181:(called a "coccygeal process", "coccygeal projection", or "caudal appendage"). Atavism can also be seen in humans who possess large teeth, like those of other primates. In addition, a case of "snake heart", the presence of "coronary circulation and myocardial architecture resemble those of the reptilian heart", has also been reported in medical literature. Atavism has also recently been induced in avian dinosaur (bird) fetuses to express dormant ancestral non-avian dinosaur (non-bird) features, including teeth.
89:
395:
32:
363:) pulled the liberal Europe into war, and that the liberal regimes of the other continental powers did not cause it. He used this idea to say that liberalism and commerce would continue to have a soothing effect in international relations, and that war would not arise between nations which are connected by commercial ties. This latter idea is very similar to the later
173:
Evolutionarily traits that have disappeared phenotypically do not necessarily disappear from an organism's DNA. The gene sequence often remains, but is inactive. Such an unused gene may remain in the genome for many generations. As long as the gene remains intact, a fault in the genetic control
503:
in the 1870s. He attempted to identify physical characteristics common to criminals and labeled those he found as atavistic, 'throw-back' traits that determined 'primitive' criminal behavior. His statistical evidence and the closely related idea of
346:
that an international society built on commerce will avoid war because of war's destructiveness and comparative cost. His reason for World War I is termed "atavism", in which he asserts that senescent governments in Europe (those of the
455:
in the early 1900s, atavism was used to account for the reappearance in an individual of a trait after several generations of absence—often called a "throw-back". The idea that atavisms could be made to accumulate by
508:
have long since been abandoned by the scientific community, but the concept that physical traits may affect the likelihood of criminal or unethical behavior in a person still has some scientific support.
96:
of various species display some ancestral features, like the tail on this human embryo. These features normally disappear in later development, but it may not happen if the animal has an atavism.
140:) or by prolongation of the same. In such a case, a shift in the time a trait is allowed to develop before it is fixed can bring forth an ancestral phenotype. Atavisms are often seen as
132:
that either knocks out the dominant genes for the new traits or makes the old traits dominate the new one. A number of traits can vary as a result of shortening of the
1697:
1186:
Kukalová-Peck, Jarmila (11 March 2008). "Phylogeny of Higher Taxa in
Insecta: Finding Synapomorphies in the Extant Fauna and Separating Them from Homoplasies".
499:
In addition, the concept of atavism as part of an individualistic explanation of the causes of criminal deviance was popularised by the
Italian criminologist
174:
suppressing the gene can lead to it being expressed again. Sometimes, the expression of dormant genes can be induced by artificial stimulation.
151:, atavism is the tendency of reversion. For example, people in the modern era reverting to the ways of thinking and acting of a former time.
1592:"Lombroso and the pathological perspective can be traced back to the 19th century following a history of demonic and classical perspectives"
484:, who claimed that "inferior" races displayed atavistic traits, and represented more primitive traits than other races. Both atavism's and
872:
1591:
1274:
Robert J. Raikow; et al. (1979), "The evolutionary re-establishment of a lost ancestral muscle in the bowerbird assemblage.",
841:
1308:
Robert J. Raikow (1975), "The evolutionary reappearance of ancestral muscles as developmental anomalies in two species of birds",
343:
1542:
727:
1093:
Matthew P. Harris; et al. (2006), "The
Development of Archosaurian First-Generation Teeth in a Chicken Mutant",
434:
75:
57:
1577:
671:
Tomic, Nenad; Meyer-Rochow, Victor Benno (2011). "Atavisms - medical, genetic, and evolutionary implications".
416:
42:
1712:
862:
364:
934:
1131:"Tergal and pleural structures contribute to the formation of ectopic prothoracic wings in cockroaches"
719:
141:
1011:
Horses: The story of the horse family in the modern world and through sixty million years of evolution
412:
374:
20:
837:
405:
360:
53:
1534:
1026:
Somites and early morphogenesis in reptile limbs. In
Vertebrate Limb and Somite Morphogenesis
493:
489:
312:
958:
1412:
1230:
1142:
1048:
518:
370:
133:
974:
Tyson R, Graham JP, Colahan PT, Berry CR (2004). "Skeletal atavism in a miniature horse".
8:
1595:
290:
203:
116:
change in previous generations. Atavisms can occur in several ways, one of which is when
1416:
1234:
1146:
1052:
1642:
1617:
1435:
1400:
1367:
1325:
1291:
1254:
1221:
Michael F. Whiting; et al. (2003), "Loss and recovery of wings in stick insects",
1203:
1163:
1130:
1071:
911:
894:
814:
789:
771:
696:
649:
637:
528:
457:
308:
109:
1502:
381:, one of which he refers to as "atavists", who long for what they see as a lost past.
1717:
1686:
1647:
1558:
1538:
1506:
1440:
1359:
1246:
1168:
1112:
1076:
991:
987:
916:
867:
819:
763:
723:
688:
641:
331:
1371:
1207:
775:
700:
653:
1682:
1678:
1637:
1629:
1530:
1498:
1471:
1430:
1420:
1351:
1317:
1283:
1238:
1195:
1158:
1150:
1102:
1066:
1056:
983:
906:
809:
801:
755:
680:
633:
566:
481:
1258:
893:
Walia, I.; Arora, H. S.; Barker, E. A.; Delgado R.M., III; Frazier, O. H. (2010).
1523:
Byrne, Alex; Hilbert, David R. (2010). "How do Things Look to the Color-Blind?".
500:
318:
286:
210:
49:
1458:
Meyer-Rochow, Victor Benno (1989). "A report of webbed feet in a mature axolotl
1039:
Katja Domes; et al. (2007), "Reevolution of sexuality breaks Dollo's law",
954:
356:
352:
178:
148:
1199:
1107:
586:
533:
88:
1706:
485:
461:
348:
1475:
1425:
1061:
571:
554:
1651:
1633:
1444:
1363:
1250:
1172:
1116:
1080:
995:
939:
920:
823:
805:
692:
1690:
1510:
1355:
1342:
E. Evansh (1959), "Hyoid muscle anomalies in the dog (Canis familiaris)",
767:
684:
645:
624:
Brian K. Hall (1984), "Developmental mechanisms underlying the atavisms",
465:
335:
295:
279:
249:
108:
is a modification of a biological structure whereby an ancestral genetic
1578:"Meet the precariat, the new global class fuelling the rise of populism"
1242:
1154:
1329:
1295:
759:
523:
419: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
339:
1669:
Bar-Maor, JA; Kesner, KM; Kaftori, JK (November 1980). "Human tails".
496:, as development towards a greater complexity and a superior ability.
177:
Atavisms have been observed in humans, such as with infants born with
1524:
448:
378:
238:
214:
121:
113:
1489:
Anh H. Dao; Martin G. Netsky (1984), "Human tails and pseudotails",
1321:
1287:
394:
60:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
505:
469:
452:
221:
189:
129:
480:
species of wild cattle. The same notions of atavisms were used by
165:—a great-great-great-grandfather or, more generally, an ancestor.
477:
473:
302:
231:
193:
137:
101:
1618:"Bad to the bone: Facial structure predicts unethical behaviour"
472:
with selected primitive traits, in an attempt of "reviving" the
272:
268:
264:
253:
242:
93:
451:
in the mid-1800s and the rise of the modern understanding of
159:
892:
716:
Quirks of Human
Anatomy, an Evo-Devo Look at the Human Body
260:
225:
117:
1488:
746:
Brian K. Hall (1995), "Atavisms and atavistic mutations",
125:
1399:
Domes, K.; Norton, R. A.; Maraun, M.; Scheu, S. (2007).
973:
1398:
1028:, Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 373–386
1671:
The
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume
1668:
1129:
Elias-Neto, Moysés; Belles, Xavier (3 August 2016).
16:
Reappearance of a genetic trait once thought extinct
790:"Dollo's law and the re-evolution of shell coiling"
1462:and remarks on webbed feet in Urodela generally".
1220:
1594:. Criminology.fsu.edu. 2000-11-27. Archived from
1557:
1388:(49 ed.), Carnegie Institution of Washington
1386:The origin of a polydactylous race of guinea-pigs
1383:
1092:
895:"Snake Heart: A Case of Atavism in a Human Being"
670:
579:
1704:
1698:Photograph of an additional (third) hoof of cows
1307:
1273:
1128:
377:has identified three distinct sub-groups of the
1405:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1008:
953:
787:
447:During the interval between the acceptance of
1615:
1401:"Reevolution of sexuality breaks Dollo's law"
1269:
1267:
1185:
745:
741:
739:
623:
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
603:
184:Other examples of observed atavisms include:
1575:
1522:
1457:
1023:
1038:
1565:. Cleveland: The World Publishing Company.
1264:
838:"29+ Evidences for Macroevolution: Part 2"
830:
736:
600:
285:Reemergence of sexual reproduction in the
1641:
1434:
1424:
1341:
1162:
1106:
1070:
1060:
910:
813:
570:
435:Learn how and when to remove this message
112:reappears after having been lost through
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
713:
87:
1535:10.7551/mitpress/9780262013857.003.0012
128:, and these become expressed through a
1705:
1616:Haselhuhn, M. P.; Wong, E. M. (2011).
1561:(1969). "Imperialism and Capitalism".
552:
344:liberal international relations theory
976:Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound
844:from the original on 29 October 2006
673:Perspectives in Biology and Medicine
666:
664:
662:
417:adding citations to reliable sources
388:
25:
935:"Dino-Chicken Gets One Step Closer"
384:
13:
1622:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
960:Dolphin May Have 'Remains' of Legs
875:from the original on 12 March 2009
794:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
638:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1984.tb00402.x
468:. This had been bred from ancient
248:Reappearance of wings on wingless
14:
1729:
1662:
788:Collin, R.; Cipriani, R. (2003).
659:
1526:Color Ontology and Color Science
988:10.1111/j.1740-8261.2004.04060.x
393:
30:
1609:
1584:
1569:
1551:
1516:
1482:
1451:
1392:
1377:
1335:
1301:
1214:
1179:
1122:
1086:
1032:
1017:
1002:
967:
947:
927:
886:
404:needs additional citations for
315:in humans (and other primates).
209:Re-evolution of sexuality from
199:Extra toes of the modern horse.
1683:10.1302/0301-620x.62b4.7430236
1563:Imperialism and Social Classes
855:
781:
707:
546:
250:stick insects and leaf insects
1:
1503:10.1016/S0046-8177(84)80079-9
1041:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
899:Texas Heart Institute Journal
555:"Tubal pregnancy with embryo"
539:
259:Atavistic muscles in several
7:
1576:Guy Standing (2016-11-09).
512:
56:the claims made and adding
10:
1734:
1384:William E. Castle (1906),
1135:Royal Society Open Science
720:Cambridge University Press
325:
168:
124:features are preserved in
18:
1200:10.1007/s11692-007-9013-4
1108:10.1016/j.cub.2005.12.047
1013:, Oxford University Press
202:Reappearance of limbs in
863:"What our tails tell us"
464:, led to breeds such as
120:for previously existing
21:Atavism (disambiguation)
1580:. World Economic Forum.
1476:10.1163/156853889x00340
1426:10.1073/pnas.0700034104
1062:10.1073/pnas.0700034104
1009:Simpson, G. G. (1951),
559:WikiJournal of Medicine
361:Austro-Hungarian Empire
342:Europe. He defends the
311:(not pseudo-tails) and
1634:10.1098/rspb.2011.1193
806:10.1098/rspb.2003.2517
587:"Multi-cell Organisms"
97:
1356:10.1002/ar.1091330204
1024:Raynauad, A. (1977),
685:10.1353/pbm.2011.0034
572:10.15347/wjm/2014.007
494:evolutionary progress
490:recapitulation theory
338:in twentieth-century
330:Atavism is a term in
313:supernumerary nipples
301:Webbed feet in adult
142:evidence of evolution
91:
1713:Evolutionary biology
1529:. pp. 258–290.
1188:Evolutionary Biology
957:(November 5, 2006),
589:. Universe-review.ca
519:Atavistic regression
413:improve this article
371:University of London
365:Golden Arches theory
204:limbless vertebrates
158:is derived from the
19:For other uses, see
1417:2007PNAS..104.7139D
1243:10.1038/nature01313
1235:2003Natur.421..264W
1155:10.1098/rsos.160347
1147:2016RSOS....360347E
1053:2007PNAS..104.7139D
800:(1533): 2551–2555.
553:Uthman, Ed (2014).
291:Hieracium pilosella
760:10.1038/ng0695-126
626:Biological Reviews
529:Spandrel (biology)
458:selective breeding
334:'s explanation of
98:
41:possibly contains
1628:(1728): 571–576.
1559:Joseph Schumpeter
1544:978-0-262-01385-7
1464:Amphibia-Reptilia
1460:Siredon mexicanum
1411:(17): 7139–7144.
1344:Anatomical Record
1229:(6920): 264–267,
1047:(17): 7139–7144,
963:, Livescience.com
868:Los Angeles Times
729:978-0-521-73233-8
714:Held, L. (2009).
482:social Darwinists
445:
444:
437:
332:Joseph Schumpeter
134:fetal development
86:
85:
78:
43:original research
1725:
1694:
1656:
1655:
1645:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1438:
1428:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1271:
1262:
1261:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1166:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1110:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1074:
1064:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1006:
1000:
999:
971:
965:
964:
951:
945:
944:
931:
925:
924:
914:
890:
884:
883:
881:
880:
859:
853:
852:
850:
849:
834:
828:
827:
817:
785:
779:
778:
743:
734:
733:
711:
705:
704:
668:
657:
656:
621:
598:
597:
595:
594:
583:
577:
576:
574:
550:
440:
433:
429:
426:
420:
397:
389:
385:Social Darwinism
298:family of mites.
237:Reappearance of
81:
74:
70:
67:
61:
58:inline citations
34:
33:
26:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1703:
1702:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1614:
1610:
1601:
1599:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1574:
1570:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1521:
1517:
1491:Human Pathology
1487:
1483:
1456:
1452:
1397:
1393:
1382:
1378:
1340:
1336:
1322:10.2307/1366113
1306:
1302:
1288:10.2307/1367290
1272:
1265:
1219:
1215:
1184:
1180:
1127:
1123:
1095:Current Biology
1091:
1087:
1037:
1033:
1022:
1018:
1007:
1003:
972:
968:
952:
948:
933:
932:
928:
891:
887:
878:
876:
861:
860:
856:
847:
845:
836:
835:
831:
786:
782:
748:Nature Genetics
744:
737:
730:
712:
708:
669:
660:
622:
601:
592:
590:
585:
584:
580:
551:
547:
542:
515:
501:Cesare Lombroso
492:are related to
441:
430:
424:
421:
410:
398:
387:
328:
319:Color blindness
287:flowering plant
220:Teeth in avian
211:parthenogenesis
179:vestigial tails
171:
149:social sciences
82:
71:
65:
62:
47:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1731:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1677:(4): 508–510.
1664:
1663:External links
1661:
1658:
1657:
1608:
1583:
1568:
1550:
1543:
1515:
1497:(5): 449–453,
1481:
1450:
1391:
1376:
1350:(2): 145–162,
1334:
1316:(4): 514–517,
1300:
1282:(2): 203–206,
1263:
1213:
1178:
1121:
1101:(4): 371–377,
1085:
1031:
1016:
1001:
966:
955:Hiroko Tabuchi
946:
943:. 19 May 2015.
926:
905:(6): 687–690.
885:
871:. 2007-02-15.
854:
829:
780:
754:(2): 126–127,
735:
728:
706:
679:(3): 332–353.
658:
599:
578:
544:
543:
541:
538:
537:
536:
531:
526:
521:
514:
511:
443:
442:
401:
399:
392:
386:
383:
357:Ottoman Empire
353:Russian Empire
327:
324:
323:
322:
316:
306:
299:
283:
278:Extra toes in
276:
257:
246:
235:
229:
218:
215:oribatid mites
207:
200:
197:
188:Hind limbs in
170:
167:
84:
83:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1730:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1598:on 2013-09-23
1597:
1593:
1587:
1579:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1546:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1519:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1141:(8): 160347.
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1027:
1020:
1012:
1005:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
970:
962:
961:
956:
950:
942:
941:
936:
930:
922:
918:
913:
908:
904:
900:
896:
889:
874:
870:
869:
864:
858:
843:
839:
833:
825:
821:
816:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
784:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
742:
740:
731:
725:
721:
717:
710:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
667:
665:
663:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
632:(1): 89–124,
631:
627:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
588:
582:
573:
568:
564:
560:
556:
549:
545:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
516:
510:
507:
502:
497:
495:
491:
487:
486:Ernst Haeckel
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:breeding back
459:
454:
450:
439:
436:
428:
418:
414:
408:
407:
402:This section
400:
396:
391:
390:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:German Empire
345:
341:
337:
333:
320:
317:
314:
310:
307:
304:
300:
297:
293:
292:
288:
284:
281:
277:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
255:
251:
247:
244:
240:
236:
233:
230:
227:
223:
219:
216:
212:
208:
205:
201:
198:
195:
191:
187:
186:
185:
182:
180:
175:
166:
164:
161:
157:
152:
150:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
95:
90:
80:
77:
69:
59:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
28:
27:
22:
1674:
1670:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1600:. Retrieved
1596:the original
1586:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1525:
1518:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1385:
1379:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1279:
1275:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1025:
1019:
1010:
1004:
982:(4): 315–7.
979:
975:
969:
959:
949:
940:Live Science
938:
929:
902:
898:
888:
877:. Retrieved
866:
857:
846:. Retrieved
832:
797:
793:
783:
751:
747:
715:
709:
676:
672:
629:
625:
591:. Retrieved
581:
562:
558:
548:
498:
446:
431:
422:
411:Please help
406:verification
403:
375:Guy Standing
369:
329:
289:
267:such as the
183:
176:
172:
162:
155:
153:
146:
136:of a trait (
114:evolutionary
105:
99:
72:
63:
40:
1194:(1): 4–51.
534:Torna atrás
466:Heck cattle
336:World War I
309:Human tails
296:Crotoniidae
280:guinea pigs
239:prothoracic
1707:Categories
1602:2013-12-04
879:2009-03-08
848:2006-11-08
593:2011-09-29
540:References
524:Exaptation
373:professor
321:in humans.
122:phenotypic
50:improve it
1470:: 89–92.
470:landraces
449:evolution
379:precariat
241:wings in
222:dinosaurs
194:sirenians
190:cetaceans
154:The word
54:verifying
1718:Genetics
1652:21733897
1445:17438282
1372:33397424
1364:13670435
1251:12529642
1208:25126171
1173:27853616
1117:16488870
1081:17438282
996:15373256
921:21224948
873:Archived
842:Archived
824:14728776
776:27868367
701:40851098
693:21857125
654:29258934
513:See also
506:eugenics
453:genetics
425:May 2023
303:axolotls
294:and the
271:and the
234:in dogs.
232:Dewclaws
130:mutation
66:May 2023
1691:7430236
1643:3234568
1511:6373560
1436:1855408
1413:Bibcode
1330:1366113
1296:1367290
1231:Bibcode
1164:5108966
1143:Bibcode
1072:1855408
1049:Bibcode
912:3014134
815:1691546
768:7663504
646:6367843
478:extinct
474:aurochs
340:liberal
326:Culture
265:mammals
254:earwigs
243:insects
169:Biology
156:atavism
138:neoteny
106:atavism
102:biology
94:embryos
48:Please
1689:
1650:
1640:
1541:
1509:
1443:
1433:
1370:
1362:
1328:
1310:Condor
1294:
1276:Condor
1259:962571
1257:
1249:
1223:Nature
1206:
1171:
1161:
1115:
1079:
1069:
994:
919:
909:
822:
812:
774:
766:
726:
699:
691:
652:
644:
359:, and
273:jerboa
269:beagle
163:atavus
92:Early
1368:S2CID
1326:JSTOR
1292:JSTOR
1255:S2CID
1204:S2CID
772:S2CID
697:S2CID
650:S2CID
565:(2).
476:, an
460:, or
261:birds
226:birds
160:Latin
118:genes
110:trait
104:, an
1687:PMID
1675:62-B
1648:PMID
1539:ISBN
1507:PMID
1441:PMID
1360:PMID
1247:PMID
1169:PMID
1113:PMID
1077:PMID
992:PMID
917:PMID
820:PMID
764:PMID
724:ISBN
689:PMID
642:PMID
263:and
252:and
192:and
1679:doi
1638:PMC
1630:doi
1626:279
1531:doi
1499:doi
1472:doi
1431:PMC
1421:doi
1409:104
1352:doi
1348:133
1318:doi
1284:doi
1239:doi
1227:421
1196:doi
1159:PMC
1151:doi
1103:doi
1067:PMC
1057:doi
1045:104
984:doi
907:PMC
810:PMC
802:doi
798:270
756:doi
681:doi
634:doi
567:doi
488:'s
415:by
213:in
147:In
126:DNA
100:In
52:by
1709::
1685:.
1673:.
1646:.
1636:.
1624:.
1620:.
1537:.
1505:,
1495:15
1493:,
1468:10
1466:.
1439:.
1429:.
1419:.
1407:.
1403:.
1366:,
1358:,
1346:,
1324:,
1314:77
1312:,
1290:,
1280:81
1278:,
1266:^
1253:,
1245:,
1237:,
1225:,
1202:.
1192:35
1190:.
1167:.
1157:.
1149:.
1137:.
1133:.
1111:,
1099:16
1097:,
1075:,
1065:,
1055:,
1043:,
990:.
980:45
978:.
937:.
915:.
903:37
901:.
897:.
865:.
840:.
818:.
808:.
796:.
792:.
770:,
762:,
752:10
750:,
738:^
722:.
718:.
695:.
687:.
677:54
675:.
661:^
648:,
640:,
630:59
628:,
602:^
561:.
557:.
367:.
355:,
351:,
228:).
144:.
1693:.
1681::
1654:.
1632::
1605:.
1547:.
1533::
1501::
1478:.
1474::
1447:.
1423::
1415::
1354::
1320::
1286::
1241::
1233::
1210:.
1198::
1175:.
1153::
1145::
1139:3
1105::
1059::
1051::
998:.
986::
923:.
882:.
851:.
826:.
804::
758::
732:.
703:.
683::
636::
596:.
575:.
569::
563:1
438:)
432:(
427:)
423:(
409:.
305:.
282:.
275:.
256:.
245:.
224:(
217:.
206:.
196:.
79:)
73:(
68:)
64:(
46:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
