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controls, which usually take the form of knobs or wheels and are used to adjust pitch, roll, or yaw trim. These are often connected to small airfoils on the trailing edge of the control surfaces and are called "trim tabs". Trim is used to reduce the amount of pressure on the control forces needed to
2020:
Early airplane engines had little power and light weight was critical. Also, early airfoil sections were thin, and could not support a strong frame. Until the 1930s, most wings were so fragile that external bracing struts and wires were added. As engine power increased, wings could be made heavy and
2513:
pedals control rotation of the plane about the yaw axis. Two pedals pivot so that when one is pressed forward the other moves backward, and vice versa. The pilot presses on the right rudder pedal to make the plane yaw to the right, and pushes on the left pedal to make it yaw to the left. The rudder
2269:
in
Germany. After the war, numerous experimental designs were based on the flying wing concept. General interest continued into the 1950s, but designs did not offer a great advantage in range and presented technical problems. The flying wing is most practical for designs in the slow-to-medium speed
2195:
within the fuselage, typically located at the front/top, equipped with controls, windows, and instruments, separated from passengers by a secure door. In small aircraft, the passengers typically sit behind the pilot(s) in the cabin, Occasionally, a passenger may sit beside or in front of the pilot.
3088:
English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an aeroplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as
1906:
The structural element of a fixed-wing aircraft is the air frame. It varies according to the aircraft's type, purpose, and technology. Early airframes were made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for powered flight, their mounts were made of metal. As speeds increased
2008:
Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear) edge.
419:
built a craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a 110-foot (34-meter) wingspan powered by two 360-horsepower (270-kW) steam engines driving two propellers. In 1894, his machine was tested with overhead rails to prevent it from rising. The test showed that it had enough lift to take off. The craft was
2421:
The classic airfoil section wing is unstable in flight. Flexible-wing planes often rely on an anchor line or the weight of a pilot hanging beneath to maintain the correct attitude. Some free-flying types use an adapted airfoil that is stable, or other mechanisms including electronic artificial
3275:
The wording is: "cette prouesse est le premier vol au monde homologué par l'Aéro-Club de France et la toute jeune Fédération Aéronautique
Internationale (FAI)." (This achievement is the first flight in the world to be recognized by the France Air Club and by the new International Aeronautical
286:. By at least 549 AD paper kites were flying, as recorded that year, a paper kite was used as a message for a rescue mission. Ancient and medieval Chinese sources report kites used for measuring distances, testing the wind, lifting men, signaling, and communication for military operations.
1676:
can also be used to sail upwind under the same principles as used by other sailing craft, provided that lateral forces on the ground or in the water are redirected as with the keels, center boards, wheels and ice blades of traditional sailing craft. In the last two decades,
1203:
and minimal instruments. Since shortly after World War II, training is done in two-seat dual control gliders, but high-performance two-seaters can make long flights. Originally skids were used for landing, later replaced by wheels, often retractable. Gliders known as
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resembles a steering wheel. The pilot can pitch the plane down by pushing on the yoke or joystick, and pitch the plane up by pulling on it. Rolling the plane is accomplished by turning the yoke in the direction of the desired roll, or by tilting the joystick in that
2394:
Lifting bodies were a major area of research in the 1960s and 1970s as a means to build small and lightweight manned spacecraft. The US built lifting body rocket planes to test the concept, as well as several rocket-launched re-entry vehicles. Interest waned as the
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was reputed to have designed and built the first self-propelled flying device, shaped like a bird and propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some 200 m (660 ft). This machine may have been suspended during its flight.
1987:, a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is not in flight. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes, the landing gear retracts during the flight to reduce drag.
1255:, but offer some crash safety as the pilot can strap into an upright seat within a deform-able structure. Landing is usually on one or two wheels which distinguishes these craft from hang gliders. Most are built by individual designers and hobbyists.
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below a hollow fabric wing whose shape is formed by its suspension lines. Air entering vents in the front of the wing and the aerodynamic forces of the air flowing over the outside power the craft. Paragliding is most often a recreational activity.
3481:, p51. Notes an agreement between ICAO and IMO that WIGs come under the jurisdiction of the International Maritime Organisation although there an exception for craft with a sustained use out of ground effect (OGE) to be considered as aircraft.
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for the lower (ventral) areas of its fuselage. The fuselage lands and then rests directly on the water's surface, held afloat by the hull. It does not need additional floats for buoyancy, although small underwing floats or fuselage-mounted
366:
laid out the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing machine with systems for lift, propulsion, and control. Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and built a successful passenger-carrying
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place one wing behind the other, possibly joined at the tips. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 1930s and bracing was no longer needed, the unbraced or cantilever monoplane became the most common form.
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comprising a fin and rudder that act horizontally, and a tailplane and elevator that act vertically. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes two or more fins are spaced out along the tailplane.
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and some known as airchairs, has been defined by the FAI based on weight. They are light enough to be transported easily, and can be flown without licensing in some countries. Ultralight gliders have performance similar to
2004:
Kites and some lightweight gliders and airplanes have flexible wing surfaces that are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces.
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is 70:1, though 50:1 is common. After take-off, further altitude can be gained through the skillful exploitation of rising air. Flights of thousands of kilometers at average speeds over 200 km/h have been achieved.
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smooth. Most fixed-wing aircraft have a single fuselage. Others may have multiple fuselages, or the fuselage may be fitted with booms on either side of the tail to allow the extreme rear of the fuselage to be utilized.
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A glider is a heavier-than-air craft whose free flight does not require an engine. A sailplane is a fixed-wing glider designed for soaring – gaining height using updrafts of air and to fly for long periods.
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Blended wing body aircraft have a flattened airfoil-shaped body, which produces most of the lift to keep itself aloft, and distinct and separate wing structures, though the wings are blended with the body.
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Blended wing bodied aircraft incorporate design features from both fuselage and flying wing designs. The purported advantages of the blended wing body approach are efficient, high-lift wings and a wide,
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In 1799 he set forth for the first time in history the concept of the modern aeroplane. Cayley had identified the drag vector (parallel to the flow) and the lift vector (perpendicular to the flow).
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levers, which are used to control the position of spoilers on the wings, and to arm their automatic deployment in planes designed to deploy them upon landing. The spoilers reduce lift for landing.
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posted 17 December 2003. (The 1903 flights are not listed in the official FAI flight records, however, because the organization and its predecessors did not yet exist.) Retrieved 5 January 2007.
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1996:
The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending to either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings that are shaped to create lift.
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entered service, but never saw action – top air speeds for that era went as high as 1,130 km/h (700 mph), with the early July 1944 unofficial record flight of the German
1013:– the interaction between the wings and the surface. Some GEVs are able to fly higher out of ground effect (OGE) when required – these are classed as powered fixed-wing aircraft.
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A kite is a tethered aircraft held aloft by wind that blows over its wing(s). High pressure below the wing deflects the airflow downwards. This deflection generates horizontal
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1646:
may be more convenient for such experiments, because kite-carried antennas require strong wind, which may be not always available with heavy equipment and a ground conductor.
2143:, it allows a stable shape under aerodynamic forces, and is often used for kites and other ultralight craft. It is supersonic capable, combining high strength with low drag.
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was developed to investigate alternative methods of recovering spacecraft. Although this application was abandoned, publicity inspired hobbyists to adapt the flexible-wing
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508:. It had movable tail surfaces controlling both yaw and pitch, a form of roll control supplied either by wing warping or by ailerons and controlled by its pilot with a
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that lifted the weight of a man. His designs were widely adopted. He also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, but did not create a powered fixed-wing aircraft.
1926:
to support it in flight. The wing also provides lateral stability to stop the aircraft level in steady flight. Other roles are to hold the fuel and mount the engines.
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are bombs with aerodynamic surfaces to allow a gliding flight path rather than a ballistic one. This enables stand-off aircraft to attack a target from a distance.
2448:" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it. This foreplane may contribute to the trim, stability or control of the aircraft, or to several of these.
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The number and shape of wings vary widely. Some designs blend the wing with the fuselage, while left and right wings separated by the fuselage are more common.
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2116:, to a low-drag swept configuration for high-speed flight. Other forms of variable planform have been flown, but none have gone beyond the research stage. The
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made controlled flights in a glider as a part of a series of gliders he built between 1883 and 1886. Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were
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Kite festivals are a popular form of entertainment throughout the world. They include local events, traditional festivals and major international festivals.
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The so-called Golden Age of
Aviation occurred between the two World Wars, during which updated interpretations of earlier breakthroughs. Innovations include
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Kites were used approximately 2,800 years ago in China, where kite building materials were available. Leaf kites may have been flown earlier in what is now
2712:(HSI) indicates the position and movement of the plane as seen from above with respect to the ground, including course/heading and other information.
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relies on shapes that reflect radar waves only in certain directions, thus making it harder to detect. This approach eventually led to the
Northrop
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in the 16th and 17th centuries. Although initially regarded as curiosities, by the 18th and 19th centuries kites were used for scientific research.
2372:, a lifting body can be thought of as a fuselage with little or no conventional wing. Whereas a flying wing seeks to maximize cruise efficiency at
864:. Planes come in many sizes, shapes, and wing configurations. Uses include recreation, transportation of goods and people, military, and research.
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is typically also seated in the cockpit as well. Some military or specialized aircraft may have other flight crew members in the cockpit as well.
1293:. The advantage over paratroopers were that heavy equipment could be landed and that troops were quickly assembled rather than dispersed over a
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crossed the
Atlantic non-stop for the first time in 1919. The first commercial flights traveled between the United States and Canada in 1919.
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1300:. The gliders were treated as disposable, constructed from inexpensive materials such as wood, though a few were re-used. By the time of the
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Airplanes had a presence in the major battles of World War II. They were an essential component of military strategies, such as the German
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1285:) and heavy equipment to combat zones. The gliders were towed into the air and most of the way to their target by transport planes, e.g.
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3020:
White, Lynn. "Eilmer of
Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition."
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is the shape when seen from above/below. To be aerodynamically efficient, wings are straight with a long span, but a short chord (high
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Gliders are mainly used for recreation but have found use for purposes such as aerodynamics research, warfare and spacecraft recovery.
2878:
2101:). To be structurally efficient, and hence lightweight, wingspan must be as small as possible, but offer enough area to provide lift.
1304:, transport aircraft had become larger and more efficient so that even light tanks could be dropped by parachute, obsoleting gliders.
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Kites can be used to carry radio antennas. This method was used for the reception station of the first transatlantic transmission by
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Aircraft often have two or more pilots, with one in overall command (the "pilot") and one or more "co-pilots". On larger aircraft a
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As is the case with planes, gliders come in diverse forms with varied wings, aerodynamic efficiency, pilot location, and controls.
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For full-size aircraft with powered rotors the rotor is normally tilted to achieve thrust (e.g. in a helicopter). Some toys (e.g.
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sometimes flew an aircraft as a kite in order to confirm its flight characteristics, before adding an engine and flight controls.
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in the direction of the wind. The resultant force vector from the lift and drag force components is opposed by the tension of the
529:
flying boat after it completed the first crossing of the
Atlantic in 1919, standing next to a fixed-wing heavier-than-air aircraft
97:
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is used mainly to balance the plane in turns, or to compensate for winds or other effects that push the plane about the yaw axis.
547:
served initiated the use of aircraft as weapons and observation platforms. The earliest known aerial victory with a synchronized
2150:, which allow the wing to increase/decrease drag/lift, for take-off and landing, and acting in opposition, to change direction.
69:
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speeds by eliminating non-lifting surfaces, lifting bodies generally minimize the drag and structure of a wing for subsonic,
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or fin is a rigid surface mounted at the rear of the plane and typically protruding above it. The fin stabilizes the plane's
1729:
Research and development projects investigate kites for harnessing high altitude wind currents for electricity generation.
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as a practical aircraft power plant alongside V-12 liquid-cooled aviation engines, and longer and longer flights – as with
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may be used to stabilize it. Large seaplanes are usually flying boats, embodying most classic amphibian aircraft designs.
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metal became more common until by the end of World War II, all-metal (and glass) aircraft were common. In modern times,
1363:, and exercises control by shifting body weight in opposition to a control frame. Hang gliders are typically made of an
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Early gliders were built mainly of wood and metal, later replaced by composite materials incorporating glass, carbon or
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1973:, usually mounted at the tail near the vertical stabilizer. The horizontal stabilizer is used to stabilize the plane's
743:, the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to 2010. The
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2879:"Drachen Foundation Journal Fall 2002, page 18. Two lines of evidence: analysis of leaf kiting and some cave drawings"
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have been used in combat to deliver troops and equipment, while specialized gliders have been used in atmospheric and
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made the first powered flight, had his glider L'Albatros artificiel towed by a horse along a beach. In 1884, American
193:(in which the wings oscillate to generate lift). The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are not necessarily rigid; kites,
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speeds, variable geometry wings change orientation, angling backward to reduce drag from supersonic shock waves. The
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Gliders and sailplanes share many design elements and aerodynamic principles with powered aircraft. For example, the
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Gliders were developed in the 1920s for recreational purposes. As pilots began to understand how to use rising air,
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2752:(RDF), to indicate the direction to one or more radio beacons, which can be used to determine the plane's position.
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has no pilot and is controlled remotely or via gyroscopes, computers/sensors or other forms of autonomous control.
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aircraft functions as an aeroplane during normal (horizontal) flight and as a helicopter during low-speed flight.
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systems compensated for many of the aerodynamic drawbacks, enabling an efficient and stable long-range aircraft.
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and other controls, such as a fuel-mixture control (to compensate for air density changes with altitude change).
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Some or all of these instruments may appear on a computer display and be operated with touches, ala a phone.
1938:, which was the largest airplane in the world, could carry a 250-tonne payload, had two vertical stabilizers.
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Mechanical structures are not needed to withstand bending forces; vehicles/hulls can be light or eliminated.
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2400:
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slippery. The fuselage joins the other parts of the air frame and contains the payload, and flight systems.
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glided during its descent phase. Many gliders adopt similar control surfaces and instruments as airplanes.
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were developed and used in several campaigns, but were limited by the high casualty rate encountered. The
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2629:(AI), sometimes called the artificial horizon, indicates the exact orientation of the aircraft about its
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The controls allow the pilot to direct the aircraft in the air and on the ground. Typically these are:
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have a separate passenger cabin or occasionally cabins that are physically separated from the cockpit.
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Kites are mostly flown for recreational purposes, but have many other uses. Early pioneers such as the
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relative to its surface area reduces the required lift for flight, allowing it to glide some distance.
1626:. Kites had a historical role in lifting scientific instruments to measure atmospheric conditions for
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is a lightweight, free-flying, foot-launched glider with no rigid body. The pilot is suspended in a
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755:, a medium twin engine passenger aircraft that has been in service since 1936 and is still used for
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bomber (pictured). The flying wing's aerodynamics are not the primary concern. Computer-controlled
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type of parachute with an integrated air frame, seat, undercarriage and power plant hung beneath.
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and other recreational flights. Some of the thousands of versions found other purposes, like the
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The fuselage is typically long and thin, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape
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towards the end of the 13th century, and kites were brought back by sailors from Japan and
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de Saint-Exupery, A. (1940). "Wind, Sand and Stars" p33, Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.
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Bottom row (left to right): turn coordinator, heading indicator, vertical speed indicator.
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An ordinary sheet of paper can be folded into an aerodynamic shape fairly easily; its low
886:(alighting) on water. Seaplanes that can also operate from dry land are a subclass called
8:
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are used to slow and stop the plane on the ground, and sometimes for turns on the ground.
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Gliders and airplanes have sophisticated control systems, especially if they are piloted.
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The flying wing configuration was studied extensively in the 1930s and 1940s, notably by
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Kites can be used to carry light sources such as light sticks or battery-powered lights.
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are equipped with a limited propulsion system for takeoff, or to extend flight duration.
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Aviation : an historical survey from its origins to the end of the Second World War
2685:(TC), or turn and bank indicator, helps the pilot to control the plane in a coordinated
2583:
On manned fixed-wing aircraft, instruments provide information to the pilots, including
1922:
cross-section. The wing deflects air downward as the aircraft moves forward, generating
556:
454:, as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight". By 1905, the
3958:) do have a powered rotor with no means to tilt the rotor to produce horizontal thrust.
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when it became clear that highly shaped fuselages made it difficult to fit fuel tanks.
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220 metres (720 ft) in less than 22 seconds. The flight was certified by the FAI.
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On powered types, an engine stop control ("fuel cutoff", for example) and, usually, a
1947:, typically a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape
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with an auxiliary power plant that may be used when in flight to increase performance.
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Kites may be maneuvered dynamically, which dramatically increases the available force
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was the world's biggest passenger aircraft from 1970 until it was surpassed by the
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A craft may have two pilot seats with dual controls, allowing two to take turns.
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updrafts, perform aerobatics, and glide cross-country for hundreds of kilometers.
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Even after the development of powered aircraft, gliders continued to be used for
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Les vols du 14bis relatés au fil des éditions du journal l'illustration de 1906.
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levers, which are used to control the deflection position of flaps on the wings.
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In order to achieve trim, stability, and control, most fixed-wing types have an
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Wings are typically hollow, also serving as fuel tanks. They are equipped with
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Kite sailing opens several possibilities not available in traditional sailing:
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1289:, or by one-time bombers that had been relegated to secondary activities, e.g.
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An airplane (aeroplane or plane) is a powered fixed-wing aircraft propelled by
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strong enough that bracing was unnecessary. Such an unbraced wing is called a
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Interest in flying wings reemerged in the 1980s due to their potentially low
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lost interest in the manned mission, and major development ended during the
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A ground effect vehicle (GEV) flies close to the terrain, making use of the
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Top row (left to right): airspeed indicator, attitude indicator, altimeter.
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Pilots of manned commercial fixed-wing aircraft control them from inside a
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The Flying Book: Everything You've Ever
Wondered About Flying on Airplanes
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Archytas of
Tarentum, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
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was capable of fully controllable, stable flight for substantial periods.
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Quest for Flight: John J. Montgomery and the Dawn of
Aviation in the West
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3652:"Title 14: Aeronautics and Space – PART 1—DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS"
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The main application of modern glider aircraft is sport and recreation.
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3857:
3726:
3512:"Definition of gliders used for sporting purposes in FAI Sporting Code"
3250:
3070:
2828:
2614:
The six basic instruments, sometimes referred to as the six pack, are:
2483:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2286:
2231:
2136:
2117:
2022:
1859:
1818:
1797:
1759:
1720:
1694:
1682:
1673:
1546:
1525:
1429:
1419:
1388:
1301:
1217:
1110:
1072:
991:
981:
903:
891:
857:
805: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
744:
740:
666:
638:
513:
305:
182:
154:
139:
2720:
1745:
1561:
Chinese dragon kite more than one hundred feet long which flew in the
1408:
is a toy aircraft (usually a glider) made out of paper or paperboard.
129:
Heavier-than-air aircraft with fixed wings generating aerodynamic lift
3978:
3943:
3515:
3373:
2716:
2637:
2564:
2433:
2426:
2412:
2238:
capable of intercontinental missions, has a flying wing configuration
2204:
2123:
2105:
2074:
1930:
1888:
1880:
1801:
1784:
1669:
1599:
1343:
1297:
1294:
1271:
1158:
961:
949:
Many forms of glider may include a small power plant. These include:
682:
502:
344:
made a similar attempt, though no earlier sources record this event.
2563:
The control system may allow full or partial automation, such as an
2391:. All of these flight regimes pose challenges for flight stability.
1457:
780:
340:, which failed. A 17th-century account states that 9th-century poet
32:
3939:
3917:
3912:
3902:
3817:
3793:
3791:
3251:"Santos Dumont in France 1906–1916: The Very Earliest Early Birds."
2850:
2798:
2793:
2622:(ASI) shows the speed at which the plane is moving through the air.
2545:
2518:
2499:
2388:
2369:
2247:
2197:
2159:
2082:
2059:
1944:
1901:
1792:
1788:
1769:
1607:
1575:
1360:
1185:
922:
907:
873:
839:
721:
702:
509:
399:
325:
309:
279:
170:
166:
142:
3747:
Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum's How Things Fly website
2226:
2139:
is a triangular shape that serves various purposes. As a flexible
2012:
1668:
Kites can be used to pull people and vehicles downwind. Efficient
1610:, and were instrumental in the development of early flying craft.
1263:
1169:", increasing their range. This gave rise to the popular sport of
1055:
Large gliders are most commonly born aloft by a tow-plane or by a
665:
Before and during the war, British and German designers worked on
3897:
2350:
was built as part of a 1963–1975 experimental US military program
2327:
2271:
2180:
typically omit fuel andengines, although some variations such as
2078:
2058:
Occasionally more wings have been used, such as the three-winged
1919:
1582:, by lifting an observer above the field of battle, and by using
1376:
1321:
1170:
1079:
931:
879:
659:
3316:"Me 163B Komet – Me 163 Production – Me 163B: Werknummern list."
2857:) meant wing, not the whole aircraft. See text of their patent.
2845:
In 1903, when the Wright brothers used the word, "aeroplane" (a
2502:
controls rotation of the plane about the pitch and roll axes. A
1359:
in which the pilot is suspended in a harness suspended from the
1327:
Initial research into many types of fixed-wing craft, including
580:
501:
design of 1908 was an early aircraft design that had the modern
3994:
3797:
3736:
3646:
2510:
1963:
1844:
1661:
A quad-line traction kite, commonly used as a power source for
1535:
1440:
1177:
853:
658:(Wagtail) rotor kite of 1942 was notable for its use by German
491:
224:
174:
3746:
3394:
914:, allowing the craft to make remain afloat for water landings.
705:
was the first aircraft to exceed the speed of sound, flown by
430:
piloted by Orville Wright over Huffman Prairie, 4 October 1905
2908:
2906:
2553:
2360:
A lifting body is a configuration in which the body produces
2330:-shaped body. This enables the entire craft to contribute to
1268:
1235:
1056:
512:
and rudder bar. It was an important predecessor of his later
347:
3492:
Wings Like Eagles, The Story of Soaring in the United States
3026:, Volume 2, Issue 2, 1961, pp. 97–111 (97–99 resp. 100–101).
2819:
List of altitude records reached by different aircraft types
2666:(HI), sometimes called the directional gyro (DG), shows the
603:
sizes by the early 1930s, adoption of the mostly air-cooled
282:, based on their interpretation of cave paintings on nearby
149:
3879:
3752:"Hops and Flights – a Roll Call of Early Powered Take-offs"
3564:
3231:
FAI News: 100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality
2651:(VSI), or variometer, shows the rate at which the plane is
2310:
2112:
transforms between an efficient straight configuration for
2038:
1519:
1445:
1414:
are models of aircraft using lightweight materials such as
1095:
717:
216:
2903:
1657:
1246:
A class of ultralight sailplanes, including some known as
1165:. These allowed the craft to glide to the next source of "
910:
is not specialized. The wheels are replaced/enveloped by
3366:"3. Gliding, chapter 1: General Rules and Definitions".
1422:. Designs range from simple glider aircraft to accurate
567:
appeared; the greatest (by number of air victories) was
450:(FAI), the standard setting and record-keeping body for
2715:
Instruments showing the status of the plane's engines (
2176:, passengers, cargo, and sometimes fuel and engine(s).
890:. Seaplanes and amphibians divide into two categories:
2701:, to enable communications with other planes and with
2342:
1594:
Kites have been used for scientific purposes, such as
1078:
Gliders and sailplanes that are used for the sport of
398:
conducted research on wing structures and developed a
767:
era gunship, which is still used in some militaries.
712:
In 1948–49, aircraft transported supplies during the
3494:, pages 14–22. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1988.
3066:"Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist)"
2770:
2599:, and other aircraft systems that may be installed.
2334:
generation with potentially increased fuel economy.
1574:
Kites have been used for signaling, for delivery of
3101:"Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007."
2250:, housing the crew, payload, and equipment inside.
1918:One or more mostly horizontal wings, often with an
1375:for hours, gain thousands of meters of altitude in
1281:
were used during World War II for carrying troops (
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3162:. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.
2368:, which is a wing with minimal or no conventional
1633:
1208:are designed for unpowered flight, but can deploy
1192:. Single-seat and two-seat gliders are available.
1075:have made unpowered landings similar to a glider.
677:. In 1943, the first operational jet fighter, the
486:that set the first world record recognized by the
223:fixed-wing aircraft (airplanes) that gain forward
3219:Dreams and Realities of the Conquest of the Skies
2759:(satnav) system, to provide an accurate position.
2270:range, and drew continual interest as a tactical
1335:was also carried out using unpowered prototypes.
735:, was introduced in 1952, followed by the Soviet
189:mounted on a spinning shaft generates lift), and
4013:
2464:
1195:Initially, training was done by short "hops" in
420:uncontrollable, and Maxim abandoned work on it.
3608:Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition
3338:NASA Armstrong Fact Sheet: First Generation X-1
2120:is a straight wing swept backward or forwards.
1606:. Kites were the precursors to the traditional
2861:– Wright brothers' patent for "Flying Machine"
2640:indicates the altitude or height of the plane
1082:have high aerodynamic efficiency. The highest
994:with a power plant suspended behind the pilot.
315:
3777:
3263:, 25 December 2006. Retrieved 17 August 2009.
2461:Kites are controlled by one or more tethers.
751:in 2005. The most successful aircraft is the
354:and his glider, Albatros II, photographed by
243:. Most fixed-wing aircraft are operated by a
3157:
1966:which controls its rotation along that axis.
848:Aircraft parked on the ground in Afghanistan
3678:"Six Pack – The Primary Flight Instruments"
3610:. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997.
3288:Bleriot XI, The Story of a Classic Aircraft
3122:
1704:Wind speeds are greater at higher altitudes
1486:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1232:mainly on the basis of wingspan and flaps.
1090:One small-scale example of a glider is the
211:fixed-wing aircraft, including free-flying
3784:
3770:
3504:
2927:"Kite History: A Simple History of Kiting"
2578:
2406:
1589:
519:-crossing aircraft of the summer of 1909.
3977:with novel thrust / lift solutions (e.g.
3484:
2920:
2918:
2188:have them for temporary or optional use.
1506:Learn how and when to remove this message
906:is similar to a land-based airplane. The
821:Learn how and when to remove this message
613:the U.S. Navy's NC-4 transatlantic flight
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
3620:
3602:
3600:
3576:
3528:
2601:
2477:
2432:
2341:
2309:
2225:
2122:
2042:
2011:
1929:
1874:
1744:
1656:
1556:
1439:
1342:
1262:
1234:
1123:
1020:
998:
843:
521:
460:
422:
346:
288:
181:. Fixed-wing aircraft are distinct from
148:
133:
3973:are not included in the table, nor are
3581:. Energykitesystems.net. Archived from
3414:Goin, Jeff (2006). Dennis Pagen (ed.).
304:Kite stories were brought to Europe by
219:, can use moving air to gain altitude.
14:
4014:
3742:How Airplanes Work – Howstuffworks.com
3640:
3475:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3285:
2915:
2131:prototypes, one with wings swept (top)
1188:and long narrow wings incorporating a
878:A seaplane (hydroplane) is capable of
623:spurring ever-longer flight attempts.
447:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
145:is an example of a fixed-wing aircraft
3765:
3670:
3597:
3151:
3123:Gibbs-Smith, Charles Harvard (2003).
2741:Information displays such as onboard
1914:Typical structural elements include:
833:
619:'s solo trans-Atlantic flight in the
3413:
3395:Code of Federal Regulations (U.S.).
3158:Harwood, Craig; Fogel, Gary (2012).
2451:
2299:
1962:(turn left or right) and mounts the
1681:sports have become popular, such as
1484:adding citations to reliable sources
1451:
1136:Video clip of a glider sailing over
803:adding citations to reliable sources
774:
681:, went into service with the German
55:adding citations to reliable sources
26:
3438:Michael Halloran and Sean O'Meara,
2693:Other cockpit instruments include:
2674:is affected by wind conditions and
2210:
2172:The fuselage typically carries the
1714:
1426:, some of which can be very large.
1399:
1307:
1258:
1161:gliders were developed with a high
581:Interwar aviation; the "Golden Age"
24:
3684:from the original on 19 March 2011
3440:Wing in Ground Effect Craft Review
3418:. Airhead Creations. p. 253.
3397:"14 CFR 1.1 - General definitions"
3189:Australian Dictionary of Biography
3182:
3078:from the original on 11 March 2009
3043:from the original on 13 April 2009
2958:, "Attic Nights", Book X, 12.9 at
2077:, with one or two parallel wings.
1870:
1598:'s famous experiment proving that
1318:NASA Paresev Rogallo flexible wing
938:
716:. New aircraft types, such as the
555:occurred in 1915, flown by German
332:One of the earliest attempts with
205:are all classified as fixed wing.
25:
4033:
3720:
3630:, page 10 (27th revised edition)
3626:Aviation Publishers Co. Limited,
3554:"Beginner's Guide to Aeronautics"
3221:. New York: Atheneum. pp. 124–125
2730:Combined display systems such as
2606:The six basic flight instruments.
2085:stack one wing above the other.
2070:designs have had little success.
2016:Major components of a rigid wing.
1977:(tilt up or down) and mounts the
1184:, these types have a streamlined
599:leading to multi-engine aircraft
405:
201:aircraft, and airplanes that use
3993:) or balloon-wing hybrids (e.g.
3680:. LearnToFly.ca. 13 March 2010.
3185:"Hargrave, Lawrence (1850–1915)"
2937:from the original on 29 May 2010
2924:
2773:
2314:Computer-generated model of the
2028:
1732:
1652:
1456:
1371:-framed fabric wing. Pilots can
1224:. Gliders are classified by the
779:
673:to fly, in 1939, was the German
31:
3699:
3648:Federal Aviation Administration
3570:
3547:
3531:Paragliding: The Complete Guide
3522:
3432:
3407:
3388:
3359:
3350:
3331:
3308:
3279:
3266:
3243:
3224:
3211:
3176:
3116:
3094:
3058:
2912:Needham, Volume 4, Part 1, 127.
2529:Other common controls include:
2456:
2337:
1634:Radio aerials and light beacons
1552:
790:needs additional citations for
685:. Later in the war the British
626:
615:; culminating in May 1927 with
587:Aviation between the World Wars
293:Children flying a kite in 1828
42:needs additional citations for
3111:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
3029:
3014:
2995:
2983:
2964:
2949:
2871:
2710:horizontal situation indicator
2471:Aircraft flight control system
2444:Some types have a horizontal "
2215:
2062:from World War I. Four-winged
1338:
533:
13:
1:
3416:The Powered Paragliding Bible
3292:Smithsonian Institution Press
2834:
2486:M) cockpit with control yokes
2465:Free-flying aircraft controls
2051:wire-braced parasol monoplane
1382:
641:or the American and Japanese
484:built and piloted an aircraft
438:' flights in 1903 with their
2865:
2804:Aviation and the environment
2668:magnetic compass orientation
2401:Space Shuttle design process
2346:The Martin Aircraft Company
1999:
1895:
1146:
478:In 1906, Brazilian inventor
371:in 1853. In 1856, Frenchman
7:
3871:Tethered (static or towed)
2766:
2153:
1981:that provide pitch control.
1840:Inflatable single-line kite
1569:
867:
720:, were produced during the
611:, followed months later by
601:of up to 60+ meter wingspan
412:Aviation in the pioneer era
316:Gliders and powered devices
10:
4038:
3829:Lift: Lighter than air gas
3193:Melbourne University Press
3129:. London: Science Museum.
2468:
2410:
2353:
2303:
2261:in the United States, and
2219:
2157:
2032:
1899:
1816:
1812:
1740:
1718:
1523:
1517:
1230:glider competition classes
1150:
1119:
1032:
1002:
942:
871:
837:
696:
693:rocket fighter prototype.
645:campaigns of the Pacific.
630:
584:
537:
409:
262:
258:
157:-shaped kite are not rigid
3932:
3821:
3813:
3808:
2789:Aircraft flight mechanics
2549:maintain a steady course.
1825:Expanded polystyrene kite
1016:
974:with a power plant added.
336:was by 11th-century monk
3328:Retrieved: 28 July 2013.
3007:15 February 2015 at the
2977:26 December 2008 at the
2849:term that can also mean
2839:
2649:vertical speed indicator
2569:flight management system
2482:Typical light aircraft (
1991:
1749:Train of connected kites
1725:High altitude wind power
1614:experimented with large
770:
633:Aviation in World War II
273:
4022:Aircraft configurations
3529:Whittall, Noel (2002).
3321:22 October 2015 at the
3236:13 January 2011 at the
2732:primary flight displays
2727:, and other variables).
2579:Cockpit instrumentation
2567:, a wing leveler, or a
2407:Empennage and foreplane
1885:unmanned aerial vehicle
1590:Science and meteorology
1584:kite aerial photography
1565:, kite festival in 2000
1435:
1138:Gunma Prefecture, Japan
1069:Rocket-powered aircraft
595:' all-metal air frames
540:Aviation in World War I
3967:Ground-effect vehicles
3843:Unpowered free flight
3294:. pp. 21 and 22.
3217:Beril, Becker (1967).
3023:Technology and Culture
2750:radio direction finder
2611:
2487:
2441:
2351:
2318:
2239:
2132:
2052:
2017:
1939:
1892:
1750:
1665:
1566:
1449:
1348:
1275:
1243:
1239:Ultralight "airchair"
1228:for competitions into
1140:
1030:
849:
609:a Vickers Vimy in 1919
569:Manfred von Richthofen
530:
475:
444:are recognized by the
431:
359:
301:
251:and controlled either
241:ground effect vehicles
173:, which is capable of
165:is a heavier-than-air
158:
146:
3975:experimental aircraft
3835:Lift: Unpowered rotor
3579:"Kite Energy Systems"
3559:25 March 2015 at the
3256:16 March 2016 at the
3106:11 March 2009 at the
2670:of the fuselage. The
2605:
2481:
2436:
2345:
2313:
2246:that has no distinct
2229:
2126:
2046:
2015:
1971:horizontal stabilizer
1933:
1878:
1855:Rogallo parawing kite
1748:
1660:
1612:Alexander Graham Bell
1560:
1443:
1412:Model glider aircraft
1346:
1266:
1238:
1135:
1114:Space Shuttle orbiter
1024:
1005:Ground effect vehicle
999:Ground effect vehicle
847:
701:In October 1947, the
653:Focke-Achgelis Fa 330
525:
506:tractor configuration
480:Alberto Santos Dumont
464:
426:
350:
292:
269:Early flying machines
153:The fixed wings of a
152:
137:
66:"Fixed-wing aircraft"
3889:(None – see note 2)
3866:(None – see note 2)
3838:Lift: Powered rotor
3518:on 3 September 2009.
3343:13 July 2015 at the
3286:Crouch, Tom (1982).
2992:. Pressconnects.com.
2757:satellite navigation
2676:magnetic declination
2642:above mean sea level
2417:Canard (aeronautics)
2279:radar cross-sections
1911:became more common.
1563:Berkeley, California
1480:improve this section
1180:fibers. To minimize
1029:being winch-launched
799:improve this article
679:Messerschmitt Me 262
338:Eilmer of Malmesbury
299:Johann Michael Voltz
237:powered hang gliders
183:rotary-wing aircraft
51:improve this article
3727:The airplane centre
3658:on 20 December 2013
3490:Schweizer, Paul A:
3199:on 29 December 2014
2703:air traffic control
2631:pitch and roll axes
2364:. In contrast to a
2259:Cheston L. Eshelman
2242:A flying wing is a
2114:takeoff and landing
2110:variable-sweep wing
1956:vertical stabilizer
1909:composite materials
1628:weather forecasting
968:Powered hang glider
621:Spirit of St. Louis
488:AĂ©ro-Club de France
233:powered paragliders
199:variable-sweep wing
163:fixed-wing aircraft
18:Aircraft structures
3956:balloon helicopter
3628:From the Ground Up
3442:, DSTO, Australia
3347:, 28 February 2014
3276:Federation (FAI).)
3037:"Aviation History"
2627:attitude indicator
2620:airspeed indicator
2612:
2552:On wheeled types,
2488:
2442:
2352:
2319:
2283:Stealth technology
2263:Alexander Lippisch
2240:
2198:passenger aircraft
2133:
2053:
2035:Wing configuration
2018:
1940:
1893:
1860:Stunt (sport) kite
1751:
1693:and kite surfing.
1666:
1567:
1450:
1349:
1324:for hang gliders.
1276:
1244:
1163:lift-to-drag ratio
1153:Glider (sailplane)
1141:
1084:lift-to-drag ratio
1031:
1027:glider (sailplane)
988:Powered paraglider
925:with a watertight
888:amphibian aircraft
850:
834:Airplane/aeroplane
733:de Havilland Comet
531:
476:
474:on an old postcard
468:'s self-propelled
432:
387:, and protégés of
377:John J. Montgomery
373:Jean-Marie Le Bris
360:
302:
159:
147:
4009:
4008:
3991:flettner airplane
3927:
3926:
3585:on 24 August 2012
3376:on 7 October 2007
3369:FAI Sporting Code
3261:earlyaviators.com
3113:, 25 August 2007.
3011:. Automata.co.uk.
2824:Maneuvering speed
2664:heading indicator
2573:unmanned aircraft
2452:Aircraft controls
2300:Blended wing body
2244:tailless aircraft
2129:Dassault Mirage G
2049:Morane-Saulnier L
1697:is also popular.
1687:kite landboarding
1624:Lawrence Hargrave
1616:man-lifting kites
1596:Benjamin Franklin
1516:
1515:
1508:
1314:aviation research
1248:microlift gliders
1190:high aspect ratio
1133:
1035:Glider (aircraft)
990:or paramotor – a
978:Powered parachute
956:– a conventional
831:
830:
823:
617:Charles Lindbergh
396:Lawrence Hargrave
364:Sir George Cayley
255:or autonomously.
127:
126:
119:
101:
16:(Redirected from
4029:
4002:
3959:
3947:
3875:Tethered balloon
3832:Lift: Fixed wing
3811:
3810:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3763:
3762:
3737:Aerospaceweb.org
3705:Blatner, David.
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3654:. Archived from
3644:
3638:
3624:
3618:
3604:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3574:
3568:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3514:. Archived from
3508:
3502:
3488:
3482:
3480:
3474:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3456:
3450:. Archived from
3449:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3372:. Archived from
3363:
3357:
3354:
3348:
3335:
3329:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3283:
3277:
3270:
3264:
3247:
3241:
3228:
3222:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3195:. Archived from
3183:Inglis, Amirah.
3180:
3174:
3173:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3120:
3114:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3048:
3033:
3027:
3018:
3012:
3002:Automata history
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2968:
2962:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2922:
2913:
2910:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2890:
2884:. Archived from
2883:
2875:
2855:American English
2809:Aviation history
2783:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2683:turn coordinator
2236:strategic bomber
2230:The US-produced
2211:Wings vs. bodies
2073:Most planes are
1850:Man-lifting kite
1807:Tetrahedral kite
1715:Power generation
1644:Captive balloons
1511:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1491:
1460:
1452:
1400:Unmanned gliders
1308:Research gliders
1279:Military gliders
1259:Military gliders
1222:electric engines
1199:, which have no
1134:
1109:glider, and the
1061:Military gliders
826:
819:
815:
812:
806:
783:
775:
649:Military gliders
643:aircraft carrier
575:Alcock and Brown
557:Luftstreitkräfte
553:fighter aircraft
473:
456:Wright Flyer III
428:Wright Flyer III
342:Abbas Ibn Firnas
322:400 BC in Greece
265:Aviation history
179:aerodynamic lift
122:
115:
111:
108:
102:
100:
59:
35:
27:
21:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4005:
3983:Flying Bedstead
3965:
3953:
3937:
3928:
3804:
3790:
3723:
3702:
3697:
3687:
3685:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3661:
3659:
3650:(August 2008).
3645:
3641:
3625:
3621:
3605:
3598:
3588:
3586:
3575:
3571:
3567:(11 July 2008).
3561:Wayback Machine
3552:
3548:
3541:
3533:. Airlife Pub.
3527:
3523:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3489:
3485:
3468:
3467:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3445:"Archived copy"
3443:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3412:
3408:
3393:
3389:
3379:
3377:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3345:Wayback Machine
3336:
3332:
3323:Wayback Machine
3313:
3309:
3302:
3284:
3280:
3271:
3267:
3258:Wayback Machine
3249:Jones, Ernest.
3248:
3244:
3238:Wayback Machine
3229:
3225:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3200:
3191:. Vol. 9.
3181:
3177:
3170:
3156:
3152:
3137:
3121:
3117:
3108:Wayback Machine
3099:
3095:
3081:
3079:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3046:
3044:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3019:
3015:
3009:Wayback Machine
3000:
2996:
2990:Modern rocketry
2988:
2984:
2979:Wayback Machine
2973:. Tmth.edu.gr.
2969:
2965:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2938:
2923:
2916:
2911:
2904:
2894:
2892:
2891:on 23 July 2011
2888:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2847:British English
2842:
2837:
2814:Fuel efficiency
2781:Aviation portal
2779:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2736:navigation aids
2717:operating speed
2609:
2607:
2581:
2473:
2467:
2459:
2454:
2437:Canards on the
2419:
2411:Main articles:
2409:
2358:
2340:
2308:
2302:
2267:Horten brothers
2224:
2218:
2213:
2166:aerodynamically
2162:
2156:
2041:
2033:Main articles:
2031:
2002:
1994:
1949:aerodynamically
1904:
1898:
1873:
1871:Characteristics
1821:
1815:
1743:
1735:
1727:
1717:
1670:foil-type kites
1655:
1636:
1620:Wright brothers
1592:
1572:
1555:
1543:Wright Brothers
1528:
1522:
1512:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1477:
1461:
1438:
1402:
1385:
1357:glider aircraft
1341:
1310:
1283:glider infantry
1261:
1197:primary gliders
1155:
1149:
1124:
1122:
1105:was a tailless
1092:paper airplane.
1037:
1019:
1007:
1001:
947:
941:
939:Powered gliders
876:
870:
842:
836:
827:
816:
810:
807:
796:
784:
773:
714:Berlin Blockade
699:
635:
629:
589:
583:
542:
536:
469:
436:Wright brothers
417:Sir Hiram Maxim
414:
408:
381:Otto Lilienthal
318:
276:
271:
263:Main articles:
261:
247:, but some are
130:
123:
112:
106:
103:
60:
58:
48:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4035:
4025:
4024:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3999:hybrid airship
3961:
3960:
3949:
3948:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3924:
3915:
3910:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3855:
3850:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3796:by methods of
3789:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3722:
3721:External links
3719:
3718:
3717:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3669:
3639:
3619:
3596:
3577:Joseph Faust.
3569:
3546:
3539:
3521:
3503:
3483:
3457:on 22 May 2013
3431:
3424:
3406:
3387:
3358:
3349:
3330:
3326:robdebie.home.
3307:
3300:
3278:
3265:
3242:
3223:
3210:
3175:
3169:978-0806142647
3168:
3150:
3135:
3115:
3093:
3057:
3028:
3013:
2994:
2982:
2963:
2948:
2914:
2902:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2859:Patent 821,393
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2728:
2713:
2706:
2691:
2690:
2689:while turning.
2679:
2660:
2645:
2634:
2623:
2597:communications
2580:
2577:
2558:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2537:
2527:
2526:
2515:
2508:
2469:Main article:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2408:
2405:
2354:Main article:
2339:
2336:
2304:Main article:
2301:
2298:
2220:Main article:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2186:rocket gliders
2158:Main article:
2155:
2152:
2030:
2027:
2001:
1998:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1982:
1967:
1952:
1928:
1927:
1900:Main article:
1897:
1894:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1817:Main article:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1795:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1757:
1742:
1739:
1734:
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1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1654:
1651:
1635:
1632:
1591:
1588:
1571:
1568:
1554:
1551:
1518:Main article:
1514:
1513:
1464:
1462:
1455:
1437:
1434:
1401:
1398:
1384:
1381:
1365:aluminum alloy
1340:
1337:
1333:lifting bodies
1309:
1306:
1291:Short Stirling
1260:
1257:
1151:Main article:
1148:
1145:
1121:
1118:
1033:Main article:
1018:
1015:
1003:Main article:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
985:
975:
965:
945:Powered glider
943:Main article:
940:
937:
936:
935:
915:
872:Main article:
869:
866:
838:Main article:
835:
832:
829:
828:
787:
785:
778:
772:
769:
737:Tupolev Tu-104
698:
695:
687:Gloster Meteor
675:Heinkel He 178
631:Main article:
628:
625:
585:Main article:
582:
579:
538:Main article:
535:
532:
490:by flying the
407:
406:Powered flight
404:
394:In the 1890s,
389:Octave Chanute
317:
314:
275:
272:
260:
257:
128:
125:
124:
39:
37:
30:
9:
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3757:
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3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3732:Airliners.net
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3716:
3715:0-8027-7691-4
3712:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3636:0-9690054-9-0
3633:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3616:1-56027-287-2
3613:
3609:
3606:Crane, Dale:
3603:
3601:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3550:
3542:
3540:1-84037-016-5
3536:
3532:
3525:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3501:
3500:0-87474-828-3
3497:
3493:
3487:
3478:
3472:
3453:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3427:
3425:0-9770966-0-2
3421:
3417:
3410:
3402:
3398:
3391:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3362:
3353:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3334:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3314:de Bie, Rob.
3311:
3303:
3301:0-87474-345-1
3297:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3274:
3269:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3246:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3227:
3220:
3214:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3171:
3165:
3161:
3154:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3136:1-900747-52-9
3132:
3128:
3127:
3119:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3097:
3090:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3061:
3054:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3025:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3006:
3003:
2998:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2957:
2956:Aulus Gellius
2952:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2921:
2919:
2909:
2907:
2887:
2880:
2874:
2870:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2771:
2764:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2743:weather radar
2740:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2699:two-way radio
2696:
2695:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2604:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2449:
2447:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2349:
2344:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2255:Jack Northrop
2251:
2249:
2245:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2208:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2182:motor gliders
2179:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2161:
2151:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2104:To travel at
2102:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2029:Configuration
2026:
2024:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1997:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1925:
1924:lifting force
1921:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1903:
1891:configuration
1890:
1887:(UAV) with a
1886:
1882:
1877:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1738:
1733:Cultural uses
1730:
1726:
1722:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1683:kite buggying
1680:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1659:
1653:Kite traction
1650:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1618:, as did the
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1564:
1559:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1510:
1507:
1499:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1465:This section
1463:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1447:
1442:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1345:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1242:
1241:Goat 1 glider
1237:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1206:motor gliders
1202:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1144:
1139:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1047:Motor gliders
1044:
1041:
1036:
1028:
1023:
1014:
1012:
1011:ground effect
1006:
993:
989:
986:
983:
979:
976:
973:
969:
966:
963:
959:
955:
952:
951:
950:
946:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
913:
909:
905:
901:
900:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
875:
865:
863:
859:
855:
846:
841:
825:
822:
814:
804:
800:
794:
793:
788:This section
786:
782:
777:
776:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
739:in 1956. The
738:
734:
730:
725:
723:
719:
715:
710:
708:
704:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
663:
661:
657:
654:
650:
646:
644:
640:
634:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
605:radial engine
602:
598:
594:
588:
578:
576:
572:
570:
566:
562:
561:Kurt Wintgens
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
528:
524:
520:
518:
515:
511:
507:
504:
500:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
472:
467:
466:Santos-Dumont
463:
459:
457:
453:
449:
448:
443:
442:
437:
429:
425:
421:
418:
413:
403:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
385:Percy Pilcher
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
357:
353:
349:
345:
343:
339:
335:
330:
327:
323:
313:
311:
307:
300:
296:
291:
287:
285:
281:
270:
266:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
215:and tethered
214:
210:
206:
204:
203:wing morphing
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
169:, such as an
168:
164:
156:
151:
144:
141:
136:
132:
121:
118:
110:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68: –
67:
63:
62:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
3862:autorotation
3755:
3706:
3700:Bibliography
3686:. Retrieved
3672:
3660:. Retrieved
3656:the original
3642:
3627:
3622:
3607:
3587:. Retrieved
3583:the original
3572:
3549:
3530:
3524:
3516:the original
3506:
3491:
3486:
3459:. Retrieved
3452:the original
3439:
3434:
3415:
3409:
3401:www.ecfr.gov
3400:
3390:
3378:. Retrieved
3374:the original
3368:
3361:
3352:
3333:
3325:
3310:
3287:
3281:
3268:
3260:
3245:
3226:
3218:
3213:
3201:. Retrieved
3197:the original
3188:
3178:
3159:
3153:
3125:
3118:
3110:
3096:
3087:
3080:. Retrieved
3069:
3060:
3052:
3045:. Retrieved
3031:
3021:
3016:
2997:
2985:
2966:
2960:LacusCurtius
2951:
2939:. Retrieved
2930:
2893:. Retrieved
2886:the original
2873:
2762:
2692:
2613:
2582:
2562:
2559:
2528:
2523:thrust lever
2489:
2474:
2460:
2457:Kite control
2443:
2424:
2420:
2397:US Air Force
2393:
2384:flight, or,
2359:
2356:Lifting body
2338:Lifting body
2324:
2320:
2306:Blended wing
2276:
2252:
2241:
2202:
2190:
2171:
2163:
2145:
2141:Rogallo wing
2134:
2103:
2099:aspect ratio
2092:
2087:Tandem wings
2072:
2064:quadruplanes
2057:
2054:
2019:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1985:Landing gear
1936:An-225 Mriya
1913:
1905:
1830:Fighter kite
1768:Cellular or
1755:Bermuda kite
1736:
1728:
1699:
1691:kite boating
1679:kite sailing
1667:
1663:kite surfing
1648:
1637:
1593:
1573:
1553:Applications
1540:
1529:
1502:
1493:
1478:Please help
1466:
1428:
1424:scale models
1410:
1403:
1386:
1350:
1347:Hang gliding
1329:flying wings
1326:
1311:
1277:
1253:hang gliders
1245:
1194:
1175:
1156:
1142:
1111:delta-winged
1100:
1089:
1077:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1008:
954:Motor glider
948:
896:flying boats
892:float planes
877:
851:
817:
808:
797:Please help
792:verification
789:
753:Douglas DC-3
729:jet airliner
726:
711:
707:Chuck Yeager
700:
671:jet aircraft
669:. The first
664:
655:
647:
636:
627:World War II
593:Hugo Junkers
590:
573:
565:Fighter aces
543:
527:Curtiss NC-4
499:Bleriot VIII
496:
477:
445:
440:
433:
415:
393:
361:
331:
319:
303:
277:
207:
195:hang gliders
191:ornithopters
185:(in which a
162:
160:
131:
113:
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
3907:ornithopter
3203:28 December
2725:temperature
2439:Saab Viggen
2422:stability.
2366:flying wing
2316:Boeing X-48
2294:fly-by-wire
2222:Flying wing
2216:Flying wing
2174:flight crew
1835:Indoor kite
1775:Chapi-chapi
1695:Snow kiting
1674:power kites
1604:electricity
1580:observation
1430:Glide bombs
1416:polystyrene
1406:paper plane
1353:hang glider
1339:Hang glider
1287:C-47 Dakota
1107:flying wing
1103:Horten H.IV
1073:spaceplanes
1065:aerodynamic
972:hang glider
919:flying boat
904:float plane
765:Vietnam War
749:Airbus A380
691:Me 163B V18
667:jet engines
559:Lieutenant
549:machine gun
545:World War I
534:World War I
452:aeronautics
284:Muna Island
3971:hovercraft
3922:helicopter
3885:Rotor kite
3860:, etc. in
3858:Helicopter
3688:31 January
3071:Britannica
2895:2 February
2835:References
2829:Rotorcraft
2657:descending
2593:navigation
2507:direction.
2484:Cessna 150
2386:spacecraft
2382:hypersonic
2378:supersonic
2287:B-2 Spirit
2232:B-2 Spirit
2137:delta wing
2118:swept wing
2075:monoplanes
2068:multiplane
2066:and other
2023:cantilever
1865:Water kite
1819:Kite types
1798:Malay kite
1780:Delta kite
1760:Bowed kite
1721:Laddermill
1719:See also:
1578:, and for
1547:J.W. Dunne
1526:Rotor kite
1524:See also:
1420:balsa wood
1389:paraglider
1383:Paraglider
1302:Korean War
1067:research.
992:paraglider
982:paraglider
880:taking off
858:jet engine
811:March 2024
745:Boeing 747
741:Boeing 707
727:The first
656:Bachstelze
639:Blitzkrieg
514:Bleriot XI
482:designed,
410:See also:
306:Marco Polo
140:Boeing 737
107:March 2024
77:newspapers
3979:coleopter
3944:tiltrotor
3792:Types of
3589:3 October
3461:24 August
2866:Citations
2745:displays.
2672:direction
2638:altimeter
2565:autopilot
2427:empennage
2413:Empennage
2272:airlifter
2205:navigator
2106:transonic
2083:triplanes
2047:Captured
2000:Structure
1979:elevators
1896:Air frame
1889:twin-boom
1881:IAI Heron
1802:wau bulan
1800:see also
1600:lightning
1576:munitions
1467:does not
1448:in flight
1369:composite
1361:air frame
1298:drop zone
1295:parachute
1272:Waco CG-4
1159:sailplane
1147:Sailplane
962:sailplane
862:propeller
757:skydiving
683:Luftwaffe
503:monoplane
362:In 1799,
4016:Category
3964:Note 3:
3952:Note 2:
3940:tiltwing
3936:Note 1:
3918:Gyrodyne
3913:Autogyro
3903:Airplane
3894:Powered
3823:Aerodyne
3818:Aerostat
3794:aircraft
3682:Archived
3662:5 August
3557:Archived
3471:cite web
3380:21 March
3341:Archived
3319:Archived
3254:Archived
3234:Archived
3145:52566384
3104:Archived
3076:Archived
3041:Archived
3005:Archived
2975:Archived
2935:Archived
2851:airplane
2799:Aviation
2794:Airliner
2767:See also
2687:attitude
2653:climbing
2519:Throttle
2500:joystick
2389:re-entry
2374:subsonic
2370:fuselage
2274:design.
2265:and the
2248:fuselage
2160:Fuselage
2154:Fuselage
2095:planform
2079:Biplanes
2060:triplane
1945:fuselage
1902:Airframe
1793:bow kite
1789:parafoil
1770:box kite
1672:such as
1608:aircraft
1570:Military
1496:May 2024
1186:fuselage
932:sponsons
923:seaplane
908:fuselage
874:Seaplane
868:Seaplane
840:Airplane
722:Cold War
703:Bell X-1
510:joystick
400:box kite
326:Archytas
310:Malaysia
280:Sulawesi
253:remotely
249:unmanned
231:include
227:from an
171:airplane
167:aircraft
143:airliner
3987:Avrocar
3898:Airship
3848:balloon
3846:(Free)
3814:
3758:article
3754:a 1959
3082:26 July
3047:26 July
2941:20 June
2931:G-Kites
2644:(AMSL).
2589:engines
2540:Spoiler
2328:airfoil
2290:stealth
2196:Larger
2193:cockpit
2178:Gliders
1920:airfoil
1764:Rokkaku
1762:, e.g.
1741:Designs
1640:Marconi
1488:removed
1473:sources
1393:harness
1377:thermal
1322:airfoil
1267:A 1943
1201:cockpit
1171:gliding
1080:gliding
884:landing
856:from a
697:Postwar
660:U-boats
597:in 1915
551:-armed
517:Channel
441:Flyer I
352:Le Bris
334:gliders
320:Around
295:Bavaria
259:History
221:Powered
213:gliders
209:Gliding
91:scholar
3995:kytoon
3909:, etc.
3853:Glider
3798:thrust
3756:Flight
3713:
3634:
3614:
3537:
3498:
3422:
3298:
3166:
3143:
3133:
2925:Anon.
2721:thrust
2585:flight
2554:brakes
2511:Rudder
2446:canard
2380:, and
2025:wing.
1964:rudder
1883:is an
1845:Kytoon
1536:tether
1316:. The
1214:rotary
1210:piston
1178:aramid
1017:Glider
958:glider
912:floats
854:thrust
731:, the
492:14 bis
471:14-bis
369:glider
358:, 1868
229:engine
225:thrust
177:using
175:flight
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
3455:(PDF)
3448:(PDF)
3089:1799.
2889:(PDF)
2882:(PDF)
2840:Notes
2571:. An
2148:flaps
1992:Wings
1975:pitch
1813:Types
1355:is a
1269:USAAF
1120:Types
1057:winch
921:is a
771:Types
761:AC-47
356:Nadar
297:, by
274:Kites
245:pilot
217:kites
187:rotor
155:delta
98:JSTOR
84:books
3997:and
3989:and
3969:and
3880:Kite
3802:lift
3800:and
3711:ISBN
3690:2011
3664:2008
3632:ISBN
3612:ISBN
3591:2012
3565:NASA
3535:ISBN
3496:ISBN
3477:link
3463:2012
3420:ISBN
3382:2024
3296:ISBN
3205:2014
3164:ISBN
3141:OCLC
3131:ISBN
3084:2009
3049:2009
2943:2010
2897:2012
2681:The
2662:The
2647:The
2636:The
2625:The
2618:The
2546:Trim
2534:Flap
2504:yoke
2496:yoke
2494:The
2415:and
2362:lift
2348:X-24
2332:lift
2257:and
2234:, a
2184:and
2135:The
2127:Two
2093:The
2081:and
2039:Wing
2037:and
1934:The
1879:The
1785:Foil
1723:and
1622:and
1545:and
1532:drag
1520:Kite
1471:any
1469:cite
1446:kite
1436:Kite
1418:and
1373:soar
1331:and
1182:drag
1167:lift
1096:mass
1071:and
980:– a
970:– a
927:hull
894:and
882:and
763:, a
718:B-52
497:The
434:The
267:and
239:and
70:news
3942:or
2853:in
2734:or
2655:or
2521:or
2498:or
1960:yaw
1791:or
1602:is
1482:by
1367:or
1226:FAI
1220:or
1218:jet
960:or
860:or
801:by
53:by
4018::
4001:).
3985:,
3981:,
3938:A
3920:,
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3563:,
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2281:.
1969:A
1954:A
1943:A
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1642:.
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