Anglo-Zulu War - Knowledge

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strengthening Her Majesty's forces in South Africa were based upon the imminent danger of an invasion of Natal by the Zulus, and the inadequate means at that time at your disposal for meeting it. In order to afford protection to the lives and property of the colonists, the reinforcements asked for were supplied, and, in informing you of the decision of Her Majesty's Government, I took the opportunity of impressing upon you the importance of using every effort to avoid war. But the terms which you have dictated to the Zulu king, however necessary to relieve the colony in future from an impending and increasing danger, are evidently such as he may not improbably refuse, even at the risk of war; and I regret that the necessity for immediate action should have appeared to you so imperative as to preclude you from incurring the delay which would have been involved in consulting Her Majesty's Government upon a subject of so much importance as the terms which Cetywayo should be required to accept before those terms were actually presented to the Zulu king.

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act. The first intimation to the British government of his intention to make 'demands' on the Zulu was in a private letter to Hicks Beach written on 14 October 1878. The letter only arrived in London on 16 November and by then messengers had already been despatched from Natal to the Zulu king to request the presence of a delegation at the Lower Tugela on 11 December for the purpose of receiving the Boundary Commission's findings. Had Hicks Beach then sent off a telegraph forbidding any action other than the announcement of the boundary award, it might have arrived in South Africa just in time to prevent the ultimatum being presented. No prohibition was sent and could hardly be expected to have been, for Hicks Beach had no means of knowing the urgency of the events that were in train. Nowhere in Frere's letter was there anything to indicate how soon he intended to act, nor was there anything to suggest how stringent his demands would be.

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of miles from him who feels a desire that his colour shall prevail, and it will not be until this hope is destroyed that they will make up their minds to submit to the rule of civilisation". Earlier in October 1877, Shepstone had attended a meeting with Zulu leaders near the Blood River to resolve the land dispute between the Zulus and the Boers. He suggested a compromise with the Boers and the meeting broke up without clear resolutions. He turned against the Zulus with vengeance, saying he had come into possession of "the most incontrovertible, overwhelming and clear evidence" never previously disclosed, for supporting the claims of the Boers. He rejected Zulu claims as "characterised by lying and treachery to an extent that I could not have believed even savages are capable of".

1281:, whom Cetshwayo regarded as his friend, had supported him in the border dispute, but in 1877 he led a small force into the Transvaal and persuaded the Boers to give up their independence. Shepstone became administrator of the Transvaal, and in that role saw the border dispute from the other side. Shepstone claimed to have evidence supporting the Boer position but, ultimately, he failed to provide any. In a meeting with Zulu notables at Blood River in October 1877, Shepstone attempted to placate the Zulu with paternal speeches, however they were unconvinced and accused Shepstone of betraying them. Shepstone's subsequent reports to Carnarvon then began to paint the Zulu as an aggressive threat where he had previously presented Cetshwayo in a most favourable light. 1383: 1378:... Her Majesty's Government have arrived, it is my duty to impress upon you that in supplying these reinforcements it is the desire of Her Majesty's Government not to furnish means for a campaign of invasion and conquest, but to afford such protection as may be necessary at this juncture to the lives and property of the colonists. Though the present aspect of affairs is menacing in a high degree, I can by no means arrive at the conclusion that war with the Zulus should be unavoidable, and I am confident that you, in concert with Sir H. Bulwer, will use every effort to overcome the existing difficulties by judgment and forbearance, and to avoid an evil so much to be deprecated as a Zulu war. 248: 133: 791: 1036:

to Shepstone's arguments that King Cetshwayo and his Zulu army posed a threat to the peace of the region. Preparations for a British invasion of the Zulu kingdom had been underway for months. In December 1878, notwithstanding the reluctance of the British government to start yet another colonial war, Frere presented Cetshwayo with an ultimatum that the Zulu army be disbanded and the Zulus accept a British resident. This was unacceptable to the Zulus as it effectively meant that Cetshwayo, had he agreed, would have lost his throne.

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left in independence on the borders of Cetshwayo's territory, viewed with displeasure the re-installation of his former king, and Cetshwayo was desirous of humbling his relative. A collision very soon took place; Usibepu's forces were victorious, and on 22 July 1883, led by a troop of mounted Boer mercenary troops, he made a sudden descent upon Cetshwayo's kraal at Ulundi, which he destroyed, massacring such of the inmates of both sexes as could not save themselves by flight. The king escaped, though wounded, into

1892:. It is said that scouts spotted the water-carriers of the king, distinctive because the water was carried above, not upon, their heads. His deposition was formally announced to the Zulu. Wolseley wasted no time in discarding Bartle Frere's confederation scheme and drew up a new scheme which divided Zululand into thirteen chiefdoms headed by compliant chiefs which ensured that the Zulus would no longer unite under a single king and made internal divisions and civil wars inevitable. The 1565: 1843: 288: 31: 1817: 6813: 1402:

at the king's "coronation" in 1872. That farcical piece of theatre had been agreed to by Cetshwayo simply to satisfy the wishes of Shepstone and meant nothing to the Zulu people. Indeed, his real Zulu installation had taken place several weeks earlier when he had been acclaimed by his izinduna. A second addition to the ultimatum, which seems almost like an afterthought, required the surrender of Mbelini kaMswati. Mbelini was the son of a

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across the Tugela. The stream was very low, and ran under the Zulu bank, but they were on this side of it, and had not crossed when they were surrounded by a body of 15 or 20 armed Zulus, made prisoners, and taken off with their horses, which were on the Natal side of the river, and roughly treated and threatened for some time; though, ultimately, at the instance of a headman who came up, they were released and allowed to depart.

1292:, then high commissioner and still pressing forward with Carnarvon's federation plan, characterized the award as "one-sided and unfair to the Boers", stipulated that on the land being given to the Zulu, the Boers living on it should be compensated if they left or protected if they remained. In addition, Frere planned to use the meeting on the boundary commission report with the Zulu representatives to also present a surprise 1315:

A week later the same young men, with two other brothers and an uncle, captured in like manner another refugee wife of Sihayo, in the company of the young man with whom she had fled. This woman was also carried back, and is supposed to have been put to death likewise; the young man with her although guilty in Zulu eyes of a most heinous crime, punishable with death, was safe from them on English soil; they did not touch him.

1045: 2186:, pp. 263–264 gives 7,800: 1,752 Imperial and Colonial troops and 6,054 Native Contingent and 377 Conductors and Drivers for the Number 2 Column under Durnford and the Number 3 Column under Glyn which made up Chelmsford's Main Column. The strength of the entire invasion force is given as a total of 16,506 for the five columns: 6,669 Imperial and Colonial troops; 9,035 troops in the Native Contingent; 802 Drivers, etc. 1855:

haste – Sir Garnet Wolseley was being sent to replace him, and he wanted to inflict a decisive defeat on Cetshwayo's forces before then. With yet more reinforcements arriving, soon to total 16,000 British and 7,000 Native troops, Chelmsford reorganised his forces and again advanced into Zululand in June, this time with extreme caution building fortified camps all along the way to prevent any repeat of Isandlwana.

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remonstrances of the Natal policemen, is itself an insult and a violation of British territory which cannot be passed over, and unless apologised and atoned for by compliance with the Lieutenant Governor's demands, that the leaders of the murderous gangs shall be given up to justice, it will be necessary to send to the Zulu King an ultimatum which must put an end to pacific relations with our neighbours.

2025: 1552: 969: 1232: 1588:, acting on his own, added an ultimatum to the commission meeting, much to the surprise of the Zulu representatives who then relayed it to Cetshwayo. Cetshwayo had not responded by the end of the year, so an extension was granted by Bartle Frere until 11 January 1879. Cetshwayo returned no answer to the demands of Bartle Frere, and in January 1879 a British force under Lieutenant General 925:, who had brought about federation in Canada in 1867, thought that a similar scheme might work in South Africa, The South African plan called for a ruling white minority over a black majority, which would provide a large pool of cheap labour for the British sugar plantations and mines, Carnarvon, in an attempt to extend British influence in 1875, approached the Boer states of the 1762:, where a force of 4,000 Zulus had been spotted. He planned to attack them on 24 January, but on learning of the disaster at Isandlwana, he decided to withdraw back to the Kraal. Thus one month after the British invasion, only their left flank column remained militarily effective, and it was too weak to conduct a campaign alone. The first invasion of Zululand had been a failure. 1411:

and Zulu alike, accruing cattle and prisoners in the process. With the annexation of the Transvaal, Britain had also to deal with Mbelini and because Frere was convinced that the bandit chief was in the pay of the Zulu king, his surrender was included in the ultimatum. The light in which Mbelini was regarded is shown in a paragraph from a memorandum written by Sir Henry Bulwer:

1766: 998:'s diplomatic manoeuvres added to the pressure. There were incidents involving Zulu paramilitary actions on either side of the Transvaal/Natal border, and Shepstone increasingly began to regard King Cetshwayo, as having permitted such "outrages", and to be in a "defiant mood". King Cetshwayo now found no defender in Natal save the bishop of Natal, 1747:, and advanced as far as the deserted missionary station of Eshowe, which he set about fortifying. On learning of the disaster at Isandlwana, Pearson made plans to withdraw back beyond the Tugela River. However, before he had decided whether or not to put these plans into effect, the Zulu army managed to cut off his supply lines, and the 1098:, south of the Tugela, and west of the British settlement of Port Natal (now Durban). Mpande and Pretorius maintained peaceful relations. However, in 1842, war broke out between the British and the Boers, resulting in the British annexation of Natalia. Mpande shifted his allegiance to the British, and remained on good terms with them. 1926:) was appointed to be the channel of communication between the chiefs and the British government. This arrangement led to much bloodshed and disturbance, and in 1882 the British government determined to restore Cetshwayo to power. In the meantime, however, blood feuds had been engendered between the chiefs 1031:, who was to replace Carnarvon as Secretary of State for the Colonies, in November 1878, "that matters in Eastern Europe and India ... wore so serious an aspect that we cannot have a Zulu war in addition to other greater and too possible troubles." However, Sir Bartle Frere had already been into the 982:, the British Secretary for Native Affairs in Natal, annexed the Transvaal Republic for Britain using a special warrant. The Transvaal Boers objected but as long as the Zulu threat remained, found themselves between two threats; they feared that if they took up arms to resist the British annexation, King 1865:

Cetshwayo, knowing that the newly reinforced British would be a formidable opponent, attempted to negotiate a peace treaty. Chelmsford was not open to negotiations, as he wished to restore his reputation before Wolseley relieved him of command, and he proceeded to the royal kraal of Ulundi, intending

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When the ultimatum was presented, the two infractions by Sihayo's sons and the roughing up of Smith and Deighton had become only part of the justification that was used, as several matters had arisen in the meantime. One of them was Cetshwayo's apparent breaking of promises to Mr Theophilus Shepstone

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Bishop Colenso's concern about the misleading information that was being provided to the Colonial Secretary in London by Shepstone and the Governor of Natal prompted him to champion the cause of the Zulus against Boer oppression and official encroachments. He was a prominent critic of Frere's efforts

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and the Umhlatuzi, i.e., adjoining Natal) was constituted a reserve, in which locations were to be provided for Zulu unwilling to serve the restored king. This new arrangement proved as futile as had Wolseley's. Usibepu, having created a formidable force of well-armed and trained warriors, and being

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on 11 December 1878. No time was specified for compliance with item 4, twenty days were allowed for compliance with items 1–3, that is, until 31 December inclusive; ten days more were allowed for compliance with the remaining demands, items 5–13. The earlier time limits were subsequently altered so

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I have sent a message to the Zulu King to inform him of this act of violence and outrage by his subjects in Natal territory, and to request him to deliver Up to this Government to be tried for their offence, under the laws of the Colony, the persons of Mehlokazulu and Bekuzulu the two sons of Sirayo

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A wife of the chief Sihayo had left him and escaped into Natal. She was followed by a party of Zulus, under Mehlokazulu, the chief son of Sihayo, and his brother, seized at the kraal where she had taken refuge, and carried back to Zululand, where she was put to death, in accordance with Zulu law...

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In 1843, Mpande ordered a purge of perceived dissidents within his kingdom. This resulted in numerous deaths, and the fleeing of thousands of refugees into neighbouring areas, including the British-controlled Natal. Many of these refugees fled with cattle, the main measure of the Zulu wealth. Mpande

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as governor and High Commissioner since 1877 with the brief of creating a Confederation of South Africa from the various British colonies, Boer Republics and native states and his plans were well advanced. He had concluded that the powerful Zulu kingdom stood in the way of this, and so was receptive

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The new start of the larger, heavily reinforced second invasion was not promising for the British. Despite their successes at Kambula, Gingindlovu and Eshowe, they were right back where they had started from at the beginning of January. Nevertheless, Chelmsford had a pressing reason to proceed with

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in western Zululand. (It is entirely possible that Cetshwayo regarded him as a useful buffer between him and the Boers of the Transvaal.) Here, he took up residence on the Tafelberg, a flat-topped mountain overlooking the river. Something of a brigand, Mbelini made raids on anyone in his area, Boer

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thrusting spear) and a shield made of cowhide. The Zulu army drilled in the personal and tactical use and coordination of this weapons system. While some Zulus also had firearms, their marksmanship training was poor and the quality and supply of their powder and shot was dreadful. The Zulu attitude

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Shepstone railed against the disruptive effect of allowing Cetshwayo's regime to remain. "Zulu power", he said, "is the root and real strength of all native difficulties in South Africa". In December 1877, he wrote to Carnarvon "Cetshwayo is the secret hope of every petty independent chief hundreds

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Because of the unusually high amount of casualties the British suffered as a result of combat, especially given that they were facing a preindustrial enemy that was considered racially inferior, the British war effort was widely seen as a poor showing. British casualties resulting from combat were

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While Cetshwayo's army numbered perhaps 35,000 men, it was essentially a militia force which could be called out in time of national danger. It had a very limited logistical capacity and could only stay in the field a few weeks before the troops would be obliged to return to their civilian duties.

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Frere has been accused of chicanery by taking deliberate advantage of the length of time it took for correspondence to pass between South Africa and London to conceal his intentions from his political masters or at least defer giving them the necessary information until it was too late for them to

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Cetywayo is sorry to have to acknowledge that the message brought by Umlungi is true, but he begs his Excellency will not take it in the light he sees the Natal Government seem to do, as what Sirayo's sons did he can only attribute to a rash act of boys who in the zeal for their father's house did

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For his part, Cetshwayo strenuously attempted to avoid war with the British and, should it occur, to limit its scope and effects. He ordered his troops to defend their country only if attacked and not to carry the war beyond its borders. He directed them to avoid killing any of the invaders other

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and after five hours of heavy attacks the Zulus withdrew with heavy losses but were pursued by British mounted troops, who killed many more fleeing and wounded warriors. British losses amounted to 83 (28 killed and 55 wounded), while the Zulus lost up to 2,000 killed. The effect of the battle of

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To ensure that there was no interference from London, Frere delayed informing the Colonial Office about his ultimatum until it was too late for it to be countermanded. The full text of his demands did not reach London until 2 January 1879. By then, Chelmsford had assembled an army of 18,000 men-

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The King disowned Umbilini's acts by saying that Umbilini had been giving him trouble, that he had left the Zulu country in order to wrest the Swazi chieftainship from his brother, the reigning Chief, and that if he returned he should kill him. But there is nothing to show that he has in any way

1133:, Cetshwayo offered the farmers a strip of land along the border if they would surrender his brother. The Boers complied on the condition that Umtonga's life was spared, and in 1861 Mpande signed a deed transferring this land to the Boers. The south boundary of the land added to Utrecht ran from 1607:

of British forces during the war, initially planned a five-pronged invasion of Zululand composed of over 16,500 troops in five columns and designed to encircle the Zulu army and force it to fight as he was concerned that the Zulus would avoid battle. The Zulu capital, Ulundi, was about 80 miles

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Mr. Smith, a surveyor in the Colonial Engineer Department, was on duty inspecting the road down to the Tugela, near Fort Buckingham, which had been made a few years ago by order of Sir Garnet Wolseley, and accompanied by Mr. Deighton, a trader, resident at Fort Buckingham, went down to the ford

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It had never been Cetshwayo's intention to invade Natal, but to simply fight within the boundaries of the Zulu kingdom. Chelmsford used the next two months to regroup and build a fresh invading force with the initial intention of relieving Pearson at Eshowe. The British government rushed seven

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Frere wanted to provoke a conflict with the Zulus and in that goal he succeeded. Cetshwayo rejected the demands of 11 December, by not responding by the end of the year. A concession was granted by Bartle Frere until 11 January 1879, after which Bartle Frere deemed a state of war to exist. The

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Shepstone, in his capacity as British governor of Natal, had expressed concerns about the Zulu army under King Cetshwayo and the potential threat to Natal – especially given the adoption by some of the Zulus of old muskets and other out-of-date firearms. In his new role of Administrator of the

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was the greatest victory that the Zulu kingdom would enjoy during the war. The British centre column was wrecked and its camp annihilated with heavy casualties as well as the loss of all its supplies, ammunition and transport. The defeat left Chelmsford no choice but to hastily retreat out of

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I may observe that the communications which had previously been received from you had not entirely prepared them (Her Majesty's Government) "for the course which you have deemed it necessary to take. The representations made by Lord Chelmsford and yourself last autumn as to the urgent need of

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In spite of his dislike for their activities, Cetshwayo permitted European missionaries in Zululand. Though he did not harm or persecute the missionaries themselves, several converts were killed. The missionaries, for their part, were a source of hostile reports. While numerous Zulus of rival

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Apart from whatever may be the general wish of the Zulu nation, it seems to me that the seizure of the two refugee women in British territory by an armed force crossing an unmistakable and well known boundary line, and carrying them off and murdering them with contemptuous disregard for the

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factions fled into Natal and some of the surrounding areas, Cetshwayo continued and maintained the peaceful relations with the Natal colonists that had prevailed for decades. Such was the political background when Cetshwayo became absolute ruler of the Zulus upon his father's death in 1873.

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he had devised that would allow British forces under Lord Chelmsford, which he had previously been instructed to use only in defense against a Zulu invasion of Natal, to instead invade Zululand. Three incidents occurred in late July, August and September which Frere seized upon as his

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and an army under Cetshwayo were posted to defend the newly acquired Utrecht border. The Zulu forces took back their land north of the Pongola. Questions were also raised as to the validity of the documents signed by the Zulus concerning the Utrecht strip; in 1869 the services of the

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thought that a similar political effort, coupled with military campaigns, might lead to a ruling white minority over a black majority, which would provide a large pool of cheap labour for the British sugar plantations and mines, encompassing the African Kingdoms, tribal areas and

2150:, p. 62 quote John Shepstone, Acting Secretary for Native Affairs at the time on the Zulu army: saying "Equipment: Each man carries his shield and assegais, and a kaross or blanket if he possesses one, he may also have a war dress of monkey skins or ox tails, this is all." 2174:, pp. 261–262 says "the terms...are evidently such as he (Cetshwayo) may not improbably refuse, even at the risk of war...to preclude you from incurring the delay...involved in consulting Her Majesty's Government upon a subject of so much importance as the terms..." 1437:

I have impressed this view upon Sir B. Frere, both officially and privately, to the best of my power. But I cannot really control him without a telegraph (I don't know that I could with one) I feel it is as likely as not that he is at war with the Zulus at the present

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on 28 March. However, as the Zulu main army of 20,000 men approached to help their besieged tribesmen, the British force began a retreat which turned into a rout and were pursued by 1,000 Zulus of the abaQulusi who inflicted some 225 casualties on the British force.

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The original complaint carried to Cetshwayo from the lieutenant-governor was in the form of a request for the surrender of the culprits. The request was subsequently transformed by Sir Bartle Frere into a "demand". Frere wrote to Hicks Beach, 30 September 1878:

1781:; the British force suffered 80 killed and all the stores were lost. The first troops arrived at Durban on 7 March. On the 29th a column under Lord Chelmsford consisting of a total of 5,670 men (3,390 Europeans and 2,280 Africans) marched to the relief of 1828:, the Zulu being repulsed. Their losses were heavy, estimated at 1,200, but the British suffered only two dead and 52 wounded and the next day they relieved Pearson's men. They evacuated Eshowe on 5 April after which the Zulu forces burned it down. 1758:, had originally been charged with occupying the Zulu tribes of north-west Zululand and preventing them from interfering with the British central column's advance on Ulundi. To this end Wood set up camp at Tinta's Kraal, just 10 miles south of 1930:(Zibebu) and Hamu on the one side and the tribes who supported the ex-king and his family on the other. Cetshwayo's party (who now became known as the Usuthu) suffered severely at the hands of the two chiefs, who were aided by a band of white 1714:

attacked his camp. Chelmsford's decision not to set up the British camp defensively, contrary to established doctrine, and ignoring information that the Zulus were close at hand were decisions that the British were soon to regret. The ensuing

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Chelmsford received a Knight Grand Cross of Bath, largely because of Ulundi. However, he was severely criticized by the Horse Guards investigation and would never serve in the field again. Bartle Frere was relegated to a minor post in

1075:, succeeded him as king. By the 1830s migrating Boers came into conflict with the Zulu Kingdom, then ruled by Dingane. Dingane suffered a crushing defeat on 16 December 1838, when he attacked a group of 470 Voortrekker settlers led by 1443:

British forces intended for the defense of Natal had already been on the march with the intention to attack the Zulu kingdom. On 10 January they were poised on the border. On 11 January, they crossed the border and invaded Zululand.

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By themselves, these incidents were flimsy grounds upon which to found an invasion of Zululand. Bulwer did not initially hold Cetshwayo responsible for what was clearly not a political act in the seizure and murder of the two women.

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in 1852. However, the British pressured him into withdrawing, which he did shortly afterwards. At this time, a battle for the succession broke out between two of Mpande's sons, Cetshwayo and Mbuyazi. This culminated in 1856 with the

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by Lord Carnarvon. Carnarvon appointed Frere to the position on the understanding that he would work to enforce Carnarvon's confederation plan and Frere could then become the first British governor of a federated southern African

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and the Hlubi and Ngwe tribes in representations to the Colonial Secretary, Lord Carnarvon. Langalibalele had been falsely accused of rebellion in 1873 and, following a charade of a trial, was found guilty and imprisoned on

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towards firearms was summarized: "The generality of Zulu warriors, however, would not have firearms – the arms of a coward, as they said, for they enable the poltroon to kill the brave without awaiting his attack."

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In reply, in at least three dispatches, 17 October, 21 November and 18 December, Hicks Beach emphatically states that war is to be avoided and a British invasion of Zululand prohibited. From 21 November dispatch:

1014:. In taking the side of Langalibalele against the colonial regime in Natal and Theophilus Shepstone, the Secretary for Native Affairs, Colenso found himself even further estranged from colonial society in Natal. 1416:

punished him, and, on the contrary, it is quite certain that even if Umbilini did not act with the express orders of Cetywayo, he did so with the knowledge that what he was doing would be agreeable to the King.

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by a small British Garrison from an attack by a large Zulu force. The British eventually won the war, ending Zulu dominance of the region. The Zulu Kingdom was then made a protectorate and later annexed by the

891:. Matters were brought to a head when three sons (led by Mehlokazulu kaSihayo) and a brother of the Zulu inkosi Sihayo organized a raid into Natal and carried off two women who were under British protection. 986:

and the Zulus would take the opportunity to attack. The successive British annexations and in particular the annexation of West Griqualand caused a climate of simmering unease for the Boer republics.

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Payment of a fine of 500 head of cattle for the outrages committed by the above and for Cetshwayo's delay in complying with the request of the Natal Government for the surrender of the offenders.

1288:, the lieutenant-governor of Natal since 1875, to report on the boundary question. The commission reported in July and found almost entirely in favour of the contention of the Zulu. However, Sir 1702:; on the morning of that day Lord Chelmsford split his forces and moved out to support a reconnoitering party, leaving the remaining 1,300 men of the No. 3 Column under the command of Colonel 1706:. Colonel Durnford would arrive later in the morning with 500 men of the No. 2 Column to reinforce the camp. The British were outmanoeuvred by the main Zulu army nearly 20,000 strong led by 1018:

to depict the Zulu kingdom as a threat to Natal. Colenso's campaigns revealed the racialist foundation underpinning the colonial regime in Natal and made him enemies among the colonists.

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Transvaal, he was now responsible for protecting the Transvaal and had direct involvement in the Zulu border dispute from the side of the Transvaal. Persistent Boer representations and

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king who unsuccessfully disputed the succession with his brother, resulting in his exile from the kingdom. He took refuge with Cetshwayo and was granted land in the region of the

2262:, p. 142 says, '785 were collected from close by the camp. Many more lay out on the line of retreat where the slaughter had been heaviest... Perhaps as many as 2,000 died'. 6622: 1478:

That the Zulu military system be discontinued and other military regulations adopted, to be decided upon after consultation with the Great Council and British Representatives.

2162:, p. 242 gives much of the chapter, without sarcasm – or irony, to Bartle Frere's remarkable rationalizations in undermining the commission's conclusions. 1804:

The next day 20,000 Zulu warriors attacked Wood's 2,068 men in a well-fortified camp at Kambula, apparently without Cetshwayo's permission. The British held them off in the

1600:, an old Irish trader's post that had become a mission station, in command of 4,700 men of the No. 3 Column, which included 1,900 White troops and 2,400 African auxiliaries. 4544: 1160:, Cetshwayo, seeing that he had lost his part of the bargain (for he feared that the still living Umtonga might be used to supplant him, as Mpande had been used to supplant 953:. Frere was sent to South Africa as High Commissioner to bring this plan about. One of the obstacles to such a scheme was the presence of the independent Boer states of the 4770: 1915:

Following the conclusion of the Anglo-Zulu War, Bishop Colenso interceded on behalf of Cetshwayo with the British government and succeeded in getting him released from

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was to present the findings of the long-awaited Boundary Commission to the Zulu people. The occasion was also to be used to present the king with an ultimatum.

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Colenso advocated for native Africans in Natal and Zululand who had been unjustly treated by the colonial regime in Natal. In 1874 he took up the cause of

344: 1087:, then defected with some 17,000 followers and allied with the Boers against Dingane. Dingane was assassinated and Mpande became king of the Zulu empire. 1200:

regiments and even succeeded in equipping his regiments with a few antiquated muskets and other outdated firearms. Most Zulu warriors were armed with an

1122:, which left Mbuyazi dead. Cetshwayo then set about usurping his father's authority. When Mpande died of old age in 1872, Cetshwayo took over as ruler. 5647: 5351: 6792: 6726: 1937:

When Cetshwayo was restored Usibepu was left in possession of his territory, while Dunn's land and that of the Basuto chief (the country between the

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became a fugitive. Wolseley, having relieved Chelmsford after Ulundi, took over the final operations. On 28 August the king was captured and sent to

1359:, who will follow Umlungi with his words. Cetywayo states that no acts of his subjects will make him quarrel with his fathers of the house of Shaka. 6799: 1947: 1923: 6294: 5567: 5358: 4763: 2122:, p. 318 gives the total strength of the Zulu army at 35,001, of which 4,000 remained with Cetshwayo while the rest marched in two columns. 1129:, fled to the Utrecht district, prompting Cetshwayo to assemble an army on the nearby frontier. According to claims later brought forward by the 5065: 4201: 1720:

Zululand. In the battle's aftermath, a party of some 4,000 Zulu reserves mounted an unauthorised raid on the nearby British Army border post of

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The initial entry of all three columns was unopposed. On 22 January the centre column, which had advanced from Rorke's Drift, was encamped near

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invaded Zululand, without authorization by the British Government. The exact date of the invasion was 11 January 1879. Chelmsford crossed the

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and were the basis for the ultimatum with which Frere knew Cetshwayo could not comply, giving Frere a pretext to attack the Zulu kingdom.

6580: 5446: 5407: 1452: 274: 234: 191: 180: 169: 158: 119: 3523: 3492: 3487: 6892: 6857: 6817: 6259: 5615: 5236: 4756: 6882: 6643: 6504: 6427: 5717: 1451:

The terms included in the ultimatum were delivered to the representatives of King Cetshwayo on the banks of the Thukela river at the

2695: 1611:

In the event, Chelmsford settled on three invading columns with the main centre column, now consisting of some 7,800 men comprising

6872: 6785: 6573: 6308: 5640: 4652: 4171: 3774: 3544: 440: 337: 1682: 1493:

All disputes in which a missionary or European is concerned, shall be heard by the king in public and in presence of the Resident.

6897: 6566: 6413: 6371: 6119: 6000: 5583: 5118: 5056: 1739:

While the British central column under Chelmsford's command was thus engaged, the right flank column on the coast, under Colonel

1589: 1328: 1028: 761: 185: 910:

into a town of 50,000 within five years and drew the attention of British imperial interests. In the 1870s, the British annexed

6664: 6629: 6147: 5344: 4634: 1740: 1644: 1501:

redcoats, colonial volunteers and Natal African auxiliaries – along the Zululand border ready for the invasion.

196: 1484:

All missionaries and their converts, who until 1877 lived in Zululand, shall be allowed to return and reoccupy their stations.

1433:

Hicks Beach had earlier admitted his helplessness with regard to the Frere's actions in a telling note to his Prime Minister:

1172:. The Zulus asserted that the Swazis were their vassals and therefore had no right to part with this territory. For a year, a 884:, in south-eastern Africa, was claimed by the British as a colony on 4 May 1843, after the British government had annexed the 6538: 6105: 5199: 3967: 3414: 3393: 3372: 3302: 3281: 3260: 3239: 3218: 3197: 3165: 3144: 3123: 3102: 3081: 3060: 3036: 3015: 2973: 2883: 1663:, the royal capital. Durnford's No. 2 Column was ordered to stay on the defensive near the Middle Drift of the Tugela River. 3641: 2210:, p. 462 state "They had a national army of twenty-five thousand men equipped with cowhide shields, assegais and clubs. 6902: 6847: 6754: 6545: 6455: 6077: 4724: 3997: 3810: 3453:

Narrative of the Field Operations connected with the Zulu War of 1879 Prepared in the Intelligence Branch of the War Office

1584:

region. Following a commission inquiry on the border dispute which reported in favour of the Zulu nation in July 1878, Sir

918: 721: 523: 6862: 6842: 6691: 6636: 6552: 6399: 6063: 5626: 5293: 5263: 4640: 4574: 3537: 1824:

While Woods was thus engaged, Chelmsford's column was marching on Eshowe. On 2 April this force was attacked en route at

1320: 1289: 922: 868:

and numerous indigenous tribal areas and states. Various interactions with those groups followed an expansionist policy.

330: 2246:, p. 353 notes "The strength of the enemy was thought to be 20,000 of whom 1000 are supposed to have been killed.". 6650: 6615: 6559: 6084: 6049: 5738: 5187: 5176: 3852: 1755: 1656: 1487:

All such missionaries shall be allowed to teach and any Zulu, if he chooses, shall be free to listen to their teaching.

1185:, were accepted by both parties as arbitrator, but the attempt then made to settle disagreements proved unsuccessful. 764:

to invade Zululand. The war had several particularly bloody battles, including an opening victory of the Zulu at the

6867: 6852: 6434: 6301: 6280: 6238: 5780: 5453: 4453: 3798: 3647: 3460: 3441: 3337: 2994: 2909: 902:, ended the isolation of the Boers in the interior and had a significant effect on events. The discovery triggered a 834: 812: 3210:

The Washing of the Spears: A History of the Rise of the Zulu Nation Under Shaka and Its Fall in the Zulu War of 1879

805: 6364: 6203: 5372: 5286: 5229: 4670: 3677: 2799: 2053: 1879: 1862:, who had volunteered to serve in the British Army and was killed on 1 June while out with a reconnoitering party. 1859: 1063:, which by 1825 encompassed an area of around 11,500 square miles (30,000 km). In 1828 he was assassinated at 6594: 6357: 6273: 6154: 6140: 6112: 5379: 5323: 4718: 4303: 3635: 5532: 1382: 1242: 6343: 6252: 6007: 5766: 4658: 4015: 3930: 3599: 1958:

three times higher than those from disease, which was generally a larger killer in British colonial conflicts.

1884:

After the battle of Ulundi, the Zulu army dispersed, most of the leading chiefs tendered their submission, and

1490:

A British Agent shall be allowed to reside in Zululand, who will see that the above provisions are carried out.

1355:

not think of what they were doing. Cetywayo acknowledges that they deserve punishing, and he sends some of his

873: 6497: 6483: 6406: 6287: 6245: 6224: 6098: 5661: 5307: 5029: 4111: 4099: 4087: 4057: 4033: 4027: 4021: 4003: 3979: 2795:"'War Can't Be Made with Kid Gloves': The Impact of the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879 on the Fabric of Zulu Society" 1632: 1593: 933:

and tried to organize a federation of the British and Boer territories but the Boer leaders turned him down.

5539: 4051: 2198:, p. 11 states "they were a part-time citizen army, and were armed primarily with traditional weapons". 1469:

Surrender of the Swazi chief Umbilini and others to be named hereafter, to be tried by the Transvaal courts.

1394:, it was decided to arrange a meeting with representatives of the Zulu king. The ostensible reason for this 6761: 6705: 6531: 6420: 6392: 6329: 6021: 5879: 4369: 3581: 3561: 3518: 1710:. Chelmsford was lured eastward with much of his centre column by a Zulu diversionary force while the main 1556: 1391: 1285: 741:

for the British Empire to effect such plans. Among the obstacles were the armed independent states of the

543: 513: 371: 5546: 4039: 3529: 6698: 6601: 6476: 6385: 6231: 5590: 4556: 4508: 4093: 3894: 1976: 1514: 603: 366: 2094:, pp. 263–264 gives 6,669 Imperial and Colonial troops; 9,035 Native Contingent; 802 Drivers, etc. 6168: 5689: 5597: 5553: 5330: 5208: 5107: 4117: 4045: 3985: 3834: 1743:, crossed the Tugela River, skirmished with a Zulu impi that was attempting to set up an ambush at the 1687: 1526: 1496:

No sentence of expulsion from Zululand shall be carried out until it has been approved by the Resident.

653: 548: 488: 386: 6712: 6350: 6182: 6175: 6133: 5847: 5794: 5682: 5633: 5414: 5072: 4375: 3762: 3689: 3605: 578: 533: 416: 2841: 2234:, p. 474 gives 80 killed: 62 British soldiers, 3 European conductors and 15 native voorloopers. 1777:

On 12 March, an armed escort of stores marching to Luneberg, was defeated by about 500 Zulus at the

6524: 5787: 5439: 4628: 4441: 4387: 4273: 4261: 4231: 3973: 3864: 3665: 3659: 2901: 1744: 907: 799: 663: 593: 6837: 6161: 6056: 5923: 5773: 5654: 5386: 5169: 5079: 4592: 4526: 4363: 4327: 4129: 4105: 4063: 3936: 3924: 3846: 3840: 3623: 1624: 558: 4213: 3906: 2794: 2565:

British Parliamentary Papers, C. 2220, Enclosure in No. 89: Cetshwayo to Bulwer, 24 August 1879.

1694:. The British defense of the small hospital station was a morale boost for the British Empire. 5731: 5696: 4898: 4568: 4177: 4159: 4153: 3942: 3876: 3744: 3629: 3611: 3352: 3046: 1943: 1813:

tried to get the regiments to return to Ulundi but many demoralised warriors simply went home.

1581: 1157: 1119: 1106: 1084: 1021: 954: 816: 742: 717: 712:. Two famous battles of the war were the Zulu victory at Isandlwana and the British defence at 287: 2873: 6266: 6196: 6091: 5986: 5840: 5490: 5270: 5183: 4978: 4798: 4225: 3828: 3768: 3695: 3050: 2138:, p. 11 notes "... an ultimatum with which, Frere knew, they could not possibly comply". 2134:, p. 9 states "By late 1878 Frere had manipulated a diplomatic crisis with the Zulus..." 1931: 1825: 1652: 1546: 1080: 643: 406: 2222:, p. 5 "The Anglo-Zulu War is described in terms of the 1st invasion and 2nd invasion." 1310:

and their subsequent seizure and execution by his brother and sons and were described thus:

6877: 6014: 5900: 5668: 5604: 5337: 5100: 5093: 5045: 4828: 4622: 4411: 4357: 4285: 4207: 4195: 3991: 3750: 3671: 2030: 1847: 1793: 1716: 1699: 1691: 1522: 1466:

Payment of 100 head of cattle for the offence committed against Messrs. Smith and Deighton.

1278: 1182: 979: 957:, informally known as the Transvaal Republic and the Orange Free State, and the Kingdom of 765: 381: 210: 36: 3178:

The life and correspondence of the Right Hon. Sir Bartle Frere, bart., G.C.B., F.R.S., etc

8: 6469: 6441: 6315: 5833: 5826: 5759: 5724: 5675: 5155: 4962: 4496: 4309: 4267: 3720: 3587: 2941: 2607:

British Parliamentary Papers, C. 2260, Enclosure 2 in No. 6: Memorandum, 16 January 1879.

2063: 1897: 1732: 1612: 1027:'s Tory administration in London did not want a war with the Zulus. "The fact is," wrote 638: 618: 583: 464: 2872:

Archer, Christon I.; Ferris, John R.; Herwig, Holger H.; Travers, Timothy H. E. (2008).

2574:

British Parliamentary Papers, C. 2220, No. 105, Frere to Hicks Beach, 30 September 1878.

1249: 1059:, the first Zulu king, had through war and conquest built the small Zulu tribe into the 5162: 4664: 4532: 4514: 4465: 4429: 4417: 4405: 4351: 4123: 4081: 3912: 3888: 3858: 3786: 2816: 2038: 1604: 1585: 1518: 1049: 930: 734: 688: 648: 588: 568: 553: 528: 518: 498: 376: 202: 174: 1390:

After considerable discussion and exchanges of views between Sir Bartle Frere and Sir

6747: 6733: 6070: 5886: 5710: 5300: 4890: 4820: 4682: 4676: 4586: 4447: 4393: 4249: 3900: 3822: 3792: 3683: 3456: 3437: 3433: 3410: 3389: 3368: 3333: 3298: 3277: 3256: 3235: 3214: 3193: 3161: 3140: 3119: 3098: 3077: 3056: 3032: 3011: 2990: 2969: 2951: 2928: 2905: 2879: 2820: 2547:

British Parliamentary Papers, C. 2222, No. 111: Frere to Hicks Beach, 6 October 1878.

1893: 1805: 1797: 1778: 1707: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1076: 1024: 941: 926: 738: 678: 401: 396: 391: 206: 163: 48: 4748: 2556:

British Parliamentary Papers, C. 2220, No. 40: Bulwer to Hicks Beach, 9 August 1878.

1572:

The pretext for the war had its origins in border disputes between the Zulu leader,

1277:

The tension between Cetshwayo and the Transvaal over border disputes continued. Sir

6671: 6035: 5745: 5525: 5215: 4970: 4938: 4874: 4706: 4694: 4688: 4646: 4550: 4520: 4435: 4255: 4237: 4219: 4189: 3804: 3653: 3593: 2959: 2893: 2808: 2000: 1980: 1901: 1867: 1858:

One of the early British casualties was the exiled pretender to the French throne,

1837: 1789: 1759: 1721: 1648: 1628: 1620: 1616: 1597: 1327:

near the Middle Drift. Sir Bartle Frere described this matter in a despatch to Sir

1144: 1134: 1095: 965:

against the Zulu by exaggerating the significance of a number of recent incidents.

888: 769: 713: 683: 658: 608: 508: 421: 52: 44: 1904:, a white adventurer, and Hlubi, a Basuto chief allied to the British in the war. 5993: 5907: 5801: 5469: 5393: 5314: 5038: 4922: 4914: 4906: 4882: 4598: 4538: 4477: 4471: 4399: 4279: 4183: 4165: 3816: 3738: 3404: 3383: 3362: 3292: 3271: 3250: 3229: 3208: 3187: 3176: 3155: 3134: 3113: 3092: 3071: 3026: 3005: 2984: 2963: 2919:

Bourquin, S. (1978). "The Zulu Military Organization and the Challenge of 1879".

2043: 1748: 1530: 945: 911: 881: 857: 628: 613: 411: 1896:

was deposed, and the Zulu country portioned among eleven Zulu chiefs, including

961:. Bartle Frere wasted no time in putting the scheme forward and manufacturing a 6740: 6462: 6336: 5979: 5893: 5576: 5518: 5511: 5504: 5222: 5148: 4994: 4954: 4730: 4459: 4381: 4339: 4333: 4009: 3565: 2048: 1703: 1307: 1064: 880:

to Britain, and its territory expanded very substantially in the 19th century.

853: 774: 726: 705: 538: 483: 124: 3294:

Black Soldiers of the Queen: The Natal Native Contingent in the Anglo-Zulu War

2812: 6831: 6657: 6378: 5483: 5462: 5432: 5425: 5134: 4736: 4712: 4610: 4604: 4502: 3870: 3756: 3726: 3483: 3478: 3321: 2932: 1916: 1460:

Surrender of Sihayo's three sons and brother to be tried by the Natal courts.

1407: 1324: 1173: 1138: 1011: 1006: 673: 623: 598: 563: 503: 1564: 1152:

The boundary was beaconed in 1864, but when in 1865 Umtonga again fled from

6322: 5931: 5752: 5703: 4866: 4780: 4580: 4423: 4297: 3948: 3918: 3701: 3559: 2068: 1972: 1938: 1640: 1636: 1403: 1165: 1153: 1091: 1060: 999: 972: 958: 937: 903: 746: 730: 709: 573: 144: 137: 81: 77: 40: 4243: 1842: 1774:

regiments of reinforcements to Natal, along with two artillery batteries.

5915: 4858: 4700: 4345: 4141: 4075: 3882: 3732: 3007:

The Destruction of the Zulu Kingdom: The Civil War in Zululand, 1879–1884

1306:

The first two incidents related to the flight into Natal of two wives of

1299: 1192:

As ruler, Cetshwayo set about reviving the military methods of his uncle

1177: 1032: 995: 962: 869: 633: 493: 259: 30: 2439: 1816: 1724:

and were driven off after 10 hours of ferocious fighting on 23 January.

6490: 6028: 5141: 5086: 4946: 4930: 4147: 4069: 3780: 3617: 3347: 1056: 895: 1481:

That every man, when he comes to man's estate, shall be free to marry.

432: 5949: 5940: 5871: 5277: 5254: 5243: 4562: 4315: 4135: 3455:(facs. repr. Lionel Leventhal, London ed.). London: War Office. 3364:

Forgotten Heroes Zulu & Basuto Wars including Medal Roll 1877-8-9

2008: 1909: 1889: 1885: 1639:. Three columns were to invade Zululand, from the Lower Drift of the 1573: 1331:, who had replaced Carnarvon as Secretary of State for the Colonies: 1293: 1169: 1114: 983: 899: 877: 757: 668: 1727: 1619:'s No. 2 Column, under his direct command. He moved his troops from 1113:

began raiding the surrounding areas, culminating in the invasion of

6719: 6217: 5862: 4986: 4843: 4291: 3329: 2986:

The Dust Rose Like Smoke: The Subjugation of the Zulu and the Sioux

1866:

to defeat the main Zulu army. On 4 July, the armies clashed at the

1356: 950: 3477:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

2278:, p. 75 "Thus ended the first British invasion of Zululand". 1044: 5127: 1927: 1669: 1208: 1197: 1161: 865: 322: 1350:

Cetshwayo also treated the complaint rather lightly, responding

1101: 5854: 5010: 4789: 3508: 3429: 2947: 2286:, pp. 498–511 has a chapter titled: "The Second Invasion". 1951: 1782: 1660: 1475:

That the Zulu army be disbanded and the men allowed to go home.

1126: 1068: 864:

settlements, native African kingdoms such as the Zulus and the

3513: 1551: 968: 5002: 2762: 2282:, p. 27 has a map titled: "First invasion of Zululand". 2058: 1675: 1577: 1202: 1193: 2451: 2354: 2352: 906:

that attracted people from all over the world, which turned

3406:

Zulu Rising: The Epic Story of Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift

2714: 1754:

Meanwhile, the left flank column at Utrecht, under Colonel

1711: 1679:, clubs, some throwing spears and shields made of cowhide. 1130: 885: 861: 3350:(February 2009). "The Forgotten Battles of the Zulu War". 2676: 2610: 2577: 2311: 1788:

Chelmsford ordered Sir Evelyn Wood's troops to attack the

2871: 2738: 2651: 2649: 2445: 2349: 2207: 1968: 1765: 1257: 2634: 2475: 2364: 2110:, p. 396 gives British strength in April as 22,545. 1253: 1164:), removed the beacon and claimed the land ceded by the 2519: 2517: 2696:"The Battle of Isandlwana: Zulu Wars with the British" 2646: 2529: 2504: 2502: 2427: 2415: 2403: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2274:, p. 5 "Chelmsford...began his second invasion". 1505:

than the regular British soldiers in their red coats.

4778: 3157:

Zulu Victory: The Epic of Isandlwana and the Cover-up

2750: 2487: 2393: 2391: 2376: 1809:

Kambula on the Zulu army was severe. Their commander

2514: 2463: 2299: 2020: 1424:

In January 1879, Hicks Beach wrote to Bartle Frere:

1221: 2726: 2702: 2499: 2332: 1870:, and Cetshwayo's forces were decisively defeated. 3189:Diamonds, Gold and War: The Making of South Africa 2774: 2589: 2388: 1986:Private Charles Wallace Warden (died 8 March 1953) 3052:Rorke's Drift, 1879: 'Pinned like Rats in a Hole' 3028:Brave Men's Blood: The Epic of the Zulu War, 1879 2622: 1785:, with entrenched camps being formed each night. 1631:, and early on 11 January commenced crossing the 752:Frere, on his own initiative, sent a provocative 6829: 6888:Wars involving the states and peoples of Africa 5568:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre 1284:In February 1878 a commission was appointed by 2958: 2682: 1967:Colour Sergeant (later Lieutenant-Colonel and 1319:The third incident occurred in September when 898:, some 550 mi (890 km) northeast of 4764: 3545: 3252:Anglo-Zulu War, 1879: A Selected Bibliography 3153: 2834: 2768: 2720: 2147: 1560:, painting by Charles Edwin Fripp (1854–1906) 1252:. Consider transferring direct quotations to 914:, site of the Kimberley diamond discoveries. 448: 338: 68:(5 months, 3 weeks and 2 days) 3509:Rorke's Drift and the Anglo–Zulu War website 3496:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 3423: 3111: 2317: 1568:British Army military map of Zulu Land, 1879 3356:. Vol. 10, no. 2. pp. 26–33. 3320: 1071:and two of his half-brothers, one of whom, 894:The discovery of diamonds in 1867 near the 4771: 4757: 3552: 3538: 3273:The Scottish Soldier and Empire, 1854–1902 1989:Henry "Harry" Figg R.N. (died 23 May 1953) 1792:stronghold in Hlobane. Lieutenant Colonel 1651:(No. 3 Column under Lord Chelmsford), and 876:had permanently ceded the Dutch colony of 455: 441: 345: 331: 3174: 2640: 2481: 2159: 835:Learn how and when to remove this message 5641:Reconstruction and Development Programme 3482: 3450: 3290: 3185: 2918: 2892: 2655: 2469: 2433: 2421: 2409: 2275: 2258:, p. 5, gives 800 Zulu casualties. 1841: 1815: 1764: 1726: 1681: 1667:Zulu warriors were armed primarily with 1563: 1550: 1381: 1143: 1100: 1043: 967: 798:This section includes a list of general 5237:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike 3094:British Fortifications in Zululand 1879 2939: 2842:"The Rorke's Drift VC Discussion Forum" 2732: 2616: 2583: 2535: 2358: 2243: 2183: 2171: 2119: 2107: 2091: 1590:Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford 462: 6830: 5718:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike 3402: 3388:. London: John Lane, The Bodley Head. 3381: 3360: 3269: 3227: 3206: 3136:Historical Dictionary of the Zulu Wars 3132: 3115:British Army: Zulu War to the Boer War 3090: 3069: 3045: 3024: 2943:History of the Zulu War and Its Origin 2756: 2744: 2708: 2523: 2508: 2457: 2370: 2343: 2305: 2283: 2279: 2259: 2231: 2219: 2195: 2135: 2131: 2095: 1659:) respectively, their objective being 1623:to a forward camp at Helpmekaar, past 1472:Observance of the coronation promises. 4752: 3533: 3346: 3248: 3031:. Pen & Sword Military Classics. 2601: 2568: 2559: 2550: 2541: 2271: 2255: 1456:that all expired on 10 January 1879. 1243:too many or overly lengthy quotations 756:on 11 December 1878 to the Zulu king 436: 326: 3811:Regulator Movement in North Carolina 3154:Lock, Ron; Quantrill, Peter (2002). 2982: 2780: 2595: 2493: 2397: 2382: 2004:(1964), the Battle at Rorke's Drift. 1225: 784: 5648:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 5294:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis 3003: 2898:The Zulu War: Isandhlwana to Ulundi 2628: 1993: 1673:thrusting spears, known in Zulu as 1181:lieutenant-governor of Natal, then 1094:, under Pretorius, formed the Boer 923:Secretary of State for the Colonies 13: 3424:Laband, John; Knight, Ian (1996). 3313: 3181:. Vol. II. London: J. Murray. 2667: 1919:and returned to Zululand in 1883. 1831: 1627:. On 9 January 1879 they moved to 1346:who were the leaders of the party. 1196:as far as possible. He formed new 804:it lacks sufficient corresponding 352: 14: 6914: 6893:Wars involving the United Kingdom 6858:African resistance to colonialism 6800:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania 6435:South African Party (Cape Colony) 3560:Colonial conflicts involving the 3514:Anglo–Zulu War Historical Society 3502: 3112:Knight, Ian; Castle, Ian (1999). 2012:(1979), the Battle of Isandlwana. 1508: 1222:Boundary Commission and ultimatum 1137:on the Buffalo to a point on the 1125:In 1861, Umtonga, another son of 847: 718:British North America Act of 1867 239:6,700 British and Colonial troops 6883:Military history of South Africa 6812: 6811: 3470: 3385:Lord Chelmsford and the Zulu War 2878:. University of Nebraska Press. 2800:South African Historical Journal 2793:Laband, John (14 January 2009). 2054:Military history of South Africa 2023: 1961: 1880:Military history of South Africa 1860:Prince Imperial Eugene Bonaparte 1230: 789: 720:forming a federation in Canada, 286: 273: 246: 233: 190: 179: 168: 157: 131: 118: 29: 6873:Invasions by the United Kingdom 6449:South African Party (1977–1980) 6442:South African Party (1911–1934) 6358:Progressive Party (Cape Colony) 6155:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners 3636:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 3297:. University of Alabama Press. 3175:Martineau, John (1895). "XIX". 2946:. Assisted by Edward Durnford. 2786: 2688: 2661: 2265: 2249: 2237: 2225: 2213: 2201: 2189: 2177: 2165: 2153: 2141: 2125: 1846:Last Sleep of the Brave, 1879 ( 1039: 716:. Following the passing of the 704:was fought in 1879 between the 6898:British colonisation in Africa 5767:2019 service delivery protests 5753:#FeesMustFall student protests 5498:1983 constitutional referendum 3739:Father Rale's War/Dummer's War 3276:. Edinburgh University Press. 2323: 2113: 2101: 2085: 1: 6225:Johannesburg Reform Committee 5454:Israel–South Africa Agreement 4847: 4832: 4809: 4802: 4136:Black War (Van Diemen's Land) 3980:Castle Hill convict rebellion 3332:: University of Natal Press. 3010:. University of Natal Press. 2074: 1979:(1854–1945) Last survivor of 780: 768:, followed by the defence of 102:Partition of the Zulu Kingdom 35:From top left clockwise: The 5880:Black Consciousness Movement 5634:Government of National Unity 3324:; Webb, Colin de B. (1965). 2940:Colenso, Frances E. (1880). 2292: 1954:, where he died soon after. 1873: 1557:The Last Stand at Isandlwana 1392:Henry Ernest Gascoyne Bulwer 1206:(the Zulu refinement of the 760:and upon its rejection sent 737:was sent to South Africa as 16:British colonial war in 1879 7: 6903:Wars involving South Africa 6848:1879 in the Colony of Natal 5591:Saint James Church massacre 5477:Weapons of mass destruction 2965:New History of South Africa 2016: 1769:Battle of the Intombe river 1323:while on a sandbank of the 51:and the British defence of 10: 6919: 6863:Battles involving the Zulu 6843:1879 in the British Empire 5331:1957 Alexandra bus boycott 5209:South West Africa campaign 5108:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 5073:French Huguenot settlement 4653:Jewish revolt in Palestine 4298:Fenian Rebellion in Canada 3943:Dwyer's guerrilla campaign 3835:American Revolutionary War 3270:Spiers, Edward M. (2006). 3207:Morris, Donald R. (1998). 2962:; Mbenga, Bernard (2007). 2864: 2683:Giliomee & Mbenga 2007 2329:Knight (1992, 2002), p. 8. 2098:, p. 292 gives 16,800 1877: 1835: 1512: 1216: 1083:. Dingane's half brother, 874:Anglo–Dutch Treaty of 1814 753: 6809: 6786:African National Congress 6775: 6681: 6514: 6246:Liberal Party (1953–1968) 5969: 5960: 5818: 5614: 5584:1992 apartheid referendum 5253: 5198: 5117: 5055: 5028: 5021: 4787: 4487: 4424:Jameson Raid South Africa 3958: 3711: 3572: 3524:Anglo–Zulu War, 1878–1879 3451:Rothwell, J. S. (1989) . 3249:Raugh, Harold E. (2011). 3228:Morvan, Philippe (2021). 3186:Meredith, Martin (2007). 2902:Weidenfeld & Nicolson 2813:10.1080/02582470008671912 2769:Lock & Quantrill 2002 2721:Lock & Quantrill 2002 2148:Lock & Quantrill 2002 1946:forest. After appeals to 474: 362: 304: 217: 150: 110: 58: 47:, the British defence of 28: 23: 6868:History of KwaZulu-Natal 6853:1879 in the Zulu Kingdom 6239:Labour Party (1969–1994) 6232:Labour Party (1910–1958) 5788:2020 Phala Phala Robbery 5746:#RhodesMustFall protests 5345:1960 republic referendum 4635:Arab revolt in Palestine 4232:Second Anglo-Burmese War 3974:Second Anglo-Maratha War 3865:Australian frontier wars 3519:The Keynsham Light Horse 3382:French, Gerald (2014) . 3291:Thompson, P. S. (2006). 3192:. Simon & Schuster. 2921:Military History Journal 2875:World History of Warfare 2318:Knight & Castle 1999 2079: 1515:Action at Sihayo's Kraal 1446: 1250:summarize the quotations 66:11 January – 4 July 1879 6684:terrorist organisations 5774:2019 Johannesburg riots 5387:Constructive engagement 5352:International isolation 5170:Witwatersrand Gold Rush 4629:Second Mohmand campaign 4364:Third Anglo-Burmese War 4328:Second Anglo-Afghan War 4130:First Anglo-Burmese War 4106:Third Anglo-Maratha War 3937:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War 3847:Second Anglo-Mysore War 3841:First Anglo-Maratha War 3493:Encyclopædia Britannica 2983:Gump, James O. (1996). 1688:Battle of Rorke's Drift 1608:inside Zulu territory. 1527:Battle of Rorke's Drift 1029:Sir Michael Hicks Beach 819:more precise citations. 5697:Attack on Kennedy Road 5308:Congress of the People 4899:South African Republic 4569:Third Anglo-Afghan War 4454:First Mohmand campaign 4178:First Anglo-Afghan War 3877:Third Anglo-Mysore War 2960:Giliomee, Hermann Buhr 2460:, pp. 33, 38, 39. 1851: 1821: 1770: 1736: 1695: 1569: 1561: 1440: 1431: 1418: 1387: 1380: 1371: 1361: 1348: 1338: 1317: 1149: 1120:Battle of Ndondakusuka 1109: 1085:Mpande kaSenzangakhona 1073:Dinggh kaSenzangakhona 1053: 1022:British Prime Minister 975: 955:South African Republic 743:South African Republic 151:Commanders and leaders 6267:Natal Indian Congress 5987:Afrikaner Broederbond 5841:Afrikaner nationalism 5627:1994 general election 5598:Bophuthatswana crisis 5491:Church Street bombing 5271:Apartheid legislation 5264:1948 general election 5184:South Africa Act 1909 4979:Union of South Africa 4799:Kingdom of Mapungubwe 4779:Political history of 4226:Second Anglo-Sikh War 3883:Cotiote (Wayanad) War 3769:French and Indian War 3133:Laband, John (2009). 2670:Washing of the Spears 1845: 1820:The burning of Ulundi 1819: 1768: 1731:Zulu warriors, 1879 ( 1730: 1685: 1603:Lord Chelmsford, the 1567: 1554: 1547:Battle of Gingindlovu 1435: 1426: 1413: 1385: 1376: 1366: 1352: 1343: 1333: 1321:two men were detained 1312: 1148:Zulu village, c. 1849 1147: 1104: 1081:Battle of Blood River 1047: 971: 872:was formed after the 860:bordering on various 305:Casualties and losses 279:16,000 British troops 5901:Greater South Africa 5739:2014 platinum strike 5605:Shell House massacre 5533:Transkei coup d'état 5338:Sharpeville massacre 5101:Battle of Blaauwberg 5094:Battle of Muizenberg 5046:Battle of Salt River 4829:Mthethwa Paramountcy 4388:Hunza–Nagar Campaign 4196:First Anglo-Sikh War 4172:Egyptian–Ottoman War 3403:Knight, Ian (2010). 3361:Dutton, Roy (2010). 3353:BBC History Magazine 3091:Knight, Ian (2005). 3070:Knight, Ian (2003). 3025:Knight, Ian (1995). 2031:Victorian era portal 1848:Alphonse de Neuville 1717:Battle of Isandlwana 1692:Alphonse de Neuville 1655:(No. 4 Column under 1645:Col. Charles Pearson 1643:(No. 1 Column under 1615:'s No. 3 Column and 1523:Battle of Isandlwana 1279:Theophilus Shepstone 1183:Robert William Keate 980:Theophilus Shepstone 766:Battle of Isandlwana 211:Dabulamanzi kaMpande 39:, the charge of the 37:Battle of Isandlwana 6793:Democratic Alliance 5970:Civic and political 5834:Afrikaner Calvinism 5827:African nationalism 5676:African Renaissance 5366:UNSC Resolution 591 5287:Internal resistance 5188:National Convention 5156:Transvaal Civil War 5080:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars 4963:Orange River Colony 4641:Waziristan campaign 4575:Waziristan campaign 4268:Revolt of Rajab Ali 3745:War of Jenkins' Ear 2747:, pp. 261–262. 2619:, pp. 260–262. 2586:, pp. 258–260. 2373:, pp. 291–292. 2361:, pp. 261–262. 2069:Kingdom of Zululand 2064:Scramble for Africa 1733:Charles Edwin Fripp 1613:Richard Thomas Glyn 1329:Michael Hicks Beach 1096:Republic of Natalia 889:Republic of Natalia 745:and the Kingdom of 684:South Africa (1914) 649:South Africa (1906) 614:South Africa (1899) 584:Matabeleland (1896) 574:South Africa (1895) 554:Matabeleland (1893) 519:Somalia (1888–1924) 514:Equatoria (1886–89) 484:South Africa (1880) 479:South Africa (1879) 466:Scramble for Africa 5540:Ciskei coup d'état 5359:UN Resolution 1761 5324:Women's March 1956 5177:South African Wars 5163:Mineral Revolution 4515:Bambatha Rebellion 4430:Anglo-Zanzibar War 4418:Chitral Expedition 4352:Anglo-Egyptian War 4124:Anglo-Ashanti wars 3829:Lord Dunmore's War 3787:Anglo-Cherokee War 3696:King William's War 3426:The Anglo-Zulu War 3326:A History of Natal 3004:Guy, Jeff (1994). 2952:Chapman & Hall 2848:. 15 December 2001 2446:Archer et al. 2008 2208:Archer et al. 2008 2039:Bambatha Rebellion 1852: 1822: 1811:Mnyamana Buthelezi 1771: 1737: 1696: 1605:Commander-in-Chief 1586:Henry Bartle Frere 1570: 1562: 1519:Battle of Inyezane 1388: 1290:Henry Bartle Frere 1174:Boer commando unit 1150: 1110: 1090:In 1839, the Boer 1054: 1050:Cetshwayo kaMpande 976: 931:Transvaal Republic 852:By the 1850s, the 539:Mashonaland (1890) 203:Cetshwayo kaMpande 175:Henry Bartle Frere 6825: 6824: 6778:political parties 6771: 6770: 6748:Orde van die Dood 6365:Progressive Party 6071:Congress Alliance 5887:Cape Independence 5819:Political culture 5814: 5813: 5781:COVID-19 pandemic 5711:Marikana massacre 5547:Venda coup d'état 5301:Defiance Campaign 4891:Orange Free State 4821:Dutch Cape Colony 4746: 4745: 4677:Malayan Emergency 4587:Malabar rebellion 4448:Siege of Malakand 4394:Anglo-Manipur War 4250:Anglo-Persian War 3799:Anglo-Spanish War 3751:King George's War 3672:King Philip's War 3648:Anglo-Spanish War 3416:978-0-330-44593-1 3395:978-1-4738-3510-8 3374:978-0-9556554-4-9 3304:978-0-8173-5368-1 3283:978-0-7486-2354-9 3262:978-0-8108-7227-1 3241:978-2-7021-6767-0 3220:978-0-306-80866-1 3213:. Da Capo Press. 3199:978-0-7432-8614-5 3167:978-1-85367-505-8 3146:978-0-8108-6300-2 3125:978-1-85753-284-5 3104:978-1-84176-829-8 3083:978-1-84176-612-6 3073:The Zulu War 1879 3062:978-1-85532-506-7 3038:978-1-84415-212-4 3017:978-0-86980-892-4 2975:978-0-624-04359-1 2894:Barthorp, Michael 2885:978-0-8032-1941-0 2846:rorkesdriftvc.com 2496:, pp. 87–88. 2385:, pp. 73–93. 1806:Battle of Kambula 1798:attack on Hlobane 1779:Battle of Intombe 1708:Ntshingwayo Khoza 1543:Battle of Kambula 1539:Battle of Hlobane 1535:Battle of Intombe 1275: 1274: 1025:Benjamin Disraeli 942:High Commissioner 927:Orange Free State 845: 844: 837: 739:High Commissioner 697: 696: 654:Morocco (1907–34) 644:Morocco (1905–06) 639:Tanganyika (1905) 619:Somaliland (1900) 559:Morocco (1893–94) 544:Katanga (1891−92) 509:Madagascar (1883) 430: 429: 372:Zungwini Mountain 321: 320: 207:Ntshingwayo Khoza 164:Benjamin Disraeli 106: 105: 6910: 6815: 6814: 6802: 6795: 6788: 6764: 6757: 6750: 6743: 6736: 6729: 6722: 6715: 6708: 6701: 6694: 6682:Paramilitary and 6674: 6672:Umkosi Wezintaba 6667: 6660: 6653: 6646: 6639: 6632: 6625: 6618: 6611: 6604: 6597: 6590: 6583: 6576: 6569: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6541: 6534: 6527: 6517:social movements 6515:Trade unions and 6507: 6500: 6493: 6486: 6479: 6472: 6465: 6458: 6451: 6444: 6437: 6430: 6423: 6416: 6409: 6402: 6395: 6388: 6381: 6374: 6367: 6360: 6353: 6346: 6339: 6332: 6325: 6318: 6311: 6304: 6297: 6290: 6283: 6276: 6269: 6262: 6255: 6248: 6241: 6234: 6227: 6220: 6213: 6206: 6199: 6192: 6185: 6178: 6171: 6164: 6157: 6150: 6143: 6136: 6129: 6122: 6115: 6108: 6101: 6094: 6087: 6080: 6073: 6066: 6059: 6052: 6045: 6038: 6036:Boerestaat Party 6031: 6024: 6017: 6010: 6003: 5996: 5989: 5982: 5967: 5966: 5953: 5944: 5935: 5926: 5919: 5910: 5903: 5896: 5889: 5882: 5875: 5866: 5857: 5850: 5843: 5836: 5829: 5807: 5797: 5790: 5783: 5776: 5769: 5762: 5755: 5748: 5741: 5734: 5727: 5720: 5713: 5706: 5699: 5692: 5685: 5678: 5671: 5664: 5657: 5650: 5643: 5636: 5629: 5607: 5600: 5593: 5586: 5579: 5570: 5563: 5556: 5549: 5542: 5535: 5528: 5526:Dakar Conference 5521: 5514: 5507: 5500: 5493: 5486: 5479: 5472: 5465: 5456: 5449: 5447:Israeli alliance 5442: 5435: 5428: 5417: 5410: 5403: 5401:Sporting boycott 5396: 5389: 5382: 5375: 5373:Academic boycott 5368: 5361: 5354: 5347: 5340: 5333: 5326: 5317: 5310: 5303: 5296: 5289: 5280: 5273: 5266: 5246: 5239: 5232: 5230:Great Depression 5225: 5218: 5216:Maritz rebellion 5211: 5191: 5179: 5172: 5165: 5158: 5151: 5144: 5137: 5130: 5110: 5103: 5096: 5089: 5082: 5075: 5068: 5066:Dutch settlement 5048: 5041: 5039:Bantu migrations 5026: 5025: 5014: 5006: 4998: 4990: 4982: 4974: 4971:Transvaal Colony 4966: 4958: 4950: 4942: 4939:Nieuwe Republiek 4934: 4926: 4918: 4910: 4902: 4894: 4886: 4878: 4875:Natalia Republic 4870: 4862: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4844:Ndwandwe Kingdom 4839: 4837: 4834: 4824: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4807: 4804: 4773: 4766: 4759: 4750: 4749: 4695:Cyprus Emergency 4521:Maritz rebellion 4509:Tibet expedition 4442:Benin Expedition 4262:Indian Rebellion 4256:Second Opium War 4238:Eureka Rebellion 4214:British Honduras 4190:New Zealand Wars 3775:Seven Years' War 3721:Queen Anne's War 3554: 3547: 3540: 3531: 3530: 3497: 3476: 3474: 3473: 3466: 3447: 3420: 3399: 3378: 3357: 3343: 3322:Brookes, Edgar H 3308: 3287: 3266: 3245: 3234:. Calmann-Lévy. 3231:Les fils du ciel 3224: 3203: 3182: 3171: 3150: 3129: 3118:. Brassey's UK. 3108: 3087: 3066: 3042: 3021: 3000: 2979: 2955: 2936: 2915: 2889: 2858: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2572: 2566: 2563: 2557: 2554: 2548: 2545: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2512: 2506: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2347: 2341: 2330: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2287: 2269: 2263: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2089: 2033: 2028: 2027: 2026: 1994:Film adaptations 1902:John Robert Dunn 1894:dynasty of Shaka 1868:Battle of Ulundi 1838:Battle of Ulundi 1760:Hlobane Mountain 1657:Col. Evelyn Wood 1621:Pietermaritzburg 1617:Anthony Durnford 1270: 1267: 1261: 1234: 1233: 1226: 856:had colonies in 840: 833: 829: 826: 820: 815:this section by 806:inline citations 793: 792: 785: 599:Wassoulou (1898) 564:Wassoulou (1894) 504:Wassoulou (1883) 469: 467: 457: 450: 443: 434: 433: 417:Zungeni Mountain 357: 347: 340: 333: 324: 323: 291: 290: 278: 277: 251: 250: 249: 238: 237: 195: 194: 184: 183: 173: 172: 162: 161: 136: 135: 134: 123: 122: 60: 59: 33: 21: 20: 6918: 6917: 6913: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6908: 6907: 6828: 6827: 6826: 6821: 6805: 6798: 6791: 6784: 6777: 6767: 6760: 6753: 6746: 6739: 6732: 6725: 6718: 6711: 6704: 6697: 6690: 6683: 6677: 6670: 6663: 6656: 6649: 6642: 6635: 6628: 6621: 6614: 6607: 6600: 6593: 6586: 6579: 6572: 6565: 6558: 6551: 6544: 6537: 6530: 6523: 6516: 6510: 6503: 6496: 6489: 6482: 6475: 6468: 6461: 6454: 6447: 6440: 6433: 6426: 6419: 6412: 6405: 6398: 6391: 6384: 6377: 6370: 6363: 6356: 6349: 6342: 6335: 6328: 6321: 6314: 6307: 6300: 6293: 6286: 6279: 6272: 6265: 6258: 6251: 6244: 6237: 6230: 6223: 6216: 6209: 6202: 6195: 6188: 6183:HNP (Herstigte) 6181: 6176:HNP (Herenigde) 6174: 6167: 6160: 6153: 6146: 6139: 6132: 6125: 6118: 6111: 6104: 6097: 6090: 6083: 6076: 6069: 6062: 6055: 6048: 6041: 6034: 6027: 6020: 6013: 6006: 5999: 5994:Afrikaner Party 5992: 5985: 5978: 5971: 5962: 5956: 5947: 5938: 5929: 5922: 5913: 5908:Honorary whites 5906: 5899: 5892: 5885: 5878: 5869: 5860: 5853: 5846: 5839: 5832: 5825: 5810: 5800: 5793: 5786: 5779: 5772: 5765: 5758: 5751: 5744: 5737: 5730: 5723: 5716: 5709: 5702: 5695: 5688: 5681: 5674: 5669:Soweto bombings 5667: 5660: 5653: 5646: 5639: 5632: 5625: 5617: 5610: 5603: 5596: 5589: 5582: 5575: 5566: 5559: 5552: 5545: 5538: 5531: 5524: 5517: 5510: 5503: 5496: 5489: 5482: 5475: 5470:Soweto Uprising 5468: 5461: 5452: 5445: 5438: 5431: 5424: 5413: 5406: 5399: 5394:Tar Baby Option 5392: 5385: 5378: 5371: 5364: 5357: 5350: 5343: 5336: 5329: 5322: 5315:Freedom Charter 5313: 5306: 5299: 5292: 5285: 5276: 5269: 5262: 5249: 5242: 5235: 5228: 5221: 5214: 5207: 5194: 5182: 5175: 5168: 5161: 5154: 5147: 5140: 5133: 5126: 5113: 5106: 5099: 5092: 5085: 5078: 5071: 5064: 5051: 5044: 5037: 5017: 5009: 5001: 4993: 4985: 4977: 4969: 4961: 4953: 4945: 4937: 4929: 4921: 4915:Griqualand West 4913: 4907:Griqualand East 4905: 4897: 4889: 4881: 4873: 4865: 4857: 4850: 4842: 4835: 4827: 4819: 4812: 4805: 4797: 4783: 4777: 4747: 4742: 4683:Kenya Emergency 4489: 4483: 4478:Second Boer War 4472:Boxer Rebellion 4400:Pahang Uprising 4280:Ambela campaign 4202:Río de la Plata 4184:First Opium War 4166:Aden Expedition 3998:Río de la Plata 3960: 3954: 3925:Irish Rebellion 3817:First Carib War 3713: 3707: 3630:Confederate War 3624:Irish Rebellion 3574: 3568: 3558: 3526:by Ralph Zuljan 3505: 3500: 3486:, ed. (1911). " 3471: 3469: 3463: 3444: 3417: 3396: 3375: 3340: 3316: 3314:Further reading 3311: 3305: 3284: 3263: 3242: 3221: 3200: 3168: 3147: 3126: 3105: 3084: 3063: 3039: 3018: 2997: 2989:. Bison Books. 2976: 2912: 2886: 2867: 2862: 2861: 2851: 2849: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2825: 2823: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2779: 2775: 2767: 2763: 2755: 2751: 2743: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2707: 2703: 2698:. 24 July 2015. 2694: 2693: 2689: 2681: 2677: 2666: 2662: 2654: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2594: 2590: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2534: 2530: 2522: 2515: 2507: 2500: 2492: 2488: 2480: 2476: 2468: 2464: 2456: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2420: 2416: 2408: 2404: 2396: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2357: 2350: 2342: 2333: 2328: 2324: 2316: 2312: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2270: 2266: 2254: 2250: 2242: 2238: 2230: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2206: 2202: 2194: 2190: 2182: 2178: 2170: 2166: 2158: 2154: 2146: 2142: 2130: 2126: 2118: 2114: 2106: 2102: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2044:Colony of Natal 2029: 2024: 2022: 2019: 1996: 1964: 1882: 1876: 1840: 1834: 1832:Second invasion 1749:Siege of Eshowe 1741:Charles Pearson 1549: 1531:Siege of Eshowe 1513:Main articles: 1511: 1449: 1271: 1265: 1262: 1256:or excerpts to 1247: 1235: 1231: 1224: 1219: 1042: 946:Southern Africa 912:West Griqualand 858:southern Africa 850: 841: 830: 824: 821: 811:Please help to 810: 794: 790: 783: 762:Lord Chelmsford 733:. In 1874, Sir 698: 693: 679:Libya (1911–12) 589:Zanzibar (1896) 579:Ethiopia (1896) 470: 465: 463: 461: 431: 426: 358: 353: 351: 316: 311: 296: 285: 272: 267: 263: 262: 257: 252:800 Auxiliaries 247: 245: 232: 227: 213: 209: 205: 199: 197:Garnet Wolseley 189: 188: 186:Lord Chelmsford 178: 177: 167: 166: 156: 132: 130: 117: 98: 92:British victory 84: 67: 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6916: 6906: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6838:Anglo-Zulu War 6823: 6822: 6810: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6803: 6796: 6789: 6781: 6779: 6773: 6772: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6765: 6758: 6751: 6744: 6741:Ossewabrandwag 6737: 6730: 6723: 6716: 6709: 6702: 6695: 6687: 6685: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6675: 6668: 6661: 6654: 6647: 6640: 6633: 6626: 6619: 6612: 6605: 6598: 6591: 6584: 6577: 6570: 6563: 6556: 6549: 6542: 6535: 6528: 6520: 6518: 6512: 6511: 6509: 6508: 6501: 6494: 6487: 6484:Unionist Party 6480: 6473: 6466: 6463:Torch Commando 6459: 6452: 6445: 6438: 6431: 6424: 6417: 6410: 6403: 6396: 6389: 6382: 6375: 6368: 6361: 6354: 6347: 6340: 6337:Orde Boerevolk 6333: 6326: 6319: 6312: 6305: 6298: 6291: 6284: 6277: 6270: 6263: 6256: 6249: 6242: 6235: 6228: 6221: 6214: 6207: 6200: 6193: 6186: 6179: 6172: 6165: 6158: 6151: 6144: 6137: 6130: 6123: 6116: 6113:DP (1989–2000) 6109: 6106:DP (1973–1977) 6102: 6099:Dominion Party 6095: 6088: 6081: 6074: 6067: 6060: 6053: 6046: 6039: 6032: 6025: 6018: 6011: 6004: 5997: 5990: 5983: 5980:Afrikaner Bond 5975: 5973: 5964: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5954: 5945: 5936: 5927: 5920: 5911: 5904: 5897: 5894:Day of the Vow 5890: 5883: 5876: 5867: 5858: 5851: 5844: 5837: 5830: 5822: 5820: 5816: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5808: 5798: 5791: 5784: 5777: 5770: 5763: 5756: 5749: 5742: 5735: 5728: 5721: 5714: 5707: 5700: 5693: 5686: 5679: 5672: 5665: 5662:Floor crossing 5658: 5651: 5644: 5637: 5630: 5622: 5620: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5608: 5601: 5594: 5587: 5580: 5577:Bisho massacre 5573: 5572: 5571: 5557: 5550: 5543: 5536: 5529: 5522: 5519:Operation Vula 5515: 5512:Rubicon speech 5508: 5505:Langa massacre 5501: 5494: 5487: 5480: 5473: 5466: 5459: 5458: 5457: 5443: 5436: 5429: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5411: 5397: 5390: 5383: 5376: 5369: 5362: 5348: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5304: 5297: 5290: 5283: 5282: 5281: 5267: 5259: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5247: 5240: 5233: 5226: 5223:Rand Rebellion 5219: 5212: 5204: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5192: 5180: 5173: 5166: 5159: 5152: 5149:Boer Republics 5145: 5138: 5131: 5123: 5121: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5111: 5104: 5097: 5090: 5083: 5076: 5069: 5061: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5042: 5034: 5032: 5023: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5015: 5007: 4999: 4995:Bophuthatswana 4991: 4983: 4975: 4967: 4959: 4955:Klein Vrystaat 4951: 4943: 4935: 4927: 4919: 4911: 4903: 4895: 4887: 4879: 4871: 4863: 4855: 4840: 4825: 4817: 4794: 4792: 4785: 4784: 4776: 4775: 4768: 4761: 4753: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4623:Barzani revolt 4620: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4493: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4460:Tirah campaign 4457: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4379: 4373: 4370:Central Africa 4367: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4340:First Boer War 4337: 4331: 4325: 4322:Anglo-Zulu War 4319: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4010:Froberg mutiny 4007: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3964: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3717: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3690:Williamite War 3687: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3578: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3566:British Empire 3557: 3556: 3549: 3542: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3504: 3503:External links 3501: 3499: 3498: 3484:Chisholm, Hugh 3467: 3461: 3448: 3442: 3421: 3415: 3400: 3394: 3379: 3373: 3358: 3344: 3338: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3309: 3303: 3288: 3282: 3267: 3261: 3246: 3240: 3225: 3219: 3204: 3198: 3183: 3172: 3166: 3151: 3145: 3130: 3124: 3109: 3103: 3088: 3082: 3067: 3061: 3043: 3037: 3022: 3016: 3001: 2995: 2980: 2974: 2956: 2937: 2916: 2910: 2890: 2884: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2833: 2807:(1): 179–196. 2785: 2773: 2761: 2759:, p. 142. 2749: 2737: 2725: 2713: 2701: 2687: 2675: 2660: 2645: 2643:, p. 248. 2641:Martineau 1895 2633: 2621: 2609: 2600: 2588: 2576: 2567: 2558: 2549: 2540: 2538:, p. 196. 2528: 2513: 2498: 2486: 2484:, p. 251. 2482:Martineau 1895 2474: 2462: 2450: 2448:, p. 462. 2438: 2426: 2414: 2402: 2387: 2375: 2363: 2348: 2331: 2322: 2320:, p. 115. 2310: 2308:, p. 498. 2297: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2288: 2264: 2248: 2236: 2224: 2212: 2200: 2188: 2176: 2164: 2160:Martineau 1895 2152: 2140: 2124: 2112: 2100: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2049:First Boer War 2046: 2041: 2035: 2034: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2005: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1963: 1960: 1948:Melmoth Osborn 1924:Melmoth Osborn 1878:Main article: 1875: 1872: 1836:Main article: 1833: 1830: 1794:Redvers Buller 1790:abaQulusi Zulu 1745:Inyezane River 1510: 1509:First invasion 1507: 1498: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1453:Ultimatum Tree 1448: 1445: 1308:Sihayo kaXongo 1273: 1272: 1238: 1236: 1229: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1067:by one of his 1052:, c. 1875 1048:Photograph of 1041: 1038: 919:Lord Carnarvon 854:British Empire 849: 848:British Empire 846: 843: 842: 797: 795: 788: 782: 779: 775:British Empire 727:Boer republics 722:Lord Carnarvon 706:British Empire 702:Anglo-Zulu War 695: 694: 692: 691: 686: 681: 676: 674:Morocco (1911) 671: 669:Ouaddai (1909) 666: 664:Morocco (1909) 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 634:Namibia (1904) 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 609:Fashoda (1898) 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 569:Ashanti (1895) 566: 561: 556: 551: 549:Dahomey (1892) 546: 541: 536: 534:Dahomey (1890) 531: 526: 524:Eritrea (1889) 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 489:Tunisia (1881) 486: 481: 475: 472: 471: 460: 459: 452: 445: 437: 428: 427: 425: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 367:Sihayo's Kraal 363: 360: 359: 355:Anglo-Zulu War 350: 349: 342: 335: 327: 319: 318: 317:3,500+ wounded 313: 307: 306: 302: 301: 298: 297:3 Gatling guns 294: 293: 283: 282:7,000 Africans 280: 254: 253: 243: 242:9,000 Africans 240: 228:16,500–16,800 220: 219: 215: 214: 200: 153: 152: 148: 147: 142: 141: 140: 125:British Empire 113: 112: 108: 107: 104: 103: 100: 94: 93: 90: 86: 85: 80:, present day 76: 74: 70: 69: 64: 56: 55: 26: 25: 24:Anglo-Zulu War 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6915: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6820: 6819: 6808: 6801: 6797: 6794: 6790: 6787: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6774: 6763: 6759: 6756: 6752: 6749: 6745: 6742: 6738: 6735: 6731: 6728: 6724: 6721: 6717: 6714: 6710: 6707: 6703: 6700: 6696: 6693: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6680: 6673: 6669: 6666: 6662: 6659: 6658:Die Spoorbund 6655: 6652: 6648: 6645: 6641: 6638: 6634: 6631: 6627: 6624: 6620: 6617: 6613: 6610: 6606: 6603: 6599: 6596: 6592: 6589: 6585: 6582: 6578: 6575: 6571: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6557: 6554: 6550: 6547: 6543: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6529: 6526: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6513: 6506: 6502: 6499: 6498:Workers Party 6495: 6492: 6488: 6485: 6481: 6478: 6474: 6471: 6467: 6464: 6460: 6457: 6453: 6450: 6446: 6443: 6439: 6436: 6432: 6429: 6425: 6422: 6418: 6415: 6411: 6408: 6404: 6401: 6397: 6394: 6390: 6387: 6383: 6380: 6379:Radio Freedom 6376: 6373: 6369: 6366: 6362: 6359: 6355: 6352: 6348: 6345: 6341: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6330:Oranjewerkers 6327: 6324: 6320: 6317: 6313: 6310: 6306: 6303: 6299: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6278: 6275: 6271: 6268: 6264: 6261: 6257: 6254: 6250: 6247: 6243: 6240: 6236: 6233: 6229: 6226: 6222: 6219: 6215: 6212: 6208: 6205: 6201: 6198: 6194: 6191: 6187: 6184: 6180: 6177: 6173: 6170: 6166: 6163: 6159: 6156: 6152: 6149: 6145: 6142: 6138: 6135: 6131: 6128: 6124: 6121: 6117: 6114: 6110: 6107: 6103: 6100: 6096: 6093: 6089: 6086: 6082: 6079: 6075: 6072: 6068: 6065: 6061: 6058: 6054: 6051: 6047: 6044: 6040: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6026: 6023: 6019: 6016: 6012: 6009: 6005: 6002: 5998: 5995: 5991: 5988: 5984: 5981: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5972:organisations 5968: 5965: 5963:organisations 5959: 5952: 5951: 5946: 5943: 5942: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5928: 5925: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5912: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5898: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5859: 5856: 5852: 5849: 5845: 5842: 5838: 5835: 5831: 5828: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5817: 5806: 5804: 5799: 5796: 5792: 5789: 5785: 5782: 5778: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5764: 5761: 5760:Tshwane riots 5757: 5754: 5750: 5747: 5743: 5740: 5736: 5733: 5729: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5708: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5694: 5691: 5687: 5684: 5680: 5677: 5673: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5631: 5628: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5613: 5606: 5602: 5599: 5595: 5592: 5588: 5585: 5581: 5578: 5574: 5569: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5558: 5555: 5551: 5548: 5544: 5541: 5537: 5534: 5530: 5527: 5523: 5520: 5516: 5513: 5509: 5506: 5502: 5499: 5495: 5492: 5488: 5485: 5484:Project Coast 5481: 5478: 5474: 5471: 5467: 5464: 5463:Mafeje affair 5460: 5455: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5444: 5441: 5437: 5434: 5433:Durban Moment 5430: 5427: 5426:Rivonia Trial 5423: 5416: 5412: 5409: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5395: 5391: 5388: 5384: 5381: 5380:Disinvestment 5377: 5374: 5370: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5349: 5346: 5342: 5339: 5335: 5332: 5328: 5325: 5321: 5316: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5302: 5298: 5295: 5291: 5288: 5284: 5279: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5268: 5265: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5245: 5241: 5238: 5234: 5231: 5227: 5224: 5220: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5197: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5178: 5174: 5171: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5153: 5150: 5146: 5143: 5139: 5136: 5135:1820 Settlers 5132: 5129: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5109: 5105: 5102: 5098: 5095: 5091: 5088: 5084: 5081: 5077: 5074: 5070: 5067: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5054: 5047: 5043: 5040: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5024: 5020: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4845: 4841: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4800: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4786: 4782: 4774: 4769: 4767: 4762: 4760: 4755: 4754: 4751: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4611:Ikhwan revolt 4609: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4486: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4058:Spice Islands 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4016:Santo Domingo 4014: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3957: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3805:Pontiac's War 3803: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3757:Carnatic Wars 3755: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3727:Tuscarora War 3725: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3710: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3555: 3550: 3548: 3543: 3541: 3536: 3535: 3532: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3495: 3494: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3479:public domain 3468: 3464: 3462:1-85367-041-3 3458: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3443:0-86985-829-7 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3412: 3409:. Macmillan. 3408: 3407: 3401: 3397: 3391: 3387: 3386: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3366: 3365: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3339:0-86980-579-7 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3318: 3306: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3268: 3264: 3258: 3255:. Scarecrow. 3254: 3253: 3247: 3243: 3237: 3233: 3232: 3226: 3222: 3216: 3212: 3211: 3205: 3201: 3195: 3191: 3190: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3173: 3169: 3163: 3160:. Greenhill. 3159: 3158: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3139:. Scarecrow. 3138: 3137: 3131: 3127: 3121: 3117: 3116: 3110: 3106: 3100: 3096: 3095: 3089: 3085: 3079: 3075: 3074: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3054: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3030: 3029: 3023: 3019: 3013: 3009: 3008: 3002: 2998: 2996:0-8032-7059-3 2992: 2988: 2987: 2981: 2977: 2971: 2968:. Tafelberg. 2967: 2966: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2913: 2911:0-304-36270-0 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2881: 2877: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2847: 2843: 2837: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2801: 2796: 2789: 2783:, p. 99. 2782: 2777: 2770: 2765: 2758: 2753: 2746: 2741: 2734: 2729: 2723:, p. 62. 2722: 2717: 2710: 2705: 2697: 2691: 2684: 2679: 2671: 2664: 2658:, p. 92. 2657: 2656:Meredith 2007 2652: 2650: 2642: 2637: 2631:, p. 49. 2630: 2625: 2618: 2613: 2604: 2598:, p. 79. 2597: 2592: 2585: 2580: 2571: 2562: 2553: 2544: 2537: 2532: 2526:, p. 11. 2525: 2520: 2518: 2510: 2505: 2503: 2495: 2490: 2483: 2478: 2471: 2470:Bourquin 1978 2466: 2459: 2454: 2447: 2442: 2436:, p. 15. 2435: 2434:Barthorp 2002 2430: 2424:, p. 13. 2423: 2422:Barthorp 2002 2418: 2412:, p. 89. 2411: 2410:Meredith 2007 2406: 2400:, p. 91. 2399: 2394: 2392: 2384: 2379: 2372: 2367: 2360: 2355: 2353: 2346:, p. 41. 2345: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2326: 2319: 2314: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2276:Thompson 2006 2273: 2268: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2245: 2240: 2233: 2228: 2221: 2216: 2209: 2204: 2197: 2192: 2185: 2180: 2173: 2168: 2161: 2156: 2149: 2144: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2121: 2116: 2109: 2104: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2032: 2021: 2011: 2010: 2006: 2003: 2002: 1998: 1997: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1981:Rorke's Drift 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1965: 1962:Last veterans 1959: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1918: 1917:Robben Island 1913: 1911: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1881: 1871: 1869: 1863: 1861: 1856: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1829: 1827: 1818: 1814: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1767: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1723: 1722:Rorke's Drift 1718: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1678: 1677: 1672: 1671: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1649:Rorke's Drift 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1633:Buffalo River 1630: 1629:Rorke's Drift 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1606: 1601: 1599: 1598:Rorke's Drift 1595: 1594:Buffalo River 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1566: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1506: 1502: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1409: 1408:Intombe River 1405: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1358: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1325:Thukela River 1322: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1301: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1269: 1266:February 2020 1259: 1255: 1251: 1245: 1244: 1239:This section 1237: 1228: 1227: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1184: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1146: 1142: 1140: 1139:Pongola River 1136: 1135:Rorke's Drift 1132: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1116: 1108: 1103: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1051: 1046: 1037: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1013: 1012:Robben Island 1008: 1007:Langalibalele 1003: 1001: 997: 991: 987: 985: 981: 978:By 1877, Sir 974: 970: 966: 964: 960: 956: 952: 947: 943: 939: 936:In 1877, Sir 934: 932: 928: 924: 920: 915: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 892: 890: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 839: 836: 828: 818: 814: 808: 807: 801: 796: 787: 786: 778: 776: 771: 770:Rorke's Drift 767: 763: 759: 755: 750: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 723: 719: 715: 714:Rorke's Drift 711: 707: 703: 690: 689:Darfur (1916) 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 659:Mufilo (1907) 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 629:Angola (1902) 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 476: 473: 468: 458: 453: 451: 446: 444: 439: 438: 435: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 387:Rorke's Drift 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 364: 361: 356: 348: 343: 341: 336: 334: 329: 328: 325: 314: 309: 308: 303: 300:35,000–50,000 299: 289: 284: 281: 276: 271: 270: 269: 266: 265:2nd invasion: 261: 244: 241: 236: 231: 230: 229: 226: 225:1st invasion: 222: 221: 216: 212: 208: 204: 201: 198: 193: 187: 182: 176: 171: 165: 160: 155: 154: 149: 146: 143: 139: 129: 128: 127: 126: 121: 115: 114: 109: 101: 96: 95: 91: 88: 87: 83: 79: 75: 72: 71: 65: 62: 61: 57: 54: 53:Rorke's Drift 50: 46: 42: 38: 32: 27: 22: 19: 6816: 6776:Histories of 6477:United Party 6386:Reform Party 6323:Orangia Unie 5948: 5939: 5932:Swart gevaar 5930: 5914: 5870: 5861: 5802: 5704:Blikkiesdorp 5030:Pre-colonial 4883:Natal Colony 4867:Zulu Kingdom 4781:South Africa 4581:Iraqi Revolt 4436:Matabeleland 4412:North Borneo 4406:Matabeleland 4358:Saskatchewan 4321: 4160:Upper Canada 4154:Lower Canada 4112:Persian Gulf 4028:Persian Gulf 3968:Newfoundland 3949:Polygar Wars 3919:Kandyan Wars 3871:Nootka Sound 3491: 3452: 3425: 3405: 3384: 3367:. Infodial. 3363: 3351: 3325: 3293: 3272: 3251: 3230: 3209: 3188: 3177: 3156: 3135: 3114: 3093: 3072: 3051: 3027: 3006: 2985: 2964: 2942: 2924: 2920: 2897: 2874: 2850:. Retrieved 2845: 2836: 2824:. Retrieved 2804: 2798: 2788: 2776: 2764: 2752: 2740: 2733:Colenso 1880 2728: 2716: 2711:, p. 8. 2704: 2690: 2678: 2669: 2663: 2636: 2624: 2617:Colenso 1880 2612: 2603: 2591: 2584:Colenso 1880 2579: 2570: 2561: 2552: 2543: 2536:Colenso 1880 2531: 2511:, p. 9. 2489: 2477: 2465: 2453: 2441: 2429: 2417: 2405: 2378: 2366: 2359:Colenso 1880 2325: 2313: 2301: 2267: 2251: 2244:Colenso 1880 2239: 2227: 2215: 2203: 2191: 2184:Colenso 1880 2179: 2172:Colenso 1880 2167: 2155: 2143: 2127: 2120:Colenso 1880 2115: 2108:Colenso 1880 2103: 2092:Colenso 1880 2087: 2007: 1999: 1973:Frank Bourne 1956: 1950:he moved to 1939:Tugela River 1936: 1922:A Resident ( 1921: 1914: 1906: 1883: 1864: 1857: 1853: 1823: 1803: 1787: 1776: 1772: 1753: 1738: 1697: 1674: 1668: 1665: 1641:Tugela River 1610: 1602: 1571: 1555: 1503: 1499: 1450: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1400: 1395: 1389: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1318: 1313: 1305: 1298: 1286:Henry Bulwer 1283: 1276: 1263: 1248:Please help 1240: 1207: 1201: 1191: 1187: 1151: 1124: 1111: 1092:Voortrekkers 1089: 1061:Zulu Kingdom 1055: 1040:Zulu Kingdom 1020: 1016: 1004: 1000:John Colenso 992: 988: 977: 973:Bartle Frere 938:Bartle Frere 935: 916: 904:diamond rush 893: 851: 831: 825:January 2018 822: 803: 751: 735:Bartle Frere 731:South Africa 710:Zulu Kingdom 701: 699: 594:Benin (1897) 529:Congo (1895) 499:Egypt (1882) 494:Sudan (1881) 478: 354: 315:6,930 killed 310:1,902 killed 264: 260:Gatling guns 255: 224: 223: 145:Zulu Kingdom 138:Natal Colony 116: 111:Belligerents 82:South Africa 78:Zulu Kingdom 41:17th Lancers 18: 6878:Last stands 5916:Rooi gevaar 5795:2021 unrest 5725:Nkandlagate 5554:Third Force 5415:Rugby union 5013:(1981–1994) 5005:(1979–1994) 4997:(1977–1994) 4989:(1976–1994) 4981:(1910–1961) 4973:(1902–1910) 4965:(1902–1910) 4957:(1886–1891) 4949:(1885–1887) 4941:(1884–1888) 4933:(1882–1885) 4925:(1882–1883) 4917:(1870–1873) 4909:(1861–1879) 4901:(1856–1902) 4893:(1854–1902) 4885:(1843–1910) 4877:(1839–1843) 4869:(1816–1897) 4861:(1795–1910) 4859:Cape Colony 4851: 1780 4836: 1780 4823:(1652–1806) 4813: 1220 4806: 1075 4701:Suez Crisis 4599:Transjordan 4503:West Africa 4480:(1899–1902) 4474:(1898–1901) 4466:Six-Day War 4414:(1894–1905) 4402:(1891–1895) 4382:Mashonaland 4346:Mahdist War 4286:Shimonoseki 4216:(1847–1901) 4126:(1824–1901) 4094:Cape Colony 3992:Cape Colony 3951:(1799–1805) 3945:(1799–1803) 3933:(1798–1800) 3921:(1796–1818) 3895:Cape Colony 3885:(1793–1806) 3867:(1788–1934) 3763:Nova Scotia 3733:Yamasee War 3704:(1694–1700) 3678:Child's War 3666:2nd Tangier 3660:1st Tangier 3656:(1655–1739) 3606:Saint Kitts 3584:(1593–1603) 3348:David, Saul 3047:Knight, Ian 2757:Knight 1995 2745:Morvan 2021 2709:Knight 2005 2524:Knight 2003 2509:Knight 2003 2458:Knight 1996 2371:Morris 1998 2344:Spiers 2006 2306:Morris 1998 2284:Morris 1998 2280:Knight 2003 2260:Knight 1995 2232:Morris 1998 2220:Laband 2009 2196:Knight 1996 2136:Knight 2003 2132:Knight 2003 2096:Morris 1998 1932:freebooters 1826:Gingindlovu 1756:Evelyn Wood 1751:had begun. 1386:Hicks Beach 1300:casus belli 1178:Paul Kruger 1033:Cape Colony 996:Paul Kruger 963:casus belli 870:Cape Colony 817:introducing 604:Chad (1898) 407:Gingindlovu 312:256 wounded 292:2,000 Boers 97:Territorial 6832:Categories 6727:Greyshirts 6491:Volksparty 6029:Black Sash 5690:Xenophobia 5683:Travelgate 5440:Border War 5244:Bantustans 5142:Great Trek 5087:Xhosa Wars 4947:Upingtonia 4931:Stellaland 4605:Pink's War 4497:Somaliland 4334:Basutoland 4088:Guadeloupe 4070:Xhosa Wars 4052:Seychelles 4034:Guadeloupe 4022:Martinique 3889:Rohilkhand 3853:Gold Coast 3823:Rohilkhand 3781:Bengal War 3618:Pequot War 3097:. Osprey. 3076:. Osprey. 3055:. Osprey. 2272:Raugh 2011 2256:Raugh 2011 2075:References 2059:Shaka Zulu 1796:, led the 1700:Isandlwana 1576:, and the 1258:Wikisource 1057:Shaka Zulu 896:Vaal River 800:references 781:Background 624:Aro (1901) 382:Isandlwana 295:14 cannons 256:17 cannons 5950:Volkstaat 5941:Uitlander 5872:Boerehaat 5848:Anarchism 5655:Arms Deal 5618:apartheid 5278:Pass laws 5255:Apartheid 5200:1910–1948 5119:1815–1910 5057:1652–1815 4737:Falklands 4733:(1963–67) 4727:(1962–66) 4721:(1962–90) 4709:(1962–76) 4697:(1955–59) 4691:(1954–59) 4685:(1952–60) 4679:(1948–60) 4673:(1946–50) 4665:Indonesia 4661:(1945–46) 4659:Indochina 4655:(1944–48) 4643:(1936–39) 4637:(1936–39) 4625:(1931–32) 4619:(1930–31) 4613:(1927–30) 4595:(1922–24) 4593:Kurdistan 4577:(1919–20) 4553:(1916–17) 4533:Nyasaland 4529:(1914–15) 4523:(1914–15) 4511:(1903–04) 4505:(1901–02) 4499:(1900–20) 4462:(1897–98) 4456:(1897–98) 4438:(1896–97) 4408:(1893–94) 4372:(1886–89) 4348:(1881–99) 4342:(1880–81) 4336:(1880–81) 4330:(1879–80) 4318:(1875–76) 4304:Abyssinia 4300:(1866–71) 4294:(1864–65) 4282:(1863–64) 4274:Kagoshima 4270:(1857–58) 4264:(1857–59) 4258:(1856–60) 4252:(1856–57) 4246:(1854–56) 4244:Åland War 4228:(1848–49) 4204:(1845–50) 4198:(1845–46) 4192:(1845–72) 4186:(1839–42) 4180:(1839–42) 4174:(1839–41) 4162:(1837–38) 4156:(1837–38) 4150:(1831–33) 4144:(1831–32) 4138:(1828–32) 4132:(1824–26) 4108:(1817–18) 4084:(1814–16) 4078:(1812–15) 4072:(1811–79) 4066:(1810–11) 4046:Mauritius 4018:(1808–09) 4000:(1806–07) 3976:(1803–05) 3939:(1798–99) 3909:(1795–96) 3903:(1795–96) 3879:(1789–92) 3855:(1781–82) 3849:(1779–84) 3843:(1775–82) 3837:(1775–83) 3825:(1773–74) 3819:(1769–73) 3813:(1765–71) 3807:(1763–66) 3801:(1762–63) 3789:(1758–61) 3783:(1756–65) 3777:(1756–63) 3771:(1754–63) 3765:(1749–55) 3759:(1746–63) 3753:(1744–48) 3747:(1740–42) 3741:(1722–25) 3735:(1715–17) 3729:(1711–15) 3723:(1702–13) 3698:(1688–97) 3692:(1688–91) 3680:(1686–90) 3674:(1675–78) 3650:(1654–60) 3644:(1654–67) 3638:(1649–53) 3632:(1641–53) 3620:(1634–38) 3590:(1609–46) 2933:2193-2336 2821:144446027 2781:Gump 1996 2596:Gump 1996 2494:Gump 1996 2398:Gump 1996 2383:Gump 1996 2293:Citations 2009:Zulu Dawn 1910:Cape Town 1890:Cape Town 1886:Cetshwayo 1874:Aftermath 1582:Transvaal 1574:Cetshwayo 1294:ultimatum 1254:Wikiquote 1241:contains 1170:Lydenburg 1115:Swaziland 1077:Pretorius 984:Cetshwayo 940:was made 908:Kimberley 900:Cape Town 878:Cape Town 777:in 1887. 758:Cetshwayo 754:ultimatum 6818:Category 6720:Boeremag 6218:Jeugkrag 6169:Het Volk 5863:Baasskap 5805:incident 5408:Olympics 4987:Transkei 4790:polities 4788:Defunct 4725:Malaysia 4647:Ethiopia 4545:Peshawar 4310:Manitoba 4292:Duar War 3588:Virginia 3488:Zululand 3330:Brooklyn 3049:(1996). 2896:(2002). 2668:Morris. 2629:Guy 1994 2017:See also 1898:Zibhebhu 1704:Pulleine 1637:Zululand 1625:Greytown 1357:izinduna 1176:, under 1154:Zululand 959:Zululand 951:dominion 929:and the 917:In 1874 747:Zululand 708:and the 377:Inyezane 218:Strength 73:Location 6623:SAAPAWU 5961:Defunct 5924:Slavery 5128:Mfecane 4719:Sarawak 4671:Sarawak 4563:Nigeria 4551:Mohmand 4539:Nigeria 4490:century 4148:Malacca 4142:Jamaica 4100:Algiers 4040:Reunion 3986:Surinam 3961:century 3907:Grenada 3901:Jamaica 3793:Jamaica 3714:century 3654:Jamaica 3582:Ireland 3575:century 3562:English 3481:: 2865:Sources 2852:9 April 2826:2 March 2771:, Ch 9. 1944:Nkandla 1928:Usibepu 1670:Assegai 1653:Utrecht 1580:in the 1438:moment. 1217:History 1209:assegai 1198:age-set 1162:Dingane 1079:at the 1069:inDunas 866:Basotho 813:improve 402:Kambula 397:Hlobane 392:Intombe 268:25,000 99:changes 49:Kambula 6574:FOSATU 6428:SAYRCO 6400:SADECO 6316:Occupy 5855:Azania 5803:Lady R 5732:Racism 5561:CODESA 5022:Events 5011:Ciskei 4923:Goshen 4853:–1819) 4838:–1817) 4739:(1982) 4715:(1962) 4713:Brunei 4703:(1956) 4667:(1945) 4649:(1943) 4631:(1935) 4607:(1925) 4601:(1923) 4589:(1921) 4583:(1920) 4571:(1919) 4565:(1918) 4559:(1917) 4557:Quebec 4547:(1915) 4541:(1915) 4535:(1915) 4517:(1906) 4468:(1899) 4450:(1897) 4444:(1897) 4432:(1896) 4426:(1896) 4420:(1895) 4396:(1891) 4390:(1891) 4384:(1890) 4378:(1888) 4376:Hazara 4366:(1885) 4360:(1885) 4354:(1882) 4324:(1879) 4312:(1870) 4306:(1868) 4288:(1864) 4276:(1863) 4240:(1854) 4234:(1852) 4222:(1848) 4220:Ceylon 4210:(1847) 4208:Canton 4168:(1839) 4120:(1823) 4118:Guiana 4114:(1819) 4102:(1816) 4096:(1815) 4090:(1815) 4060:(1810) 4054:(1810) 4048:(1810) 4042:(1810) 4036:(1810) 4030:(1809) 4024:(1809) 4012:(1807) 4006:(1807) 3994:(1806) 3988:(1804) 3982:(1804) 3970:(1800) 3927:(1798) 3915:(1795) 3913:Ceylon 3897:(1795) 3891:(1794) 3873:(1789) 3861:(1786) 3831:(1774) 3795:(1762) 3686:(1687) 3668:(1664) 3662:(1662) 3642:Acadia 3626:(1641) 3614:(1628) 3612:Quebec 3608:(1626) 3602:(1622) 3596:(1612) 3594:Swally 3475: 3459: 3440: 3434:Sutton 3430:Stroud 3413: 3392: 3371: 3336: 3301: 3280: 3259: 3238: 3217: 3196: 3164: 3143: 3122: 3101: 3080: 3059: 3035: 3014: 2993: 2972: 2948:London 2931: 2908: 2882: 2819: 1952:Eshowe 1783:Eshowe 1661:Ulundi 1545:, and 1396:indaba 1166:Swazis 1127:Mpande 1107:Mpande 1065:Dukuza 802:, but 422:Ulundi 412:Eshowe 89:Result 45:Ulundi 6755:PAGAD 6651:SATUC 6644:SARHU 6630:SACTU 6609:NURHS 6567:FNETU 6553:CTSWU 6546:CNETU 6539:BLATU 6421:SAYCO 6309:NUSAS 6190:IDASA 6001:AITUP 5616:Post- 5003:Venda 4617:Tirah 4527:Tochi 4316:Perak 4082:Nepal 4004:Egypt 3931:Malta 3859:Assam 3702:Ghana 3600:Ormuz 2927:(4). 2817:S2CID 2080:Notes 1676:iklwa 1635:into 1578:Boers 1447:Terms 1404:Swazi 1203:iklwa 1194:Shaka 1158:Natal 1131:Boers 1105:King 882:Natal 729:into 6762:SANF 6692:APLA 6637:SAIF 6616:PAWE 6602:NEUM 6595:MUSA 6560:FCWU 6505:WOSA 6456:TNIP 6414:SASO 6407:SAIC 6393:SABP 6344:PAVN 6078:COSG 6057:CTEG 6050:CNIP 4731:Aden 4707:Oman 4689:Oman 4488:20th 4064:Java 3959:19th 3712:18th 3684:Siam 3573:17th 3457:ISBN 3438:ISBN 3411:ISBN 3390:ISBN 3369:ISBN 3334:ISBN 3299:ISBN 3278:ISBN 3257:ISBN 3236:ISBN 3215:ISBN 3194:ISBN 3162:ISBN 3141:ISBN 3120:ISBN 3099:ISBN 3078:ISBN 3057:ISBN 3033:ISBN 3012:ISBN 2991:ISBN 2970:ISBN 2929:ISSN 2906:ISBN 2880:ISBN 2854:2016 2828:2023 2001:Zulu 1712:Impi 1686:The 944:for 886:Boer 862:Boer 700:The 63:Date 6713:BBB 6706:AWB 6699:ARM 6665:UDF 6588:IWW 6581:ICU 6532:BCM 6525:APF 6470:UFP 6372:PRP 6351:PFP 6302:NRP 6295:NPP 6281:NNP 6274:NLP 6260:NCP 6211:ISL 6162:GNP 6134:ECC 6127:DSM 6120:DPP 6092:DLF 6064:COD 6043:CDA 6022:BPC 6015:AVF 6008:APO 4076:USA 3490:". 2809:doi 1977:DCM 1969:OBE 1690:by 1647:), 1596:at 1168:to 1156:to 43:at 6834:: 6734:MK 6288:NP 6253:NA 6204:IP 6197:ID 6148:FD 6141:FA 6085:CP 4848:c. 4833:c. 4810:c. 4803:c. 3436:. 3432:: 3428:. 3328:. 2950:: 2925:IV 2923:. 2904:. 2900:. 2844:. 2815:. 2805:43 2803:. 2797:. 2648:^ 2516:^ 2501:^ 2390:^ 2351:^ 2334:^ 1975:, 1971:) 1934:. 1912:. 1900:, 1541:, 1537:, 1533:, 1529:, 1525:, 1521:, 1517:, 1141:. 1002:. 921:, 749:. 258:7 5190:) 5186:( 4846:( 4831:( 4815:) 4808:– 4801:( 4772:e 4765:t 4758:v 3564:/ 3553:e 3546:t 3539:v 3465:. 3446:. 3419:. 3398:. 3377:. 3342:. 3307:. 3286:. 3265:. 3244:. 3223:. 3202:. 3170:. 3149:. 3128:. 3107:. 3086:. 3065:. 3041:. 3020:. 2999:. 2978:. 2954:. 2935:. 2914:. 2888:. 2856:. 2830:. 2811:: 2735:. 2685:. 2672:. 2472:. 1983:. 1850:) 1735:) 1268:) 1264:( 1260:. 1246:. 838:) 832:( 827:) 823:( 809:. 456:e 449:t 442:v 346:e 339:t 332:v

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Index