871:
811:
409:
of interest and will result in improved overall visibility of the respective publication. However, the validity of this assumption has not been thoroughly studied, and a recent study statistically comparing publications with or without graphical abstracts with regard to several output parameters reflecting visibility failed to demonstrate an effectiveness of graphical abstracts for attracting attention to scientific publications.
339:, is a compendious summary of a paper's substance and its background, purpose, methodology, results, and conclusion. Usually between 100 and 200 words, the informative abstract summarizes the paper's structure, its major topics and key points. A format for scientific short reports that is similar to an informative abstract has been proposed in recent years. Informative abstracts may be viewed as standalone documents.
96:
It is generally agreed that one must not base reference citations on the abstract alone, but the content of an entire paper. This is because abstracts may not be fully representative of the full report or article. Therefore, basing reference citations solely on the information present in the abstract
408:
and animated abstracts made by the authors to easily explain their papers. Many scientific publishers currently encourage authors to supplement their articles with graphical abstracts, in the hope that such a convenient visual summary will facilitate readers with a clearer outline of papers that are
88:
The abstract can convey the main results and conclusions of a scientific article but the full text article must be consulted for details of the methodology, the full experimental results, and a critical discussion of the interpretations and conclusions. Abstracts are occasionally inconsistent with
671:
Pavlovic, Vedrana; Weissgerber, Tracey; Stanisavljevic, Dejana; Pekmezovic, Tatjana; Milicevic, Ognjen; Lazovic, Jelena Milin; Cirkovic, Andja; Savic, Marko; Rajovic, Nina; Piperac, Pavle; Djuric, Nemanja; Madzarevic, Petar; Dimitrijevic, Ana; Randjelovic, Simona; Nestorovic, Emilija; Akinyombo,
75:
Academic literature uses the abstract to succinctly communicate complex research. An abstract may act as a stand-alone entity instead of a full paper. As such, an abstract is used by many organizations as the basis for selecting research that is proposed for presentation in the form of a poster,
399:
abstracts alongside the text abstracts. The graphic is intended to summarize or be an exemplar for the main thrust of the article. It is not intended to be as exhaustive a summary as the text abstract, rather it is supposed to indicate the type, scope, and technical coverage of the article at a
112:
concluded that "inconsistencies in data between abstract and body and reporting of data and other information solely in the abstract are relatively common and that a simple educational intervention directed to the author is ineffective in reducing that frequency." Other "studies comparing the
290:
Abstract length varies by discipline and publisher requirements. Typical length ranges from 100 to 500 words, but very rarely more than a page and occasionally just a few words. An abstract may or may not have the section title of "abstract" explicitly listed as an antecedent to content.
84:
only index abstracts rather than providing the entire text of the paper. Full texts of scientific papers must often be purchased because of copyright and/or publisher fees and therefore the abstract is a significant selling point for the reprint or electronic form of the full text.
213:. The RAS abstracts were between one and three paragraphs long. In both cases, these early abstracts were written by the learned society, not the author of the paper. Perhaps the earliest example of an abstract published alongside the paper it summarises was the 1919 paper
92:
An abstract allows one to sift through copious numbers of papers for ones in which the researcher can have more confidence that they will be relevant to their research. Once papers are chosen based on the abstract, they must be read carefully to be evaluated for relevance.
34:, or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose. When used, an abstract always appears at the beginning of a manuscript or typescript, acting as the point-of-entry for any given academic paper or
616:
Li, G; Abbade, LPF; Nwosu, I; Jin, Y; Leenus, A; Maaz, M; Wang, M; Bhatt, M; Zielinski, L; Sanger, N; Bantoto, B; Luo, C; Shams, I; Shahid, H; Chang, Y; Sun, G; Mbuagbaw, L; Samaan, Z; Levine, MAH; Adachi, JD; Thabane, L (29 December 2017).
106:, the "exaggerated and inappropriate coverage of research findings in the news media" is ultimately related to inaccurately reporting or over-interpreting research results in many abstract conclusions. A study published in
148:, and in many cases the only information about works which have not survived to modernity comes from their epitomes which have survived. Similarly, the text of many ancient Greek and Roman plays commenced with a
113:
accuracy of information reported in a journal abstract with that reported in the text of the full publication have found claims that are inconsistent with, or missing from, the body of the full article."
132:
The history of abstracting dates back to the point when it was felt necessary to summarise the content of documents in order to make the information contained in them more accessible. In
251:
Abstract is often expected to tell a complete story of the paper, as for most readers, abstract is the only part of the paper that will be read. It should allow the reader to give an
996:
124:
an abstract and not about the work it summarizes: for instance, if you are writing about different styles of writing abstracts used in the sciences and humanities."
207:
launched in 1827, containing (among other things) abstracts of talks given at their monthly meetings; the full papers were published months or years later in the
120:, there are almost no circumstances in which it is acceptable to cite an abstract: "It only makes sense to cite an abstract if you are writing about the abstract
187:
of each meeting, which were referred to as 'abstracts'. The Royal
Society abstracts from 1800 – 1837 were later collated and published in the society's journal
824:
Hopewell, Sally; Clarke, Mike; Moher, David; Wager, Elizabeth; Middleton, Philippa; Altman, Douglas G; Schulz, Kenneth F; von Elm, Erik (22 January 2008).
89:
full reports. This has the potential to mislead clinicians who rely solely on the information present in the abstract without consulting the full report.
721:
Yavchitz, Amélie; Boutron, Isabelle; Bafeta, Aida; Marroun, Ibrahim; Charles, Pierre; Mantz, Jean; Ravaud, Philippe; Bero, Lisa A. (11 September 2012).
1336:
1220:
1040:
2180:
2165:
2008:
1657:
467:
294:
Sometimes, abstracts are sectioned logically as an overview of what appears in the paper, with any of the following subheadings: Background,
39:
1245:
Berry; Brunner, N; Popescu, S; Shukla, P (2011). "Can apparent superluminal neutrino speeds be explained as a quantum weak measurement?".
287:
omits references from the abstract, reserving them for the article body (which, by definition, treats the same topics but in more depth).
1358:
Hortolà, Policarp (2008). "An ergonomic format for short reporting in scientific journals using nested tables and the Deming's cycle".
938:"The Beginnings of Indexing and Abstracting: Some Notes towards a History of Indexing and Abstracting in Antiquity and the Middle Ages"
2175:
1075:
209:
1501:
417:
Various methods can be used to evaluate abstract quality, e.g. rating by readers, checklists), and readability measures (such as
937:
542:
886:"Reporting Quality of Systematic Review Abstracts Published in Leading Neurosurgical Journals: A Research on Research Study"
1000:
513:
359:, provides a description of what the paper covers without delving into its substance. A descriptive abstract is akin to a
1073:(1827). "Observations of the Eclipses of Jupiter's Satellites, taken at the Madras Observatory, in the Years 1817—1825".
1935:
1621:
1150:
1998:
1650:
826:"CONSORT for reporting randomized controlled trials in journal and conference abstracts: explanation and elaboration"
567:"Reporting quality of abstracts and inconsistencies with full text articles in pediatric orthopedic publications"
1945:
521:
306:, Results, Discussion, Conclusions. Abstracts in which these subheadings are explicitly given are often called
262:
The research focus (statement of the problem(s)/specific gap in existing research/research issue(s) addressed);
57:
are used in some publications to refer to the same thing that other publications might call an "abstract". In
2221:
2195:
1575:
776:"Can the accuracy of abstracts be improved by providing specific instructions? A randomized controlled trial"
2216:
2190:
2160:
1643:
1344:
1224:
2155:
1708:
117:
2170:
2150:
723:"Misrepresentation of randomized controlled trials in press releases and news coverage: a cohort study"
198:
193:, with the first group appearing in 1832. These abstracts were generally one or more pages long. Other
189:
140:
documents from tampering were inscribed either with the full text of the document or a summary. In the
1408:
1469:
1340:
224:
2185:
870:
810:
279:
The main conclusions and recommendations (i.e., how the work answers the proposed research problem).
619:"A scoping review of comparisons between abstracts and full reports in primary biomedical research"
179:
The use of abstracts to summarise science originates in the early 1800s, when the secretary of the
1022:"Abstracts of the Papers Printed in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London"
2087:
2031:
67:
usually contains more information (and often more sensitive information) than the abstract does.
2127:
1843:
1799:
1298:
295:
81:
1143:
Shaping written knowledge : the genre and activity of the experimental article in science
2117:
2092:
1869:
1778:
1690:
1166:
2107:
2072:
2026:
1914:
1874:
1859:
1264:
1115:
1084:
1049:
401:
240:
672:
Remi; Pavlovic, Andrija; Ghamrawi, Ranine; Garovic, Vesna; Milic, Natasa (12 March 2021).
8:
2226:
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1276:
441:
436:
418:
77:
28:
1268:
1119:
1088:
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593:
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1201:
960:
854:
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751:
722:
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673:
645:
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372:
149:
35:
258:
An academic abstract typically outlines four elements relevant to the completed work:
2133:
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1988:
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1205:
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63:
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during the early second millennium BCE, clay envelopes designed to protect enclosed
2122:
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952:
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693:
685:
640:
630:
588:
578:
535:
Research
Methods in Applied Settings: An Integrated Approach to Design and Analysis
384:
310:. Abstracts that comprise one paragraph (no explicit subheadings) are often called
153:
152:
which summed up the play's plot. Non-literary documents were also abstracted: the
2097:
1894:
1884:
1831:
1814:
1740:
1474:
1070:
1035:
1021:
844:
741:
674:"How accurate are citations of frequently cited papers in biomedical literature?"
219:
2046:
2016:
1952:
1919:
1889:
1838:
1725:
1720:
956:
780:
583:
431:
405:
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glance. The use of graphical abstracts has been generally well received by the
378:
252:
108:
1541:
1523:
Pferschy-Wenzig, EM; Pferschy, U; Wang, D; Mocan, A; Atanasov, AG (Sep 2016).
635:
2210:
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1909:
1879:
1763:
1748:
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1371:
830:
727:
509:
501:
456:
270:
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157:
102:
924:
902:
885:
1560:
1127:
911:
863:
794:
775:
760:
707:
670:
654:
602:
464:– commonly used structure for academic journal articles and their abstracts
144:, many texts were abstracted: summaries of non-fiction works were known as
803:
2082:
1940:
1899:
1753:
1631:
284:
165:
133:
42:
are aimed at compiling a body of literature for that particular subject.
31:
168:, the pages of scholarly texts contained summaries of their contents as
1962:
1864:
1630:
ISO 214: Documentation — Abstracts for publications and documentation.
689:
497:
446:
169:
58:
1635:
997:"What's So Abstract About Scientific Abstracts? | Inside Science"
1983:
1826:
236:
137:
1103:
2056:
2051:
1978:
1768:
1413:
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It may also contain brief references, although some publications'
1993:
1957:
1904:
1391:
1389:
1319:
1317:
1315:
472:
184:
145:
1525:"Does a Graphical Abstract Bring More Visibility to Your Paper?"
1522:
2041:
1804:
1794:
24:
1386:
1312:
884:
O'Donohoe, TJ; Dhillon, R; Bridson, TL; Tee, J (1 July 2019).
883:
2112:
1773:
1614:
Pocket Book of
Technical Writing for Engineers and Scientists
477:
461:
391:, some scientific publications, primarily those published by
202:
720:
201:(RAS) may have been the first to publish its abstracts: the
1821:
299:
1104:"On the Irregularities of Motion of the Foucault Pendulum"
76:
platform/oral presentation or workshop presentation at an
1447:
1244:
823:
215:
1616:(2. ed.). London: McGraw-Hill Education – Europe.
1299:"Structured Abstracts – What are structured abstracts?"
991:
989:
1574:Ufnalska, Sylwia B.; Hartley, James (August 2009).
774:Pitkin, Roy M.; Branagan, Mary Ann (15 July 1998).
1357:
1041:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
986:
164:contain abstracts of legal documents. During the
100:According to the results of a study published in
2208:
1145:. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press.
615:
1576:"How can we evaluate the quality of abstracts?"
1573:
383:During the late 2000s, due to the influence of
276:The major results/findings of the research; and
183:would record brief summaries of talks into the
773:
666:
664:
533:Gliner, Jeffrey A.; Morgan, George A. (2000).
412:
227:, which often published abstracts thereafter.
1651:
1329:
1168:Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office practices
564:
468:List of academic databases and search engines
1182:Mensh, Brett; Kording, Konrad (2016-11-28).
1181:
1038:(April 1827). "On the longitude of Madras".
532:
1611:
1395:
1323:
661:
560:
558:
556:
554:
1658:
1644:
1069:
1034:
565:Kamel, SA; El-Sobky, TA (23 August 2023).
70:
23:is a brief summary of a research article,
1550:
1540:
1258:
1195:
1184:"Ten simple rules for structuring papers"
1171:. Library of Congress. 2014. p. 387.
1076:Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society
901:
853:
843:
793:
750:
740:
697:
644:
634:
592:
582:
40:services for various academic disciplines
1502:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1140:
551:
316:IMRAD is even sometimes recast as AIMRAD
1665:
1101:
404:. Moreover, some journals also include
269:(experimental research, case studies,
2209:
1470:"Are graphical abstracts a good idea?"
1467:
1433:
1431:
366:
314:. Abstracts are important enough that
239:law just as any other form of written
2166:Academic databases and search engines
1639:
1221:"Journal Paper Submission Guidelines"
935:
1218:
1468:Romans, Brian (February 16, 2011).
1437:
1428:
16:Brief summary of a research article
13:
1936:Academic journal publishing reform
1605:
1444:Comparative Media Studies: Writing
936:Witty, Francis J. (October 1973).
571:Research Integrity and Peer Review
387:and retrieval systems such as the
14:
2238:
1440:"A Glance at Graphical Abstracts"
506:The Elements of Technical Writing
321:
273:, etc) used to solve the problem;
172:, as did some manuscripts of the
869:
809:
623:BMC Medical Research Methodology
537:. Mahwah, NJ: Psychology Press.
1567:
1516:
1489:
1461:
1401:
1351:
1291:
1238:
1212:
1175:
1159:
1134:
1102:Longden, A. C. (1 April 1919).
1095:
1063:
1028:
1014:
929:
918:
197:adopted similar practices. The
1360:Journal of Information Science
1277:10.1088/1751-8113/44/49/492001
877:
817:
767:
714:
609:
526:
491:
342:
326:
235:Abstracts are protected under
1:
2196:Category:Scientific documents
1612:Finkelstein, Leo Jr. (2004).
484:
2191:Category:Academic publishing
845:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050020
742:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001308
246:
230:
38:. Abstracting and indexing
7:
1438:Bui, Lily (March 3, 2015).
424:
413:Abstract quality assessment
118:Modern Language Association
10:
2243:
2009:Indexes and search engines
1141:Bazerman, Charles (1988).
957:10.3828/indexer.1973.8.4.1
925:How do I cite an abstract?
584:10.1186/s41073-023-00135-3
376:
370:
204:Monthly Notices of the RAS
199:Royal Astronomical Society
190:Philosophical Transactions
127:
2143:
2065:
2007:
1971:
1928:
1852:
1787:
1739:
1701:
1673:
1542:10.3390/molecules21091247
1341:Colorado State University
1223:. Docstoc. Archived from
636:10.1186/s12874-017-0459-5
225:American Physical Society
1583:European Science Editing
1372:10.1177/0165551507082590
1058:the end of this abstract
2186:Style/formatting guides
2088:Scholarly communication
1788:Other publication types
1247:J. Phys. A: Math. Theor
82:bibliographic databases
71:Purpose and limitations
2128:Least publishable unit
1800:Collection of articles
1128:10.1103/PhysRev.13.241
795:10.1001/jama.280.3.267
312:unstructured abstracts
2118:Electronic publishing
2093:Scientific literature
1870:Article-level metrics
1409:"Graphical Abstracts"
903:10.1093/neuros/nyy615
97:could be misleading.
2222:Academic terminology
2161:Open-access journals
2108:Open scientific data
1915:SCImago Journal Rank
1875:Author-level metrics
1860:Acknowledgment index
1347:on 5 September 2015.
1337:"Types of Abstracts"
514:Macmillan Publishers
402:scientific community
395:, started including
351:, also known as the
349:descriptive abstract
335:, also known as the
333:informative abstract
308:structured abstracts
2217:Academic publishing
2156:Scientific journals
1667:Academic publishing
1398:, pp. 211–212.
1326:, pp. 212–214.
1269:2011JPhA...44W2001B
1219:mmm3 (2008-11-15).
1120:1919PhRv...13..241L
1089:1827MmRAS...3..106G
1054:1827MNRAS...1...13G
974:on 4 September 2021
442:Academic conference
437:Abstract management
419:Flesch Reading Ease
367:Graphical abstracts
363:in paragraph form.
357:indicative abstract
255:of the full paper.
78:academic conference
2176:Copyright policies
2171:University presses
2078:Scientific writing
1946:Citation advantage
1853:Impact and ranking
1686:Scientific journal
690:10.1042/CS20201573
373:Graphical abstract
210:Memoirs of the RAS
36:patent application
2204:
2203:
2181:Preprint policies
2151:Academic journals
2134:Publish or perish
1989:Version of record
1929:Reform and access
1731:Literature review
1497:"Video Abstracts"
544:978-0-8058-2992-1
452:Executive summary
361:table of contents
337:complete abstract
217:published in the
195:learned societies
174:Code of Justinian
142:Greco-Roman world
116:According to the
64:executive summary
2234:
2123:Ingelfinger rule
2037:Semantic Scholar
1759:Technical report
1681:Academic journal
1660:
1653:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1627:
1599:
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1421:
1405:
1399:
1396:Finkelstein 2004
1393:
1384:
1383:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1343:. Archived from
1333:
1327:
1324:Finkelstein 2004
1321:
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1305:
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1099:
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1071:Goldingham, John
1067:
1061:
1060:
1036:Goldingham, John
1032:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1008:
999:. Archived from
993:
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967:. Archived from
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678:Clinical Science
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385:computer storage
353:limited abstract
267:research methods
158:Ancient Egyptian
2242:
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2098:Learned society
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2003:
1967:
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1895:Journal ranking
1885:Citation impact
1848:
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1741:Grey literature
1735:
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1606:Further reading
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1108:Physical Review
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735:(9): e1001308.
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406:video abstracts
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220:Physical Review
154:Tebtunis papyri
130:
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2066:Related topics
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2047:Web of Science
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2017:Google Scholar
2013:
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1968:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1953:Serials crisis
1950:
1949:
1948:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1920:Scientometrics
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1890:Citation index
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1839:Poster session
1836:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1726:Position paper
1723:
1721:Review article
1718:
1717:
1716:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1683:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1623:978-0072468496
1622:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1566:
1515:
1488:
1460:
1427:
1400:
1385:
1366:(2): 207–212.
1350:
1328:
1311:
1290:
1237:
1211:
1197:10.1101/088278
1174:
1158:
1152:978-0299116903
1151:
1133:
1114:(4): 241–258.
1094:
1062:
1027:
1013:
985:
951:(4): 193–198.
928:
917:
876:
816:
766:
713:
684:(5): 671–681.
660:
608:
550:
543:
525:
489:
488:
486:
483:
481:
480:
475:
470:
465:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
432:Abstract (law)
428:
426:
423:
414:
411:
379:Video abstract
371:Main article:
368:
365:
344:
341:
328:
325:
323:
322:Abstract types
320:
285:standard style
281:
280:
277:
274:
271:questionnaires
263:
253:elevator pitch
248:
245:
243:is protected.
232:
229:
129:
126:
72:
69:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2239:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2103:Open research
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1910:Impact factor
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1880:Bibliometrics
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1764:Annual report
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1749:Working paper
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1691:Public health
1689:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1464:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1432:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1300:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1227:on 4 May 2009
1226:
1222:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1154:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1023:
1017:
1003:on 2020-09-21
1002:
998:
992:
990:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
939:
932:
926:
921:
913:
909:
904:
899:
895:
891:
887:
880:
872:
865:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
837:
833:
832:
831:PLOS Medicine
827:
820:
812:
805:
801:
796:
791:
787:
783:
782:
777:
770:
762:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
734:
730:
729:
728:PLOS Medicine
724:
717:
709:
705:
700:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
667:
665:
656:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
628:
624:
620:
612:
604:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
576:
572:
568:
561:
559:
557:
555:
546:
540:
536:
529:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:Robert W. Bly
499:
494:
490:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
463:
460:
458:
457:Fast abstract
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
429:
422:
420:
410:
407:
403:
398:
394:
390:
386:
380:
374:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
340:
338:
334:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
292:
288:
286:
278:
275:
272:
268:
264:
261:
260:
259:
256:
254:
244:
242:
238:
228:
226:
222:
221:
216:
212:
211:
206:
205:
200:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:Royal Society
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
156:found in the
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
125:
123:
119:
114:
111:
110:
105:
104:
103:PLOS Medicine
98:
94:
90:
86:
83:
79:
68:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
50:
49:
43:
41:
37:
33:
30:
26:
22:
1713:
1613:
1589:(3): 69–71.
1586:
1582:
1569:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1506:. Retrieved
1500:
1491:
1479:. Retrieved
1473:
1463:
1451:. Retrieved
1443:
1418:. Retrieved
1412:
1403:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1345:the original
1331:
1304:12 September
1302:. Retrieved
1293:
1253:(49): 2001.
1250:
1246:
1240:
1229:. Retrieved
1225:the original
1214:
1187:
1177:
1167:
1161:
1142:
1136:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1080:
1074:
1065:
1057:
1045:
1039:
1030:
1016:
1005:. Retrieved
1001:the original
976:. Retrieved
969:the original
948:
944:
931:
920:
893:
890:Neurosurgery
889:
879:
835:
829:
819:
788:(3): 267–9.
785:
779:
769:
732:
726:
716:
681:
677:
626:
622:
611:
574:
570:
534:
528:
505:
493:
416:
382:
356:
352:
348:
346:
336:
332:
330:
311:
307:
296:Introduction
293:
289:
282:
257:
250:
234:
218:
214:
208:
203:
188:
178:
131:
121:
115:
107:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
74:
62:
61:reports, an
53:
52:
47:
46:
44:
20:
18:
2083:Peer review
1963:#ICanHazPDF
1941:Open access
1900:Eigenfactor
1844:Proceedings
1754:White paper
1535:(9): 1247.
1508:January 24,
1481:January 24,
1453:January 24,
1420:January 24,
1083:: 106–108.
945:The Indexer
896:(1): 1–10.
508:, pg. 117.
343:Descriptive
327:Informative
166:Middle Ages
134:Mesopotamia
2227:Publishing
2211:Categories
1999:Retraction
1972:Versioning
1865:Altmetrics
1810:Biological
1231:2009-04-22
1007:2020-09-24
838:(1): e20.
629:(1): 181.
522:0020130856
498:Gary Blake
485:References
447:Annotation
377:See also:
300:Objectives
170:marginalia
150:hypothesis
59:management
45:The terms
32:proceeding
29:conference
27:, review,
1984:Postprint
1827:Monograph
1779:Lab notes
1595:0258-3127
1529:Molecules
1260:1110.2832
1206:195953236
965:239271784
577:(1): 11.
397:graphical
247:Structure
237:copyright
231:Copyright
138:cuneiform
2057:OpenAlex
2052:Paperity
1979:Preprint
1815:Chemical
1769:Pamphlet
1714:Abstract
1674:Journals
1561:27649137
1414:Elsevier
1380:39334416
978:21 April
912:30649511
864:18215107
761:22984354
708:33599711
655:29287585
603:37608346
594:10463470
510:New York
425:See also
393:Elsevier
389:Internet
162:Tebtunis
160:town of
146:epitomes
54:synopsis
21:abstract
2073:Imprint
1994:Erratum
1958:Sci-Hub
1905:h-index
1832:Chapter
1552:5283664
1285:3468441
1265:Bibcode
1188:bioRxiv
1116:Bibcode
1085:Bibcode
1050:Bibcode
855:2211558
804:9676677
752:3439420
699:8048031
646:5747940
516:, 1993.
473:Preface
355:or the
304:Methods
223:of the
185:minutes
128:History
80:. Most
2042:Scopus
2022:AMiner
1805:Patent
1795:Thesis
1702:Papers
1620:
1593:
1559:
1549:
1378:
1283:
1204:
1149:
1048:: 13.
963:
910:
862:
852:
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759:
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706:
696:
653:
643:
601:
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541:
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241:speech
48:précis
25:thesis
2144:Lists
2113:ORCID
1774:Essay
1709:Paper
1579:(PDF)
1475:Wired
1376:S2CID
1281:S2CID
1255:arXiv
1202:S2CID
972:(PDF)
961:S2CID
941:(PDF)
478:TL;DR
462:IMRAD
2032:CORE
2027:BASE
1822:Book
1618:ISBN
1591:ISSN
1557:PMID
1510:2016
1483:2016
1455:2016
1422:2016
1306:2023
1147:ISBN
980:2021
908:PMID
860:PMID
800:PMID
781:JAMA
757:PMID
704:PMID
651:PMID
599:PMID
539:ISBN
518:ISBN
500:and
347:The
331:The
265:The
109:JAMA
1547:PMC
1537:doi
1448:MIT
1368:doi
1273:doi
1192:doi
1124:doi
953:doi
898:doi
850:PMC
840:doi
790:doi
786:280
747:PMC
737:doi
694:PMC
686:doi
682:135
641:PMC
631:doi
589:PMC
579:doi
421:).
51:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.