprove cases where a member of the crew stands accused of 1296:(or MDTs), which are connected wirelessly to a central computer, usually at the control center. These terminals can function instead of or alongside the two-way radio and can be used to pass details of jobs to the crew, and can log the time the crew was mobile to a patient, arrived, and left the scene, or fulfill any other computer-based function. 1853:– Transport by ambulance is paid for by the patient themselves, or through their insurance company. This may be at the point of care (i.e. payment or guarantee must be made before treatment or transport), although this may be an issue with critically injured patients, unable to provide such details, or via a system of billing later on. 1411:('give way'), or be permitted to break the speed limit. Generally, the priority of the response to the call will be assigned by the dispatcher, but the priority of the return will be decided by the ambulance crew based on the severity of the patient's illness or injury. Patients in significant danger to life and limb (as determined by 1796:

national emergency broadcast systems, but short-range units on emergency vehicles can prove an effective means of alerting traffic to their presence. It is, however, unlikely that this system could replace audible warnings, as it is unable to alert pedestrians, those not using a compatible radio or even have it turned off.

446:– A special type of patient transport ambulance is provided by a charity for the purpose of taking sick children or adults on trips or vacations away from hospitals, hospices, or care homes where they are in long-term care. Examples include the United Kingdom's "Jumbulance" project. These are usually based on a bus. 1707:

are common places to mount emergency lights. A certain balance must be made when deciding on the number and location of lights: too few and the ambulance may not be noticed easily, too many and it becomes a massive distraction for other road users more than it is already, increasing the risk of local accidents.

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provider. Alternately, it may be adapted into a storage and transport vehicle for crime scene identification equipment, a command post at community events, or support vehicle, such as a logistics unit. Others are refurbished and resold, or may just have their emergency equipment removed to be sold to

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society. Use by any other person, organization or agency is in breach of international law. The protective symbols are designed to indicate to all people (especially combatants in the case of war) that the vehicle is neutral and is not to be fired upon, hence giving protection to the medics and their

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chassis-cab with a custom rear compartment that is often referred to as a "box" or "module", primarily used for Advanced Life Support (ALS) or Mobile Intensive Care Unit (MICU), as well as rescue work. Type II is based on a commercial heavy-duty van with few modifications except for a raised roof and

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Many regions have prescribed standards which ambulances should, or must, meet in order to be used for their role. These standards may have different levels which reflect the type of patient which the ambulance is expected to transport (for instance specifying a different standard for routine patient

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There are differing levels of qualification that the ambulance crew may hold, from holding no formal qualification to having a fully qualified doctor on board. Most ambulance services require at least two crew members to be on every ambulance (one to drive, and one to attend the patient). It may be

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tank. Its rear door enables the evacuation of critically wounded soldiers. Israel did not remove the Merkava's weaponry, claiming that weapons were more effective protection than emblems since Palestinian militants would disregard any symbols of protection and fire at ambulances anyway. For use as

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transmitter, set to RDS code 31, which interrupts the radio of all cars within range, in the manner of a traffic broadcast, but in such a way that the user of the receiving radio is unable to opt-out of the message (as with traffic broadcasts). This feature is built into every RDS radio for use in

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In order to increase safety, it is best practice to have 360° coverage with the active warnings, improving the chance of the vehicle being seen from all sides. In some countries, such as the United States, this may be mandatory. The roof, front grille, sides and rear of the body, and front fenders

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The active visual warnings are usually in the form of flashing lights. These flash in order to attract the attention of other road users as the ambulance approaches, or to provide warning to motorists approaching a stopped ambulance in a dangerous position on the road. Common colours for ambulance

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a secondary air conditioning unit for the rear of the vehicle, primarily used for Basic Life Support (BLS) and transfer of patients, though they are occasionally also used for ALS and rescue. Type III is a van chassis-cab with a custom-made rear compartment, used for ALS and rescue. Type IV is for

986: 990: 988: 984: 1387:) are also used, though they are subject to some of the same limitations as more traditional over-the-road ambulances. The level of care provided by these ambulances varies between merely providing transport to a medical clinic to providing on-scene and continuing care during transport. 1390:

The design of intermediate technology ambulances must take into account not only the operation and maintenance of the ambulance, but its construction as well. The robustness of the design becomes more important, as does the nature of the skills required to properly operate the vehicle.

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to transport incurable patients by force. Ambulances were first used for emergency transport in 1487 by the Spanish, and civilian variants were put into operation during the 1830s. Advances in technology throughout the 19th and 20th centuries led to modern self-powered ambulances.

1192: 1191: 1196: 1195: 1190: 1403:, as these emergencies create people who are likely to be in need of treatment. They are required to gain access to patients as quickly as possible, and in many countries, are given dispensation from obeying certain traffic laws. For instance, they may be able to treat a red 1899:(AED). First responders may be dispatched by the ambulance service, may be passers-by, or may be dispatched to the scene from other agencies, such as the police or fire departments. They may be on duty for another agency, or volunteers who are on-call during their free time. 1525:), chevrons (arrowheads – often pointed towards the front of the vehicle if on the side, or pointing vertically upwards on the rear) or stripes along the side (these were the first type of retro-reflective device introduced, as the original reflective material, invented by 1197: 270:) is counted as an ambulance. These vehicles are not usually (although there are exceptions) equipped with life-support equipment, and are usually crewed by staff with fewer qualifications than the crew of emergency ambulances. Conversely, EMS agencies may also have 1152:, which specifies minimum compliance levels across the build of ambulance, including crash resistance, equipment levels, and exterior marking. In the United States, standards for ambulance design have existed since 1976, where the standard is published by the 987: 631:– Usually used for emergency care, either in places inaccessible by road, or in areas where speed is of the essence, as they are able to travel significantly faster than a road ambulance. Helicopter and fixed-wing ambulances are discussed in greater detail at 1352:– Ambulances are often fitted with a separate air conditioning system to serve the working area from that which serves the cab. This helps to maintain an appropriate temperature for any patients being treated but may also feature additional features such as 1775:

The speakers for modern sirens can be integral to the lightbar, or they may be hidden in or flush to the grill to reduce noise inside the ambulance that may interfere with patient care and radio communications. Ambulances can additionally be fitted with

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to lend medical assistance in high casualty situations such as wars or natural disasters. These hospital ships fulfill the criteria of an ambulance (transporting the sick or injured), although the capabilities of a hospital ship are more on par with a

2135:, on the assumption that they may have to use a weapon. The laws of war do allow non-combatant military personnel to carry individual weapons for protecting themselves and casualties. However, not all militaries exercise this right to their personnel. 897: 1209:, are required to operate in most weather conditions, including those during which civilian drivers often elect to stay off the road. Also, the ambulance crew's responsibilities to their patient often preclude their use of safety devices such as 395:

Ambulances can be grouped into types depending on whether or not they transport patients, and under what conditions. In some cases, ambulances may fulfill more than one function (such as combining emergency ambulance care with patient transport:

1194: 4696: 1264:– One of the most important pieces of equipment in modern emergency medical services as it allows for the issuing of jobs to the ambulance, and can allow the crew to pass information back to control or to the hospital (for example a priority 647:'), for patient transport over long distances (e.g. a re-patriation following an illness or injury in a foreign country), or transportation between distant hospitals. Helicopter and fixed-wing ambulances are discussed in greater detail at 2112:. In terms of equipment, military ambulances are barebones, often being nothing more than a box on wheels with racks to place manual stretchers, though for the operational conditions and level of care involved this is usually sufficient. 1362:– These are often placed in ambulances to record such information as speed, braking power and time, activation of active emergency warnings such as lights and sirens, as well as seat belt usage. These are often used in coordination with 1050:

to enable them to contact hospitals, either to notify the appropriate hospital of the ambulance's pending arrival, or, in cases where physicians do not form part of the ambulance's crew, to confer with a physician for medical oversight.

2692: 2131:; however, this does not always exempt medical personnel from coming under fire – accidental or deliberate. As a result, medics and other medical personnel attached to military ambulances are usually put through basic 2011:. ECPs are already qualified paramedics who have undergone further training, and are trained to prescribe medicines for longer-term care, such as antibiotics, as well as being trained in a range of additional diagnostic techniques. 581:– Used for response, but usually in pedestrian-only areas where large vehicles find access difficult. Like the motorcycle ambulance, a bicycle may be connected to a trailer for patient transport, most often in the developing world. 2031:, it is common for doctors to staff ambulances. On the other hand, this is rare in systems that rely heavily on paramedics or field nurses. In those cases, doctors may be present in specialist ambulance units – most notably the 291:" as meaning "to walk or move about" which is a reference to early medical care where patients were moved by lifting or wheeling. The word originally meant a moving hospital, which follows an army in its movements. Ambulances ( 958: 3825:

Hofman, Jan J.; Dzimadzi, Chris; Lungu, Kingsley; Ratsma, Esther Y.; Hussein, Julia (16 June 2008). "Motorcycle ambulances for referral of obstetric emergencies in rural Malawi: Do they reduce delay and what do they cost?".

3697: 1695:) by drilling a hole in the host light's reflector and inserting the emergency light. These hidden lights may not be apparent until they are activated. Additionally, some of the standard lights fitted to an ambulance (e.g. 1014:

Ambulance design must take into account local conditions and infrastructure. Maintained roads are necessary for road-going ambulances to arrive on scene and then transport the patient to a hospital, though in rugged areas

3466: 1379:. Ambulances can also be trailers, which are pulled by bicycles, motorcycles, tractors, or animals. Animal-powered ambulances can be particularly useful in regions that are subject to flooding. Motorcycles fitted with 5076: 1176:

patient transfer using smaller utility vehicles selected for maneuverability in special environments such as dense crowds at events; these are uncommon and are not subject to federal regulations in the United States.

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with a recumbent patient, but this often requires the removal of the front passenger seat, or the use of a particularly long car. This was often the case with early ambulances, which were converted (or even serving)

727: 498:. Tests from the time showed that an ambulance service with personnel specially trained in psychiatric treatment was highly effective, and reduced the use of force when treating patients in psychiatric crises. 1256:

In addition to the equipment directly used for the treatment of patients, ambulances may be fitted with a range of additional equipment which is used in order to facilitate patient care. This could include:

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serve the exclusive purpose of armored medical vehicles. Civilian based designs may be painted in appropriate colors, depending on the operational requirements (i.e. camouflage for field use, white for

4569:"Real Decreto 836/2012, de 25 de mayo, por el que se establecen las características técnicas, el equipamiento sanitario y la dotación de personal de los vehículos de transporte sanitario por carretera" 1722: 1415:) require urgent treatment by advanced medical personnel, and because of this need, emergency ambulances are often fitted with passive and active visual and/or audible warnings to alert road users. 1113:

would only sell vehicles for ambulance conversion if they are diesel-powered. Beginning in 2010, Ford will sell its ambulance chassis with a gasoline engine in order to meet emissions requirements.

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The move towards standardisation is now reaching countries without a history of prescriptive codes, such as India, which approved its first national standard for ambulance construction in 2013.

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heavily armored ground ambulance (HAGA) as treatment and evacuation vehicles, with contracts to incorporate the newly designed M2A0 armored medical evacuation vehicle (AMEV), a variant of the

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In the United States, the cost of an ambulance ride may be paid for from several sources, and this will depend on the local situation type of service being provided, by whom, and to whom.

738: 1318:– Ambulances can be fitted with a tail lift or ramp in order to facilitate loading a patient without having to undertake any lifting. This is especially important where the patient is 2108:

has a fleet of white ambulances, based on production trucks. Military helicopters have also served both as ad hoc and purpose-built air ambulances since they are extremely useful for

403:– The most common type of ambulance, which provides care to patients with an acute illness or injury. These can be road-going vans, boats, helicopters, fixed-wing aircraft (known as 2822: 1724: 1054:

Ambulances often have two stages of manufacturing. The first is frequently the manufacture of light or medium truck chassis-cabs or full-size vans (or in some places, cars) such as

4571:[Royal Decree 836/2012, of 25 May, which establishes the technical characteristics, the sanitary equipment and the staffing of the vehicles of sanitary transport by road]. 4392: 2922: 2796: 1533:) yellow or orange for maximum visual impact, though classic white or red are also common. Fire department-operated ambulances are often painted red to match the fire apparatuses. 5040: 3319: 3293: 3267: 2289:. Since Ontario laws require ambulances to be retired after just four and a half years in service, the City of Toronto decommissions and auctions around 28 ambulances each year. 1540:(or local language variant) spelled out in reverse on the front of the vehicle. This enables drivers of other vehicles to more easily identify an approaching ambulance in their 874: 538:

for rapid response or to transport patients who can sit, these are standard car models adapted to the requirements of the service using them. Some cars are capable of taking a

3704: 2127:, military ambulances are often unarmed. It is a generally accepted practice in most countries to classify the personnel attached to military vehicles marked as ambulances as 697:, which can be towed behind a self-propelled vehicle, can be used as an ambulance. This permits flexibility in areas with minimal access to vehicles, such as on small islands. 5093: 1911:– This role has different levels of training across the world, but these staff are usually only required to perform patient transport duties (which can include stretcher or 3528: 3346: 790: 1559:, Australia with warped Battenburg markings, the Maltese Cross, and additional fluorescent reflective stripes to aid in visibility. Also visible are its emergency lights. 1915:

cases), rather than acute care. Dependent on provider, they may be trained in first aid or extended skills such as use of an AED, oxygen therapy and other lifesaving or

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Ambulances may also carry an emblem (either as part of the passive warning markings or not), such as a Red Cross, Red Crescent or Red Crystal (collective known as the

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Military ambulances have historically included vehicles based on civilian designs and at times also included armored, but unarmed, vehicle ambulances based upon

1999:. Dependent on jurisdiction, the title "paramedic" can be a protected title, and use of it without the relevant qualification may result in criminal prosecution. 2648: 1723: 683:

may be used to provide medical care as a mobile treatment facility or transport patients to better care in more accessible areas. These are generally called

3190: 1865:– Hospitals may provide the ambulance transport free of charge, on the condition that patients use the hospital's services (which they may have to pay for). 454:– A special type of patient transport ambulance designed for extremely obese patients equipped with the appropriate tools to move and manage these patients. 5224: 5080: 3907: 3881: 1086:, where the modifications are started from scratch and built on to the vehicle, or using a modular system, where a pre-built 'box' is put on to the empty 1847:– The full or the majority of the cost of transport by ambulance is borne by the local, regional, or national government (through their normal taxation). 4744: 1268:

message to alert the hospital of the impending arrival of a critical patient.) More recently many services worldwide have moved from traditional analog

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designs, which reflects light from car headlights or torches. Popular patterns include 'checker board' (alternate coloured squares, sometimes called '

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In the United Kingdom, the National Health Service has set a target for all ambulances to be fully electric as part of the Net Zero campaign by 2045.

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Passive visual warnings are usually part of the design of the vehicle, and involve the use of high contrast patterns. Older ambulances (and those in

1489: 1485: 1340:– In addition to normal working lighting, ambulances can be fitted with special lighting (often blue or red) which is used when the patient becomes 1156:

and known as KKK-A-1822. This standard has been revised several times, and is currently in version 'F' change notice #13, known as KKK-A-1822F. The

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Becker LR, Zaloshnja E, Levick N, Li G, Miller TR (November 2003). "Relative risk of injury and death in ambulances and other emergency vehicles".

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audible warnings to augment the effectiveness of the siren system, or may be fitted with extremely loud two-tone air horns as their primary siren.

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Kahn CA, Pirrallo RG, Kuhn EM (July 2001). "Characteristics of fatal ambulance crashes in the United States: an 11-year retrospective analysis".

2035:. Alternatively, in some systems, such as Albuquerque, NM and Pittsburgh, PA, physicians are available to respond to serious cases via a fly car. 589:– Used for response off-road, especially at events or in remote areas. ATVs can be modified to carry a stretcher, and are used for tasks such as 4064: 3138: 3066: 2848: 2706: 1596: 615:– In some cases, buses can be used to transport multiple casualties, either for the purposes of taking patients on journeys, in the context of 565:– In urban areas, these may be used for rapid response in an emergency as they can travel through heavy traffic much faster than a car or van. 4971: 3164: 1919:

skills. They may provide emergency cover when other units are not available, or when accompanied by a fully qualified technician or paramedic.

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operate one state and one territory ambulance service, and all of Australia's other ambulance services use variations on a red Maltese cross.

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ambulance may be crewed by one paramedic and one technician, or in countries like Australia advanced life support registered paramedics.

1859:– Transport by ambulance may be provided free of charge to patients by a charity, although donations may be sought for services received. 1161: 3323: 3297: 3271: 3087: 1529:, only came in tape form). In addition to retro-reflective markings, some services now have the vehicles painted in a bright (sometimes 609:– Used for rapid response at events or on campuses. These function similarly to ATVs, with less rough terrain capability and less noise. 4396: 3781: 3729: 3536: 2693:"Tilpassede biler og ansatte med spesiell kompetanse: Slik har egne ambulanser for psykisk syke blitt en suksess i Bergen og Stavanger" 2550: 1660:

An ambulance in Denmark with roof-integrated LED lights, plus side-view mirror, grill and front fend-off lights, and fog lamps wig-wags

4822: 4618: 4448: 4008: 2896: 1959:– In some systems, nurses are the primary providers of advanced-level care on ambulances, often in place of paramedics. This includes 2285:

City Council operates a "Caravan of Hope" project to give retired Toronto ambulances a second life by donating them to the people of

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In parts of the world that lack a high level of infrastructure, ambulances are designed to meet local conditions, being built using

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In the United States and Canada, there are four types of ambulances: Type I, Type II, Type III, and Type IV. Type I is based on a

1939:, spinal immobilization, bleeding control, splinting of suspected fractures, assisting the patient with certain medications, and 348: 3350: 2258: 4104: 3018: 1145: 311:

of 1870 and in the Serbo-Turkish war of 1876 even though the wagons were first referred to as ambulances about 1854 during the

262:. Generally, vehicles count as an ambulance if they can transport patients. However, it varies by jurisdiction as to whether a 1691:

or in special flush-mount designs (as seen on the Danish ambulance to the right), or may be hidden in a host light (such as a

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Ray AF, Kupas DF (October–December 2005). "Comparison of crashes involving ambulances with those of similar-sized vehicles".

2424: 1699:, tail lamps) may be programmed to flash. Flashing headlights (typically the high beams, flashed alternately) are known as a 420:– A vehicle, which has the job of transporting patients to, from or between places of medical treatment, such as hospital or 5044: 2966: 1665:

warning beacons are blue, red, amber, and white (clear). However the colours may vary by country and sometimes by operator.

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the case that only the attendant need be qualified, and the driver might have no medical training. In some locations, an

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half-track were pressed into service as ad hoc ambulances, and in more recent times purpose-built AFVs such as the U.S.

107: 4239: 3970: 4470: 4370: 4038: 1571:, and all countries signatory to it agree to restrict their use to either (1) Military Ambulances or (2) the national 79: 4997: 3903: 3877: 1804: 1768: 126: 4204: 1983:– This is a high level of medical training and usually involves key skills not permissible for technicians, such as 4292: 2656: 2594: 2096: 1896: 927: 4722: 1891:– A person who arrives first at the scene of an incident, and whose job is to provide early critical care such as 436:

chassis, that can evacuate and transport a large number of patients. They are usually used in emergencies such as

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in comparison to diesel fuel. The type of engine may be determined by the manufacturer: in the past two decades,

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Emergency lights may simply be mounted directly on the body, or may be housed in special fittings, such as in a

619:, or to deal with specific problems such as drunken patients in town centers. They are sometimes referred to as 4302: 3671: 2176: 1607: 64: 4126: 2227: 1892: 1603: 1399:

Emergency ambulances are highly likely to be involved in hazardous situations, including incidents such as a

760: 605: 385: 4505: 4178: 2678: 2279:. They may also have a perfectly serviceable body or vehicle (or both) separated from the other and reused. 323: 5297: 5287: 4800: 3142: 2308: 2234:, these ships can display a prominent Red Cross or Red Crescent to confer protection under the appropriate 1931: 93: 2992: 5485: 5403: 5375: 5365: 5360: 5292: 5264: 5196: 2303: 2215: 2184: 2101: 2003: 1651: 1079: 908: 843: 778: 775: 271: 251: 2739: 5518: 5233: 5041:"Report No. 6 of the Community and Health Services, §2: Donation of Decommissioned Ambulances for 2011" 4596: 4255: 3223: 2271: 2084: 1729: 1645: 1545: 1094: 969: 255: 200: 150: 60: 31: 17: 3960: 75: 5272: 4344: 4060: 3070: 2852: 2710: 2075: 1887: 1829: 1813: 1071: 643:– These can be used for either acute emergency care in remote areas (such as in Australia, with the ' 215:, and transport patients to hospital or other definitive care. Most ambulances use a design based on 3986: 3116: 2179:

armored personnel carriers and regular up-armored ambulances are not sufficiently protected against

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sets, which can be monitored externally, to more secure digital systems, such as those working on a

296: 5343: 5282: 4967: 3168: 2120: 2105: 2069: 1923: 1564: 804: 343: 3044: 1588:, but this does not have recognition beyond Israeli borders, where they must use the Red Crystal. 1669: 1618:

to identify their ambulances. This is especially important in countries such as Australia, where

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There are several technologies in use to achieve the flashing effect. These include flashing a

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with ambulance features in order to allow rescue operations to take place under heavy fire in

1513:) are more likely to have their pattern painted on, whereas modern ambulances generally carry 5254: 3245: 3091: 2153: 1876: 295:

in Spanish) were first used for emergency transport in 1487 by the Spanish forces during the

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service for non-emergency situations. Scheduling is a major factor in their effective use.

2142: 2032: 2008: 1792: 1700: 1673: 1510: 1384: 1293: 1288: 1031: 965: 800: 483: 460:– A special ambulance used to collect the bodies of people who have died to preserve their 236: 224: 8: 5548: 5505: 5312: 3506: 2629: 2525: 2015: 1992: 1984: 1935:– technicians are usually able to perform a wide range of emergency care skills, such as 1518: 1501: 1075: 835: 782: 669:

vessels may fit the description of an ambulance as they are used to transport a casualty.

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vehicles for conveying the wounded off the field of battle were called ambulance wagons.

5153: 4648: 3022: 2007:– This position is designed to bridge the link between ambulance care and the care of a 528:

or require a large amount of equipment to be carried may be based on medium-duty trucks.

5495: 5423: 5249: 5025: 4945: 4568: 4249: 3859: 3653: 3610: 2507: 2483: 2468: 2337: 2168: 1757: 1619: 1323: 1206: 1110: 1067: 859: 704: 300: 212: 100: 4874: 4270: 4234:. The Canadian Red Cross. Guelph, ON: The StayWell Health Company. 2008. p. 359. 3563: 1002: 5500: 5480: 5464: 5454: 5395: 4903: 4550: 4545: 4528: 4298: 4235: 3966: 3851: 3843: 3645: 3602: 3567: 3415: 3381: 3191:"The United States Air Force lists an LPG-powered ambulance on a 2001 vehicle roster" 2874: 2544: 2511: 2472: 2345: 2298: 2262:

Retired ambulances may find reuse in less-demanding emergency services, such as this

2247: 2238:. However, this designation has not always protected hospital ships from enemy fire. 2235: 2132: 1784: 1745: 1568: 889: 839: 694: 662: 616: 566: 415: 263: 247: 196: 4100: 3863: 3657: 3614: 160: 5390: 5317: 4923: 4540: 3835: 3637: 3594: 3559: 2160: 1955: 1581: 1541: 1348: 1341: 1016: 950: 881: 469: 195:

is provided to the patient during the transport. Ambulances are used to respond to

2940: 2432: 5532: 5490: 5433: 5418: 5380: 5099: 5064: 4897: 2970: 2644: 2463: 2049: 1556: 1522: 942: 923: 819: 797: 658: 590: 551:. Some operators use modular-body transport ambulances based on the chassis of a 548: 461: 421: 364: 240: 208: 184: 4770: 3165:"The Royal Air Force Motor Sports Association utilizes an LPG-powered ambulance" 2455:

With An Ambulance Personal Experiences And Adventures With Both Armies 1870–1871

1943:. Some countries split this term into levels (such as in the US, where there is 1820: 3839: 2318: 2188: 1996: 1940: 1936: 1514: 1141:

transport than high dependency), or may base standards on the size of vehicle.

946: 684: 304: 173: 3934:

Implementation Guidelines for the Canadian ED Triage & Acuity Scale (CTAS)

3698:"Motorola and Tetra Ireland Consortium Deliver National Public Safety Network" 3641: 3598: 3484: 3467:"Index of Federal Specifications, Standards, and Commercial Item Descriptions" 5542: 5350: 5202: 4418: 3847: 3385: 2263: 2222: 2171:

gunmen killed two soldiers who were providing aid for a Palestinian woman in

2164: 2128: 1677: 1629: 1615: 1585: 1497: 1404: 1233: 1083: 1055: 1043: 1024: 904: 885: 661:, especially in island areas or in areas with a large number of canals. Some 648: 632: 620: 556: 473: 465: 428: 404: 388: 331: 259: 228: 146: 4474: 1763: 287: 5459: 5413: 5277: 5244: 4554: 4366: 4034: 3962:

Above the fray: The Red Cross and the making of the humanitarian NGO sector

3855: 3649: 3606: 3571: 2088: 2065: 1809: 1681: 1625: 1592: 1576: 1530: 1481: 1446: 1400: 1353: 1327: 1322:

or specialty care transports that require large, bulky equipment such as a

1214: 1047: 753: 520: 356: 352: 220: 192: 5077:"Media Release: York Region donates ambulance to Haitian recovery efforts" 4993: 3419: 2349: 1551: 547:, as these were some of the few vehicles able to accept a human body in a 141: 4208: 3406:

Vogt F (1976). "Equipment: Federal Specification, Ambulance KKK-A-1822".

2286: 2231: 2167:. The modifications were made following a failed rescue attempt in which 2116: 2092: 1964: 1633: 1306: 1168: 1098: 1035: 711: 424:

center, for non-urgent care. These can be vans, buses, or other vehicles.

312: 4619:"UK Health Care Professionals Council advice on use of protected titles" 3818: 2598: 1437: 507:

Ambulances can be based on many types of vehicle although emergency and

5355: 4718: 4595:. Paramedic Association of Canada. 2001. pp. 96–97. Archived from 2313: 2061: 1916: 1912: 1833: 1466: 1408: 1222: 1218: 1213:. Research has shown that ambulances are more likely to be involved in 1039: 627: 511:

conditions may lead to other vehicles serving as makeshift ambulances:

380: 4529:"A new profession in the pre-hospital care field: the ambulance nurse" 4156: 5428: 5307: 3675: 3294:"2006 Ford F-Series Super Duty Chassis Cab Ambulance: Specifications" 2180: 2138: 2044: 2023: 1979: 1788: 1595:

is widely used, and was originally designed and governed by the U.S.

1580:

casualties, although this has not always been adhered to. In Israel,

1572: 1544:. Ambulances may display the name of their owner or operator, and an 1313: 1250: 1210: 1082:, and interior fittings. This is done by one of two methods – either 866: 666: 599: 539: 408: 204: 27:

Vehicle equipped for transporting and care for ill and wounded people

2056: 1816:, a privately-funded service operating in parts of the United States 299:

by the Catholic Monarchs against the Emirate of Granada. During the

42: 5438: 4899:

Aeromedical Evacuation: Management of Acute and Stabilized Patients

4130: 4086: 2270:

When an ambulance is retired, it may be donated or sold to another

1988: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1656: 1380: 1245: 1149: 757: 739:

District of Columbia Fire and Emergency Medical Services Department

734: 508: 328: 188: 2275:

private businesses or individuals, who then can use them as small

675:– In remote or hard-to-reach areas that are accessed primarily by 486:. The idea was first tested as "Psykebilen" ("The Psych ambo") in 5179: 4182: 2282: 2207: 2191: 2157: 2109: 1975:. Nurses may also work on ambulances for critical care transport. 1960: 1777: 1124: 1087: 1007: 676: 570: 552: 535: 180: 176: 1987:(and with it the ability to administer a range of drugs such as 1457: 1428: 5191: 3485:"Ambulances – Type I, Type II, Type III and Type IV Ambulances" 2996: 2195:

ground ambulances and treatment & evacuation vehicles, the

2124: 1968: 1412: 1265: 1237:

Interior of a mobile intensive care unit (MICU) ambulance from

1133: 1076:

incomplete, having no body or interior behind the driver's seat

1063: 1059: 863: 544: 495: 491: 487: 335: 232: 154: 4037:. International Committee of the Red Cross. 28 December 2015. 1752:

In addition to visual warnings, ambulances can be fitted with

4797:"UK Army information on basic training for medical personnel" 3936:. Canadian Association of Emergency Physician. Archived from 2211: 2204: 2172: 1972: 1331: 1319: 1281: 995: 680: 472:

deploying one such ambulance with a $ 1.5 million three-year

282: 5079:. Community and Health Services, York Region. Archived from 3219: 2925:. London Ambulance Service. 18 December 2008. Archived from 494:

in 2005, and was soon adopted by other cities in Norway and

3117:"New technology closes gap between accident victims and ER" 2823:"Square-Mile cycle paramedics become the new City-Slickers" 2709:. South Central Ambulance Service NHS Trust. Archived from 2200: 1334:

which are designed to pull heavy patients into the vehicle.

1301: 1238: 1129: 1097:, which can be powered by any conventional fuel, including 1020: 368: 4771:"International Committee of the Red Cross policy on usage" 3374:"Net zero ambulances could cost NHS half a billion pounds" 3090:. Emergency Ambulance.com. 16 January 2003. Archived from 2995:. Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia. Archived from 1023:

must be available and service facilities are necessary to

3824: 1363: 1277: 1273: 1269: 433: 216: 3549: 1602:

Ambulance services with historical origins such as the

1526: 2851:. Design for Development. 20 July 2005. Archived from 2707:"South Central Ambulance Service NHS Trust – About Us" 5516: 4902:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 55. 4896:

Hurd, William W.; Jernigan, John G. (18 April 2006).

2797:"Two-wheeled medics cover more ground in the capital" 1330:. There may also be equipment linked to this such as 1078:) and turns it into an ambulance by adding bodywork, 1074:) modifies the vehicle (which is sometimes purchased 703:– More traditional form of transport, mostly seen in 4996:. World War One Document Archive. 30 October 2000 . 3828:

International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics

3268:"2006 Ford E-Series Cutaway Chassis: Specifications" 2575: 4968:"US Navy Military Sealift Command – Hospital Ships" 4621:. Health care Professionals council. Archived from 3965:. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. pp. 55–56. 3529:"Ministry gives its nod to national ambulance code" 3372:Searles, Michael; Donnelly, Laura (15 March 2024). 2625:"N.Y. Planning Special Ambulance To Recover Organs" 2482:. Annotated by McLaughlin, G. Harry. Archived from 67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5021:"Medicaid Ride Program For Disabled Is Criticized" 4875:"Technical data on armament of M113 APC Ambulance" 3906:. Province of Ontario. pp. Section 128.0.13. 3435:"Ambulance Vehicle Design Specifications Revision" 3320:"2006 Ford E-Series Van Ambulance: Specifications" 2923:"Ambulance crews prepare for party night pressure" 2266:former ambulance that has become a logistics unit. 1249:Four stages of deployment on an inboard ambulance 1038:equipment, which itself often relies on an intact 5018: 3426: 3088:"Handheld radios for Emergency Ambulance Service" 1042:. Similarly, modern ambulances are equipped with 5540: 4297:. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heineman. p. 73. 3627: 2736:"News Reference to Motorcycle Trailer Ambulance" 4321:. Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care 4271:"Emergency warning device – patent application" 3371: 972:; note the "PARAMEDIC" text near the rear wheel 5232: 5112:"Orangeville Police inherit retired ambulance" 4825:. Defense Update. 27 July 2006. Archived from 4647:. South West Ambulance Service. Archived from 4645:"Definition of an Emergency Care Practitioner" 2253: 1597:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 1584:, the Red Cross member organization use a red 5218: 3440:. Nebraska EMS/Trauma Program. Archived from 2589: 2587: 2467: 1791:. The ambulance is fitted with a short range 1628:operated ambulances may display the Cross of 4895: 4773:. International committee of the Red Cross. 4495: 4205:"St. Florian – Patron Saint of Firefighters" 4063:. International Committee of the Red Cross. 3621: 3578: 3543: 2119:demand ambulances be marked with one of the 4343:. American Medical Response. Archived from 3347:"Ford to Offer Gasoline Ambulances in 2010" 1475:Various symbols for identifying ambulances: 1391:Cost-effectiveness can be a high priority. 1093:Modern ambulances are typically powered by 327:Early car-based ambulances, such this 1948 5225: 5211: 3672:"New Ambulance Design Protects Paramedics" 3167:. RAFMSA. 24 November 2005. Archived from 2993:"Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia" 2584: 2359: 2357: 2210:medical evacuation vehicle (MEV), and the 1882:Common ambulance crew qualifications are: 1418: 1394: 1370: 1030:Methods of summoning (e.g. telephone) and 977: 573:can make these patient transporting units. 4544: 4526: 3344: 3248:. Center for Auto Safety. 9 November 2002 3111: 3109: 3082: 3080: 3069:. Isle of Sark Government. Archived from 2759: 2757: 2730: 2728: 2597:. Jumbulance Travel Trust. Archived from 1771:responding through traffic in New Zealand 1639: 1536:Another passive marking form is the word 1217:resulting in injury or death than either 1090:of the ambulance, and then finished off. 482:– A special ambulance dedicated to treat 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 4592:National Occupational Competency Profile 4498:"EMS in the Netherlands: A Dutch Treat?" 4011:. The Canadian Red Cross. Archived from 3989:. National Highway Safety Administration 3584: 3067:"General Information – Medical Services" 3021:. Heathrow air ambulance. Archived from 2679:"Psykiatrisk Ambulansetjeneste i Bergen" 2618: 2616: 2569: 2257: 2137: 2074: 2055: 2043: 1819: 1803: 1762: 1720: 1655: 1550: 1244: 1232: 1187: 1123: 1001: 981: 822:operated by the London Ambulance Service 432:– A large ambulance, usually based on a 379: 347: 322: 307:were still called ambulances during the 159: 140: 4994:"The sinking of HMHS Llandovery Castle" 2899:. Diversified Golf Cars. Archived from 2765:"Motorcycle Trailer-Ambulance Brochure" 2643: 2477:"Our Adventures During the War of 1870" 2389:. How products are made. Archived from 2354: 2324: 1783:A recent development is the use of the 1748:such as ambulances in several countries 719: 363:The history of the ambulance begins in 14: 5541: 5019:Raymond Hernandez (10 November 1996). 4960: 4695:. London Air Ambulance. Archived from 4671:"EMS Physician Scene Response Program" 4290: 4153:"Ambulance Service of New South Wales" 3405: 3106: 3077: 2985: 2754: 2725: 2549:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1995:and other skills such as performing a 1567:). These are symbols laid down by the 1160:has also published a design standard, 1146:European Committee for Standardization 407:), or even converted vehicles such as 5303:Advanced emergency medical technician 5206: 4823:"LIC Modeled Merkava Mk-3 Baz / Mk 4" 4502:Journal of Emergency Medical Services 4471:"US Government Careers advice on EMT" 4451:from the original on 25 November 2009 4373:from the original on 25 November 2009 4067:from the original on 22 November 2009 3958: 3910:from the original on 22 November 2009 3884:from the original on 22 November 2009 2622: 2613: 2515:Service in Servia Under the Red Cross 2344:. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. 1019:or all-terrain vehicles can be used. 164:An NHS ambulance in south-west London 4970:. US Navy Military Sealift Command. 4179:"South Australian Ambulance Service" 4101:"About Queensland Ambulance Service" 3774: 3432: 2187:, it was decided to use the heavily 1158:National Fire Protection Association 1070:. The second manufacturer (known as 907:plane air ambulance operated by the 246:Ambulances are generally considered 211:, carry equipment for administering 65:adding citations to reliable sources 36: 4725:from the original on 6 October 2009 3784:. Ross and Bonnyman. Archived from 3246:"Ford Ambulance/Van Fuel-Fed Fires" 3141:. Demers Ambulances. Archived from 1710: 375: 24: 4849:"Three dead in fresh Gaza clashes" 3193:. 13 November 2001. Archived from 2875:"Information on Quadtech EMS quad" 2770:. IT Transport LTD. Archived from 2387:"How Products Are Made: Ambulance" 2104:, etc.). For example, the British 1292:– Some ambulances are fitted with 1201:A video on ambulance crash testing 25: 5560: 5172: 5000:from the original on 14 July 2007 4974:from the original on 29 June 2007 4751:from the original on 17 June 2007 4367:"Yorkshire Air Ambulance Charity" 4319:"OHIP:Ambulance Services Billing" 3880:. 2009. pp. Section 144.20. 3756:"CCTV to protect ambulance staff" 3045:"Islanders to get Ambulance Boat" 2967:"Highways Agency – Air Ambulance" 223:, though others take the form of 203:(EMS), and can rapidly transport 5526: 5190: 5178: 5142: 5130: 5104: 5069: 5033: 5012: 4986: 4777:from the original on 6 July 2007 4693:"London Air Ambulance Crew List" 4546:10.1111/j.1362-1017.2005.00129.x 4496:Wulterkens D (6 December 2005). 4425:from the original on 29 May 2007 4107:from the original on 6 July 2007 4087:"Order of Malta Charity Ireland" 4041:from the original on 1 July 2017 3226:from the original on 30 May 2007 3019:"Heathrow Air Ambulance Service" 2221:Some navies operate ocean-going 2199:currently employs the M113, the 2097:M1133 medical evacuation vehicle 1897:automated external defibrillator 1465: 1456: 1445: 1436: 1427: 957: 934: 928:Norwegian Society for Sea Rescue 915: 896: 873: 851: 827: 811: 789: 767: 745: 737:truck ambulance operated by the 726: 657:– Boats can be used to serve as 502: 274:that cannot transport patients. 41: 4934: 4916: 4889: 4867: 4841: 4815: 4789: 4763: 4737: 4711: 4685: 4663: 4637: 4611: 4583: 4561: 4520: 4489: 4463: 4445:"Ambulance Care Assistant Role" 4437: 4411: 4385: 4359: 4333: 4311: 4284: 4263: 4223: 4207:. stflorian.net. Archived from 4197: 4171: 4145: 4119: 4093: 4079: 4061:"The Geneva Convention of 1949" 4053: 4027: 4001: 3979: 3952: 3922: 3896: 3870: 3800: 3748: 3722: 3690: 3664: 3521: 3495: 3477: 3459: 3399: 3365: 3338: 3312: 3286: 3260: 3238: 3212: 3183: 3157: 3131: 3059: 3037: 3011: 2959: 2933: 2915: 2889: 2867: 2841: 2815: 2789: 2699: 2685: 2671: 2637: 2453:The memoirs of Charles E. Ryan 2365:"Essex Ambulance Response Cars" 2039: 1154:General Services Administration 264:non-emergency patient transport 52:needs additional citations for 4799:. British Army. Archived from 4745:"M.A.S.H. medevac helicopters" 4294:The Broadcaster's Guide to RDS 2557: 2501: 2447: 2417: 2405: 2379: 2331: 2218:(formerly known as the ATTV). 2027:– In some systems such as the 1832:, a charity-funded service in 1608:Order of Malta Ambulance Corps 756:van ambulance operated by the 458:Rapid organ recovery ambulance 334:, were sometimes also used as 267: 13: 1: 4419:"Role of the First Responder" 3987:"Star of Life DOT HS 808 721" 3904:"Ontario Highway Traffic Act" 3878:"Ontario Highway Traffic Act" 3564:10.1016/S0001-4575(02)00102-1 3535:. 7 June 2013. Archived from 2576:Katherine T. Barkley (1990). 2228:Mobile Army Surgical Hospital 2091:vehicles such as the Hanomag 1893:cardiopulmonary resuscitation 1144:For instance, in Europe, the 606:Neighborhood Electric Vehicle 386:New York City Fire Department 191:. Typically, out-of-hospital 5298:Emergency medical technician 5288:Emergency medical dispatcher 4421:. Resuscitation Council UK. 2425:"Civil War Ambulance Wagons" 2309:Emergency medical dispatcher 2241: 2185:improvised explosive devices 1932:Emergency medical technician 1228: 1119: 563:Motorcycle and motor scooter 272:nontransporting EMS vehicles 7: 5486:Critical emergency medicine 5404:Kendrick extrication device 5376:Nontransporting EMS vehicle 5366:Light horse field ambulance 5293:Emergency medical responder 4579:: 41589–41595. 8 June 2012. 3930:"CTAS Category Definitions" 3674:. WESH News. Archived from 2342:The Origin of Medical Terms 2292: 2254:Reuse of retired ambulances 2216:M2 Bradley fighting vehicle 2148:, a U.S. Navy hospital ship 2102:United Nations peacekeeping 2085:armoured personnel carriers 2052:in ambulance configuration. 2004:Emergency care practitioner 1652:Emergency vehicle equipment 1548:for the ambulance service. 1356:against airborne pathogens. 1095:internal combustion engines 1080:emergency vehicle equipment 1034:ambulances usually rely on 994:An ambulance responding in 970:Las Vegas Fire & Rescue 909:Royal Flying Doctor Service 779:nontransporting EMS vehicle 776:Volkswagen Transporter (T6) 10: 5565: 5234:Emergency medical services 5137:"Reconditioned ambulances" 4924:"1-22 Infantry tests ATTV" 4573:Boletín Oficial del Estado 3840:10.1016/j.ijgo.2008.04.001 3732:. Microbus. Archived from 3703:. Motorola. Archived from 2623:Stein, Rob (24 May 2008). 1869: 1730:Whelen Engineering Company 1714: 1649: 1646:Emergency vehicle lighting 1643: 1546:emergency telephone number 355:(then Princess) next to a 341: 318: 201:emergency medical services 32:Ambulance (disambiguation) 29: 5473: 5447: 5389: 5326: 5273:Certified first responder 5263: 5240: 3642:10.1080/10903120190939751 3599:10.1080/10903120500253813 2564:Oxford English Dictionary 2412:Oxford English Dictionary 2367:. Car Pages. 24 July 2004 2156:modified a number of its 1845:Government-funded service 1830:Wellington Free Ambulance 1814:American Medical Response 1183: 1072:second stage manufacturer 1006:Truck-based ambulance in 5283:Emergency care assistant 4721:. Surrey Air Ambulance. 4533:Nursing in Critical Care 3119:. CNN News. 7 April 1999 2941:"Aboard the 'Booze Bus'" 2897:"EMS golf cart brochure" 2849:"Bike Ambulance Project" 2121:Emblems of the Red Cross 2106:Royal Army Medical Corps 2079:1917 Red Cross ambulance 1924:Emergency care assistant 1851:Privately-funded service 1799: 1744:tones, commonly used by 1215:motor vehicle collisions 805:London Ambulance Service 344:History of the ambulance 266:vehicle (also called an 5139:. Malleyindustries.com. 4127:"ACT Ambulance Service" 3959:Dromi, Shai M. (2020). 2595:"Questions and Answers" 2566:ambulance definition 2a 2123:not to mount offensive 1909:Non-emergency attendant 1863:Hospital-funded service 1717:Audible warning devices 1676:, flashing or rotating 1419:Passive visual warnings 1395:Appearance and markings 1377:intermediate technology 1371:Intermediate technology 1205:Ambulances, like other 1148:publishes the standard 1103:liquefied petroleum gas 978:Design and construction 693:– In some instances, a 484:psychiatric emergencies 438:mass casualty incidents 5183:Quotations related to 4719:"Surrey Air Ambulance" 4291:Wright, Scott (1997). 4254:: CS1 maint: others ( 4009:"The Red Cross Emblem" 3322:. Ford. Archived from 3296:. Ford. Archived from 3270:. Ford. Archived from 3047:. BBC. 10 October 2003 2414:ambulance definition 1 2267: 2197:United States military 2154:Israeli Defense Forces 2149: 2080: 2072: 2053: 1857:Charity-funded service 1837: 1828:ambulance operated by 1826:Mercedes-Benz Sprinter 1817: 1812:ambulance operated by 1772: 1749: 1661: 1640:Active visual warnings 1612:Malteser International 1560: 1401:road traffic collision 1253: 1242: 1202: 1137: 1011: 999: 593:in inaccessible areas. 392: 360: 339: 165: 157: 5255:Advanced life support 4232:Emergency Care Manual 3834:(2). Wiley: 191–197. 2738:. TNN. Archived from 2277:recreational vehicles 2261: 2141: 2078: 2059: 2047: 1877:advanced life support 1823: 1807: 1766: 1756:, sometimes known as 1727: 1659: 1554: 1385:motorcycle ambulances 1294:mobile data terminals 1248: 1236: 1200: 1127: 1005: 993: 844:Pol'and'Rock Festival 480:Psychiatric ambulance 383: 351: 326: 163: 144: 5371:Motorcycle ambulance 5334:Air medical services 5199:at Wikimedia Commons 5098:7 April 2012 at the 5063:26 July 2013 at the 4948:on 16 September 2012 4803:on 17 September 2009 4393:"Ambulance Services" 4211:on 27 September 2007 3940:on 21 September 2010 3730:"MDT Market Sectors" 3710:on 16 September 2012 3094:on 27 September 2007 3073:on 17 February 2012. 2855:on 28 September 2007 2742:on 27 September 2007 2462:1 April 2016 at the 2325:References and notes 2068:emblazoned with the 2009:general practitioner 1511:developing countries 1289:Mobile data terminal 1025:maintain the vehicle 801:motorcycle ambulance 720:Vehicle type gallery 705:developing economies 185:treatment facilities 61:improve this article 30:For other uses, see 5506:Wilderness medicine 5313:Emergency physician 4508:on 17 February 2015 3678:on 14 November 2013 3433:Cole, Dean (2013). 3326:on 21 November 2018 3300:on 20 November 2018 3274:on 21 November 2018 3139:"Mystere – Chassis" 2630:The Washington Post 2580:. Exposition Press. 2469:Pearson, Emma Maria 2338:Skinner, Henry Alan 2246:Ambulettes provide 2230:. In line with the 2016:Physician assistant 1993:tracheal intubation 1502:Battenburg markings 1300:Evidence gathering 1048:cellular telephones 836:all-terrain vehicle 783:Emergency physician 640:Fixed-wing aircraft 586:All-terrain vehicle 534:– Used either as a 451:Bariatric ambulance 401:Emergency ambulance 309:Franco-Prussian War 197:medical emergencies 149:ambulance with its 5496:Emergency medicine 5424:Spinal precautions 5250:Basic life support 5156:on 21 October 2018 5026:The New York Times 4699:on 8 December 2009 4625:on 7 November 2018 4527:Suserud B (2005). 4399:on 25 October 2007 4015:on 11 January 2010 3630:Prehosp Emerg Care 3587:Prehosp Emerg Care 3509:on 4 November 2014 2947:. 17 December 2007 2659:on 23 January 2011 2508:Emma Maria Pearson 2473:McLaughlin, Louisa 2268: 2150: 2081: 2073: 2054: 1895:(CPR) or using an 1838: 1818: 1773: 1769:St. John Ambulance 1750: 1746:emergency vehicles 1662: 1620:St. John Ambulance 1565:Protective Symbols 1561: 1407:or stop sign as a 1324:neonatal incubator 1254: 1243: 1207:emergency vehicles 1203: 1138: 1012: 1000: 761:Ministry of Health 393: 367:, with the use of 361: 340: 301:American Civil War 248:emergency vehicles 179:used to transport 174:medically-equipped 166: 158: 5514: 5513: 5501:Military medicine 5481:Aviation medicine 5465:Search and rescue 5455:Ambulance station 5195:Media related to 5150:"Supporting hope" 5118:on 1 January 2013 4909:978-0-387-22699-6 4599:on 5 October 2011 3782:"Ambulance Lifts" 2647:(27 March 2008). 2512:Louisa McLaughlin 2299:Ambulance station 2248:patient transport 2236:Geneva Convention 2161:main battle tanks 2133:military training 2064:ambulance of the 1725: 1569:Geneva Convention 1542:rear view mirrors 1521:', named after a 1198: 991: 846:'s Medical Patrol 838:ambulance with a 820:paramedic bicycle 444:Charity ambulance 416:Patient transport 359:ambulance in 1945 250:authorized to be 137: 136: 129: 111: 16:(Redirected from 5556: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5522: 5391:Casualty lifting 5318:Medical director 5227: 5220: 5213: 5204: 5203: 5194: 5182: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5152:. Archived from 5146: 5140: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5114:. Archived from 5108: 5102: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5073: 5067: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5043:. Archived from 5037: 5031: 5030: 5016: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5005: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4944:. Archived from 4938: 4932: 4931: 4928:1-22infantry.org 4920: 4914: 4913: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4845: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4548: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4504:. Archived from 4493: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4473:. Archived from 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4395:. Archived from 4389: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4341:"Payment Policy" 4337: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4267: 4261: 4259: 4253: 4245: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4181:. Archived from 4175: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4155:. Archived from 4149: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4129:. Archived from 4123: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3814:on 13 July 2011. 3810:. Archived from 3808:"Press Releases" 3804: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3736:on 27 March 2010 3726: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3709: 3702: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3539:on 20 June 2013. 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3505:. Archived from 3499: 3493: 3492: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3447:on 30 April 2015 3446: 3439: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3414:(3): 58, 60–64. 3403: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3353:on 16 April 2009 3349:. Archived from 3342: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3199: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3113: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3084: 3075: 3074: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2969:. Archived from 2963: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2929:on 3 March 2016. 2919: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2829:on 27 April 2011 2825:. Archived from 2819: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2803:on 27 April 2011 2799:. Archived from 2793: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2776: 2769: 2761: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2732: 2723: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2695:. 20 March 2018. 2689: 2683: 2682: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2655:. Archived from 2645:Saletan, William 2641: 2635: 2634: 2620: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2591: 2582: 2581: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2548: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2530: 2524:. Archived from 2523: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2489:on 10 April 2008 2488: 2481: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2431:. Archived from 2429:civilwarhome.com 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2393:on 25 March 2007 2383: 2377: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2361: 2352: 2335: 2089:Second World War 1956:Registered nurse 1949:EMT-Intermediate 1903:Ambulance driver 1754:audible warnings 1726: 1711:Audible warnings 1604:Order of St John 1582:Magen David Adom 1555:An ambulance in 1515:retro-reflective 1469: 1460: 1449: 1440: 1431: 1349:Air conditioning 1280:system, such as 1199: 1017:four-wheel drive 992: 961: 951:Russian Railways 938: 926:operated by the 919: 900: 882:Eurocopter EC145 877: 862:operated by the 855: 842:operated by the 831: 815: 803:operated by the 793: 771: 749: 730: 659:water ambulances 376:Functional types 256:emergency lights 209:first responders 151:emergency lights 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 21: 5564: 5563: 5559: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5554: 5553: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5527: 5525: 5517: 5515: 5510: 5491:Diving medicine 5469: 5443: 5434:Vacuum mattress 5419:Scoop stretcher 5393: 5385: 5381:Water ambulance 5361:Combination car 5322: 5259: 5236: 5231: 5175: 5170: 5169: 5159: 5157: 5148: 5147: 5143: 5135: 5131: 5121: 5119: 5110: 5109: 5105: 5100:Wayback Machine 5086: 5084: 5083:on 26 July 2013 5075: 5074: 5070: 5065:Wayback Machine 5050: 5048: 5047:on 26 July 2013 5039: 5038: 5034: 5017: 5013: 5003: 5001: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4977: 4975: 4966: 4965: 4961: 4951: 4949: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4922: 4921: 4917: 4910: 4894: 4890: 4880: 4878: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4858: 4856: 4847: 4846: 4842: 4832: 4830: 4829:on 27 June 2007 4821: 4820: 4816: 4806: 4804: 4795: 4794: 4790: 4780: 4778: 4769: 4768: 4764: 4754: 4752: 4743: 4742: 4738: 4728: 4726: 4717: 4716: 4712: 4702: 4700: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4676: 4674: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4654: 4652: 4643: 4642: 4638: 4628: 4626: 4617: 4616: 4612: 4602: 4600: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4525: 4521: 4511: 4509: 4494: 4490: 4480: 4478: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4454: 4452: 4443: 4442: 4438: 4428: 4426: 4417: 4416: 4412: 4402: 4400: 4391: 4390: 4386: 4376: 4374: 4365: 4364: 4360: 4350: 4348: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4324: 4322: 4317: 4316: 4312: 4305: 4289: 4285: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4229: 4228: 4224: 4214: 4212: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4188: 4186: 4185:on 25 June 2007 4177: 4176: 4172: 4162: 4160: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4136: 4134: 4133:on 30 June 2007 4125: 4124: 4120: 4110: 4108: 4099: 4098: 4094: 4085: 4084: 4080: 4070: 4068: 4059: 4058: 4054: 4044: 4042: 4033: 4032: 4028: 4018: 4016: 4007: 4006: 4002: 3992: 3990: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3973: 3957: 3953: 3943: 3941: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3913: 3911: 3902: 3901: 3897: 3887: 3885: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3823: 3819: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3791: 3789: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3765: 3763: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3739: 3737: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3681: 3679: 3670: 3669: 3665: 3626: 3622: 3583: 3579: 3552:Accid Anal Prev 3548: 3544: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3503:"Untitled Page" 3501: 3500: 3496: 3489:metronixinc.com 3483: 3482: 3478: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3450: 3448: 3444: 3437: 3431: 3427: 3404: 3400: 3390: 3388: 3370: 3366: 3356: 3354: 3345:James Philips. 3343: 3339: 3329: 3327: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3303: 3301: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3277: 3275: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3251: 3249: 3244: 3243: 3239: 3229: 3227: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3203: 3201: 3200:on 14 June 2007 3197: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3174: 3172: 3163: 3162: 3158: 3148: 3146: 3145:on 19 June 2007 3137: 3136: 3132: 3122: 3120: 3115: 3114: 3107: 3097: 3095: 3086: 3085: 3078: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3050: 3048: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3028: 3026: 3025:on 17 June 2007 3017: 3016: 3012: 3002: 3000: 2999:on 12 June 2007 2991: 2990: 2986: 2976: 2974: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2950: 2948: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2906: 2904: 2903:on 5 April 2007 2895: 2894: 2890: 2880: 2878: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2858: 2856: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2832: 2830: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2806: 2804: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2777:on 14 June 2007 2774: 2767: 2763: 2762: 2755: 2745: 2743: 2734: 2733: 2726: 2716: 2714: 2713:on 3 March 2009 2705: 2704: 2700: 2691: 2690: 2686: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2662: 2660: 2642: 2638: 2621: 2614: 2604: 2602: 2593: 2592: 2585: 2574: 2570: 2562: 2558: 2542: 2541: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2521: 2519:"Archived copy" 2517: 2506: 2502: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2479: 2464:Wayback Machine 2452: 2448: 2438: 2436: 2435:on 17 July 2017 2423: 2422: 2418: 2410: 2406: 2396: 2394: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2370: 2368: 2363: 2362: 2355: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2304:Combination car 2295: 2256: 2244: 2087:(APCs). In the 2050:RMMV Survivor R 2042: 1888:First responder 1872: 1802: 1721: 1719: 1713: 1654: 1648: 1642: 1557:New South Wales 1507: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1492: 1476: 1472: 1471: 1470: 1462: 1461: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1442: 1441: 1433: 1432: 1421: 1397: 1373: 1338:Trauma lighting 1231: 1188: 1186: 1122: 982: 980: 973: 962: 953: 943:Nikolay Pirogov 939: 930: 924:water ambulance 920: 911: 901: 892: 878: 869: 860:MAN Lion's City 856: 847: 832: 823: 816: 807: 798:Honda ST series 794: 785: 772: 763: 750: 741: 731: 722: 685:hospital trains 621:ambulance buses 617:major incidents 591:mountain rescue 549:supine position 505: 378: 346: 321: 305:Field hospitals 297:siege of Málaga 281:comes from the 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5562: 5552: 5551: 5536: 5535: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5477: 5475: 5474:Related fields 5471: 5470: 5468: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5451: 5449: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5400: 5398: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5347: 5346: 5336: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5269: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5230: 5229: 5222: 5215: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5188: 5174: 5173:External links 5171: 5168: 5167: 5141: 5129: 5103: 5068: 5032: 5011: 4985: 4959: 4942:"Bradley AMEV" 4933: 4915: 4908: 4888: 4866: 4840: 4814: 4788: 4762: 4736: 4710: 4684: 4662: 4651:on 17 May 2007 4636: 4610: 4582: 4575:(in Spanish). 4560: 4539:(6): 269–271. 4519: 4488: 4477:on 7 June 2007 4462: 4436: 4410: 4384: 4358: 4347:on 5 July 2011 4332: 4310: 4303: 4283: 4262: 4241:978-1584804048 4240: 4222: 4196: 4170: 4159:on 7 June 2007 4144: 4118: 4092: 4078: 4052: 4026: 4000: 3978: 3972:978-0226680101 3971: 3951: 3921: 3895: 3869: 3817: 3799: 3788:on 1 July 2007 3773: 3762:. 26 July 2004 3747: 3721: 3689: 3663: 3636:(3): 261–269. 3620: 3593:(4): 412–415. 3577: 3558:(6): 941–948. 3542: 3520: 3494: 3476: 3458: 3425: 3408:Emerg Med Serv 3398: 3364: 3337: 3311: 3285: 3259: 3237: 3211: 3182: 3171:on 1 July 2007 3156: 3130: 3105: 3076: 3058: 3036: 3010: 2984: 2973:on 3 June 2009 2958: 2932: 2914: 2888: 2866: 2840: 2814: 2788: 2753: 2724: 2698: 2684: 2670: 2636: 2612: 2601:on 2 July 2007 2583: 2568: 2556: 2531:on 9 July 2008 2500: 2446: 2416: 2404: 2378: 2353: 2329: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2319:Rail ambulance 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2294: 2291: 2255: 2252: 2243: 2240: 2223:hospital ships 2129:non-combatants 2041: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2033:air ambulances 2029:SAMU in France 2020: 2012: 2000: 1997:cricothyrotomy 1976: 1952: 1941:oxygen therapy 1937:defibrillation 1928: 1920: 1906: 1900: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1848: 1801: 1798: 1715:Main article: 1712: 1709: 1644:Main article: 1641: 1638: 1614:often use the 1474: 1473: 1464: 1463: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1444: 1443: 1435: 1434: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1396: 1393: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1367: 1360:Data recorders 1357: 1345: 1342:photosensitive 1335: 1310: 1297: 1285: 1230: 1227: 1185: 1182: 1121: 1118: 1101:, gasoline or 1044:two-way radios 979: 976: 975: 974: 966:Pierce Quantum 963: 956: 954: 947:hospital train 940: 933: 931: 921: 914: 912: 902: 895: 893: 879: 872: 870: 857: 850: 848: 833: 826: 824: 817: 810: 808: 795: 788: 786: 773: 766: 764: 751: 744: 742: 732: 725: 721: 718: 717: 716: 708: 701:Horse and cart 698: 688: 670: 652: 645:Flying Doctors 636: 624: 610: 595: 594: 582: 575: 574: 560: 529: 526:intensive care 504: 501: 500: 499: 477: 455: 447: 441: 425: 412: 405:air ambulances 377: 374: 342:Main article: 320: 317: 213:emergency care 135: 134: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5561: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5534: 5524: 5523: 5520: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5446: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5392: 5388: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5351:Ambulance bus 5349: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5239: 5235: 5228: 5223: 5221: 5216: 5214: 5209: 5208: 5205: 5198: 5193: 5189: 5186: 5181: 5177: 5176: 5155: 5151: 5145: 5138: 5133: 5117: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5097: 5094: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5066: 5062: 5059: 5046: 5042: 5036: 5028: 5027: 5022: 5015: 4999: 4995: 4989: 4973: 4969: 4963: 4947: 4943: 4937: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4911: 4905: 4901: 4900: 4892: 4876: 4870: 4855:. 14 May 2004 4854: 4850: 4844: 4828: 4824: 4818: 4802: 4798: 4792: 4776: 4772: 4766: 4750: 4746: 4740: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4698: 4694: 4688: 4672: 4666: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4598: 4594: 4593: 4586: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4556: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4523: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4492: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4450: 4446: 4440: 4424: 4420: 4414: 4398: 4394: 4388: 4372: 4368: 4362: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4320: 4314: 4306: 4300: 4296: 4295: 4287: 4272: 4266: 4257: 4251: 4243: 4237: 4233: 4226: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4184: 4180: 4174: 4158: 4154: 4148: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4088: 4082: 4066: 4062: 4056: 4040: 4036: 4035:"The Emblems" 4030: 4014: 4010: 4004: 3988: 3982: 3974: 3968: 3964: 3963: 3955: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3925: 3909: 3905: 3899: 3883: 3879: 3873: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3787: 3783: 3777: 3761: 3757: 3751: 3735: 3731: 3725: 3706: 3699: 3693: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3624: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3581: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3546: 3538: 3534: 3533:The Statesman 3530: 3524: 3508: 3504: 3498: 3490: 3486: 3480: 3472: 3468: 3462: 3443: 3436: 3429: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3402: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3378:The Telegraph 3375: 3368: 3352: 3348: 3341: 3325: 3321: 3315: 3299: 3295: 3289: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3247: 3241: 3225: 3221: 3215: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3170: 3166: 3160: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3118: 3112: 3110: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3081: 3072: 3068: 3062: 3046: 3040: 3024: 3020: 3014: 2998: 2994: 2988: 2972: 2968: 2962: 2946: 2942: 2936: 2928: 2924: 2918: 2902: 2898: 2892: 2876: 2870: 2854: 2850: 2844: 2828: 2824: 2818: 2802: 2798: 2792: 2773: 2766: 2760: 2758: 2741: 2737: 2731: 2729: 2712: 2708: 2702: 2694: 2688: 2680: 2674: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2649:"Meat Wagons" 2646: 2640: 2632: 2631: 2626: 2619: 2617: 2600: 2596: 2590: 2588: 2579: 2578:The Ambulance 2572: 2565: 2560: 2552: 2546: 2527: 2520: 2516: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2485: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2450: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2420: 2413: 2408: 2392: 2388: 2382: 2366: 2360: 2358: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2278: 2273: 2265: 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