Northern gannet - Knowledge

1605:, which contributed in large degree to its ban. Where two eggs are found in a nest this is the result of two females laying an egg in the same nest or one egg being stolen from another nest. Northern gannets will lay a replacement egg if the first is lost. Incubation takes 42 to 46 days, during which time the egg is surrounded by the brooding bird's warm, webbed feet. Just before hatching begins, the brooding bird releases the egg from its feet to prevent the egg from breaking under the adult's weight as the chick breaks it open. This is a frequent cause of death for chicks of birds that are breeding for the first time. The process of breaking the eggshell can take up to 36 hours. The webbed feet are also used to cover the chicks, which are only rarely left alone by their parents. Chicks that are left unattended are often attacked and killed by other northern gannets. 1949: 715: 751: 703: 696:. Fledglings are dark grey to slate-grey with upperparts and wings finely speckled with white. There is a prominent V-shaped white area under the rump. The wing tips and tail are dark brown-black, partly tipped with white. The bill and iris are dark brown. They can weigh more than 4 kg (9 lb) by the time they leave the nest at about 10 weeks of age. In the second year, the bird's appearance changes depending on the different phases of moulting: they can have adult plumage at the front and continue to be brown at the rear. Gannets gradually acquire more white in subsequent seasons until they reach maturity after five years. 1396: 1688: 1663:

will take it in its beak and expel the female from the nest. A female will not react if a male approaches a nest but it will react fiercely if another female approaches. The fights between males occupying nests for the first time are particularly intense. Such fights can last for up to two hours and lead to serious injuries. Birds lunge at each other and lock bills, wrestling for extended periods while neighbours peck at them. The fights are preceded by threatening gestures, which are also seen outside the breeding season. Males demonstrate ownership of a nest by gesturing towards their neighbours in a

1421:, between 280 and 320 km (150 and 170 nmi) away. It is likely that they fly further than this while foraging, possibly up to double the distance; normally they fly less than 150 km (80 nmi). Some studies have found that the duration and direction of flights made while foraging for food are similar for both sexes, although there are significant differences in the search behaviour of males and females. Female northern gannets are not only more selective than males in choosing a search area: they also make longer and deeper dives and spend more time floating on the surface than males. 206: 1874: 1404:

small: in other birds flying muscles make up around 20% of total weight, while in northern gannets the flying muscles are less than 13%. Despite their speed, they cannot manoeuvre in flight as well as other seabirds. Northern gannets need to warm up before flying. They also walk with difficulty and this means that they have problems getting airborne from a flat area. They take off from water by facing into the wind and strongly beating their wings. In light winds and high waves they are sometimes unable to take off and they can become beached.

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tail, before piercing the water like an arrow. They control the direction of the dive using their wings and tail, and fold their wings against the body just before impact. Birds can hit the water at speeds of up to 100 km/h (30 m/s). This allows them to penetrate up to 11 m (36 ft) below the surface, and they will swim down to an average 19.7 m (60 ft), sometimes deeper than 25 m (80 ft). The bird's subcutaneous air sacs may have a role in controlling their buoyancy.

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reaction from the sitting pair; this means that the stress levels are higher in this type of colony than in those on steeper surfaces. Notwithstanding this, nests are always built close together and otherwise ideal nesting sites will not be used if they are some distance from a colony. On average there are 2.3 nests per square metre (1.9 per square yard). Both sexes fiercely defend the area around their nest. Where space allows, the distance between nests is double the reach of an individual.

1975:, where adults and eggs were taken in the spring. The fat chicks, known locally as "gugas", were harvested from the precipitous cliffs in August, just before they could fly, and thrown to waiting boats far below. Much of the meat was salted in barrels for storage, but the rest of the bird was also used. Islanders paid their rent in feathers for stuffing pillows and furniture, the gannet stomachs were used to hold oil derived from the carcasses, and the breastbones served as lamp wicks. 899:. Northern gannet colonies can be found in the far north in regions that are very cold and stormy, and Nelson has suggested that they can survive in these regions for several reasons, including the combination of body weight and a powerful beak that allows them to capture strong muscular fish, and the ability to dive to great depths and capture prey far from the cliffs. Their fat reserves act as weight when diving and as reserves during extended periods without food. 739: 55: 1609: 31: 1541: 1638: 860: 1425: 1968:. Views of the palatability of this bird are mixed, but as well as being a food for the poor it also regularly featured in Scottish royal banquets. In Scotland gannets were traditionally salted to preserve them until they got to market, this technique being replaced by partially cooking or smoking in the era of modern transport. They are normally served roasted, although sometimes raw when pickled or dried. 1835: 303: in) long with a 170–180 cm (67–71 in) wingspan. The head and nape have a buff tinge that is more prominent in breeding season, and the wings are edged with dark brown-black feathers. The long, pointed bill is blue-grey, contrasting with black, bare skin around the mouth and eyes. Juveniles are mostly grey-brown, becoming increasingly white in the five years it takes them to reach maturity. 692:

pale feathers of the forehead and throat from the bill, which gives the gannet its distinctive face markings. The four-toed feet are joined by a membrane that can vary in colour from dark grey to dark brown. There are coloured lines running along the toes that continue along up the legs. These are typically greenish-yellow in males and bluish in females and probably have a role in

1646: 275:. It is native to the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean, breeding in Western Europe and Northeastern North America. It is the largest seabird in the northern Atlantic. The sexes are similar in appearance. The adult northern gannet has a mainly white streamlined body with a long neck, and long and slender wings. It is 87–100 cm ( 1753:, occurs at breeding sites. The skua chases its victim until it disgorges its stomach contents, providing a meal for the attacker. Skuas may catch the tip of the gannet's wing, causing it to fall into the sea, or seize the tail to tip its victim into the water. The gannet is only released when it has regurgitated its catch. 1552:, plants, earth and debris from the sea. The males usually collect the materials. Nests are compact cups typically 30–60 cm (12–24 in) in height. The area which a nest occupies grows throughout the breeding season as the breeding pairs throw their excrement outside the nest. Over years, nests can reach 2 m ( 2003:

Although the Bass Rock population fell to fewer than 4,000 pairs in the early 19th century, the population soon recovered once hunting ceased, and St. Kilda was harvested sustainably for hundreds of years. Elsewhere, the recovery was less complete. The Bird Rocks colony in the Gulf of St Lawrence may

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Northern gannets have only one brood a year. The survival rate for young birds for their first four years is 30% and the annual survival rate for adults is 91.9%. The typical lifespan after becoming adult is 17 years, and the maximum known age is 37 years 4 months 16 days. Gannet pairs are monogamous

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The preferred nesting sites are on coastal hillsides or cliffs. If these are not available northern gannets will nest in groups on islands or flat surfaces. As they find it more difficult to take off from such locations they will often cross the area occupied by an adjacent nest causing an aggressive

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to find discarded or injured fish. They forage from heights of up to 70 m (230 ft) with no clear preference, and typically dive between 11 and 60 m (35 and 195 ft). They dive with their bodies straight and rigid, wings tucked close to the body but angled back, extending beyond the

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An old myth from Mykines in the Faroe Islands tells of the giant Tórur seeking mercy following defeat at the hands of Óli, the islanders' head man and magician. In return, he gave them whales, driftwood logs and a bird unique to the archipelago, on condition that the inhabitants did not laugh at his

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are dark. The head and neck are tinged buff-yellow, becoming much more prominent in the breeding season. Males are more deeply coloured than females. The eyes are surrounded by black bare skin and have a cobalt blue orbital ring, the iris is light blue-grey with a fine dark outer ring. In birds that

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Males try to attract an available female after establishing a territory. The females will fly over the colony several times before landing. Their posture, with the neck stretched out, tells the male that they are available for courtship. The male will then shake their heads in a similar way to when

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Northern gannets exhibit many types of aggressive behaviour while they are nesting. Confrontations normally only take place between birds of the same sex. Females will lower their heads before an aggressive male that is defending its nest: this will expose the back of the female's neck and the male

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Immature birds stay on the edges of the colony. They may even make a nest but they do not breed until they are 4 or 5 years old. Some birds of this age occupy empty nests that they will aggressively defend if they have sat on them for two or three days. If an apparently empty nest has an owner, the

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Northern gannets forage for food during the day, generally by diving at high speed into the sea. They search for food both near to their nesting sites but also further out to sea. Birds that are feeding young have been recorded searching for food up to 320 km (170 nmi) from their nest. It

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southwards for great distances and have been recorded as far south as Ecuador. In their second year some birds return to the colony they were born in, where they arrive later than the mature birds. They then migrate south again at the end of the breeding season, but travel shorter distances in this

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After the breeding season, adult northern gannets disperse over a wide area although they travel no more than 800 to 1,600 km (450 to 850 nmi) from the breeding colony. It is not known if all birds from one colony migrate to the same over-wintering area. Many adults migrate to the west of

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and Svalbard offer suitable breeding sites, the Arctic regions have summers that are too short to allow the northern gannets to lay their eggs and raise a brood, which requires between 26 and 30 weeks. The southern limit of their distribution mainly depends on the presence of sufficient prey. There

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is long, strong and conical with a slight downcurve at the end and a sharp cutting edge. In adults, the beak is blue-grey with dark grey or black edges. There is a black groove running the length of the mandible that merges into the skin around the eyes. A black band of bare skin also separates the

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Hunting on St. Kilda ceased in 1910, but the gannetry on Sula Sgeir is still exploited under a licence that permits 2,200 chicks to be taken each year. During the hunt, 10 men live on the island, and the cleaned birds are singed on a fire fuelled by their own oil-rich offal. The filleted birds are

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The wings of the northern gannet are long and narrow and are positioned towards the front of the body, allowing efficient use of air currents when flying. Even in calm weather they can attain velocities of between 55 and 65 km/h (30 and 35 kn) although their flying muscles are relatively

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and boobies, appeared about 30 million years ago. Early Sulidae fossils resembled the boobies, although they were more aquatic, the gannets splitting off later, about 16 million years ago. The gannets evolved in the northern hemisphere, later colonising the southern oceans. The most ancient extant

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A 2004 survey counted 45 gannet breeding colonies and some 361,000 nests. The population is apparently growing between 3% and 5% a year, although this growth is concentrated in just a few colonies. Although northern gannet populations are now stable, their numbers were once greatly reduced due to

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Some northern gannet breeding colonies have been recorded as being located in the same place for hundreds of years. The cliffs containing the colonies appear white when seen from a distance, due to the number of nesting birds present on them. There is a written record of a colony on the island of

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between 84 and 97 days old, departing by launching themselves off a cliff and flying—a procedure for which it is impossible to practice beforehand. If they leave the nest in bad weather they can be mortally wounded as they can be blown against the rocks. The young birds are attacked by adults if

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mouths wide for their young to fetch the food from the back of their throats. Older chicks receive whole fish. Unlike the chicks of other species, northern gannet chicks do not move about the nest or flap their wings to ask for food: this reduces the likelihood that they will fall from the nest.

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Newly hatched chicks are featherless and are dark blue or black in colour. In the second week of life they are covered in white down, replaced over the next five weeks by dark brown feathers flecked with white. Young chicks are fed regurgitated semi-digested fish by their parents, who open their

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Gannets usually push their prey deeper into the water and capture it as they return to the surface. When a dive is successful, they swallow the fish underwater before surfacing, and never fly with the fish in their bill. Larger fish are swallowed headfirst, smaller fish are swallowed sideways or

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Votier, Stephen C.; Furness, Robert W.; Bearhop, Stuart; Crane, Jonathan E.; Caldow, Richard W. G.; Catry, Paulo; Ensor, Kenny; Hamer, Keith C.; Hudson, Anne V.; Kalmbach, Ellen; Klomp, Nicholas I.; Pfeiffer, Simone; Phillips, Richard A.; Prieto, Isabel; Thompson, David R. (2004). "Changes in

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The oldest birds are the first to return to the northern gannet's breeding colonies. Birds not of breeding age arrive a few weeks later. In general, birds first return to a colony (not uncommonly the one in which they were hatched) when they are two or three years old. Once an individual has

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is the largest colony in Ireland, hosting around 30,000 breeding pairs. Known as a gannetry before 1700, human impact had reduced the population to 30 pairs by 1880 before rapidly increasing to around 10,000 pairs by 1906, the fastest recovery ever recorded at a gannet colony. There are small

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used the term in 1600 to refer to the gannet, "a great White foule". Young birds have been called "spotted booby" or "parliament goose", the former term referring to their plumage. The feeding habits of the gannet have led to its name being used as slang for a gluttonous person, a usage first

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Northern gannets are slightly larger and thicker-billed than Cape or Australian gannets. The northern gannet has more white in the wings and an all-white tail, the other species having black tips to their tail feathers. Individuals on the west coast of Africa could be confused with vagrant

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Northern gannets have long been eaten for food. Birds, mainly the young, were taken from Bass Rock for at least 350 years until 1885, when the annual cull of about 1,500 individuals finally ceased, and Shetland gannets were sold as "Highland goose" in London restaurants during

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Northern gannets have streamlined bodies adapted for plunge-diving at high speed, including powerful neck muscles, and a spongy bone plate at the base of the bill. The nostrils are inside the bill and can be closed to prevent water entry; the eyes are protected by strong

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of fish by this diving behaviour; this in turn facilitates group foraging, which makes capturing their prey easier. The colour also makes the gannet less visible to the fish underneath. Northern gannets also forage for fish while swimming with their head under water.

566:. The literal meaning is "cleft stick", referring to the appearance of the conspicuous crossed black wing tips on a perched northern gannet. Old regional names such as Norfolk's "herring gant" or Yorkshire's "mackerel gant" refer to typical fish prey. Lincolnshire's 1653: 1372:

second migration. Gannets from Alderney have been tracked since 2015 to gain better knowledge of their movements. One individual was found to have travelled from its colony in Alderney to Scandinavian waters, a round trip of around 2,700 km (1,500 nmi).

767:, though the latter is smaller overall, lacks the buff tinge to the head, and has a black tail. From a distance, or in poor visibility, albatrosses can be confused with northern gannets, particularly those with immature plumage that have more black on the wings. 850:

when taking off. The calls of the sexes are similar. According to Nelson northern gannets can recognize the call of their breeding partner, their chicks and birds in neighbouring nests. Individuals from outside this sphere are treated with more aggression.

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Ropert-Coudert, Yan; Daunt, Francis; Kato, Akiko; Ryan, Peter G.; Lewis, Sue; Kobayashi, Kaori; Mori, Yoshihisa; Grémillet, David; Wanless, Sarah (2009). "Underwater wingbeats extend depth and duration of plunge dives in northern gannets

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and may remain together over several seasons, if not for all of their lives. The pairs separate when their chicks leave the nest but they bond again the following year. Should one of the pair die, the other bird will find another mate.

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fishery, but does not actually eat much of them. This makes it difficult to resolve this conflict with the fishing industry in the area, as the only option would be to exterminate the birds, which is ecologically unacceptable.

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Northern gannets alight on land using angled wings, fanned tail and raised feet to control their speed, not always successfully, since damaged or broken wings were recorded as a frequent cause of death in adults at one colony.

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in Iceland, where the activity ceased in 1939, and Mykines, where small-scale culling still persists. About 500 young are culled for consumption each year in Mykines, using techniques similar to those of the Sula Sgeir hunts.

1983:, where each hunter receives 200 skins to give away or sell. The continuing existence of the practice of hunting and eating gannets attracts criticism in some quarters. The island's name "Sula Sgeir" itself derives from 1176:

hosts the southernmost breeding colony of northern gannets. Established in the late 1930s, it had grown to over 11,500 breeding pairs by 1995. Pairs have nested sporadically with varying success along the Mediterranean

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and tightly overlapping feathers that help them withstand low temperatures. A reduced blood flow in the webbing on their feet outside of the breeding season also helps to maintain body temperature when the birds swim.

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tail-first. The fish is stored in a branched bag in the throat and does not cause drag when in flight. Their white colour helps other gannets to identify one of their kind and they can deduce the presence of a

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Garthe, Stefan; Guse, Nils; Montevecchi, William A; Rail, Jean-François; Grégoire, François (2014). "The daily catch: Flight altitude and diving behavior of northern gannets feeding on Atlantic mackerel".

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level of the bird's kidney and liver. Since levels of these toxic metals are detectable in the parasite earlier than in the host, the tapeworm might be used as an early indicator of marine pollution.

1847:, removal of eggs and killing of adults for their meat and feathers. In 1939, there were 22 colonies and some 83,000 nests, which means that the populations have increased fourfold since that time. 4748: 1945:

gifts. Over time, the islanders forgot their promise, and lost the whales and logs, but fearful of losing a valuable food source, they never mocked the gannets that Tórur had given them.

1281:. Once rare, these were protected in 1968 and their numbers have risen. It is unclear why the eagles have not impacted on gannet numbers further north. In 2011, gannets began breeding on 1650: 932:

from 1274. There were only 70 nests by 1871, and the colony finally disappeared by 1909 at the latest. More than two-thirds of the world population breeds around the coasts of the

3418: 1667:; their heads and beaks point down, and their wings are held up and away from the body, yet folded backwards. The male moves his head from side to side before bowing forwards. 2041:þær ic ne gehyrde butan hlimman sæ/ iscaldne wæg Hwilum ylfete song/ dyde ic me to gomene ganotes hleoþor/ ond huilpan sweg fore hleahtor wera/ mæw singende fore medodrince. 1501:

is probably unaffected.) On the other hand, they profit off of discarded bycatch and processed parts and the reduction in competition if humans are taking predatory fish.

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coast in Wales had an estimated 36,011 pairs in 2015. Gannets began nesting here between 1820 and 1860, though never in great numbers, only exceeding 300 pairs by 1913.

1865:, as they are widely distributed and as there is a large population that appears to be growing due to high breeding success, with 75% of eggs producing fledged young. 3208: 1597: in) long by 50 mm (2 in) wide and the shell is pale blue and translucent initially before fading to a chalky white surface that is easily stained. 1453:

They eat mainly fish 2.5–30.5 cm (1–12 in) in length that shoal near the surface. Virtually any small fish (roughly 80–90% of their diet) or other small

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suggests that the ancestor of the gannets arose around 2.5 million years ago before splitting into northern and southern lineages. The latter then split into the

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unattended. Once they leave the nest they stay at sea learning to fish and fly, their flight skills being too poor for them to return to the breeding ledges.

956:, first recorded in 1493. In 2004, it contained more than 48,000 nests. By 2014 this had increased to over 75,000, making it the largest colony in the world. 1797: 792:. These sacs are connected to the lungs and are filled with air when the bird breathes in. The air can be returned to the lungs by muscle contractions. 4055: 4771: 1239:, Iceland, hosting around 16,300 breeding pairs in 1962, and a similar number in 2008. Iceland has several small colonies along its coast, and on 902:

The northern limit of their breeding area depends on the presence of waters that are free of sea ice during the breeding season. Therefore, while

6449: 1249:. As of 2016, there are an estimated 6,900 breeding pairs in Norway. Northern gannets first bred in the south of the country in the mid 1940s at 1851: 370: 6514: 1494: 6659: 1913:

to discard his cloak and raft, instead offering him her veil to wind round himself which will save his life and enable him to reach land.

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covers the feathers and the birds spread it across their body using their beak or head. Individuals have a subcutaneous fat layer, dense

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Camphuysen, Kees (C.J.) (2011). "Northern Gannets in the North Sea: foraging distribution and feeding techniques around the Bass Rock".

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in 1838, though the basis for distinguishing them from the European species was unclear and the name is now considered to be a synonym.

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Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis

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Cairns, D. K. (1992). "Bridging the gap between ornithology and fisheries science: use of seabird data in stock assessment models".

659: in) long and weighs 2.3–3.6 kg (5–8 lb), making it the largest gannet and the largest seabird native to the western 361:

The northern gannet was previously hunted for food in certain parts of its range, and although that practice still continues in the

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when the male arrives back at the nest. The two birds stand breast to breast with wings spread and bills extended vertically. They

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in the lower body and along the sides. Other air sacs are located between the sternum and the pectoral muscles and between the

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Records 2nd Int. Symp. Soc. Avian Pal. & Evol., Contributions in Science and Natural History, Museum of Los Angeles County

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Patterson, S.A.; Morris-pocock, J.A.; Friesen, V.L. (2011). "A multilocus phylogeny of the Sulidae (Aves: Pelecaniformes)".

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Tasker, Mark L.; Camphuysen, C. J.; Cooper, John; Garthe, Stefan; Montevecchi, William A.; Blaber, Stephen J. M. (2000).

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in 2004 of the European population, the IUCN revised its global population to between 950,000 and 1,200,000 individuals.

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Lewis, S.; Benvenuti, S.; Dall-Antonia, L.; Griffiths, R.; Money, L.; Sherratt, T.N.; Wanless, S.; Hamer, K.C. (2002).

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The species has been recorded as a vagrant in many central and eastern European countries as far south and west as the

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are waterproof, which allows the birds to spend long periods in water. A water-impermeable secretion produced by a

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and scissor with their bills rapidly, calling loudly at the same time. Fencing is interspersed with bill bowing.

981:, Scotland. The former colony was estimated at 60,290 pairs and the latter 11,230 pairs in 2013. A colony on the 425: 195: 3829: 4100: 3942: 1854:(IUCN) estimated the bird's population to be some 526,000. After taking into account an estimate produced for 1620:

The adults feed their offspring for around 13 weeks, right up until the time they leave. The young birds

377:. Because it is both a conspicuous and a common bird, it is referred to in several ancient myths and legends. 6501: 6283: 4002: 3806: 1395: 839:, which is emitted upon arriving or when challenging other gannets at the colony. The call is shortened to a 1359:

and flying over land as little as possible. Other birds follow Africa's Atlantic coastline to arrive in the

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around 0.5 million years ago. The three gannets are generally considered to be separate species forming a

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Siorat, François; Rocamora, Gérard (1995). "Changes in numbers and distribution of the northern gannet (

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successfully bred in a colony it will not normally change to another. Nesting starts in March or April.

1193:. A pair raised a chick successfully for three successive seasons from 2013 to 2015 on a moored boat at 6428: 4959:

Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palearctic

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del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A; de Juana, Eduardo, eds. (2020).

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del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A; de Juana, Eduardo, eds. (2013).

1768:, it may be that the short head feathers provide insufficient cover for the parasite. In one species, 831:

The northern gannet is a loud and vocal bird, particularly in the colony. Its typical call is a harsh

338:. Its breeding range has extended northward and eastward, with colonies being established on Russia's 6623: 6229: 5832: 2339: 2044: 1699:

The northern gannet is not heavily predated. The only known habitual natural predators of adults are

2008:, meant that the population was only 1,000 birds by 1932, despite government protection since 1904. 354:, from which the birds can more easily launch into the air. The northern gannet undertakes seasonal 6669: 6527: 6178: 5967: 5862: 5382: 5359: 4225: 4201: 3881: 2024:

The universally accepted starting point for the modern taxonomy of animals is 1758, when Linnaeus'

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appears to occur only in gannets and closely related seabird families such as the cormorants. The

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and Anticosti Island—and there are three off the eastern and southeastern coast of Newfoundland (

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in Russia. Established in 1995, this is also thought to be due to the warming of the Barents Sea.

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An adult northern gannet has a 170–180 cm (67–71 in) wingspan, and is 87–100 cm (

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and catches fish (which are the mainstay of its diet) by making high-speed dives into the sea.

6480: 4749:"The centuries-old journey to harvest a controversial and divisive Hebridean seabird delicacy" 6579: 6048: 5929: 5903: 5837: 5485: 5480: 5299: 5203: 2558: 2352: 1806: 1716: 1486: 453: 435: 374: 369:, the bird faces few other natural or man-made threats. Since its population is growing, the 174: 6571: 5020: 993:

hosted an estimated 33,226 pairs in 2014. Ailsa Craig has been known as a colony since 1583.

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was published, although scientists had begun coining animal names in the previous century.

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at a higher concentration than the gannet's own tissues, with an average 12 times as much

8: 5972: 5939: 5738: 5642: 5375: 5161: 3262: 2074: 1972: 1922: 1873: 1356: 1318: 1266: 668: 608: 571: 517:"Northern gannet" has been designated as the official common name for the species by the 489: 319: 44: 4153: 4113: 3739: 2486: 1211:

held about 2,000 breeding pairs in 2000, although that had risen to 2,500 pairs by 2014.

6203: 6115: 5867: 5495: 5268: 5134:(in Latin). Vol. I (10th revised ed.). Stockholm, Sweden: (Laurentii Salvii). 5001:

Modernism and Homer: The Odysseys of H.D., James Joyce, Osip Mandelstam, and Ezra Pound

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immature bird will leave without a struggle when the owner arrives to take possession.

1314: 1278: 1113: 970: 895:, which are the main food source for the northern gannet. These areas also overlie the 789: 738: 331: 218: 205: 74: 3869:. Natural England Technical Information. Vol. TIN122. Natural England. p. 2. 1497:

is an important question which remains unassessed. (But given the small amount taken,

1417:

has been found that 2% of birds nesting in the colony on Bass Rock search for fish at

1334: 1254: 6566: 6296: 6090: 5934: 5888: 5812: 5612: 5569: 5490: 5332: 5318: 5285: 5258: 5227: 5223: 5209: 5188: 5169: 5147: 5111: 5090: 5071: 5027: 5004: 4985: 4966: 4943: 4922: 4900: 4881: 4691: 4234: 4165: 4067: 4014: 3958: 3866:

Northern gannet: species information for marine Special Protection Area consultations

3791: 3707: 3181: 2883: 2498: 2452: 2431: 1811: 1520: 1352: 1104: 896: 888: 600: 592: 402: 5338:

The Ornithology of Francis Willughby of Middleton in the County of Warwick, esq. ...

5272: 4243: 4034: 3978: 3837: 3142:) on Rouzic Island, (Reserve Naturelle des Sept-Iles, Bretagne), France 1939–1994". 1760:, although there are relatively few species and none are found on the head. As with 6664: 6301: 6288: 6043: 5893: 5847: 5765: 5669: 5589: 5522: 5420: 5250: 5242: 4937: 4681: 4671: 4514: 4387: 4177: 4157: 4140: 4117: 4006: 3950: 3825: 3787: 3743: 3697: 3689: 3578: 3470: 3437: 3394: 3384: 3277: 3180:

Giagnoni, Roberto; Conti, Carlo Alberto; Canepa, Paolo; Nardelli, Riccardo (2015).

3151: 3120: 2884:"The avifauna of the Mediterranean Islands during the Middle and Upper Pleistocene" 2766: 2571: 2490: 2440: 2092: 1742: 1671:

they are guarding their nest, but with their wings closed. Mated pairs engage in a

892: 3389: 3368: 2333: 1909:"white goddess"), appears "in the likeness of a Gannet" and tells the shipwrecked 1583: oz), which is light for such a large seabird. The egg is around 79 mm ( 473:, meaning "foolish", and refers to the lack of fear shown by breeding gannets and 6540: 6275: 5898: 5857: 5728: 5398: 5254: 3747: 1844: 1819: 1159: 1058:

hosted an estimated 12,494 pairs in 2015, more than tripling in size in 12 years.

800: 681: 575: 553: 430: 6636: 6506: 6366: 5336: 5303: 5045: 3513: 2748:"Descriptive anatomy of the subcutaneous air diverticula in the Northern Gannet 2494: 2259: 6387: 6374: 6110: 6105: 6100: 5908: 5852: 5817: 5733: 5574: 5056: 5041: 4810: 4676: 4651: 3917: 2746:

Daoust, P.-Y.; Dobbin, G. V; Ridlington Abbott, R. C. F; Dawson, S. D. (2008).

1902: 1838:

Nests among the rocks. The population of this species appears to be increasing.

1793: 1433: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1300: 1133: 1129: 1086: 1076: 1055: 990: 953: 868: 672: 406: 386: 362: 355: 339: 311: 3598:

Teixeira, Régis Siqueira de Castro; Otoch, Roberto; Raposo, Marcos A. (2016).

3583: 3562: 1774:, immature lice are found in the membranes lining the subcutaneous air-cells. 6653: 6475: 6084: 6074: 6069: 5997: 5803: 5125: 5026:. Cambridge Companions to Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4058:(2004). Mitchell, P.I.; Newton, S.F.; Ratcliffe, N. & Dunn, T.E. (eds.). 4018: 3962: 2143: 2083: 1862: 1757: 1262: 1208: 1036: 982: 964: 933: 467: 421: 366: 191: 64: 59: 3954: 2291: 2261:

A Geographical and Comparative List of the Birds of Europe and North America

1274: 1071: 985:

almost doubled in size to 5,280 pairs in 2013. Further south, the island of

919: 504:

between gannets and boobies were not sufficient to warrant separate genera.

6353: 6163: 6064: 6054: 6008: 5827: 5579: 4695: 4169: 4122: 4095: 3711: 3693: 2502: 2444: 1965: 1785: 1720: 1708: 1478: 1474: 1194: 1121: 1108: 859: 804: 764: 612: 533: 5246: 3442: 2575: 960: 6592: 6488: 6436: 6172: 6095: 6079: 5958: 5637: 5594: 5584: 5466: 5416: 4914: 3309:

Vigfúsdóttir, Freydís; Lilliendahl, Kristján; Garðarsson, Arnþór (2009).

1917: 1418: 1326: 1290: 1125: 1117: 1016:'s breeding population rose from 57 to 1,870 pairs between 2003 and 2013. 1013: 986: 923:

Bass Rock in the Firth of Forth, Scotland, is the world's largest colony.

908: 884: 872: 604: 596: 526: 486: 448: 323: 307: 6239: 4772:"Police investigate death threats to traditional Hebridean guga hunters" 4161: 4050: 6631: 6545: 6405: 6059: 6028: 5879: 5402: 4686: 4026: 3970: 3475: 3458: 3399: 3163: 3124: 2882:

Alcover, J.A.; Florit, F.; Mourer-Chauvire, C.; Weesie, P.D.M. (1992).

2770: 1957: 1750: 1700: 1692: 1184: 974: 660: 616: 570:, although derived from the same Germanic root, usually applies to the 405:

in the 17th century; the species was known to him from a colony in the

131: 5415: 3282: 1608: 1387:

in northeastern Brazil—the first sighting in the Southern Hemisphere.

6335: 6037: 5822: 5761: 3459:"Population dynamics of Northern Gannets in North America, 1984–2009" 2995: 2005: 1980: 1898: 1540: 1380: 1376: 1151: 1032: 1005: 1001: 949: 903: 880: 824: 560: 482: 327: 315: 91: 30: 6441: 6134: 4010: 3155: 1637: 1601:

was among those birds most affected by the shell-thinning effect of

663:. The two sexes are generally of a similar size and appearance. The 6340: 6314: 6157: 3675: 2745: 2004:

once have held 250,000 birds, but unchecked hunting, including for

1910: 1736: 1286: 1173: 1169: 1155: 997: 978: 532:, meaning "strong or masculine", which is ultimately from the same 347: 111: 3915: 2881: 1569:

Northern gannets lay one egg that on average weighs 104.5 g (

1384: 6327: 6224: 5988: 5789: 5723: 5700: 5546: 5518: 5452: 3933: 3308: 1893: 1815: 1802: 1728: 1676: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1454: 1437: 1424: 1309:. There are six breeding colonies along the coast of Canada. The 1270: 1240: 846:

when fishing or collecting nesting material, and lengthened to a

796: 781: 664: 583: 497: 418: 350:), in 2011. Colonies are mostly located on offshore islands with 272: 264: 141: 6558: 5664: 4790: 3457:

Chardine, John W.; Rail, Jean-François; Wilhelm, Sabina (2013).

3263:"Book review: Trækfugleatlas – The Faroese Bird Migration Atlas" 2698: 1995:. Other sites that continued hunting into the 20th century were 1187:

in 1991 and around 680 breeding pairs have been counted in 2016.

907:

is fossil evidence of northern gannets breeding on Crete in the

6211: 5714: 5665: 5623: 4357: 4355: 4353: 3367:

Barrett, Robert T.; Strøm, Hallvard; Melnikov, Mikhail (2017).

3081: 2555: 2428: 1992: 1834: 1776: 1621: 1489:

for the energy requirements of their growing chicks. Given the

1363:. Immature northern gannets from colonies in Canada fly to the 1338: 1009: 879:

and on the islands off the east coast of Canada. They normally

693: 587: 458: 335: 268: 151: 101: 4631: 4619: 4607: 4595: 4583: 2068: 2066: 2064: 1493:

of the prey taken, whether they are in competition with human

1197:

in northern Italy, after birds had been seen there since 1993.

6309: 5920: 5778: 5689: 5673: 5560: 5535: 5441: 5424: 4650:

Mendes, P; Eira, C; Vingada, J; Miquel, J; Torres, J (2013).

4374:

Nelson, J. Bryan (1966). "The breeding biology of the gannet

3807:"Diving depths of Northern Gannets: acoustic observations of 2472: 1996: 1889: 1761: 1732: 1724: 1549: 1458: 1250: 1218: 1147: 929: 867:

The northern gannet's breeding range is on both sides of the

676: 474: 351: 5397: 4897:

Biology of Behaviour: Mechanisms, functions and applications

4660:(Sulidae) as a bioindicator of marine heavy metal pollution" 4350: 4093: 1916:

Another early reference to the gannet is in the 7th-century

477:, which enables them to be easily killed. The specific name 4471:

Nelson, Bryan (1966). "The behaviour of the young Gannet".

4410: 3830:

10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[0529:DDONGA]2.0.CO;2

3772: 3179: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 2710: 2589: 2061: 1823: 1780: 1765: 1746: 1367:, much further south than the adults. The immature gannets 1299:. There are around 250 pairs in a colony at Kharlov on the 688: 121: 5760: 3844: 3678:"Sex-specific foraging behaviour in a monomorphic seabird" 3419:"Recent establishments and extinctions of Northern Gannet 2942:"Bass Rock has world's largest colony of Northern gannets" 2813: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2359: 2239: 401:. The former name was also used by the English naturalist 397:

in the 16th century, and noted that the Scots called it a

5517: 4707: 4705: 4427: 4425: 4136: 3754: 3724: 3645: 2268: 1602: 1293:

and influx of fish. The colony numbered 52 pairs in 2016.

785: 3488: 3486: 3328: 3010: 2853: 2851: 2676: 2674: 1379:, and also in Bermuda, Cuba, Cyprus, Egypt, Kazakhstan, 4649: 4044: 3682:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

3633: 3621: 3369:"On the polar edge: the status of the northern gannet ( 3345: 3343: 2722: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2606: 2604: 2514: 2512: 2371: 2174: 1507:

inflicts significant wastage on the northwest Atlantic

4717: 4702: 4571: 4495: 4483: 4449: 4422: 4398: 2966:. The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2398: 2227: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2198: 2072: 967:

in 1988, and by 2014 it held an estimated 6,456 pairs.

544:

and similar old names for the northern gannet such as

521:(IOC). It is also known as the North Atlantic gannet. 5237:

Schreiber, E. A.; Burger, Joanna, eds. (2001-08-16).

4729: 4437: 4338: 4302: 3916:

Montevecchi, W. A.; Ricklefs, R. E.; Kirkham, I. R.;

3657: 3483: 2922: 2910: 2863: 2848: 2777: 2671: 2186: 863:

Red dots show breeding colonies in the north Atlantic

5944: 5229:

Fleas, Flukes and Cuckoos. A study of bird parasites

4326: 4314: 4290: 3366: 3340: 3290: 3102:"The dispersal and migration of the Northern Gannet 3069: 3057: 3045: 3033: 2898: 2836: 2801: 2789: 2686: 2659: 2642:"Black eyes in seabirds indicates bird flu survival" 2616: 2601: 2509: 2410: 2310: 2292:"Storks, frigatebirds, boobies, darters, cormorants" 2286: 2162: 615:, though they have also formerly been classified as 3597: 3456: 2998:. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee 2210: 1383:and Syria. In February 2016, one was recorded from 1341:

is the largest colony with 60,000 nests as of 2009.

1000:, there were an estimated 25,580 breeding pairs at 5019: 4979: 4138:fisheries discard rates and seabird communities". 3087: 2994:Wanless, Sarah; Harris, Mike P. (4 October 2016). 2557: 2430: 2332: 2290:; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2022). 2098:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22696657A132587285.en 1269:. Colonies were also established on low islets in 1089:, a small island located about twelve kilometres ( 496:as he felt the differences in anatomy, behaviour, 4811:"Bird hunters risk steep cliffs to catch gannets" 4130: 4087: 3922:"Growth energetics of nestling Northern Gannets ( 3804: 1731:. Attacks at sea are insignificant, though large 1641:"Fencing" or "billing", a mutual greeting gesture 667:is white with dark brown to black wing tips; the 6651: 5089:. Hamlyn Bird Behaviour Guides. London: Hamlyn. 5050:(in Latin). Zurich: Excvudebat C. Froschovervus. 3805:Brierley, Andrew S.; Fernandes, Paul G. (2001). 3231:Danielsen, Jóhannis; Jensen, Jens-Kjeld (2004). 2331: 2132:– via Joint Nature Conservation Committee. 1861:The IUCN lists northern gannets as a species of 1481:and other shoal-forming species are also eaten. 1333:. Bonaventure Island off the south coast of the 5305:Analyse d'une nouvelle ornithologie élémentaire 5236: 4865: 4216: 3862: 3230: 2119:Wanless, Sarah; Harris, Mike P. (20 May 2021). 5222: 4831: 4637: 4625: 4613: 4601: 4589: 3137: 1852:International Union for Conservation of Nature 1711:. Predators of eggs and nestlings include the 1221:, a small island located about 16 kilometres ( 371:International Union for Conservation of Nature 5383: 5065: 4796: 4525:. British Trust for Ornithology. 16 July 2010 3907: 3905: 3903: 3536:"Gannet returns from 1,700-mile fishing trip" 3175: 3173: 2993: 2639: 2118: 1971:The best-known site was the remote island of 1485:takes huge quantities from the waters around 5107:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names 4956: 4880:. London: British Broadcasting Corporation. 4872: 4741: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4367: 4361: 3850: 3611:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 3412: 3410: 3362: 3360: 3358: 2831: 2716: 2704: 2595: 1277:, but declined due to increasing numbers of 1012:had an estimated 4,550 pairs at Sule Stack. 492:in 1978 supported the species' inclusion in 5144:The Oxford Dictionary of British Bird Names 5084: 4957:Cramp, Stanley; Simmons, Ken E. L. (1977). 3760: 3651: 3182:"First breeding records of Northern Gannet 3099: 854: 5390: 5376: 4802: 4222: 4060:Seabird Populations of Britain and Ireland 3900: 3226: 3224: 3170: 2122:Seabird Populations of Britain and Ireland 1682: 409:and from a stray bird that was found near 204: 53: 29: 5331: 5003:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4899:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4685: 4675: 4537: 4121: 3701: 3669: 3582: 3474: 3441: 3407: 3398: 3388: 3355: 3281: 3254: 3209:"Basstölpel ist Seevogel des Jahres 2016" 2825: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2422: 2257: 2180: 2096: 1937:And whimbrels trills for laughter of men, 1112:colonies on Ireland's southern coast, on 770: 5298: 5201: 5185:Pelicans, Cormorants and their relatives 5138: 5124: 4980:Dempsey, Eric; O'Clery, Michael (2002). 4096:"The impacts of fishing on marine birds" 3873: 3798: 3554: 2568:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive 2437:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive 2404: 2365: 2233: 2204: 2192: 1947: 1872: 1833: 1686: 1658:Two Northern Gannets greeting each other 1644: 1636: 1607: 1539: 1519: 1423: 1394: 1243:, around 40 km (20 nmi) north. 1146:. Around 7,500 pairs nest on two islets— 1070: 918: 858: 815: 334:(60,000 pairs in 2009) off the coast of 5103: 5040: 4643: 4466: 4464: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4189: 3416: 3221: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2934: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2280: 2245: 2168: 1739:may rarely snatch a gannet out at sea. 326:(33,000 pairs as of 2014) in Scotland, 6652: 5312: 5279: 5205:Systema Naturae 250 – The Linnaean Ark 5182: 5160: 5054: 5017: 4935: 4913: 4763: 4723: 4711: 4577: 4501: 4489: 4470: 4455: 4443: 4431: 4416: 4404: 4373: 4344: 4320: 4308: 4296: 4270: 3986: 3856: 3811:from an autonomous underwater vehicle" 3663: 3639: 3627: 3492: 3349: 3334: 3296: 3106:from Channel Island breeding colonies" 3075: 3063: 3051: 3039: 3027: 2928: 2916: 2904: 2869: 2857: 2842: 2819: 2807: 2795: 2783: 2734: 2728: 2692: 2680: 2665: 2627: 2610: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2518: 2416: 2392: 2327: 2325: 2316: 2274: 2264:. London: John Van Voorst. p. 60. 2221: 1987:, meaning "gannet", and the Old Norse 1931:There I heard naught but seething sea, 1829: 1257:. In 1967 a colony was established at 1183:. Northern gannets have reappeared on 510:described the American populations as 6139: 6138: 5759: 5663: 5516: 5414: 5371: 4998: 4982:The Complete Guide to Ireland's Birds 4894: 4808: 4769: 4735: 4332: 3302: 3260: 2475:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2432:"Family Suildae: Gannets and boobies" 2298:. International Ornithologists' Union 1935:Then came to charm me gannets' pother 1235:nautical miles) off the coast of the 1168:. The French island of Rouzic in the 6393:7af73570-8c34-42c8-9ca6-edc5a96f2436 6087:(imperial cormorant, blue-eyed shag) 4844: 4507: 4461: 4253: 3560: 3423:colonies in North Norway, 1995–2008" 3206: 2978: 2353:participating institution membership 2011: 1933:Ice-cold wave, awhile a song of swan 914: 6660:IUCN Red List least concern species 5187:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5146:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4965:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4550: 4052:Joint Nature Conservation Committee 3879: 3766: 3718: 2996:"Northern Gannet Status and Trends" 2524: 2322: 2084:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1939:Kittiwake singing instead of mead. 1461:) will be taken opportunistically. 1331:Baccalieu Island Ecological Reserve 1289:, likely due to the warming of the 959:Northern gannets began a colony at 519:International Ornithologists' Union 456:moved the species to his new genus 13: 5208:. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. 5085:Hume, Rob; Pearson, Bruce (1993). 4984:(2 ed.). Dublin: Gill Books. 4392:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1966.tb07210.x 3100:Veron, P.K.; Lawlor, M.P. (2009). 2640:Amaral-Rogers, Ness (4 May 2023). 2258:Bonaparte, Charles Lucien (1838). 1524:Transporting material for the nest 1399:Plunge-diving with wings retracted 1323:Cape St. Mary's Ecological Reserve 389:gave the northern gannet the name 14: 6701: 5347: 5317:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. 5058:The Gannet: a Bird with a History 3600:"First record of Northern Gannet 5022:The Cambridge Companion to Homer 4770:Horne, Marc (1 September 2017). 4559:. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology 3888:. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology 3792:10.1111/j.1600-048X.2008.04592.x 3373:) in the Barents Sea in 2015–16" 2944:. BBC Scotland. 13 February 2015 2034: 749: 737: 725: 713: 701: 78: 5308:(in French). Paris: Déterville. 4921:. London: Chatto & Windus. 3947:American Ornithological Society 3882:"Northern Gannet — Food Habits" 3591: 3528: 3498: 3450: 3200: 3131: 3093: 2956: 2875: 2633: 2466: 2251: 2073:BirdLife International (2018). 1004:, 11,786 on Noss, and 3,591 on 5066:Haswell-Smith, Hamish (2004). 4809:Ecott, Tim (22 October 2017). 4101:ICES Journal of Marine Science 4082:Commercial fisheries do not... 4076:. p. Executive Summary p. 3943:University of California Press 3237:) ringed in the Faroe Islands" 2136: 2112: 2018: 626: 322:(60,000 pairs as of 2013) and 314:, the largest of which are at 1: 5341:London: A.C. for John Martyn. 4999:Flack, Leah Culligan (2015). 4557:Birds of North America Online 4378:on the Bass Rock, Scotland". 4273:"The behaviour of the gannet" 4003:Cooper Ornithological Society 3886:Birds of North America Online 3390:10.1080/17518369.2017.1390384 1956:collecting guga hunters from 1868: 1172:archipelago off the coast of 267:, the largest species of the 6429:northern-gannet-sula-bassana 5486:Christmas Island frigatebird 5315:The Birdwatcher's Dictionary 5110:. London: Christopher Helm. 4866:General and cited references 4553:"Northern Gannet — Behavior" 3748:10.1016/j.seares.2013.07.020 3463:Journal of Field Ornithology 3320:(in Icelandic and English). 2570:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 2439:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 2054: 1495:fishing industry in the area 1390: 1345: 875:, There are colonies in the 871:on coasts influenced by the 452:in 1760, and his compatriot 415:species originally described 346:(the southernmost island of 7: 6685:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 6680:Birds of the Atlantic Ocean 5787: 5698: 5544: 5450: 5055:Gurney, John Henry (1903). 3604:in the Southern Hemisphere" 3417:Barrett, Robert T. (2008). 2495:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.021 2296:World Bird List Version 8.2 1756:External parasites include 1632: 1515: 1428:Searching for fish in a zoo 684:, the irises become black. 559:, itself borrowed from the 552:derive from a hypothetical 485:in the Firth of Forth. The 380: 318:(75,000 pairs as of 2014), 310:on both sides of the North 10: 6706: 5241:. CRC Press. p. 740. 5104:Jobling, James A. (2010). 4778:. London: Times Newspapers 4677:10.1515/energyo.0004.00002 4638:Rothschild & Clay 1957 4626:Rothschild & Clay 1957 4614:Rothschild & Clay 1957 4602:Rothschild & Clay 1957 4590:Rothschild & Clay 1957 3246:(in English and Faroese). 3088:Dempsey & O'Clery 2002 1411: 1075:Northern gannet colony on 6147: 6026: 6006: 5986: 5956: 5918: 5877: 5801: 5786: 5777: 5773: 5755: 5712: 5697: 5688: 5684: 5659: 5621: 5603: 5558: 5543: 5534: 5530: 5512: 5464: 5449: 5440: 5436: 5410: 5280:Taylor, Marianne (2016). 5202:Polaszek, Andrew (2010). 5183:Nelson, J. Bryan (2005). 5168:. London: A&C Black. 4942:. London: Jonathan Cape. 4895:Broom, Donald M. (2009). 4519:[Linnaeus, 1758]" 4271:Nelson, J. Bryan (1965). 3584:10.2478/v10100-009-0004-7 3506:"T.A.G. (Track-A-Gannet)" 2340:Oxford English Dictionary 2148:American Bird Conservancy 2091:: e.T22696657A132587285. 1906: 1285:, southernmost island of 780:. There are subcutaneous 671:flight feathers, primary 574:, but the English writer 434:, where it was given the 413:. It was one of the many 224: 217: 212: 203: 180: 173: 75:Scientific classification 73: 51: 42: 37: 28: 23: 5968:Double-crested cormorant 5863:White-breasted cormorant 5360:Internet Bird Collection 5226:; Clay, Theresa (1957). 5070:. Edinburgh: Canongate. 4362:Cramp & Simmons 1977 4202:National Audubon Society 3863:Natural England (2012). 3780:Journal of Avian Biology 3567:in the Black Sea Region" 3233:"Recoveries of Gannets ( 2832:Cramp & Simmons 1977 2717:Cramp & Simmons 1977 2705:Cramp & Simmons 1977 2596:Cramp & Simmons 1977 1237:Reykjanesskagi Peninsula 1103:nautical miles) off the 855:Distribution and habitat 508:Charles Lucien Bonaparte 6690:Birds described in 1758 5911:(long-tailed cormorant) 5476:Magnificent frigatebird 5355:"Northern gannet media" 5313:Weaver, Peter (2010) . 5239:Biology of Marine Birds 5018:Fowler, Robert (2004). 3999:Oxford University Press 3761:Hume & Pearson 1993 3728:Journal of Sea Research 3652:Hume & Pearson 1993 3561:Boev, Zlatozar (2009). 3510:Teaching Through Nature 2345:Oxford University Press 1783:include the widespread 1713:great black-backed gull 1683:Predators and parasites 811: 446:placed it in the genus 442:. The French biologist 411:Coleshill, Warwickshire 306:Nesting takes place in 6675:Birds of North America 6040:(Magellanic cormorant) 5870:(Temminck's cormorant) 5843:Little black cormorant 5405:(Phalacrocoraciformes) 5300:Vieillot, Louis Pierre 5284:. London: Bloomsbury. 5232:. New York: Macmillan. 4751:. BBC. 17 January 2018 4654:Tetrabothrius bassani 4229:. BB 2000 Ltd: 60–76. 4123:10.1006/jmsc.2000.0714 3694:10.1098/rspb.2002.2083 3563:"Status of the Gannet 3311:"Fæða súlu við Ísland" 2445:10.2173/bow.sulida1.01 1960: 1942: 1885: 1856:BirdLife International 1839: 1696: 1659: 1642: 1613: 1545: 1525: 1429: 1400: 1311:Gulf of Saint Lawrence 1080: 924: 877:Gulf of Saint Lawrence 864: 828: 771:Adaptations for diving 213:Northern gannet range 6580:Paleobiology Database 6049:New Zealand king shag 5904:Little pied cormorant 5838:Black-faced cormorant 5481:Ascension frigatebird 5255:10.1201/9781420036305 5247:10.1201/9781420036305 4936:Cocker, Mark (2013). 4064:T. & A. D. Poyser 3955:10.1093/auk/101.2.334 3443:10.15845/on.v31i0.168 2576:10.2173/bow.norgan.01 1951: 1928: 1876: 1837: 1807:Tetrabothrius bassani 1717:American herring gull 1690: 1657: 1640: 1611: 1566: ft) in height. 1543: 1523: 1427: 1398: 1313:hosts three colonies— 1074: 922: 862: 822: 778:nictitating membranes 454:Louis Pierre Vieillot 424:in the landmark 1758 385:The Swiss naturalist 375:least-concern species 230:(Linnaeus, 1758) 6388:Fauna Europaea (new) 6018:Red-legged cormorant 5978:Flightless cormorant 5948:Spectacled cormorant 5768:: Phalacrocoracidae) 5672:: Anhingidae · 5423:: Fregatidae · 5068:The Scottish Islands 4419:, pp. 153, 332. 3261:Potts, Dick (2015). 2822:, pp. 129, 310. 2707:, pp. 185, 192. 2043:This translation by 1882:Jean Jules Allasseur 1771:Michaelichus bassani 1548:Nests are made from 1432:Gannets will follow 936:. Colonies include: 609:Australasian gannets 365:of Scotland and the 5973:Neotropic cormorant 5940:Red-faced cormorant 5739:Australasian darter 5643:Australasian gannet 5519:Gannets and boobies 5061:. London: Witherby. 5047:Icones avivm omnivm 4874:Attenborough, David 4664:Acta Parasitologica 4551:Mowbray, Thomas B. 4162:10.1038/nature02315 4154:2004Natur.427..727V 4114:2000ICJMS..57..531T 3985: • 3914: • 3880:Mowbray, Thomas B. 3740:2014JSR....85..456G 3207:WELT (2015-10-30). 3144:Colonial Waterbirds 2487:2011MolPE..58..181P 2343:(Online ed.). 2277:, pp. 33, 289. 2248:, pp. 68, 260. 1830:Conservation status 1822:and 7–10 times the 1749:, particularly the 1705:white-tailed eagles 1491:economic importance 1357:Strait of Gibraltar 1355:, passing over the 1279:white-tailed eagles 1130:Great Saltee Island 790:intercostal muscles 591:species may be the 572:great crested grebe 236:Linnaeus, 1758 45:Conservation status 6116:South Georgia shag 6051:(rough-faced shag) 5930:Brandt's cormorant 5868:Japanese cormorant 5496:Lesser frigatebird 5333:Willughby, Francis 5224:Rothschild, Miriam 4841:542, "A recent..." 4799:, pp. 99–101. 4797:Haswell-Smith 2004 4656:(Tetrabothriidae)/ 3542:. BBC. 7 July 2016 3476:10.1111/jofo.12017 3337:, pp. 44, 48. 3125:10.61350/sbj.22.37 3030:, pp. 144–48. 2771:10.61350/sbj.21.64 2559:"Northern Gannet ( 2368:, pp. 143–44. 1961: 1897:, the sea goddess 1886: 1840: 1812:toxic heavy metals 1798:Corynosoma tunitae 1697: 1660: 1643: 1614: 1546: 1526: 1430: 1401: 1315:Bonaventure Island 1154:—off the coast of 1081: 925: 865: 829: 579:recorded in 1929. 440:Pelecanus bassanus 332:Bonaventure Island 233:Pelecanus bassanus 6647: 6646: 6567:Open Tree of Life 6141:Taxon identifiers 6132: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6091:Heard Island shag 5935:Pelagic cormorant 5889:Crowned cormorant 5813:Socotra cormorant 5797: 5796: 5751: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5708: 5707: 5655: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5570:Blue-footed booby 5554: 5553: 5508: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5491:Great frigatebird 5460: 5459: 5324:978-1-4081-3852-6 5291:978-1-4729-0901-5 5264:978-0-429-12786-1 5215:978-1-4200-9502-9 5194:978-0-19-857727-0 5175:978-1-4081-3857-1 5153:978-0-19-866196-2 5117:978-1-4081-2501-4 5096:978-0-600-57951-9 5077:978-1-84195-454-7 5033:978-0-521-01246-1 5010:978-1-107-10803-5 4991:978-0-7171-3401-4 4972:978-0-19-857358-6 4949:978-0-224-08174-0 4928:978-0-7011-6907-7 4906:978-0-521-29906-0 4887:978-0-563-38792-3 4878:The Life of Birds 4197:"Northern Gannet" 4148:(6976): 727–730. 3949:(AOS)): 334–341. 3851:Attenborough 1998 3688:(1501): 1687–93. 3642:, pp. 37–38. 3630:, pp. 34–38. 3283:10.1111/ibi.12253 2731:, pp. 84–86. 2395:, pp. 28–34. 2351:(Subscription or 2144:"Northern Gannet" 2012:Explanatory notes 1794:spiny-headed worm 1655: 1457:species (largely 1201:The Faroe Islands 1105:Iveragh Peninsula 915:Breeding colonies 897:continental shelf 889:Atlantic mackerel 820: 601:mitochondrial DNA 403:Francis Willughby 251: 250: 246: 68: 6697: 6640: 6639: 6627: 6626: 6614: 6613: 6601: 6600: 6588: 6587: 6575: 6574: 6562: 6561: 6549: 6548: 6536: 6535: 6523: 6522: 6510: 6509: 6507:NBNSYS0000188659 6497: 6496: 6484: 6483: 6471: 6470: 6458: 6457: 6445: 6444: 6432: 6431: 6419: 6418: 6409: 6408: 6396: 6395: 6383: 6382: 6370: 6369: 6357: 6356: 6344: 6343: 6331: 6330: 6318: 6317: 6305: 6304: 6292: 6291: 6279: 6278: 6269: 6268: 6256: 6255: 6243: 6242: 6233: 6232: 6230:534FB490884C6D33 6220: 6219: 6207: 6206: 6194: 6193: 6183: 6182: 6181: 6168: 6167: 6166: 6136: 6135: 6044:Guanay cormorant 5946: 5894:Little cormorant 5848:Indian cormorant 5784: 5783: 5775: 5774: 5757: 5756: 5695: 5694: 5686: 5685: 5661: 5660: 5590:Red-footed booby 5541: 5540: 5532: 5531: 5514: 5513: 5447: 5446: 5438: 5437: 5412: 5411: 5392: 5385: 5378: 5369: 5368: 5364: 5342: 5328: 5309: 5295: 5276: 5233: 5219: 5198: 5179: 5162:Nelson, J. Bryan 5157: 5135: 5121: 5100: 5081: 5062: 5051: 5037: 5025: 5014: 4995: 4976: 4963:Ostrich to Ducks 4953: 4939:Birds and People 4932: 4919:Birds Britannica 4910: 4891: 4859: 4853: 4848: 4842: 4840: 4835: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4745: 4739: 4733: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4700: 4699: 4689: 4679: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4548: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4523:BTOWeb BirdFacts 4511: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4468: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4277: 4268: 4251: 4249: 4238: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4210: 4193: 4187: 4185: 4181: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4079: 4048: 4042: 4038: 3982: 3930: 3909: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3815: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3705: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3608: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3427: 3414: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3392: 3364: 3353: 3347: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3315: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3267: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3241: 3228: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3215: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3177: 3168: 3167: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3110: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3008: 3007: 3005: 3003: 2991: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2756: 2743: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2614: 2608: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2565: 2553: 2522: 2516: 2507: 2506: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2434: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2348: 2336: 2329: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2140: 2134: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2116: 2110: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2100: 2070: 2048: 2038: 2032: 2026:10th edition of 2022: 1908: 1820:pectoral muscles 1818:as the gannet's 1743:Kleptoparasitism 1695:robbing a gannet 1656: 1596: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1574: 1565: 1564: 1560: 1557: 1234: 1233: 1229: 1226: 1102: 1101: 1097: 1094: 821: 753: 741: 729: 717: 705: 658: 657: 653: 650: 644: 643: 639: 636: 525:is derived from 466:is derived from 302: 301: 297: 294: 288: 287: 283: 280: 241: 237: 231: 208: 186: 166:M. bassanus 83: 82: 62: 57: 56: 33: 24:Northern gannet 21: 20: 6705: 6704: 6700: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6695: 6694: 6670:Birds of Europe 6650: 6649: 6648: 6643: 6635: 6630: 6622: 6617: 6609: 6604: 6596: 6591: 6583: 6578: 6570: 6565: 6557: 6552: 6544: 6541:Observation.org 6539: 6531: 6526: 6518: 6513: 6505: 6500: 6492: 6487: 6479: 6474: 6466: 6461: 6453: 6448: 6440: 6435: 6427: 6422: 6416:northern-gannet 6414: 6412: 6404: 6399: 6391: 6386: 6378: 6373: 6365: 6360: 6352: 6347: 6339: 6334: 6326: 6321: 6313: 6308: 6300: 6295: 6287: 6282: 6274: 6272: 6264: 6259: 6251: 6246: 6238: 6236: 6228: 6223: 6215: 6210: 6202: 6197: 6191: 6186: 6177: 6176: 6171: 6162: 6161: 6156: 6143: 6133: 6120: 6022: 6002: 5982: 5952: 5914: 5899:Pygmy cormorant 5873: 5858:Great cormorant 5793: 5769: 5743: 5729:Oriental darter 5704: 5680: 5647: 5633:Northern gannet 5617: 5599: 5550: 5526: 5500: 5456: 5432: 5406: 5396: 5353: 5350: 5345: 5325: 5292: 5265: 5216: 5195: 5176: 5154: 5140:Lockwood, W. B. 5118: 5097: 5078: 5042:Gessner, Conrad 5034: 5011: 4992: 4973: 4961:. Vol. I: 4950: 4929: 4907: 4888: 4868: 4863: 4862: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4827: 4826: 4816: 4814: 4807: 4803: 4795: 4791: 4781: 4779: 4768: 4764: 4754: 4752: 4747: 4746: 4742: 4734: 4730: 4722: 4718: 4710: 4703: 4648: 4644: 4636: 4632: 4624: 4620: 4612: 4608: 4600: 4596: 4588: 4584: 4576: 4572: 4562: 4560: 4549: 4538: 4528: 4526: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4500: 4496: 4488: 4484: 4469: 4462: 4454: 4450: 4442: 4438: 4430: 4423: 4415: 4411: 4403: 4399: 4372: 4368: 4360: 4351: 4343: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4307: 4303: 4295: 4291: 4275: 4269: 4254: 4247: 4221: 4217: 4208: 4206: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4183: 4135: 4131: 4108:(3): 531–547 . 4092: 4088: 4077: 4074: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4011:10.2307/1369279 3928: 3918:Gabaldon, Diana 3910: 3901: 3891: 3889: 3878: 3874: 3861: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3813: 3803: 3799: 3771: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3723: 3719: 3674: 3670: 3662: 3658: 3650: 3646: 3638: 3634: 3626: 3622: 3606: 3596: 3592: 3559: 3555: 3545: 3543: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3516:on 18 June 2018 3504: 3503: 3499: 3491: 3484: 3455: 3451: 3430:Ornis Norvegica 3425: 3415: 3408: 3365: 3356: 3348: 3341: 3333: 3329: 3313: 3307: 3303: 3295: 3291: 3265: 3259: 3255: 3239: 3229: 3222: 3213: 3211: 3205: 3201: 3178: 3171: 3156:10.2307/1521478 3136: 3132: 3108: 3098: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3074: 3070: 3062: 3058: 3050: 3046: 3038: 3034: 3026: 3011: 3001: 2999: 2992: 2979: 2969: 2967: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2947: 2945: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2927: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2880: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2856: 2849: 2841: 2837: 2830: 2826: 2818: 2814: 2806: 2802: 2794: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2754: 2744: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2703: 2699: 2691: 2687: 2679: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2650: 2648: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2617: 2609: 2602: 2594: 2590: 2580: 2578: 2554: 2525: 2517: 2510: 2471: 2467: 2457: 2455: 2427: 2423: 2415: 2411: 2403: 2399: 2391: 2372: 2364: 2360: 2350: 2330: 2323: 2315: 2311: 2301: 2299: 2285: 2281: 2273: 2269: 2256: 2252: 2244: 2240: 2232: 2228: 2220: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2167: 2163: 2153: 2151: 2142: 2141: 2137: 2127: 2125: 2117: 2113: 2103: 2101: 2071: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2051: 2039: 2035: 2028:Systema Naturae 2023: 2019: 2014: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1871: 1845:loss of habitat 1832: 1685: 1673:fencing display 1645: 1635: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1562: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1518: 1414: 1393: 1348: 1335:Gaspé Peninsula 1255:Møre og Romsdal 1231: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1160:English Channel 1099: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1008:in 2013, while 917: 857: 816: 814: 801:sebaceous gland 773: 761: 757: 754: 745: 742: 733: 730: 721: 718: 709: 706: 682:avian influenza 655: 651: 648: 646: 641: 637: 634: 632: 629: 576:Richard Hakluyt 554:Scottish Gaelic 431:Systema Naturae 417:by the Swedish 383: 373:considers it a 299: 295: 292: 290: 285: 281: 278: 276: 255:northern gannet 235: 229: 199: 188: 182: 169: 77: 69: 58: 54: 47: 17: 16:Species of bird 12: 11: 5: 6703: 6693: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6641: 6637:Morus-bassanus 6628: 6615: 6602: 6589: 6576: 6563: 6550: 6537: 6524: 6511: 6498: 6485: 6472: 6459: 6446: 6433: 6420: 6410: 6397: 6384: 6375:Fauna Europaea 6371: 6358: 6345: 6332: 6319: 6306: 6293: 6280: 6270: 6257: 6244: 6234: 6221: 6217:morus-bassanus 6208: 6204:Morus_bassanus 6195: 6184: 6179:Morus bassanus 6169: 6153: 6151: 6149:Morus bassanus 6145: 6144: 6130: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6118: 6113: 6111:Macquarie shag 6108: 6106:Kerguelen shag 6103: 6101:Antarctic shag 6098: 6093: 6088: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6046: 6041: 6034: 6032: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6020: 6014: 6012: 6004: 6003: 6001: 6000: 5994: 5992: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5964: 5962: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5950: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5926: 5924: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5912: 5909:Reed cormorant 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5885: 5883: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5871: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5853:Cape cormorant 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5833:Pied cormorant 5830: 5825: 5820: 5818:Bank cormorant 5815: 5809: 5807: 5799: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5781: 5771: 5770: 5753: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5741: 5736: 5734:African darter 5731: 5726: 5720: 5718: 5710: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5692: 5682: 5681: 5657: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5629: 5627: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5615: 5613:Abbott's booby 5609: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5575:Peruvian booby 5572: 5566: 5564: 5556: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5538: 5528: 5527: 5510: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5472: 5470: 5462: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5444: 5434: 5433: 5408: 5407: 5395: 5394: 5387: 5380: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5349: 5348:External links 5346: 5344: 5343: 5329: 5323: 5310: 5296: 5290: 5277: 5263: 5234: 5220: 5214: 5199: 5193: 5180: 5174: 5158: 5152: 5136: 5126:Linnaeus, Carl 5122: 5116: 5101: 5095: 5082: 5076: 5063: 5052: 5038: 5032: 5015: 5009: 4996: 4990: 4977: 4971: 4954: 4948: 4933: 4927: 4911: 4905: 4892: 4886: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4843: 4829: 4828: 4825: 4824: 4801: 4789: 4762: 4740: 4738:, p. 155. 4728: 4726:, p. 142. 4716: 4714:, p. 312. 4701: 4658:Morus bassanus 4642: 4640:, p. 189. 4630: 4628:, p. 231. 4618: 4616:, p. 226. 4606: 4604:, p. 153. 4594: 4592:, p. 255. 4582: 4580:, p. 326. 4570: 4536: 4517:Morus bassanus 4506: 4504:, p. 134. 4494: 4492:, p. 122. 4482: 4479:(10): 393–419. 4460: 4458:, p. 121. 4448: 4436: 4434:, p. 334. 4421: 4409: 4407:, p. 150. 4397: 4386:(4): 584–626. 4366: 4364:, p. 197. 4349: 4347:, p. 114. 4337: 4335:, p. 198. 4325: 4313: 4311:, p. 328. 4301: 4289: 4252: 4215: 4188: 4129: 4086: 4072: 4043: 4040: 4039: 3983: 3920:(1984-04-01). 3911: 3899: 3872: 3855: 3843: 3797: 3776:Morus bassanus 3765: 3753: 3717: 3668: 3666:, p. 158. 3656: 3644: 3632: 3620: 3602:Morus bassanus 3590: 3577:(140): 31–34. 3565:Morus bassanus 3553: 3527: 3497: 3495:, p. 320. 3482: 3449: 3421:Morus bassanus 3406: 3383:(1): 1390384. 3377:Polar Research 3371:Morus bassanus 3354: 3339: 3327: 3301: 3289: 3253: 3235:Morus bassanus 3220: 3199: 3184:Morus bassanus 3169: 3140:Morus bassanus 3130: 3104:Morus bassanus 3092: 3080: 3068: 3056: 3044: 3032: 3009: 2977: 2955: 2933: 2931:, p. 311. 2921: 2919:, p. 282. 2909: 2897: 2874: 2872:, p. 138. 2862: 2860:, p. 315. 2847: 2835: 2824: 2812: 2800: 2788: 2786:, p. 134. 2776: 2750:Morus bassanus 2733: 2721: 2719:, p. 192. 2709: 2697: 2685: 2683:, p. 133. 2670: 2658: 2632: 2615: 2600: 2598:, p. 191. 2588: 2561:Morus bassanus 2523: 2508: 2465: 2421: 2409: 2397: 2370: 2358: 2321: 2309: 2279: 2267: 2250: 2238: 2226: 2209: 2207:, p. 133. 2197: 2185: 2183:, p. 328. 2181:Willughby 1681 2173: 2161: 2135: 2111: 2077:Morus bassanus 2059: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2033: 2016: 2015: 2013: 2010: 1979:then taken to 1929: 1870: 1867: 1831: 1828: 1684: 1681: 1665:bowing display 1634: 1631: 1517: 1514: 1413: 1410: 1392: 1389: 1365:Gulf of Mexico 1361:Gulf of Guinea 1347: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1304: 1301:Kola Peninsula 1294: 1244: 1212: 1198: 1188: 1178: 1163: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1137: 1134:County Wexford 1087:Little Skellig 1077:Little Skellig 1069: 1068: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1056:Bempton Cliffs 1050: 1049: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1027: 1026: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1017: 994: 991:Firth of Clyde 968: 957: 954:Firth of Forth 944: 943: 916: 913: 869:North Atlantic 856: 853: 813: 810: 772: 769: 765:masked boobies 759: 758: 755: 748: 746: 743: 736: 734: 731: 724: 722: 719: 712: 710: 707: 700: 628: 625: 593:Abbott's booby 512:Sula americana 407:Firth of Forth 391:Anser bassanus 387:Conrad Gessner 382: 379: 363:Outer Hebrides 340:Kola Peninsula 330:in Wales, and 260:Morus bassanus 249: 248: 239:Sula americana 222: 221: 215: 214: 210: 209: 201: 200: 189: 184:Morus bassanus 178: 177: 171: 170: 163: 161: 157: 156: 149: 145: 144: 139: 135: 134: 129: 125: 124: 119: 115: 114: 109: 105: 104: 99: 95: 94: 89: 85: 84: 71: 70: 52: 49: 48: 43: 40: 39: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6702: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6638: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6411: 6407: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6271: 6267: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6235: 6231: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6200: 6196: 6189: 6185: 6180: 6174: 6170: 6165: 6159: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6137: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6086: 6085:Imperial shag 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6075:Campbell shag 6073: 6071: 6070:Auckland shag 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6030: 6025: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6010: 6005: 5999: 5998:European shag 5996: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5990: 5985: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5960: 5955: 5949: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5922: 5917: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5881: 5876: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5805: 5804:Phalacrocorax 5800: 5792: 5791: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5767: 5763: 5758: 5754: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5716: 5711: 5703: 5702: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5678: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5662: 5658: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5625: 5620: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5562: 5557: 5549: 5548: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5524: 5520: 5515: 5511: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5468: 5463: 5455: 5454: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5413: 5409: 5404: 5400: 5393: 5388: 5386: 5381: 5379: 5374: 5373: 5370: 5362: 5361: 5356: 5352: 5351: 5340: 5339: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5316: 5311: 5307: 5306: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5287: 5283: 5282:RSPB Seabirds 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5235: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5207: 5206: 5200: 5196: 5190: 5186: 5181: 5177: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5132: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5113: 5109: 5108: 5102: 5098: 5092: 5088: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5069: 5064: 5060: 5059: 5053: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5029: 5024: 5023: 5016: 5012: 5006: 5002: 4997: 4993: 4987: 4983: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4941: 4940: 4934: 4930: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4902: 4898: 4893: 4889: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4870: 4857: 4856:Sula bassanus 4847: 4834: 4830: 4812: 4805: 4798: 4793: 4777: 4773: 4766: 4750: 4744: 4737: 4732: 4725: 4720: 4713: 4708: 4706: 4697: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4646: 4639: 4634: 4627: 4622: 4615: 4610: 4603: 4598: 4591: 4586: 4579: 4574: 4558: 4554: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4524: 4520: 4518: 4510: 4503: 4498: 4491: 4486: 4478: 4474: 4473:British Birds 4467: 4465: 4457: 4452: 4446:, p. 87. 4445: 4440: 4433: 4428: 4426: 4418: 4413: 4406: 4401: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4370: 4363: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4346: 4341: 4334: 4329: 4323:, p. 94. 4322: 4317: 4310: 4305: 4299:, p. 15. 4298: 4293: 4285: 4281: 4280:British Birds 4274: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4227: 4226:British Birds 4219: 4204: 4203: 4198: 4192: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4142: 4133: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4102: 4097: 4090: 4083: 4075: 4073:0-7136-6901-2 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4047: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3991: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3935: 3927: 3925: 3924:Sula bassanus 3919: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3887: 3883: 3876: 3868: 3867: 3859: 3853:, p. 46. 3852: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3824:(2): 529–34. 3823: 3819: 3812: 3810: 3801: 3793: 3789: 3786:(4): 380–87. 3785: 3781: 3777: 3769: 3763:, p. 49. 3762: 3757: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3672: 3665: 3660: 3654:, p. 47. 3653: 3648: 3641: 3636: 3629: 3624: 3616: 3612: 3605: 3603: 3594: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3566: 3557: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3501: 3494: 3489: 3487: 3477: 3472: 3469:(2): 187–92. 3468: 3464: 3460: 3453: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3422: 3413: 3411: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3372: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3352:, p. 44. 3351: 3346: 3344: 3336: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3305: 3299:, p. 72. 3298: 3293: 3284: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3264: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3244:Fróðskaparrit 3238: 3236: 3227: 3225: 3210: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3185: 3176: 3174: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3150:(2): 172–78. 3149: 3145: 3141: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3105: 3096: 3089: 3084: 3078:, p. 48. 3077: 3072: 3066:, p. 52. 3065: 3060: 3054:, p. 50. 3053: 3048: 3042:, p. 57. 3041: 3036: 3029: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 2997: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2965: 2959: 2943: 2937: 2930: 2925: 2918: 2913: 2907:, p. 84. 2906: 2901: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2878: 2871: 2866: 2859: 2854: 2852: 2845:, p. 42. 2844: 2839: 2833: 2828: 2821: 2816: 2810:, p. 40. 2809: 2804: 2798:, p. 39. 2797: 2792: 2785: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2753: 2751: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2730: 2725: 2718: 2713: 2706: 2701: 2695:, p. 24. 2694: 2689: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2668:, p. 20. 2667: 2662: 2647: 2643: 2636: 2630:, p. 21. 2629: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2613:, p. 35. 2612: 2607: 2605: 2597: 2592: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2562: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2521:, p. 19. 2520: 2515: 2513: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2481:(2): 181–91. 2480: 2476: 2469: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2425: 2419:, p. 17. 2418: 2413: 2407:, p. 68. 2406: 2405:Lockwood 1993 2401: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2367: 2366:Lockwood 1993 2362: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2335: 2328: 2326: 2319:, p. 61. 2318: 2313: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2283: 2276: 2271: 2263: 2262: 2254: 2247: 2242: 2236:, p. 63. 2235: 2234:Vieillot 1816 2230: 2224:, p. 18. 2223: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2206: 2205:Linnaeus 1758 2201: 2195:, p. 34. 2194: 2193:Polaszek 2010 2189: 2182: 2177: 2171:, p. 83. 2170: 2165: 2149: 2145: 2139: 2124: 2123: 2115: 2099: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2085: 2080: 2078: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2060: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2030: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2009: 2007: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1974: 1969: 1967: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1940: 1927: 1925: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1912: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1866: 1864: 1863:least concern 1859: 1857: 1853: 1850:In 1992, the 1848: 1846: 1836: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1788: 1787: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1721:common ravens 1718: 1714: 1710: 1709:golden eagles 1706: 1702: 1694: 1689: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1668: 1666: 1639: 1630: 1626: 1623: 1618: 1612:A downy chick 1610: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1567: 1551: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1522: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1500: 1499:NL's cod take 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1448: 1442: 1439: 1435: 1434:fishing boats 1426: 1422: 1420: 1409: 1405: 1397: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1353:Mediterranean 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1307:North America 1305: 1302: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1263:Arctic Circle 1261:, within the 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1238: 1220: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1209:Faroe Islands 1206: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1038: 1037:Pembrokeshire 1034: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 992: 988: 984: 983:Flannan Isles 980: 976: 972: 969: 966: 965:Aberdeenshire 962: 958: 955: 951: 948: 947: 946: 945: 942: 939: 938: 937: 935: 934:British Isles 931: 921: 912: 910: 905: 900: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 861: 852: 849: 845: 842: 838: 834: 826: 809: 806: 805:down feathers 802: 798: 793: 791: 787: 783: 779: 768: 766: 752: 747: 740: 735: 728: 723: 716: 711: 704: 699: 698: 697: 695: 690: 685: 683: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 624: 622: 621:Sula bassanus 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 589: 585: 580: 577: 573: 569: 565: 562: 558: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 528: 524: 520: 515: 513: 509: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 488: 487:ornithologist 484: 480: 476: 472: 469: 468:Ancient Greek 465: 461: 460: 455: 451: 450: 445: 441: 437: 433: 432: 427: 423: 422:Carl Linnaeus 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 378: 376: 372: 368: 367:Faroe Islands 364: 359: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 304: 274: 270: 266: 262: 261: 256: 247: 244: 240: 234: 228: 223: 220: 216: 211: 207: 202: 197: 193: 187: 185: 179: 176: 175:Binomial name 172: 168: 167: 162: 159: 158: 155: 154: 150: 147: 146: 143: 140: 137: 136: 133: 130: 127: 126: 123: 120: 117: 116: 113: 110: 107: 106: 103: 100: 97: 96: 93: 90: 87: 86: 81: 76: 72: 66: 61: 60:Least Concern 50: 46: 41: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 6148: 6065:Chatham shag 6055:Foveaux shag 6027: 6009:Poikilocarbo 6007: 5987: 5957: 5919: 5878: 5828:Spotted shag 5802: 5788: 5713: 5699: 5676: 5632: 5622: 5604: 5580:Masked booby 5559: 5545: 5465: 5451: 5428: 5417:Frigatebirds 5358: 5337: 5314: 5304: 5281: 5238: 5228: 5204: 5184: 5165: 5143: 5130: 5106: 5086: 5067: 5057: 5046: 5021: 5000: 4981: 4962: 4958: 4938: 4918: 4915:Cocker, Mark 4896: 4877: 4855: 4846: 4833: 4815:. Retrieved 4804: 4792: 4780:. Retrieved 4775: 4765: 4753:. Retrieved 4743: 4731: 4719: 4670:(1): 21–25. 4667: 4663: 4657: 4653: 4652:"The system 4645: 4633: 4621: 4609: 4597: 4585: 4573: 4561:. Retrieved 4556: 4527:. Retrieved 4522: 4516: 4509: 4497: 4485: 4476: 4472: 4451: 4439: 4412: 4400: 4383: 4379: 4376:Sula bassana 4375: 4369: 4340: 4328: 4316: 4304: 4292: 4286:(7): 233–88. 4283: 4279: 4224: 4218: 4207:. Retrieved 4205:. 2014-11-13 4200: 4191: 4145: 4139: 4132: 4105: 4099: 4089: 4081: 4059: 4046: 4005:): 811–824. 3994: 3988: 3945:(UC Press) ( 3938: 3932: 3923: 3890:. Retrieved 3885: 3875: 3865: 3858: 3846: 3821: 3817: 3809:Sula bassana 3808: 3800: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3768: 3756: 3731: 3727: 3720: 3685: 3681: 3671: 3659: 3647: 3635: 3623: 3617:(2): 151–52. 3614: 3610: 3601: 3593: 3574: 3571:Acrocephalus 3570: 3564: 3556: 3544:. Retrieved 3539: 3530: 3518:. 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