143:
534:
173:
242:
191:
227:
215:
1200:
158:
865: â that denounced the German move as an intolerable humiliation. There was talk of war and Germany backed down; relations between Berlin and London worsened and the British moved closer to France. Berlin felt humiliated and began to dimly realize that it was operating with few allies and antagonizing multiple potential adversaries.
1047:
in which he declared that national honour was more precious than peace: "If
Britain is treated badly where her interests are vitally affected, as if she is of no account in the cabinet of nations, then I say emphatically that peace at that price would be a humiliation intolerable for a great country
937:, then minister for Finance, assured German diplomats in May 1911 that 'France would be prepared, if the Germans recognized its vital interest in Morocco, to make concessions elsewhere'. On 20 June, France agreed to start negotiations. After ten days, they still had not responded. It was then that
881:
of 1905â06. France and
Germany agreed on 9 February 1909 that while France would have exclusive political control, the two nations would uphold each other's economic interests in Morocco. In 1911 they forced the sultan to sign a new treaty wherein he promised not to sign any other treaties without
1286:
The crisis seems comic â its obscure origin, the questions at stake, the conduct of the actors â indeed was comic. But the results were tragic. Tensions between France and
Germany and between Germany and England have been increased; the armaments race received new impetus; the conviction that an
1266:
in early 1912, observed that 'whenever we have adopted a conciliatory approach to
Germany... she has abused it; on the other hand, on each occasion when we have shown firmness, she has yielded', drawing the conclusion that Berlin would only understand a forceful response. Kissinger labels the
1114:
French premier
Caillaux's negotiations with the Germans were leaked, causing him to fall from office on 21 January 1912, after a term of only seven months. In Germany, the Franco-German accord was also criticised â especially by the nationalist press â for giving Germany too little.
1154:
The prospect of a German naval port on the
Atlantic, however, allowed Grey to secure Cabinet's approval on 21 July to inform the German ambassador that Britain would respond forcefully to defend its interests. Britain sent battleships to Morocco, in case war broke out. As in the
39:
1389:. "The Agadir crisis of 1911, which suddenly raised the specter of a general European war and strikingly revealed the danger of Germany's encirclement by the Entente, crystallized Spengler's nascent vision of the future international political transformation of the West."
1131:
was largely responsible for triggering the crisis and ought therefore be urged to give ground. The
British government attempted to restrain France from adopting hasty measures and to dissuade her from sending troops. In April, the
910:. The French – after forcing the Sultan to request their assistance – prepared to send troops to help put down the rebellion under the pretext of protecting European lives and property in
991:
In the midst of this crisis, Germany was hit by financial turmoil. The stock market plunged by 30 percent in a single day, the public started cashing in currency notes for gold, and there was a run on the banks. The
1174:
especially) and the non-interventionists (who made up a majority on the
Cabinet). Lloyd George delivered the Mansion House speech on 21 July 1911, bypassing the Liberal non-interventionists in Cabinet.
1056:
1191:, the Lord Chancellor, entreated Grey to take a non-interventionist stance and disavow the speech. Later in the year, there was a backbench revolt against Grey, which was unsuccessful.
1139:
wrote: "what the French contemplate doing is not wise, but we cannot under our agreement interfere". When
Cabinet authorised Grey to inform the French that Britain might accept a
1368:
attack, while France concentrated her fleet in the western
Mediterranean and agreed to defend British interests there. France was thus able to guard her communications with her
996:
lost a fifth of its gold reserves in one month. It was rumored that the French finance minister had orchestrated this crisis. Faced with the possibility of being driven off the
2992:
889:, and possibly intimidating Britain into an alliance with Germany. Germany was also enforcing compensation claims for acceptance of effective French control of Morocco.
570:
1353:), but the speed and efficiency offered by oil convinced him that "Mastery itself was the prize of the venture." Subsequently, Churchill was asked by Prime Minister
275:
1020:
region and the safeguarding of her economic interests in Morocco. The German terms, as presented on 15 July, while containing an offer to cede the northern part of
1267:
risk-taking in this crisis used to appease the nationalism-inclined journalists and agitated public while disregarding the true interests at stake elsewhere as "
1133:
756:
3361:
3243:
3386:
1364:
The crisis led Britain and France to conclude a secret naval agreement by which the Royal Navy promised to protect the northern coast of France from
2985:
3433:
2531:
2387:
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2098:
945:
for permission to send a gunboat, having rejected the need to send two ships out of belief that French would be quickly willing to negotiate.
3543:
268:
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3558:
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2440:
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like ours to endure." The speech was interpreted by Germany as a warning that she could not impose an unreasonable settlement on France.
749:
226:
214:
163:
1136:
983:, but he only reached Agadir three days after the ship had arrived. There was an immediate reaction from the French and the British.
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261:
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1439:
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1513:
582:
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344:
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informed the French government that Germany had no territorial aspirations in Morocco, and would negotiate for a French
2817:
2693:
2237:
1358:
2872:
2800:
2766:
2223:
2123:
1999:
1937:
1579:
1346:
914:. Actual danger to European communities was remote: the rebellion broke out deep in the interior. They dispatched a
1372:, and Britain to concentrate more force in home waters to oppose the German High Seas Fleet. Britain also formed a
606:
3017:
979:, 110 kilometres (70 mi) to the north, was sent south to Agadir to provide a pretext for the arrival of the
3428:
3012:
2710:
2705:
2373:
1417:
1304:
1188:
819:. Negotiations between Berlin and Paris resolved the crisis on 4 November 1911: France took over Morocco as a
2720:
862:
3290:
2781:
2626:
2500:
2259:
1449:
1180:
938:
630:
364:
334:
246:
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1373:
843:
424:
3458:
3438:
3048:
3001:
2688:
2661:
474:
369:
309:
2358:
Wilson, Keith. "The Agadir Crisis, the Mansion House Speech, and the Double-Edgedness of Agreements."
3099:
3084:
2526:
1319:
as well), increasing Anglo-German estrangement, deepening the divisions which would culminate in the
1060:
399:
354:
3275:
3488:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3376:
3351:
3053:
2887:
2553:
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1454:
1405:
678:
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103:
88:
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624:
618:
379:
3305:
3152:
3147:
2741:
2678:
2461:
1819:
1315:
backing of France during the crisis reinforced the Entente between the two countries (and with
1223:
1219:
1207:
1096:
1080:
594:
546:
3079:
3402:
3089:
2827:
2683:
2505:
2415:
2298:
1434:
1429:
1409:
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1215:
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to the sea, to which was later added the transfer of France's right to the preemption of the
907:
886:
878:
847:
684:
666:
464:
148:
30:
2213:
1147:
on 19 July, the French government replied angrily that any such acceptance would breach the
3366:
2832:
2751:
2746:
2466:
1365:
1275:
1072:
1059:, under which Germany accepted France's position in Morocco in return for territory in the
960:
874:
576:
564:
8:
3228:
3162:
3033:
2812:
2621:
2575:
2546:
1369:
1268:
1203:
811:
did not object to France's expansion but demanded âterritorial compensationâ for itself.
552:
459:
439:
404:
285:
178:
3295:
3285:
1259:
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2912:
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3142:
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2793:
2761:
2715:
2336:
2304:
2256:
Germany and the great powers, 1866â1914: A study in public opinion and foreign policy
2219:
2129:
2119:
2080:
2070:
2037:
1995:
1968:
1943:
1933:
1804:
1784:
1765:"The Agadir Crisis, the Mansion House Speech, and the Double-Edgedness of Agreements"
1733:
1690:
1575:
1519:
1509:
1444:
1330:
1231:
942:
855:
708:
696:
648:
600:
499:
3315:
3177:
3114:
2927:
2807:
2602:
2536:
2483:
2425:
2029:
1776:
1723:
1474:
1187:, denounced the speech as an 'unwarranted and unfortunate provocation to Germany';
1160:
1148:
660:
636:
504:
479:
429:
329:
3310:
2033:
1988:
1278:
argued in 1933 that it was a comedy of errors that became a tragic prelude to the
3331:
3259:
3187:
2907:
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2570:
2430:
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1320:
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219:
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1327:
1316:
1312:
1235:
1227:
835:
804:
690:
359:
304:
299:
1780:
1523:
1166:
Divisions, however, became clear between the supporters of the entente (Grey,
3422:
3381:
3202:
3172:
2844:
2510:
2420:
2133:
2084:
2041:
1972:
1788:
1737:
1354:
1300:
1255:
1140:
1033:
997:
923:
915:
851:
808:
444:
419:
384:
324:
241:
196:
2234:
From Bismarck to the World War: A History of German Foreign Policy 1870â1914
1947:
3167:
3157:
2156:
1820:"L'accord franco-allemand du 4 novembre 1911 au sujet du Maroc et du Congo"
1199:
1104:
1064:
1029:
1017:
1013:
911:
828:
820:
790:
394:
2215:
Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia
2064:
3182:
2959:
2922:
2892:
2856:
2787:
2772:
2616:
2186:
Handbook for the Diplomatic History of Europe, Asia, and Africa 1870â1914
1393:
1279:
1184:
1176:
1171:
1100:
1092:
949:
885:
Germany's move was aimed at testing the relationship between Britain and
793:
782:
726:
714:
525:
454:
314:
118:
43:
3192:
2049:
2017:
2592:
2558:
2326:
From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow: Volume I: The Road to War 1904â1914
1796:
1764:
1397:
1350:
1334:
1076:
1000:, the Kaiser backed down and let the French take over most of Morocco.
993:
969:
781:
was a brief crisis sparked by the deployment of a substantial force of
111:
1503:
918:
at the end of April. On 5 June, the Spanish deployed troops to occupy
253:
3058:
2607:
2113:
1962:
1342:
1243:
1075:. This 275,000 km (106,000 sq mi) territory, known as
959:, under the pretext of protecting German trade interests. The larger
489:
1927:
2018:"The 'Wild Talk' of Joseph Caillaux: A Sequel to the Agadir Crisis"
1712:"Liaqust Ahamed Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World"
1025:
850:" speech on 21 July 1911 â with the consent of prime minister
3000:
1728:
1711:
3197:
3063:
1308:
1239:
1144:
1084:
1021:
966:
919:
903:
882:
French approval, arguably violating the earlier made agreements.
824:
786:
107:
77:
2115:
Prophet of decline : Spengler on world history and politics
1376:
in order to rapidly mobilize in the event of a continental war.
1288:
1287:
early war was inevitable spread through the governing class of
1124:
956:
812:
800:
73:
50:
1311:, ending what remained of that country's formal independence.
1028:, demanded from France the whole of the French Congo from the
38:
1413:
1009:
873:
France's pre-eminence in Morocco had been upheld by the 1906
2328:(Oxford UP, 1961) pp 239â246, the role of British Royal Navy
1401:
1338:
1108:
975:
came days later, replacing the gunboat. A German civilian,
1990:
The Prize : The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power
1907:
1127:
was cautious: the Liberal government in Cabinet felt that
1051:
On 4 November, secret Franco-German negotiations between
1895:
1883:
1744:
2395:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1839:
1837:
1530:
1159:, British support of France showed the strength of the
1055:
and the Germans led to a convention referred to as the
1593:
1591:
1400:
returned to France. The territory today forms part of
2184:
Anderson, Frank Maloy and Amos Shartle Hershey, eds.
2157:"Morocco | History, Map, Flag, Capital, & Facts"
1964:
From Agadir to Armageddon : anatomy of a crisis
1849:
1834:
1633:
861:, bypassing the non-interventionist majority in the
2353:
Fifty years of Europe: a study in pre-war documents
2245:
French Public Opinion and Foreign Affairs 1870â1914
1603:
1588:
1542:
815:threatened warfare, sent a gunboat, and stirred up
1987:
1091:was widespread) but gave Germany an outlet on the
1016:on the basis of "compensation" for Germany in the
1560:GP XXIX, number 140, Affaires du Maroc VI, 332 ff
1238:(pink) Empires. The only independent states were
3420:
2118:. Louisiana State University Press. p. 12.
154:
1874:British Policy During the Agadir Crisis of 1911
3002:Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco (1844â1934)
2204:From Agadir to Armageddon: anatomy of a crisis
1103:a small area of territory to the southeast of
926:, fearing a French annexation of the country.
789:in July 1911 and the deployment of the German
117:Germany cedes a small territory of Kamerun to
2986:
2381:
1345:, to preserve its supremacy. Until then, the
750:
269:
2267:Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914
1878:British Foreign Policy Under Sir Edward Grey
1349:was favoured over imported oil (mostly from
929:
2199:(University of North Carolina Press, 1940).
1960:
1303:(30 March 1912), France established a full
1250:One consequence of the crisis was that the
823:in exchange for territorial concessions to
2993:
2979:
2388:
2374:
2097:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2066:Catastrophe 1914 : Europe goes to war
1680:
1678:
1669:The War that Ended Peace: The Road to 1914
1654:The War that Ended Peace: The Road to 1914
986:
757:
743:
276:
262:
2296:
1913:
1727:
1666:
1651:
1569:
1383:was inspired by the episode to write his
187:
2062:
2015:
1716:Annals of "Spiru Haret". Economic Series
1198:
139:
1817:
1675:
283:
169:
3434:Foreign relations of the German Empire
3421:
2279:(Vol. 1. Macmillan, 1930) pp 277â293.
1985:
1932:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 160.
1929:European diplomatic history, 1871â1932
1925:
1762:
1689:. London: Windmill Books. p. 43.
1684:
1118:
1087:. The area is partly marshland (where
3509:Diplomatic crises of the 20th century
2974:
2369:
2069:(First American ed.). New York.
1901:
1889:
1860:
1843:
1750:
1639:
1609:
1597:
1574:. Simon & Schuster. p. 912.
1548:
1536:
1501:
941:, the German Foreign Minister, asked
897:
257:
3049:Second Franco-Moroccan War (1907â12)
2111:
1497:
1495:
1475:"Agadir Incident | European history"
1008:On 7 July, the German ambassador in
2397:International relations (1814â1919)
2287:History of modern Europe, 1878â1919
1967:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
1710:UĆąÄ, Cristian (30 September 2014).
1709:
1508:. HarperCollins. pp. 208â210.
1440:International relations (1814â1919)
1337:must convert its power source from
1299:'s capitulation and signing of the
13:
2178:
902:In 1911, a rebellion broke out in
14:
3575:
1986:Yergin, Daniel (1 January 1993).
1570:Kissinger, Henry (4 April 1995).
1492:
3544:GermanyâUnited Kingdom relations
3100:Battle of Sidi Bou Othman (1912)
3085:Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)
3034:First Franco-Moroccan War (1844)
2022:The International History Review
1206:. Areas of Africa controlled by
721:Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
532:
240:
225:
213:
189:
171:
156:
141:
37:
3519:FranceâUnited Kingdom relations
3499:1912 in international relations
3494:1911 in international relations
3454:European colonisation of Africa
3018:Spanish protectorate in Morocco
2149:
2140:
2105:
2056:
2009:
1979:
1954:
1926:Sontag, Raymond James (1995) .
1919:
1866:
1811:
1756:
1703:
1660:
1645:
1624:
1003:
3559:SpainâUnited Kingdom relations
3039:Hispano-Moroccan War (1859â60)
3013:French protectorate in Morocco
1961:Barraclough, Geoffrey (1982).
1615:
1563:
1554:
1467:
1418:French protectorate in Morocco
1258:policy as motivated by bluff:
948:On 1 July, the German gunboat
1:
3444:German colonisation in Africa
2767:KronstadtâToulon naval visits
2721:1917 Franco-Russian agreement
2711:JapanâKorea Annexation Treaty
2218:. ABC-CLIO. 2003. p. 8.
2034:10.1080/07075332.1987.9640440
1460:
868:
3449:Colonial history of Cameroon
3387:Franco-Spanish Treaty (1912)
3090:Battle of Wolf Ravine (1909)
2627:Second Industrial Revolution
2501:League of the Three Emperors
2303:. Penguin Publishing Group.
2289:(2nd ed. 1956) pp 386â413.
2277:The Origins of the World War
1818:Maurice, Zimmermann (1912).
1671:. Random House. p. 440.
1667:MacMillan, Margaret (2013).
1656:. Random House. p. 439.
1652:MacMillan, Margaret (2013).
1630:Affaires du Maroc VI, 372 ff
1450:Anglo-German naval arms race
1326:This incident led Britain's
1194:
631:Anglo-German naval arms race
247:Alfred von Kiderlen-Waechter
102:France cedes territories of
7:
3377:MoroccoâCongo Treaty (1911)
3367:Algeciras Conference (1906)
3044:First Melilla War (1893â94)
2657:Treaty of Versailles (1871)
2343:The Reign of King George V,
2232:Brandenburg, Erich. (1927)
2016:Hamilton, Keith A. (1987).
1994:. Free Press. p. 928.
1502:Clark, Christopher (2013).
1423:
1416:. Established in 1912, the
1374:Railway Executive Committee
1359:First Lord of the Admiralty
1149:1904 Anglo-French Agreement
844:Chancellor of the Exchequer
10:
3580:
3534:CameroonâGermany relations
3291:Manuel FernĂĄndez Silvestre
3080:Bombardment of Salé (1851)
2706:JapanâKorea Treaty of 1905
1880:(Cambridge, 1977), p. 271.
1043:delivered a speech at the
3554:GermanyâMorocco relations
3529:CameroonâFrance relations
3395:
3344:
3324:
3268:
3252:
3234:Joseph-François Poeymirau
3211:
3135:
3128:
3110:Battle of El Herri (1914)
3105:Battle of El Ksiba (1913)
3095:Bloody Days of Fes (1912)
3072:
3054:Second Melilla War (1909)
3026:
3008:
2865:
2729:
2642:
2527:European balance of power
2519:
2454:
2403:
2297:Kissinger, Henry (2015).
2112:John, Farrenkopf (2001).
1872:Quoted in M.L. Dockrill,
1781:10.1017/S0018246X00002806
1262:, the premier succeeding
1061:French Equatorial African
930:German naval intervention
892:
295:
203:
130:
56:
36:
28:
23:
3549:FranceâMorocco relations
3514:FranceâGermany relations
3403:Tangier Crisis (1905â06)
3372:Pact of Cartagena (1907)
3357:Treaty of Wad Ras (1860)
3352:Treaty of Tangier (1844)
3120:Alhucemas Landing (1925)
2818:Venezuela Naval Blockade
2489:Anglo-Russian Convention
1685:Ahamed, Liaquat (2010).
1406:Central African Republic
1208:European colonial powers
1123:The initial reaction in
679:Anglo-Russian Convention
559:Second Concert of Europe
104:French Equatorial Africa
3564:CameroonâChad relations
3539:GermanyâSpain relations
3281:Arsenio MartĂnez-Campos
3115:Battle of Annual (1921)
2823:Alaska boundary dispute
2496:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
2479:Franco-Russian Alliance
2202:Barraclough, Geoffrey.
2195:Barlow, Ima Christina.
2161:Encyclopedia Britannica
1479:Encyclopedia Britannica
1386:The Decline of the West
1379:German world historian
1095:. Germany ceded to the
987:German financial crisis
955:arrived at the port of
643:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
625:First Sino-Japanese War
619:Franco-Russian Alliance
589:AustroâSerbian Alliance
3524:FranceâSpain relations
3306:Miguel Primo de Rivera
3276:Juan GarcĂa y Margallo
3153:Mouha ou Hammou Zayani
3148:Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni
2742:Unification of Germany
2689:TaftâKatsura agreement
2275:Fay, Sidney Bradshaw.
2063:Hastings, Max (2013).
1769:The Historical Journal
1763:Wilson, Keith (1972).
1370:North African colonies
1247:
1071:), as outlined in the
779:Second Moroccan Crisis
703:Second Moroccan Crisis
547:Unification of Germany
204:Commanders and leaders
16:1911 diplomatic crisis
3429:French Third Republic
2828:First Moroccan Crisis
2542:Spread of nationalism
2506:Eight-Nation Alliance
2362:15#3 (1972): 513â532.
2254:Carroll, E. Malcolm.
2243:Carroll, E. Malcolm,
1824:Annales de géographie
1435:First Moroccan Crisis
1430:Causes of World War I
1410:Republic of the Congo
1361:, which he accepted.
1347:locally abundant coal
1202:
1157:First Moroccan Crisis
1079:, became part of the
1069:Republic of the Congo
1045:Mansion House, London
879:First Moroccan Crisis
685:Young Turk Revolution
667:First Moroccan Crisis
31:Causes of World War I
3408:Agadir Crisis (1911)
3382:Treaty of Fes (1912)
3362:Treaty of Fes (1894)
2833:Algeciras Conference
2813:Annexation of Hawaii
2752:Great Eastern Crisis
2747:Unification of Italy
2737:Formation of Romania
2554:FrenchâGerman enmity
2293:, diplomatic history
2269:(2012), pp 204â214.
2265:Clark, Christopher.
1455:FrenchâGerman enmity
1276:Raymond James Sontag
1073:Morocco-Congo Treaty
1057:Franco-German Accord
875:Algeciras Conference
565:Great Eastern Crisis
89:MoroccoâCongo Treaty
3229:Paul Prosper Henrys
3059:Zaian War (1914â21)
2898:PhilippineâAmerican
2883:First Sino-Japanese
2716:Racconigi agreement
2662:Treaty of Frankfurt
2622:Great Rapprochement
2576:Scramble for Africa
2335:(1953) pp 177â193.
1904:, pp. 208â209.
1892:, pp. 210â212.
1876:from F.H. Hinsley,
1753:, pp. 209â210.
1621:Fay (1930) 278â284.
1539:, pp. 204â213.
1420:lasted until 1956.
1274:American historian
1269:strategic frivolity
1204:Scramble for Africa
1119:British involvement
846:, made a dramatic "
817:German nationalists
785:in the interior of
553:Franco-Prussian War
505:South Africa (1914)
470:South Africa (1906)
435:South Africa (1899)
405:Matabeleland (1896)
395:South Africa (1895)
375:Matabeleland (1893)
340:Somalia (1888â1924)
335:Equatoria (1886â89)
305:South Africa (1880)
300:South Africa (1879)
287:Scramble for Africa
3504:David Lloyd George
3301:José Millån-Astray
3244:Henry de Bournazel
3173:Sidi Ahmed El Hiba
2757:Congress of Berlin
2674:Reinsurance Treaty
2652:Congress of Vienna
2632:Industrial warfare
2598:Scramble for China
2360:Historical Journal
2355:(1933) pp 329â340.
2345:(1936) pp 229â238.
2331:Nicolson, Harold.
2006:pp. 11â12, 153â154
1248:
1181:secretary of state
1041:David Lloyd George
898:Moroccan Rebellion
840:David Lloyd George
655:Russo-Japanese War
613:Reinsurance Treaty
571:Campaign in Bosnia
524:Events leading to
360:Mashonaland (1890)
232:David Lloyd George
64:JulyâNovember 1911
3459:History of Agadir
3439:Conflicts in 1911
3416:
3415:
3340:
3339:
3143:Mohammed Ameziane
3064:Rif War (1921â26)
2968:
2967:
2937:Albanian Revolts
2794:German Naval Laws
2778:Naval arms races
2762:Berlin Conference
2694:Hague Conventions
2310:978-0-14-312771-0
2197:The Agadir Crisis
2076:978-0-307-59705-2
1916:, pp. 80â81.
1696:978-0-09-949308-2
1515:978-0-06-219922-5
1445:Pact of Cartagena
1331:Winston Churchill
1134:Foreign Secretary
1089:sleeping sickness
943:Kaiser Wilhelm II
939:Kiderlen-Waechter
856:Foreign Secretary
767:
766:
709:Italo-Turkish War
697:Racconigi Bargain
601:Berlin Conference
518:
517:
475:Morocco (1907â34)
465:Morocco (1905â06)
460:Tanganyika (1905)
440:Somaliland (1900)
380:Morocco (1893â94)
365:Katanga (1891â92)
330:Madagascar (1883)
252:
251:
126:
125:
3571:
3316:Francisco Franco
3296:DĂĄmaso Berenguer
3286:José Marina Vega
3163:Mhand n'Ifrutant
3133:
3132:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2972:
2971:
2888:SpanishâAmerican
2808:Fashoda Incident
2684:Treaty of Björkö
2669:Treaty of Berlin
2603:Open Door Policy
2537:Eastern question
2484:Entente Cordiale
2390:
2383:
2376:
2367:
2366:
2341:Somervell, D.C.
2324:Marder, Arthur.
2321:
2319:
2317:
2229:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2096:
2088:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2013:
2007:
2005:
1993:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1847:
1841:
1832:
1831:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1731:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1687:Lords of Finance
1682:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1505:The Sleepwalkers
1499:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1471:
1333:to conclude the
1260:Raymond Poincaré
1161:Entente Cordiale
877:, following the
759:
752:
745:
661:Entente Cordiale
637:Fashoda Incident
607:Bulgarian Crisis
536:
521:
520:
420:Wassoulou (1898)
385:Wassoulou (1894)
325:Wassoulou (1883)
290:
288:
278:
271:
264:
255:
254:
245:
244:
230:
229:
218:
217:
199:
195:
193:
192:
181:
177:
175:
174:
166:
162:
160:
159:
151:
147:
145:
144:
58:
57:
41:
21:
20:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3489:1912 in Germany
3479:1912 in Morocco
3474:1911 in Morocco
3469:1911 in Germany
3419:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3391:
3336:
3332:Mohamed Meziane
3320:
3264:
3260:Thami El Glaoui
3248:
3239:Philippe PĂ©tain
3207:
3188:Assou Oubasslam
3124:
3068:
3022:
3004:
2999:
2969:
2964:
2903:Boxer Rebellion
2861:
2725:
2679:Treaty of Paris
2644:
2638:
2571:New Imperialism
2532:Ottoman decline
2515:
2462:Triple Alliance
2450:
2411:Austria-Hungary
2399:
2394:
2351:Spender, J.A.
2315:
2313:
2311:
2226:
2212:
2192:, brief summary
2181:
2179:Further reading
2176:
2175:
2165:
2163:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2126:
2110:
2106:
2090:
2089:
2077:
2061:
2057:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1984:
1980:
1959:
1955:
1940:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1850:
1842:
1835:
1816:
1812:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1683:
1676:
1665:
1661:
1650:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1516:
1500:
1493:
1483:
1481:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1426:
1394:First World War
1381:Oswald Spengler
1321:First World War
1280:First World War
1197:
1177:Viscount Morley
1137:Sir Edward Grey
1121:
1006:
989:
977:Hermann Wilberg
935:Joseph Caillaux
932:
906:against Sultan
900:
895:
871:
859:Sir Edward Grey
825:German Cameroon
775:Agadir Incident
763:
734:
595:Triple Alliance
519:
514:
500:Libya (1911â12)
410:Zanzibar (1896)
400:Ethiopia (1896)
291:
286:
284:
282:
239:
236:
224:
220:Sir Edward Grey
212:
190:
188:
184:
172:
170:
157:
155:
142:
140:
96:
80:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3577:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3484:1912 in France
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3464:1911 in France
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3325:Spanish allies
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3224:Hubert Lyautey
3221:
3219:Charles Mangin
3215:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3203:Beni Ouryaghel
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3137:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2975:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2935:
2930:
2920:
2915:
2913:Russo-Japanese
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2878:Anglo-Egyptian
2875:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2852:Bosnian Crisis
2849:
2848:
2847:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2801:Austro-Italian
2798:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2776:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2699:Martens Clause
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2581:Egyptian Lever
2568:
2566:Pax Britannica
2563:
2562:
2561:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2547:Sovereign debt
2544:
2539:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2474:Triple Entente
2471:
2470:
2469:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2441:United Kingdom
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2339:
2329:
2322:
2309:
2294:
2283:
2273:
2263:
2252:
2241:
2230:
2224:
2210:
2200:
2193:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2148:
2139:
2124:
2104:
2075:
2055:
2028:(2): 195â226.
2008:
2000:
1978:
1953:
1938:
1918:
1914:Kissinger 2015
1906:
1894:
1882:
1865:
1863:, p. 209.
1848:
1846:, p. 208.
1833:
1810:
1775:(3): 513â532.
1755:
1743:
1702:
1695:
1674:
1659:
1644:
1642:, p. 207.
1632:
1623:
1614:
1612:, p. 204.
1602:
1600:, p. 195.
1587:
1580:
1562:
1553:
1551:, p. 196.
1541:
1529:
1514:
1491:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1425:
1422:
1328:Home Secretary
1293:
1292:
1234:(purple), and
1216:United Kingdom
1196:
1193:
1120:
1117:
1005:
1002:
988:
985:
931:
928:
899:
896:
894:
891:
870:
867:
765:
764:
762:
761:
754:
747:
739:
736:
735:
733:
732:
731:
730:
724:
718:
712:
706:
700:
694:
691:Bosnian Crisis
688:
682:
676:
670:
664:
658:
652:
646:
640:
634:
628:
622:
616:
610:
604:
598:
592:
586:
580:
574:
568:
562:
556:
550:
541:
538:
537:
529:
528:
516:
515:
513:
512:
507:
502:
497:
495:Morocco (1911)
492:
490:Ouaddai (1909)
487:
485:Morocco (1909)
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
455:Namibia (1904)
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
430:Fashoda (1898)
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
390:Ashanti (1895)
387:
382:
377:
372:
370:Dahomey (1892)
367:
362:
357:
355:Dahomey (1890)
352:
347:
345:Eritrea (1889)
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
310:Tunisia (1881)
307:
302:
296:
293:
292:
281:
280:
273:
266:
258:
250:
249:
237:
235:
234:
222:
209:
206:
205:
201:
200:
185:
183:
182:
167:
164:United Kingdom
152:
136:
133:
132:
128:
127:
124:
123:
122:
121:
115:
98:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
72:
70:
66:
65:
62:
54:
53:
49:in the Bay of
34:
33:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3576:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3311:José Sanjurjo
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:French allies
3251:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3178:Ma al-'Aynayn
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2991:
2989:
2984:
2982:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2961:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2918:Italo-Turkish
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2873:Russo-Turkish
2871:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2845:Treaty of Fes
2843:
2842:
2841:
2840:Agadir Crisis
2838:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2641:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2511:Balkan League
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2467:Dual Alliance
2465:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2446:United States
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2398:
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2333:King George V
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2012:
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2001:0-671-79932-0
1997:
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1982:
1974:
1970:
1966:
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1939:0-07-059678-6
1935:
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1826:(in French).
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1355:H. H. Asquith
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1226:(turquoise),
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1107:(now part of
1106:
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1097:French colony
1094:
1090:
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1082:
1081:German colony
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1074:
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1034:Belgian Congo
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916:flying column
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848:Mansion House
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826:
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803:, a Moroccan
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783:French troops
780:
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771:Agadir Crisis
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510:Darfur (1916)
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450:Angola (1902)
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48:
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40:
35:
32:
27:
24:Agadir Crisis
22:
19:
3407:
3168:Ali Amhaouch
3158:Moha ou Said
2839:
2786:
2782:Anglo-German
2771:
2643:Treaties and
2404:Great powers
2359:
2352:
2342:
2332:
2325:
2314:. Retrieved
2299:
2286:
2285:Gooch, G.P.
2276:
2266:
2262:, pp 643â699
2255:
2244:
2233:
2214:
2203:
2196:
2185:
2164:. Retrieved
2160:
2151:
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2114:
2107:
2065:
2058:
2025:
2021:
2011:
1989:
1981:
1963:
1956:
1928:
1921:
1909:
1897:
1885:
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1873:
1868:
1827:
1823:
1813:
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1705:
1686:
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1653:
1647:
1635:
1626:
1617:
1605:
1571:
1565:
1556:
1544:
1532:
1504:
1482:. Retrieved
1478:
1469:
1391:
1384:
1378:
1363:
1325:
1305:protectorate
1297:Abd al-Hafid
1294:
1273:
1249:
1168:Lloyd George
1165:
1153:
1143:presence in
1122:
1113:
1065:Middle Congo
1050:
1039:On 21 July,
1038:
1030:Sangha River
1018:French Congo
1014:protectorate
1007:
1004:Negotiations
990:
980:
971:
961:
951:
947:
933:
908:Abd al-Hafid
901:
884:
872:
833:
829:French Congo
821:protectorate
795:
778:
774:
770:
768:
702:
494:
415:Benin (1897)
350:Congo (1895)
320:Egypt (1882)
315:Sudan (1881)
131:Belligerents
45:
29:Part of the
18:
3183:Abd el-Krim
2960:World War I
2923:Balkan Wars
2908:Second Boer
2893:Banana Wars
2857:July Crisis
2788:Dreadnought
2773:Weltpolitik
2617:Pan-Slavism
2347:online free
2300:World Order
2251:pp 231â251.
1396:, in 1916,
1392:During the
1366:German Navy
1093:Congo River
727:July Crisis
715:Balkan Wars
526:World War I
425:Chad (1898)
119:French Chad
95:Territorial
3423:Categories
3129:Key people
2645:agreements
2593:Great Game
2559:Revanchism
1902:Clark 2013
1890:Clark 2013
1861:Clark 2013
1844:Clark 2013
1751:Clark 2013
1640:Clark 2013
1610:Clark 2013
1598:Clark 2013
1549:Clark 2013
1537:Clark 2013
1524:1002090920
1461:References
1398:Neukamerun
1357:to become
1335:Royal Navy
1218:(salmon),
1214:(yellow),
1077:Neukamerun
1063:colony of
994:Reichsbank
869:Background
445:Aro (1901)
112:Neukamerun
3269:Spaniards
3136:Moroccans
2608:Meiji era
2455:Alliances
2247:(1931).
2146:Neba 4â5.
2134:462269293
2093:cite book
2085:828893101
2042:0707-5332
1973:560333488
1805:159528772
1789:0018-246X
1738:2393-1795
1722:(3): 73.
1572:Diplomacy
1230:(green),
1210:in 1913:
1195:Aftermath
1105:Fort Lamy
1067:(now the
970:SMS
950:SMS
827:from the
794:SMS
717:1912â1913
711:1911â1912
693:1908â1909
675:1906â1908
669:1905â1906
657:1904â1905
633:1898â1912
627:1894â1895
615:1887â1890
609:1885â1888
591:1881â1903
585:1880â1902
583:Boer Wars
567:1875â1878
555:1870â1871
549:1866â1871
44:SMS
3345:Treaties
3193:AĂŻt Atta
2206:(1982).
2166:12 April
2050:40107237
1948:45825411
1484:12 April
1424:See also
1264:Caillaux
1244:Ethiopia
1232:Portugal
1222:(blue),
1053:Caillaux
1026:Togoland
805:Atlantic
649:May Coup
69:Location
3198:Zayanes
3073:Battles
2588:In Asia
2421:Germany
2258:(1938)
2236:(1927)
2188:(1918)
1797:2637768
1313:British
1309:Morocco
1254:viewed
1246:(grey).
1240:Liberia
1224:Germany
1212:Belgium
1172:Asquith
1145:Morocco
1085:Kamerun
1022:Kamerun
981:Panther
967:cruiser
952:Panther
920:Larache
904:Morocco
863:Cabinet
842:, then
836:Britain
809:Germany
796:Panther
791:gunboat
787:Morocco
673:Pig War
197:Germany
108:Kamerun
97:changes
78:Morocco
46:Panther
3396:Crises
3212:French
2946:Second
2933:Second
2730:Events
2520:Trends
2436:Russia
2416:France
2337:online
2316:29 May
2307:
2291:online
2281:online
2271:online
2260:online
2249:online
2238:online
2222:
2208:online
2190:online
2132:
2122:
2083:
2073:
2048:
2040:
1998:
1971:
1946:
1936:
1830:(116).
1803:
1795:
1787:
1736:
1693:
1578:
1522:
1512:
1412:, and
1408:, the
1351:Persia
1317:Russia
1289:Europe
1256:German
1252:French
1220:France
1170:, and
1141:German
1129:France
1125:London
972:Berlin
964:-class
962:Bremen
957:Agadir
893:Events
887:France
813:Berlin
807:port.
801:Agadir
194:
176:
161:
149:France
146:
85:Result
74:Agadir
51:Agadir
2951:Third
2941:First
2928:First
2431:Japan
2426:Italy
2046:JSTOR
1801:S2CID
1793:JSTOR
1414:Gabon
1307:over
1295:With
1236:Spain
1228:Italy
1185:India
1101:Tchad
1010:Paris
777:, or
179:Spain
3027:Wars
2866:Wars
2318:2024
2305:ISBN
2220:ISBN
2168:2021
2130:OCLC
2120:ISBN
2099:link
2081:OCLC
2071:ISBN
2038:ISSN
1996:ISBN
1969:OCLC
1944:OCLC
1934:ISBN
1785:ISSN
1734:ISSN
1691:ISBN
1576:ISBN
1520:OCLC
1510:ISBN
1486:2021
1402:Chad
1339:coal
1242:and
1183:for
1109:Chad
1024:and
922:and
854:and
769:The
729:1914
723:1914
705:1911
699:1909
687:1908
681:1907
663:1904
651:1903
645:1902
639:1898
621:1894
603:1884
597:1882
579:1879
573:1878
561:1871
61:Date
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
