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481:. The British claimed that the horses would not survive the overland journey, so they were allowed to transport the horses up the Indus and used the opportunity to secretly survey the river. Despite pressure from his superiors, Burnes declined a military escort on his journey up the Indus, fearing their presence would cause the native population to conclude the British intended to mount an invasion. Instead, Burnes travelled with only one other British officer, Ensign J.D. Leckie, and periodically enlisted members of native communities to man and navigate his convoy. In so doing, Burnes developed close bonds with local leaders and governors in cities along the Indus. His immense skills in diplomacy and knowledge of local customs and rites of flattery enabled him to travel through areas of the Indus previously closed to Europeans, including
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potential trouble, Burnes decided to stay in Kabul against his friend's advice. That night, a small group of men began driving up a mob around the city. The group was originally a small contingent directly opposed to Burnes's presence. They managed to swell their numbers by spreading the message that the building adjacent to Burnes's house was used as the garrison treasury, holding pay for the entire
British forces in Kabul.
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the courtyard, reportedly killing six men before being hacked to death. Alexander Burnes was soon beaten and hacked to death by the mob. The events took place just half an hour's march from where the
British troops had been stationed. One young officer, recording the event in his journal, noted "When 300 men would have been sufficient in the morning, 3000 would not have been adequate in the afternoon."
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The situation with the rioters continued to deteriorate as they set fire to the compound stables. A single shot was fired from the crowd and Major
Broadfoot, standing beside Burnes on the balcony, was killed. Now assured that there was no longer a chance for rescue, Charles Burnes exited, armed, into
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on 6 August 1838, while serving in the 21st India Native
Infantry on a mission in Afghanistan, and remained there until his assassination in 1841, during an insurrection in which his younger brother, Charles, was also killed. The calmness with which he continued at his post despite the threat to his
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In Kabul, the reign of Shah Shuja was marked by tyranny and widespread poverty among the Afghan people. Shuja announced that he considered his own people to be "dogs" who needed to be taught to be obedient to their master, and spent his time exacting bloody vengeance on those
Afghans who he felt had
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On 7 August 1839, the
British Government restored Afghan leader Shah Shuja to the throne in Kabul after an exile of over thirty years. Shujah had been living as a pensioner of the crown for the entirety of his exile. He was considered to be the candidate most complacent and willing to cooperate with
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Travels into
Bokhara; being the account of a journey from India to Cabool, Tartary and Persia; also, Narrative of a voyage on the Indus, from the sea to Lahore, with presents from the king of Great Britain; performed under the orders of the supreme government of India, in the years 1831, 1832, and
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By nightfall, a large mob had assembled within the courtyard of Burnes's house. Burnes sent a runner to the cantonments asking for immediate assistance, before stepping out onto his balcony to attempt to reason with the crowd. Reportedly, assistance from the
British army was delayed by a series of
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At the same time, large numbers of
British officers, their wives, children, and staff, had relocated to Kabul for the favourable temperatures, having previously been stationed in the hot, dry plains of Hindustan. The British influx brought with it numerous foreign customs such as cricket, skating,
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Afghanistan, one of the most remote kingdoms in the world, found itself sandwiched between the rival
British and Russian empires. British control in India made the Russians suspect an intention to move northwards through Afghanistan; conversely, the British feared that India was sought by Russia.
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At the urging of Shah Shuja, the British and Indian troops had agreed to relocate their encampment out of the city walls, setting up a series of cantonments outside the city. Burnes however, chose to remain within the heart of the old city, taking up residence in a walled house with a handful of
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The narrative which he published on his visit to England in 1834 added immensely to contemporary knowledge of these countries, and was one of the most popular books of the time. It was republished in 2012. The first edition earned the author £800, and his services were recognised not only by the
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who informed Burnes of a plot to have him killed, urging him to flee the city for the relative safety of the cantonment. As the representative of Britain in Kabul, it was Burnes whom many Afghans considered responsible for the city's financial and religious decay. Confident he could quell any
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Sensing the two empires would collide in Afghanistan, the British Government needed intelligence and dispatched Burnes to get it. In 1831, travelling in disguise, Burnes surveyed the route through Kabul to Bukhara and produced the first detailed accounts of Afghan politics.
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and steeplechase. The sudden swelling of the city's population caused prices for food and goods in the bazaars to skyrocket. At the same time, Shujah had greatly increased taxation on the population, leading to a large scale economic depression among the lower class.
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from 22 to 26 October. The event was attended by numerous British political attachés and subalterns including Bentinck, General John Ramsay, and H.T. Prinsep. The event was also marked by the Maharajah's open display of the celebrated
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for three years. As assistant to the political agent, he took an interest in the history and geography of north-western India and the adjacent countries, which had not yet been thoroughly explored by the British; he then went to
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to accede to the throne. His recommendations went unheeded and, on 3 November 1840, Dost Mohammad surrendered himself to British forces, going into exile in India. Despite his hesitation in endorsing Shujah; Burnes, along with
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diamond, which he presented for free inspection by the British attendees (the jewel would eventually come into the possession of the British royal family, and set in the
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936:"Travels into Bokhara. Being an account of a Journey from India to Cabool, Tartary and Persia. Also, narrative of a Voyage on the Indus from the Sea to Lahore"
898:"Travels into Bokhara. Being an account of a Journey from India to Cabool, Tartary and Persia. Also, narrative of a Voyage on the Indus from the Sea to Lahore"
860:"Travels into Bokhara. Being an account of a Journey from India to Cabool, Tartary and Persia. Also, narrative of a Voyage on the Indus from the Sea to Lahore"
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Travels into Bokhara. Being an account of a Journey from India to Cabool, Tartary and Persia. Also, narrative of a Voyage on the Indus from the Sea to Lahore
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Travels into Bokhara. Being an account of a Journey from India to Cabool, Tartary and Persia. Also, narrative of a Voyage on the Indus from the Sea to Lahore
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Travels into Bokhara. Being an account of a Journey from India to Cabool, Tartary and Persia. Also, narrative of a Voyage on the Indus from the Sea to Lahore
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It came to light in 1860 that some of Burnes's dispatches from Kabul in 1839 had been altered to convey opinions that had not been his, but
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from November to December 1831. It was in Delhi that, on 19 December, Burnes first made contact with his future travelling partner
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life, and after the death of his political assistant Major William Broadfoot, won him a heroic reputation.
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Cabool. Being a Personal Narrative of a Journey to, and Residence in that City in the years 1836, 7, and 8
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to support Dost Mohammed on the throne of Kabul, but the viceroy preferred to follow the opinion of Sir
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The Family treasury of Sunday reading. [Continued as] The Christian monthly and family treasury
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Cabool: A Personal Narrative of a Journey to, and Residence in that City, in the Years 1836, 7, and 8
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admitted him without ballot. Soon after his return to India in 1835 he was appointed to the court of
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other senior officers including his brother Lieutenant Charles Burnes, and Major William Broadfoot.
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Travels into Bokhara: A Voyage up the Indus to Lahore and a Journey to Cabool, Tartary & Persia
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to secure a treaty for the navigation of the Indus and in 1836 he undertook a political mission to
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Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India: 1780–1870
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Burnes, having long considered Shujah unfit to rule, had implored then Governor General
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internal arguments between senior officers there on how best to respond to the threat.
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His proposal in 1829 to undertake a journey of exploration through the valley of the
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On 1 November 1841, Burnes was approached by his former travelling companion
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Certificates of election and candidature for Fellowship of the Royal Society
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where he received permission to proceed in his travels into Central Asia.
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with a sitting commander of British forces in India, Governor General
1245:"Burnes, Sir Alexander: certificate of election to the Royal Society"
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By Christopher Alan Bayly. Cambridge University Press, 1996. p. 138
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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In October 1831, Burnes coordinated the first meeting of Maharaja
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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1599:. London, Edinburgh and New York: T. Nelson and sons. pp.
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508:. The assembly took place in the village of Rupur (present day
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Following the Rupur summit, Burnes took up brief residence in
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Recipients of the Royal Geographical Society Founder's Medal
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refused after so long to grant the inquiry demanded in the
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https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1859/10/01.htm
1558:. Vol. II. London: A. Strahan and Co. pp. 1–66.
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140:(16 May 1805 – 2 November 1841) was a Scottish
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British military personnel of the First Anglo-Afghan War
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Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2014).
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At the age of sixteen, Alexander joined the army of the
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for his role in establishing contact with and exploring
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The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia
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To Herat and Cabul, A Story of the First Afghan War
961:Burnes, Alexander (2012). Hopkirk, Kathleen (ed.).
929:. Vol. III (1 ed.). London: John Murrary.
317:, and obtained an appointment as an interpreter at
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891:. Vol. II (1 ed.). London: John Murrary.
548:. While visiting a Hindu school in the grounds of
853:. Vol. I (1 ed.). London: John Murrary.
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1707:Freemasonry and the Leaders of Victorian Britain
986:"On the Commerce of Shikarpoor and Upper Scinde"
1329:Karl Marx: The New Chinese War, 1 October 1859
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990:Transactions of the Bombay Geographical Society
575:to Bukhara (in what is modern Uzbekistan) and
1492:. Edinburgh: Printed for private circulation.
1742:British people of the First Anglo-Afghan War
1462:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1451:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1121:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
121:Royal Geographical Society's Founder's Medal
1308:Vol. 2, London: Sherratt and Hughes, p. 341
1085:"Travels into Bokhara, by Alexander Burnes"
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73:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
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1643:(2006). "Will we make it to Jalalabad?".
1623:Sikunder Burnes: Master of the Great Game
757:Learn how and when to remove this message
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435:Learn how and when to remove this message
294:. His brother was the doctor and surgeon
266:Learn how and when to remove this message
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792:Sir William Hay Macnaghten, 1st Baronet
556:. From Delhi, Burnes then travelled to
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1589:(1871). "A Christian Legislator". In
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1530:. New York: Kodansha International.
1082:Hirst, Christopher (19 April 2012).
946:(2 ed.). London: John Murrary.
908:(2 ed.). London: John Murrary.
870:(2 ed.). London: John Murrary.
695:adding citations to reliable sources
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595:the same year. London's prestigious
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204:adding citations to reliable sources
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1685:. Edison, New Jersey: CastleBooks.
1502:Victoria's Wars: The Rise of Empire
1198:1833. (London: John Murray). 1834.
1009:Historical fiction featuring Burnes
470:with a present of horses from King
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1050:Assassin's Creed Chronicles: India
278:Burnes was born on 16 May 1805 in
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773:Assassination of Alexander Burnes
455:was approved and in 1831 his and
1792:British people in colonial India
1757:British people of the Great Game
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1172:Dictionary of National Biography
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1782:19th-century British diplomats
1772:Assassinated British diplomats
1393:The Eponym Dictionary of Birds
1291:. 7 August 1838. p. 1756.
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1489:Notes on his Name and Family
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992:. I (Reprint 1844): 315–326.
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1777:People from Montrose, Angus
832:rufous-vented grass babbler
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885:Burnes, Alexander (1834).
858:Burnes, Alexander (1835).
847:Burnes, Alexander (1834).
585:Royal Geographical Society
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1659:10.1080/03068370600661458
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591:. He was also elected a
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1448:Encyclopædia Britannica
1306:The Knights of England.
1625:. Edinburgh: Birlinn.
1550:"Sir Alexander Burnes"
1220:"Travels into Bokhara"
1003:. London: John Murray.
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663:Final months and death
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625:William Hay Macnaghten
615:First Anglo-Afghan War
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166:Travels into Bokhara
133:Sir Alexander Burnes
25:Sir Alexander Burnes
1787:Scottish Freemasons
1504:. London: Penguin.
1161:Lane-Poole, Stanley
1150:, p. 21, n. 2.
1031:The Mulberry Empire
156:. He was nicknamed
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1227:. Retrieved
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689:Please help
684:verification
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479:Ranjit Singh
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367:Please help
362:verification
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296:James Burnes
292:Robert Burns
290:to the poet
288:first cousin
277:
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256:January 2023
253:
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198:Please help
193:verification
190:
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106:James Burnes
85:(1841-11-02)
44:Vincent Eyre
18:
1737:1841 deaths
1732:1805 births
1565:Lunt, James
1498:David, Saul
1283:"No. 19643"
1224:Eland Books
1148:Burnes 1851
785:to endorse
619:He advised
571:across the
569:Afghanistan
453:Indus River
341:Exploration
335:Afghanistan
108:(brother),
61:16 May 1805
1716:Categories
1478:required.)
1398:Bloomsbury
1396:. London:
1354:Perry 2005
1318:David 2007
1270:David 2007
1137:required.)
1070:David 2007
1057:References
717:newspapers
629:Shah Shuja
573:Hindu Kush
519:Koh-i-Noor
472:William IV
395:newspapers
286:, who was
226:newspapers
172:Early life
57:1805-05-16
42:Sketch by
1667:162185406
1571:. Faber.
1500:(2007) .
811:Mohan Lal
565:Mohan Lal
546:Mohan Lal
487:Hyderabad
321:in 1822.
102:Relatives
1677:(2005).
1621:(2016).
1567:(1969).
1548:(1867).
1522:(1992).
1486:(1851).
1304:(1906):
1255:4 August
1094:Archived
1020:Flashman
637:knighted
558:Ludhiana
510:Rupnagar
495:Shujabad
476:Maharaja
280:Montrose
150:diplomat
142:explorer
112:(cousin)
69:Scotland
65:Montrose
1593:(ed.).
1436::
1045:. 1902.
1033:. 2002.
1023:. 1969.
731:scholar
554:Tartary
409:scholar
315:Persian
284:provost
240:scholar
162:Bukhara
130:Captain
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577:Persia
514:Sutlej
493:, and
491:Bukkur
483:Thatta
468:Lahore
411:
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382:
242:
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221:
213:
123:(1835)
117:Awards
1663:S2CID
1208:Vol.3
1204:Vol.2
1200:Vol.1
967:Eland
738:JSTOR
724:books
609:Kabul
601:Sindh
589:Paris
542:Delhi
461:Sindh
416:JSTOR
402:books
326:Kutch
319:Surat
307:India
247:JSTOR
233:books
91:Kabul
1687:ISBN
1627:ISBN
1603:-83.
1573:ISBN
1532:ISBN
1506:ISBN
1402:ISBN
1257:2021
1231:2016
1206:and
1202:and
1102:2016
971:ISBN
710:news
388:news
330:Bhuj
313:and
311:Urdu
219:news
148:and
80:Died
51:Born
1655:doi
1464:doi
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1123:doi
948:doi
944:III
910:doi
872:doi
693:by
639:by
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525:).
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371:by
202:by
137:FRS
29:FRS
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