271:. However, this compilation did not eliminate all the conflicts that had arisen over the years in Roman jurisprudence, and the constitutions in the Code were to be used alongside the conflicting opinions of ancient jurists. "The citation of the said constitutions of Our Code, with the opinions of the ancient interpreters of the law, will suffice for the disposal of all cases." Justinian attempted to harmonize these conflicting opinions by issuing his "Fifty Decisions" and by passing additional new laws. This meant that his Code no longer reflected the latest imperial law. Thus, Justinian ordered a new compilation to supersede the first, and this Codex was published in 534. No copies of the first edition of the Code have survived; only a fragment of an index of contents on an Egyptian papyrus remains. Known as the
35:
302:. It appears as if the Latin Code was shortened in the Middle Ages into an "Epitome Codex", with inscriptions being dropped and numerous other changes made. Some time in the 8th or 9th century, the last three books of the Code were separated from the others, and many other laws in the first nine books, including all of those written in Greek, were dropped. Substantially complete versions of Justinian's Codex were restored around the end of the 12th century, and the humanists of the 16th century added the laws originally promulgated in Greek.
211:
2778:
275:, this second edition of the Code was published on November 16, 534, and took effect on December 30. The Codex consists of twelve books: book 1 concerns ecclesiastical law, sources of law, and the duties of higher offices; books 2–8 cover private law; book 9 deals with crimes; and books 10–12 contain administrative law. The Code's structure is based on ancient classifications set out in the
353:
was translating the Code and Novels, using the standard
Mommsen, Krüger, Schöll, and Kroll version. While this was not printed in his lifetime, in 2005 his translation of both the Code and the Novels was published on the Annotated Justinian Code website. A new English translation of the Codex, based
287:
In the West, Justinian's Codex was largely lost, or in many places never present, due to the limited western extent of the Roman territories. The Latin version known today was painstakingly restored over many centuries. The only known manuscript that once contained the entire Latin Codex is a
253:, by which was created a ten-man commission to review these earlier compilations as well as individual laws, eliminate everything unnecessary or obsolete, make changes as it saw fit, and create a single compilation of imperial laws in force. The commission was headed by the
348:
and has produced a version written in an
English which can be read with pleasure. But much more than that was needed, and the work cannot be said to satisfy these further requirements." Around the same time that Scott was active, Wyoming Supreme Court Justice
529:
Honoré, supra note 1 at 804. For an
English translation of the law putting this second edition into force, see "Concerning the Correction of the Justinian Code, and the Second Edition Thereof" (November 16, 534), translated by Justice Fred Blume in the
295:
of the 6th or 7th century; it is now only fragments. Within its home in the Roman Empire, the code was translated into Greek, which had become the governing language, and adapted, in the 9th century as the
344:, which is accepted as the most reliable, and his translation was severely criticized. Reviewing Scott's work, the Roman law scholar W. W. Buckland wrote that Scott "...had at his disposal an adequate
238:
were unofficial compilations. (The term "Codex" refers to the physical aspect of the works, being in book form, rather than on papyrus rolls. The transition to the codex occurred around AD 300.) The
947:
764:, Simon Corcoran, Michael Crawford, John Noël Dillon, Dennis P. Kehoe, Noel Lenski, Thomas A.J. McGinn, Charles F. Pazdernik, and Benet Salway, with contributions by T. Kearley. (2016),
230:
in 527, he decided the empire's legal system needed repair. There existed three codices of imperial laws and other individual laws, many of which conflicted or were out of date. The
1657:
412:
39:
Excerpt from the manuscript "Codex
Justiniani I-IX". Medieval copy of the famous Code of Justinian. Copied by Franciscus Accursius in the 13th century. Preserved in the
1890:
870:
692:
2766:
1120:
1021:
2454:
1031:
964:
979:
974:
2055:
1041:
1016:
2406:
2389:
1046:
1026:
647:
including the Twelve Tables, the
Institutes of Gaius, the Rules of Ulpian, the Enactments of Justinian, and the Constitutions of Leo...
675:
2105:
1951:
1923:
1567:
1559:
1036:
969:
830:
2301:
1662:
2150:
2630:
2155:
2554:
1314:
1307:
863:
817:
799:
2306:
2165:
1453:
593:
The Corpus Iuris
Civilis in the Middle Ages: Manuscripts and Transmissions from the Sixth Century to the Juristic Revival
1297:
34:
2635:
2048:
383:
743:
For further discussion of the work of Scott, Blume, and Clyde Pharr on Roman law translation see
Kearley, Timothy G.,
489:
161, 163 (Michael Maas ed. 2005). Humfress also describes the diverse forms of imperial enactments that were included.
2736:
1302:
773:
794:. Edited by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth. 3rd rev. ed. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
198:(New Constitutions, or Novels), was compiled unofficially after his death but is now also thought of as part of the
1799:
856:
328:
was published posthumously. Unfortunately, Scott used the
Kriegel brothers' edition of the CJC rather than that of
2771:
2593:
1125:
893:
2741:
2731:
2603:
2524:
2342:
2210:
1782:
1726:
1647:
1514:
745:"From Rome to the Restatement: S.P. Scott, Fred Blume, Clyde Pharr, and Roman Law in Early Twentieth-Century".
2815:
2598:
2588:
2503:
2258:
2043:
659:
1478:
2672:
2640:
2544:
2253:
2225:
2033:
1572:
749:
Roman Law, Classical
Education, and Limits on Classical Participation in America into the Twentieth-Century
2396:
2038:
1885:
1642:
1393:
627:
2716:
2662:
2401:
2273:
2263:
1963:
1843:
1721:
1652:
1540:
1509:
1352:
1292:
413:"Codex Justiniani I-IX, cum glosa /Franciscus Accursius, Guido de Suzaria ... e.a.[manuscript]"
267:
The commission finished its work in 14 months, and the compilation was promulgated in April 529 by the
227:
2576:
2100:
1956:
1741:
1632:
1519:
1875:
1627:
1114:
993:
247:
40:
2781:
2205:
1931:
1751:
1637:
194:
189:
127:
122:
333:
303:
2805:
2706:
2296:
2138:
1582:
1388:
1362:
1357:
1130:
1106:
1102:
1069:
219:
2424:
2278:
1468:
1378:
1342:
1227:
957:
952:
378:
595:
133 (2007); pages 133–168 give a detailed account of the Code's transmission in this period.
2810:
2667:
2650:
2471:
2230:
2195:
2078:
2015:
2010:
1545:
1488:
672:
325:
320:
257:
164:
60:
8:
1577:
1493:
1483:
1347:
1110:
1098:
985:
235:
2820:
2655:
2645:
2519:
2190:
2073:
1990:
1853:
1205:
1185:
1165:
1155:
921:
766:
The Codex of
Justinian. A New Annotated Translation, with Parallel Latin and Greek Text
388:
254:
239:
185:
117:
98:
845:, A database on Carolingian secular law texts (Karl Ubl, Cologne University, Germany).
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2332:
1848:
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813:
795:
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482:
373:
231:
210:
2581:
2374:
2322:
2268:
2235:
2185:
1978:
1968:
1746:
1434:
1326:
1249:
1232:
1210:
1195:
1180:
1094:
879:
177:
337:
2726:
2559:
2539:
2534:
2489:
2479:
2439:
2434:
2384:
2379:
2160:
1766:
1683:
1678:
1418:
1408:
1244:
1238:
1222:
1200:
1190:
1175:
761:
679:
437:
329:
2564:
2444:
2177:
1936:
1830:
1816:
1615:
1319:
1074:
805:
181:
143:
78:
787:
727:
2799:
2484:
2361:
2327:
2065:
2000:
1973:
1858:
1473:
1413:
393:
363:
350:
341:
243:
71:
50:
576:
Research in Roman Law; a Guide to the Sources and Their English Translations
2245:
2220:
2200:
2005:
1983:
1838:
1086:
1081:
915:
848:
641:
2746:
2721:
2215:
2025:
1792:
1398:
1383:
173:
2020:
1880:
1870:
1703:
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1403:
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until the 20th century. In 1932, the English translation of the entire
292:
2569:
2449:
1941:
1809:
1756:
1688:
368:
261:
169:
102:
2095:
1995:
1946:
1804:
1736:
1524:
744:
345:
298:
2461:
2347:
2288:
1787:
1761:
1439:
264:, who was later to head the other Corpus Juris Civilis projects.
810:
A Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law, CUP Archive
2090:
1865:
1731:
289:
215:
439:
Chambers's Encyclopaedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge
693:
A selective English translation of Kroll's Preface to Novels
660:"Justice Fred Blume and the Translation of Justinian's Code"
2369:
306:
created the modern, standard version of the Codex in 1877.
545:
An Introduction to Roman Legal and Constitutional History
16:
529 codification of Roman law by Justinian I of Byzantium
768:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016), p. 2963,
485:, "Law and Legal Practice in the Age of Justinian," in
649:, 17 vols. (1932). Reprinted in 1973 by the AMS Press.
192:, were created during his reign. The fourth part, the
2797:
751:(Fort Collins, CO: Veterrimus Publishing, 2022).
1239:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
460:
458:
864:
839:Bibliotheca legum regni Francorum manuscripta
435:
279:(perpetual edict), as is that of the Digest.
246:. In February 528, Justinian promulgated the
878:
837:
591:Charles M. Radding & Antonio Ciaralli,
516:Humfress, supra note 5 at 165, quoting the
455:
354:on Blume's, was published in October 2016.
157:
151:
871:
857:
314:No English translations were made of the
436:Patrick, David; Geddie, William (1923).
209:
2127:
309:
242:was an official compilation ordered by
172:ordered early in the 6th century AD by
70:Petrvs Sabbativs Ivstinianvs Avgvstvs,
49:Petrvs Sabbativs Ivstinianvs Avgvstvs,
2798:
808:; Nicholas, Barry (October 26, 1972),
673:Mommsen, KrĂĽger, Schoell and Kroll CJC
2695:
2126:
1911:
1603:
1270:
891:
852:
547:166 (J.M. Kelly trans. 2nd ed. 1973).
1912:
835:and its manuscript tradition on the
617:Jolowicz, 1972, supra note 2 at 496.
606:Roman law, Mechanisms of Development
556:Jolowicz, 1972, supra note 2 at 494.
1614:
565:Jolowicz, 1972, supra note 2 at 495
13:
384:International Roman Law Moot Court
14:
2832:
2737:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
824:
760:Bruce W. Frier (General Editor),
507:Honoré, 2003, supra note 1 at 803
2776:
704:W.W. Buckland, "Book Review," 7
33:
1126:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
948:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
754:
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685:
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652:
635:
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611:
598:
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559:
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226:Shortly after Justinian became
2211:Great Palace of Constantinople
1952:Patriarchate of Constantinople
1271:
510:
501:
492:
476:
467:
446:
429:
405:
282:
1:
747:See also Timothy G. Kearley,
399:
273:Codex Repetitae Praelectionis
2673:University of Constantinople
2254:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
1604:
1404:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
1093:Byzantine successor states (
7:
2343:Saint Catherine's Monastery
1399:Chartoularios tou sakelliou
1394:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
892:
792:Oxford Classical Dictionary
717:See Kearley, supra note 20.
452:See generally, Honoré, 2003
357:
205:
10:
2837:
2732:Neo-Byzantine architecture
2696:
1353:Comes sacrarum largitionum
781:
691:Miller and Kearley (2013)
498:Honoré, 2003, supra note 1
214:Justinian I depicted on a
2759:
2702:
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32:
21:
1876:Droungarios of the Fleet
532:Annotated Justinian Code
41:Ghent University Library
2390:Early Byzantine mosaics
1752:Domestic of the Schools
473:Jolowicz, 1972, p. 479.
195:Novellae Constitutiones
184:. Two other units, the
128:Novellae Constitutiones
123:Institutes of Justinian
2707:Byzantine commonwealth
1469:Praetorian prefectures
1389:Logothetes tou genikou
1363:Quaestor sacri palatii
1358:Comes rerum privatarum
1131:Fall of Constantinople
1070:Sack of Constantinople
838:
626:Krueger, Paul (1877),
464:Jolowicz, 1972, p. 463
223:
168:, the codification of
158:
152:
147:
2407:Komnenian renaissance
2402:Macedonian period art
2307:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
2279:Walls of Thessaloniki
1379:Logothetes tou dromou
994:Twenty Years' Anarchy
958:Valentinianic dynasty
953:Constantinian dynasty
728:"Blume and Justinian"
671:Each of the units of
379:Corpus Juris Canonici
213:
162:) is one part of the
83:7 April 529
2816:Prose texts in Latin
2604:Units of measurement
2338:Panagia Gorgoepikoos
2231:Pammakaristos Church
2079:Corpus Juris Civilis
2030:Missionary activity
1489:Exarchate of Ravenna
1315:Imperial bureaucracy
604:A. Arthur Schiller,
487:The Age of Justinian
326:Samuel Parsons Scott
321:Corpus Juris Civilis
310:English translations
258:John the Cappadocian
220:church of San Vitale
200:Corpus Juris Civilis
165:Corpus Juris Civilis
61:Eastern Roman Empire
2128:Culture and society
1991:Ecumenical councils
1494:Exarchate of Africa
1484:Quaestura exercitus
1348:Magister officiorum
1343:Praetorian prefects
986:Byzantine Dark Ages
831:Information on the
708:627, 629 (1932–33).
580:Law Library Journal
251:Hac quae necessario
236:Codex Hermogenianus
109:Related legislation
2545:Flags and insignia
2191:Baths of Zeuxippus
2074:Codex Theodosianus
1964:Oriental Orthodoxy
922:Later Roman Empire
678:2013-04-06 at the
389:List of Roman laws
260:and also included
255:praetorian prefect
240:Codex Theodosianus
224:
99:John of Cappadocia
57:Territorial extent
26:Codex Justinianeus
2793:
2792:
2755:
2754:
2712:Byzantine studies
2687:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2498:Alexander Romance
2356:
2355:
2333:Nea Moni of Chios
2196:Blachernae Palace
2118:
2117:
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2084:Code of Justinian
1932:Eastern Orthodoxy
1903:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1825:
1824:
1699:Scholae Palatinae
1595:
1594:
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1590:
1560:Foreign relations
1554:
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1448:
1447:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1061:(1204–1453)
818:978-0-521-08253-2
800:978-0-19-860641-3
706:Tulane Law Review
658:Timothy Kearley,
629:Codex iustinianus
574:Stephen L. Sass,
543:Wolfgang Kunkel,
518:Constitutio Summa
483:Caroline Humfress
374:Code of Hammurabi
277:edictum perpetuum
269:Constitutio Summa
232:Codex Gregorianus
148:Codex Justinianus
140:Code of Justinian
136:
135:
22:Code of Justinian
2828:
2780:
2693:
2692:
2636:Imperial Library
2582:Byzantine Greeks
2323:Daphni Monastery
2274:Panagia Chalkeon
2269:Hagios Demetrios
2236:Prison of Anemas
2186:Basilica Cistern
2144:
2143:
2135:
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2124:
2123:
1979:West Syriac Rite
1969:Alexandrian Rite
1920:
1919:
1913:Religion and law
1909:
1908:
1844:Maritime themata
1800:Palaiologan army
1653:Military manuals
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1612:
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1601:
1600:
1459:
1458:
1435:Megas logothetes
1286:
1285:
1279:
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1141:By modern region
1062:
1009:
1008:(717–1204)
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880:Byzantine Empire
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1684:East Roman army
1679:Late Roman army
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1409:Epi tou eidikou
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1121:Palaiologan era
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939:(330–717)
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825:External links
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2001:Monophysitism
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1974:Armenian Rite
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1042:Komnenian era
1040:
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987:
983:
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980:Heraclian era
978:
976:
975:Justinian era
973:
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789:
786:
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774:9780521196826
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723:
714:
707:
701:
694:
688:
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655:
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643:The Civil Law
638:
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394:Twelve Tables
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
364:Byzantine law
362:
361:
355:
352:
351:Fred H. Blume
347:
343:
342:Wilhelm Kroll
339:
338:Rudolf Schöll
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:
317:
307:
305:
301:
300:
294:
291:
280:
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265:
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259:
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252:
249:
245:
244:Theodosius II
241:
237:
233:
229:
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217:
212:
203:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
183:
179:
178:Eastern Roman
175:
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166:
160:
154:
149:
145:
141:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
115:
112:
107:
104:
100:
97:
95:Introduced by
93:
82:
80:
76:
73:
72:Roman emperor
69:
65:
62:
59:
55:
52:
51:Roman emperor
47:
42:
36:
31:
27:
20:
2496:
2264:Hagia Sophia
2246:Thessalonica
2221:Hagia Sophia
2201:Chora Church
2139:Architecture
2083:
2016:Great Schism
2006:Paulicianism
1984:Miaphysitism
1839:Karabisianoi
1143:or territory
1103:Thessalonica
1087:Latin Empire
1082:Frankokratia
1057:
1017:Isaurian era
1004:
935:
920:
916:Roman Empire
906:
836:
832:
809:
791:
765:
756:
748:
735:. Retrieved
731:
722:
713:
705:
700:
687:
667:
654:
646:
642:
637:
632:(in German).
628:
622:
613:
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579:
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570:
561:
552:
544:
539:
531:
525:
517:
512:
503:
494:
486:
478:
469:
448:
438:
431:
420:. Retrieved
417:lib.ugent.be
416:
407:
319:
315:
313:
297:
286:
276:
272:
268:
266:
250:
248:constitution
225:
199:
193:
163:
153:Justinianeus
139:
137:
25:
2811:Justinian I
2747:Megali Idea
2722:Byzantinism
2425:Agriculture
2216:Hagia Irene
2049:Kievan Rus'
2026:Mount Athos
1849:Cibyrrhaeot
1793:Vestiaritai
1648:Mercenaries
1525:Catepanates
1384:Sakellarios
1303:Family tree
1228:Mesopotamia
1047:Angelid era
1027:Amorian era
788:Tony Honoré
737:October 26,
334:Paul KrĂĽger
304:Paul KrĂĽger
283:Rediscovery
180:emperor in
174:Justinian I
2800:Categories
2742:Third Rome
2668:University
2651:Philosophy
2641:Inventions
2504:Historians
2472:Literature
2455:Varangians
2297:San Vitale
2226:Hippodrome
2206:City Walls
2106:Mutilation
2101:Hexabiblos
2021:Bogomilism
2011:Iconoclasm
1881:Megas doux
1871:Greek fire
1854:Aegean Sea
1727:Kleisourai
1704:Excubitors
1694:Bucellarii
1546:Despotates
1515:Kleisourai
1454:Provincial
1298:Coronation
1272:Governance
1037:Doukid era
970:Leonid era
812:, p. 463,
608:37 (1978).
534:at page 4.
422:2020-08-26
400:References
293:palimpsest
190:Institutes
176:, who was
159:Justiniani
2821:Roman law
2570:Octoechos
2450:Silk Road
1942:Hesychasm
1810:Paramonai
1757:Hetaireia
1689:Foederati
1578:Diplomacy
1573:Diplomats
1479:Provinces
1308:Empresses
1111:Trebizond
907:Preceding
369:Roman law
324:(CJC) by
262:Tribonian
170:Roman law
103:Tribonian
87:529-04-07
79:Effective
2663:Scholars
2656:Rhetoric
2646:Medicine
2621:Learning
2520:Calendar
2397:Painters
2096:Basilika
2034:Bulgaria
1996:Arianism
1947:Hayhurum
1924:Religion
1886:Admirals
1805:Allagion
1737:Droungos
1643:Generals
1605:Military
1568:Treaties
1474:Dioceses
1293:Emperors
1206:Sardinia
1186:Dalmatia
1166:Bulgaria
1156:Anatolia
1115:Theodoro
1109: /
1105: /
1097: /
732:Uwyo.edu
676:Archived
358:See also
346:latinity
299:Basilika
290:Veronese
234:and the
206:Creation
188:and the
2772:Outline
2717:Museums
2617:Science
2594:Slavery
2550:Gardens
2530:Cuisine
2462:Dynatoi
2430:Coinage
2417:Economy
2385:Mosaics
2348:Mystras
2289:Ravenna
2151:Secular
2039:Moravia
1788:Pronoia
1762:Akritai
1747:Tagmata
1722:Themata
1663:Revolts
1633:Battles
1541:Kephale
1510:Themata
1440:Mesazon
1282:Central
1218:Maghreb
1171:Corsica
1161:Armenia
1151:Albania
894:History
843:website
782:Sources
228:emperor
218:in the
85: (
2782:Portal
2697:Impact
2577:People
2525:Cities
2375:Enamel
2156:Sacred
2091:Ecloga
1957:Saints
1866:Dromon
1742:Bandon
1732:Tourma
1715:Middle
1638:Beacon
1520:Bandon
1503:Middle
1372:Middle
1327:Senate
1250:Thrace
1233:Serbia
1211:Sicily
1196:Greece
1181:Cyprus
1099:Epirus
1095:Nicaea
1005:Middle
882:topics
816:
798:
772:
216:mosaic
186:Digest
118:Digest
2767:Index
2599:Death
2589:Women
2560:Music
2540:Dress
2535:Dance
2480:Novel
2440:Trade
2435:Mints
2380:Glass
2370:Icons
2166:Domes
2044:Serbs
1859:Samos
1672:Early
1462:Early
1336:Early
1245:Syria
1223:Malta
1201:Italy
1191:Egypt
1176:Crete
1107:Morea
936:Early
578:, 56
316:Codex
144:Latin
2565:Lyra
2445:silk
2056:Jews
1831:Navy
1776:Late
1616:Army
1583:Wars
1534:Late
1428:Late
1058:Late
814:ISBN
796:ISBN
770:ISBN
739:2016
340:and
138:The
2362:Art
2066:Law
156:or
2802::
790:,
730:.
457:^
415:.
336:,
332:,
202:.
150:,
146::
101:,
1117:)
1113:–
1101:–
988:"
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872:e
865:t
858:v
820:.
802:.
741:.
695:.
682:.
662:.
520:.
425:.
142:(
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