257:
Though part of FROLINA refused to agree to the Arusha
Accords, and continued its insurgency, the rest of the party adhered to the ceasefire. Four FROLINA members became part of the Transitional National Assembly of late 2001, and the party demobilized its paramilitary forces in 2005. Its importance
44:
243:. Like most other Hutu insurgent groups, FROLINA was "militantly racist" and desired the extermination or at least marginalization of all Burundian Tutsi. FROLINA mostly ceased its attacks in 1998. After talks took place between
796:
232:
216:, and the local authorities attempted to suppress his small militant group. From 1992, however, the Tanzanian government decided to tolerate FROLINA's activities, and granted Karumba asylum.
681:
212:, the group launched its first insurgent attack on the Burundian military in Mabandal on 13 August 1990. Afterwards, Karumba was repeatedly arrested in his country of exile,
435:
Africa's World War : Congo, the
Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe
475:
907:
510:
865:
Alliances sometimes changed dramatically over the course of the wars. Some groups may be associated with multiple, ostensibly opposed factions.
750:
669:
468:
254:
in August 2000. It thereby agreed to a ceasefire and an eventual integration into the
Burundian military as part of a power-sharing deal.
640:
700:
532:
385:
Ngaruko, Floribert; Nkurunziza, Janvier D. (2005). "Civil War and Its
Duration in Burundi". In Paul Collier; Nicholas Sambanis (eds.).
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887:
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897:
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421:
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779:
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against the
Burundian government. Their operations were concentrated on the country's south, especially the area around
744:
258:
declined afterward, however, with FROLINA gaining less than 1% of the vote in the 2010 Burundian communal elections.
329:
200:("Solidarity"), FROLINA was founded in the mid-1980s by Joseph Karumba, a former schoolteacher and ex-member of the
902:
583:
543:
619:
244:
201:
882:
101:
675:
231:. Overall, Karumba's group remained a "minor" force compared to other Hutu rebel movements such as the
773:
767:
251:
453:
577:
548:
537:
832:
565:
520:
334:
237:
Conseil
National Pour la Défense de la Démocratie – Forces pour la Défense de la Démocratie
144:
8:
571:
240:
185:
134:
663:
433:
219:
From their bases in
Tanzania, the FROLINA's militant wing, the People's Armed Forces (
440:
417:
392:
224:
797:
National
Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy
526:
514:
489:
233:
National
Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy
485:
413:
407:
386:
177:
160:
27:
846:
876:
247:
630:
51:
738:
729:
228:
184:
that was formerly active as militant rebel group before and during the
106:
483:
213:
854:
821:
209:
181:
712:
634:
82:
43:
684:(FLC, formed from the MLC, RCD-N and RCD-ML from 2000 to 2001)
310:
826:
706:
124:
613:
174:
113:
350:
281:
279:
277:
275:
273:
271:
300:
298:
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208:, PALIPEHUTU). Composed of militant Hutu refugees from
388:
Understanding Civil War: Africa. Evidence and
Analysis
362:
268:
291:
409:
Political Handbook of the World 2016-2017. Volume 1
432:
384:
316:
874:
391:. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. pp. 35–62.
827:National Union for Total Independence of Angola
707:National Union for Total Independence of Angola
751:Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda
469:
239:, or CNDD–FDD) and PALIPEHUTU-FNL during the
737:(RDR, alleged successor organization to the
908:Political parties established in the 1980s
476:
462:
42:
735:Rassemblement DĂ©mocratique pour le Rwanda
405:
368:
356:
285:
701:Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement
666:(RCD-K/ML or "RCD-Wamba", created 1999)
430:
330:"Buyoya meets FRODEBU, FROLINA leaders"
304:
206:Parti pour la libération du peuple Hutu
875:
664:RCD-Kisangani/Mouvement de Libération
643:(faction of RCD-Goma created in 2002)
457:
780:Nationalist and Integrationist Front
658:Movement for the Liberation of Congo
322:
439:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
13:
250:and Karumba, the party signed the
14:
919:
745:Army for the Liberation of Rwanda
893:Factions of the Second Congo War
747:(ALiR, successor to RDR in 1997)
888:Factions of the First Congo War
616:(Rwanda-Uganda backed alliance)
317:Ngaruko & Nkurunziza (2005)
833:White Legion (First Congo War)
378:
1:
620:Rally for Congolese Democracy
412:. Thousand Oaks, California:
261:
202:National Forces of Liberation
166:Front de libération nationale
33:Front de Libération Nationale
898:Political parties in Burundi
682:Front de Libération du Congo
672:(RCD-N, split from RCD-K/ML)
7:
676:Union of Congolese Patriots
406:Lansford, Tom, ed. (2017).
10:
924:
191:
16:Political party in Burundi
863:
845:
812:
803:National Liberation Front
789:
760:
722:
691:
650:
606:
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496:
223:, FAP) waged a low-level
157:National Liberation Front
130:
120:
100:
89:
78:
68:
60:
50:
41:
24:National Liberation Front
21:
768:Allied Democratic Forces
431:Prunier, GĂ©rard (2009).
903:Rebel groups in Burundi
753:(FDLR, created in 2000)
221:Forces armées du peuple
774:Lord's Resistance Army
709:(UNITA, in Second War)
660:(MLC, created in 1998)
517:/ FARDC, after Mobutu)
164:
93:People's Armed Forces
31:
829:(UNITA, in First War)
523:(FAA, in Second War)
484:Armed groups in the
196:Originally known as
883:Burundian Civil War
813:Government-aligned,
568:(FAA, in First War)
359:, pp. 227–228.
245:Burundian President
241:Burundian Civil War
186:Burundian Civil War
173:) is an ethnically
135:Politics of Burundi
338:. 6 September 2001
870:
869:
841:
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593:
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490:Second Congo Wars
446:978-0-19-970583-2
423:978-1-5063-2718-1
398:978-0-8213-6047-7
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140:Political parties
90:Paramilitary wing
915:
692:Anti-government,
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515:Mobuto Sese Seko
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69:Preceded by
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559:Anti-government
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497:National armies
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414:SAGE Publishing
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369:Lansford (2017)
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357:Lansford (2017)
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178:political party
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847:United Nations
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654:
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651:Uganda-aligned
648:
647:
645:
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638:
637:in South Kivu)
628:
623:
617:
610:
608:
607:Rwanda-aligned
601:
595:
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569:
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504:Pro-government
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371:, p. 228.
361:
349:
321:
309:
305:Prunier (2009)
290:
288:, p. 227.
266:
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252:Arusha Accords
193:
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151:
150:
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137:
131:
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110:(historically)
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70:
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56:Joseph Karumba
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26:
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15:
9:
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848:
844:
834:
831:
828:
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823:
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819:
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811:
805:(FLN/FROLINA)
804:
801:
798:
795:
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769:
766:
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319:, p. 49.
318:
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307:, p. 59.
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259:
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253:
249:
248:Pierre Buyoya
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
225:guerrilla war
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34:
29:
20:
802:
790:Anti-Burundi
670:RCD-National
631:Banyamulenge
600:rebel groups
598:Militias and
513:(FAZ, under
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408:
387:
364:
352:
340:. Retrieved
333:
324:
312:
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220:
218:
205:
197:
195:
170:
165:
156:
154:
79:Headquarters
72:
32:
761:Anti-Uganda
739:Interahamwe
730:Interahamwe
723:Anti-Rwanda
379:Works cited
877:Categories
799:(CNDD-FDD)
715:(in Ituri)
342:4 December
262:References
229:Nyanza Lac
107:Hutu Power
641:RCD-Congo
580:(RPF/RDF)
145:Elections
116:interests
95:(defunct)
703:(SPLA/M)
633:(ethnic
626:RCD–Goma
549:Zimbabwe
214:Tanzania
102:Ideology
855:MONUSCO
822:Mai-Mai
572:Burundi
538:Namibia
210:Burundi
198:Umbumwé
192:History
182:Burundi
171:FROLINA
121:Colours
85:(1990s)
73:Umbumwé
61:Founded
713:CODECO
635:Tutsis
586:(UPDF)
584:Uganda
578:Rwanda
566:Angola
529:(FANT)
521:Angola
443:
420:
395:
161:French
83:Mpanda
52:Leader
28:French
815:other
782:(FNI)
776:(LRA)
770:(ADF)
694:other
678:(UPC)
622:(RCD)
574:(FAB)
551:(ZNA)
544:Sudan
540:(NDF)
533:Libya
511:Zaire
486:First
169:, or
125:Green
64:1980s
614:AFDL
527:Chad
488:and
441:ISBN
418:ISBN
393:ISBN
344:2018
335:IRIN
175:Hutu
155:The
114:Hutu
180:in
879::
416:.
332:.
293:^
270:^
188:.
163::
30::
741:)
477:e
470:t
463:v
449:.
426:.
401:.
346:.
235:(
204:(
159:(
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