Numeracy - Knowledge

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reading and mathematical abilities between children of ages five and seven, each in three different mental capacity groups (underachieving, average, and overachieving). The differences in the amount of knowledge retained were greater between the three different groups aged five than between the groups aged seven. This reveals that those of younger ages have an opportunity to retain more information, like numeracy. According to Gelman and Gallistel in The Child's Understanding of Number, 'children as young as 2 years can accurately judge numerosity provided that the numerosity is not larger than two or three'. Children as young as three have been found to understand elementary mathematical concepts. Kilpatrick and his colleagues state 'most preschoolers show that they can understand and perform simple addition and subtraction by at least 3 years of age'. Lastly, it has been observed that pre-school children benefit from their basic understanding of 'counting, reading and writing of numbers, understanding of simple addition and subtraction, numerical reasoning, classifying of objects and shapes, estimating, measuring, reproduction of number patterns'.

464:). Innumeracy is also a very common problem when dealing with risk perception in health-related behavior; it is associated with patients, physicians, journalists and policymakers. Those who lack or have limited health numeracy skills run the risk of making poor health-related decisions because of an inaccurate perception of information. For example, if a patient has been diagnosed with breast cancer, being innumerate may hinder her ability to comprehend her physician's recommendations, or even the severity of the health concern or even the likelihood of treatment benefits. One study found that people tended to overestimate their chances of survival or even to choose lower-quality hospitals. Innumeracy also makes it difficult or impossible for some patients to read medical graphs correctly. Some authors have distinguished graph literacy from numeracy. Indeed, many doctors exhibit innumeracy when attempting to explain a graph or statistics to a patient. A misunderstanding between a doctor and patient, due to either the doctor, patient, or both being unable to comprehend numbers effectively, could result in serious harm to health. 405:

because of their memory capacity to comprehend the material. Patterns of innumeracy have also been observed depending on age, gender, and race. Older adults have been associated with lower numeracy skills than younger adults. Men have been identified to have higher numeracy skills than women. Some studies seem to indicate young people of African heritage tend to have lower numeracy skills. The Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) in which children at fourth-grade (average 10 to 11 years) and eighth-grade (average 14 to 15 years) from 49 countries were tested on mathematical comprehension. The assessment included tests for number, algebra (also called patterns and relationships at fourth grade), measurement, geometry, and data. The latest study, in 2003, found that children from

423:, created the terms "biological primary abilities" and "biological secondary abilities". Biological primary abilities evolve over time and are necessary for survival. Such abilities include speaking a common language or knowledge of simple mathematics. Biological secondary abilities are attained through personal experiences and cultural customs, such as reading or high level mathematics learned through schooling. Literacy and numeracy are similar in the sense that they are both important skills used in life. However, they differ in the sorts of mental demands each makes. Literacy consists of acquiring vocabulary and grammatical sophistication, which seem to be more closely related to memorization, whereas numeracy involves manipulating concepts, such as in 34: 50: 344:, who are involved in the study of numeracy. These tests are used to assess ability to comprehend and apply numbers. They are sometimes administered with a time limit, so that the test-taker must think quickly and concisely. Research has shown that these tests are very useful in evaluating potential applicants because they do not allow the applicants to prepare for the test, unlike interview questions. This suggests that an applicant's results are reliable and accurate 105:(the lack of numeracy) can have a negative impact. Numeracy has an influence on healthy behaviors, financial literacy, and career decisions. Therefore, innumeracy may negatively affect economic choices, financial outcomes, health outcomes, and life satisfaction. It also may distort risk perception in health decisions. Greater numeracy has been associated with reduced susceptibility to 151:). For example, in one experiment, an experimenter presented an infant with two piles of crackers, one with two crackers the other with three. The experimenter then covered each pile with a cup. When allowed to choose a cup, the infant always chose the cup with more crackers because the infant could distinguish the difference. 409:

at both grade levels had the highest performance. Countries like Hong Kong SAR, Japan, and Taiwan also shared high levels of numeracy. The lowest scores were found in countries like South Africa, Ghana, and Saudi Arabia. Another finding showed a noticeable difference between boys and girls, with some

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The root causes of innumeracy vary. Innumeracy has been seen in those suffering from poor education and childhood deprivation of numeracy. Innumeracy is apparent in children during the transition between numerical skills obtained before schooling and the new skills taught in the education departments

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were shown two dolls, which were then hidden with a screen. The babies saw the experimenter pull one doll from behind the screen. Without the child's knowledge, a second experimenter could remove, or add dolls, unseen behind the screen. When the screen was removed, the infants showed more surprise at

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environment increases the likelihood of the child being prepared for comprehending complex mathematical schooling. For example, if a child is influenced by many learning activities in the household, such as puzzles, coloring books, mazes, or books with picture riddles, then they will be more prepared

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Age is accounted for when discussing the development of numeracy in children. Children under the age of 5 have the best opportunity to absorb basic numeracy skills. After the age of seven, achievement of basic numeracy skills become less influential. For example, a study was conducted to compare the

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Children who are brought up in families with high SES tend to be more engaged in developmentally enhancing activities. These children are more likely to develop the necessary abilities to learn and to become more motivated to learn. More specifically, a mother's education level is considered to have

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The first couple of years of childhood are considered to be a vital part of life for the development of numeracy and literacy. There are many components that play key roles in the development of numeracy at a young age, such as Socioeconomic Status (SES), parenting, Home Learning Environment (HLE),

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Fundamental (or rudimentary) numeracy skills include understanding of the real number line, time, measurement, and estimation. Fundamental skills include basic skills (the ability to identify and understand numbers) and computational skills (the ability to perform simple arithmetical operations and

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is to substantially increase the number of youths who have relevant skills for decent work and employment because, even outside these specialized areas, the lack of numeracy skills can reduce employment opportunities and promotions, resulting in unskilled manual careers, low-paying jobs, and even

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Health numeracy has been defined as "the degree to which individuals have the capacity to access, process, interpret, communicate, and act on numerical, quantitative, graphical, biostatistical, and probabilistic health information needed to make effective health decisions". The concept of health

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and numeracy, which can be seen in young children. Depending on the level of literacy or numeracy at a young age, one can predict the growth of literacy and/ or numeracy skills in future development. There is some evidence that humans may have an inborn sense of number. In one study for example,

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More sophisticated numeracy skills include understanding of ratio concepts (notably fractions, proportions, percentages, and probabilities), and knowing when and how to perform multistep operations. Two categories of skills are included at the higher levels: the analytical skills (the ability to

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Parents are advised to collaborate with their child in simple learning exercises, such as reading a book, painting, drawing, and playing with numbers. On a more expressive note, the act of using complex language, being more responsive towards the child, and establishing warm interactions are

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recommended to parents with the confirmation of positive numeracy outcomes. When discussing beneficial parenting behaviors, a feedback loop is formed because pleased parents are more willing to interact with their child, which in essence promotes better development in the child.

144:). For example, one experiment showed children and adults arrays of many dots. After briefly observing them, both groups could accurately estimate the approximate number of dots. However, distinguishing differences between large numbers of dots proved to be more challenging. 73:

operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. For example, if one can understand simple mathematical equations such as 2 + 2 = 4, then one would be considered to possess at least basic numeric knowledge. Substantial aspects of numeracy also include

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states: "Numeracy means understanding how mathematics is used in the real world and being able to apply it to make the best possible decisions...It's as much about thinking and reasoning as about 'doing sums'". Basic numeracy skills consist of comprehending fundamental

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Health numeracy requires basic numeracy but also more advanced analytical and statistical skills. For instance, health numeracy also requires the ability to understand probabilities or relative frequencies in various numerical and graphical formats, and to engage in

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Melhuish, Edward C.; Phan, Mai B.; Sylva, Kathy; Sammons, Pam; Siraj-Blatchford, Iram; Taggart, Brenda (March 2008). "Effects of the Home Learning Environment and Preschool Center Experience upon Literacy and Numeracy Development in Early Primary School".

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study the development and inequalities of numeracy over time and throughout regions. For example, Baten and Hippe find a numeracy gap between regions in western and central Europe and the rest of Europe for the period 1790–1880. At the same time, their

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Melhuish, Edward C.; Phan, Mai B.; Sylva, Kathy; Sammons, Pam; Siraj-Blatchford, Iram; Taggart, Brenda (2008). "Effects of the Home Learning Environment and Preschool Center Experience upon Literacy and Numeracy Development in Early Primary School".

460:). Health numeracy also requires understanding terms with definitions that are specific to the medical context. For instance, although 'survival' and 'mortality' are complementary in common usage, these terms are not complementary in medicine (see 467:

Different presentation formats of numerical information, for instance natural frequency icon arrays, have been evaluated to assist both low-numeracy and high-numeracy individuals. Other data formats provide more assistance to low-numeracy people.

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A variety of tests have been developed for assessing numeracy and health numeracy. Different tests have been developed to evaluate health numeracy. Two of these tests that have been found to be "reliable and valid" are the GHNT-21 and GHNT-6.

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Numeracy has a huge impact on employment. In a work environment, numeracy can be a controlling factor affecting career achievements and failures. Many professions require individuals to have well-developed numerical skills: for example,

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reveals that these differences as well as within country inequality decreased over time. Taking a similar approach, Baten and Fourie find overall high levels of numeracy for people in the Cape Colony (late 17th to early 19th century).

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an unexpected number (for example, if there were still two dolls). Some researchers have concluded that the babies were able to count, although others doubt this and claim the infants noticed surface area rather than number.

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There is a theory that innumeracy is more common than illiteracy when dividing cognitive abilities into two separate categories. David C. Geary, a notable cognitive developmental and evolutionary psychologist from the

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understand numerical information, such as required to interpret graphs and charts) and the statistical skills (the ability to apply higher probabilistic and statistical computation, such as conditional probabilities).

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In contrast to these studies comparing numeracy over countries or regions, it is also possible to analyze numeracy within countries. For example, Baten, Crayen and Voth look at the effects of war on numeracy in

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unemployment. For example, carpenters and interior designers need to be able to measure, use fractions, and handle budgets. Another example of numeracy influencing employment was demonstrated at the

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have fun as they improve numeracy with "Number Bingo". They roll three dice, construct an equation from the numbers to produce a new number, then cover that number on the board, trying to get

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Fagerlin, A.; Zikmund-Fisher, B.J.; Ubel, P.A.; Jankovic, A.; Derry, H.A.; Smith, D.M. (2007). "Measuring Numeracy without a Math Test: Development of the Subjective Numeracy Scale".

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Precise representations of distinct items demonstrate that people are more accurate in estimating amounts and distinguishing differences when the numbers are relatively small (see

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Both systems—approximate representation of magnitude and precise representation quantity of individual items—have limited power. For example, neither allows representations of

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Peters, E.; Dieckmann, N.; Våstfjåll, D.; Mertz, C.K.; Slovic, P.; Hibbard, J.H. (2009). "Bringing meaning to numbers: The impact of evaluative categories on decisions".

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Purpura, David; Hume, L.; Sims, D.; Lonigan, C. (2011). "Early literacy and early numeracy: The value of including early literacy skills in the prediction of numeracy".

444:. Health numeracy and health literacy can be thought of as the combination of skills needed for understanding risk and making good choices in health-related behavior. 1565:"'Girl Power' in Eastern Europe? The human capital development of Central-Eastern and Eastern Europe in the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries and its determinants" 347:

These tests first became prevalent during the 1980s, following the pioneering work of psychologists, such as P. Kline, who published a book in 1986 entitled

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an effect on the child's ability to achieve in numeracy. That is, mothers with a high level of education will tend to have children who succeed more in numeracy.

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Humans have evolved to mentally represent numbers in two major ways from observation (not formal math). These representations are often thought to be innate (see

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Baten, Jörg; Fourie, Johan (2015). "Numeracy of Africans, Asians, and Europeans during the early modern period: new evidence from Cape Colony court registers".

129:), to be shared across human cultures, to be common to multiple species, and not to be the result of individual learning or cultural transmission. They are: 1564: 351:, which explained that psychometric testing could provide reliable and objective results, which could be used to assess a candidate's numerical abilities. 2235:

Låg, T.; Bauger, L.; Lindberg, M.; Friborg, O. (2014). "The role of numeracy and intelligence in health-risk estimation and medical data interpretation".

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Schapira, M.M.; Walker, C.M.; Cappaert, K.J.; Ganschow, P.S.; Fletcher, K.E.; McGinley, E.L.; Del Pozo, S.; Schauer, C.; Tarima, S.; Jacobs, E.A. (2012).

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Brooks, M.; Pui, S. (2010). "Are individual differences in numeracy unique from general mental ability? A closer look at a common measure of numeracy".

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Hess, R.; Visschers, V.H.M.; Siegrist, M.; Keller, C. (2011). "How do people perceive graphical risk communication? The role of subjective numeracy".

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Baten, Jörg; Priwitzer, Stefan (2015). "Social and intertemporal differences of basic numeracy in Pannonia (first century BCE to third century CE)".

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Brooks, M.; Pui (2010). "Are individual differences in numeracy unique from general mental ability? A closer look at a common measure of numeracy".

162:. More complex representations require education. However, achievement in school mathematics correlates with an individual's unlearned approximate 1171:

Halberda, J.; Mazzocco, M.L.M.M.; Feigenson, L. (2008). "Individual differences in non-verbal number acuity correlate with maths achievement".

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Approximate representations of numerical magnitude imply that one can relatively estimate and comprehend an amount if the number is large (see

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Schwartz, L.M.; Woloshin, S.; Black, W.C.; Welch, H.G. (1997). "The Role of Numeracy in Understanding the Benefit of Screening Mammography".

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exceptions. For example, girls performed significantly better in Singapore, and boys performed significantly better in the United States.

212:, chances for skills premium and level of education (i.e. numeracy). Hence, they were more likely to share this experience with children. 2870: 2608:

Peters, E.; Dieckmann, N.; Dixon, A.; Hibbard, J.H.; Mertz, C.K. (2007). "Less is more in presenting quality information to consumers".

2264:"Breast cancer patients' treatment expectations after exposure to the decision aid program, Adjuvant Online: The influence of numeracy" 396:

refers to a persistent and specific impairment of basic numerical-arithmetical skills learning in the context of normal intelligence.

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Galesic, M.; Garcia-Retamero, R.; Gigerenzer, G. (2009). "Using icon arrays to communicate medical risks: Overcoming low numeracy".

1987: 1803: 2024:(2000). "Research on the development of academic skills: Introduction to the special issue on early literacy and early numeracy". 3201: 3034: 109:, less influence of nonnumerical information such as mood states, and greater sensitivity to different levels of numerical risk. 2111:

Golbeck, AL; Ahlers-Schmidt, CR; Paschal, AM; Dismuke, SE (2005). "A definition and operational framework for health numeracy".

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Welch, H.G.; Schwartz, L.M.; Woloshin, S. (2000). "Are Increasing 5-Year Survival Rates Evidence of Success Against Cancer?".

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Osborn, Chandra Y.; Wallston, Kenneth A.; Shpigel, Adam; Cavanaugh, Kerri; Kripalani, Sunil; Rothman, Russell L. (June 2013).

1662: 333:, 58% of job applicants interviewed by broadcast news directors lacked an adequate understanding of statistical materials. 330: 2068:

Donelle, L.; Hoffman-Goetz, L.; Arocha, J.F. (2007). "Assessing health numeracy among community-dwelling older adults".

3024: 2971: 2902: 1352:"The Numeracy Understanding in Medicine Instrument: A Measure of Health Numeracy Developed Using Item Response Theory" 1265:

Lipkus, I.M.; Samsa, G.; Rimer, B.K. (2001). "General Performance on a Numeracy Scale among Highly Educated Samples".

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with the average age of getting married. More precisely, females who entered the marriage later, tend to have greater

1748: 1687: 431:, and builds from basic numeracy skills. This could be a potential explanation of the challenge of being numerate. 2502:

Hoffrage, U.; Lindsey, S.; Hertwig, R.; Gigerenzer, G. (2000). "Medicine: Communicating Statistical Information".

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and her colleagues argue that achieving the benefits of numeric literacy, however, may depend on one's numeric

3420: 3218: 303: 3008: 901:"Despite high objective numeracy, lower numeric confidence relates to worse financial and medical outcomes" 579: 106: 2875: 3029: 1901:"Patient Numeracy, Perceptions of Provider Communication, and Colorectal Cancer Screening Utilization" 1516:"Patient Numeracy, Perceptions of Provider Communication, and Colorectal Cancer Screening Utilization" 630:"Building on our Competencies: Canadian Results of the International Adult Literacy and Skills Survey" 1514:

Ciampa, Philip J.; Osborn, Chandra Y.; Peterson, Neeraja B.; Rothman, Russell L. (13 December 2010).

559: 529: 341: 141: 858: 329:". Unfortunately, it is evident that journalists often show poor numeracy skills. In a study by the 3339: 3039: 1073:"Log or Linear? Distinct Intuitions of the Number Scale in Western and Amazonian Indigene Cultures" 110: 484:

at times when there was no data on schooling or other educational measures. Using a method called

311:. The Poynter Institute has recently included numeracy as one of the skills required by competent 3075: 461: 457: 3298: 3268: 3213: 3196: 3126: 2895: 853: 510:: people opting for a military career had - on average - better numeracy indicators (1 BCE to 3 420: 375:

refers to a lack of ability to reason with numbers. The term was coined by cognitive scientist

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Feigenson, Lisa; Dehaene, Stanislas; Spelke, Elizabeth (July 2004). "Core systems of number".

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Peters, E.; Tompkins, M.K.; Knoll, M.; Ardoin, S.P.; Shoots-Reinhard, B.; Meara, A.S. (2019).

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A number of studies have, moreover, proved that the education level of the mother is strongly

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This article is about the ability to apply numerical concepts. For the academic journal, see

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Ewers-Rogers, Jennifer; Cowan, Richard (January 1996). "Children as Apprentices to Number".

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Ciampa, Philip J.; Osborn, Chandra Y.; Peterson, Neeraja B.; Rothman, Russell L. (2010).

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Weller, J.A.; Dieckmann, N.F.; Tusler, M.; Mertz, C.K.; Burns, W.J.; Peters, E. (2013).

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Gigerenzer, G.; Gaissmaier, W.; Kurz-Milcke, E.; Schwartz, L.M.; Woloshin, S. (2007).

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Steen, Lynn Arthur (2001), "Mathematics and Numeracy: Two Literacies, One Language",

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Australian blog post reviewing the increasing importance of teaching numeracy skills

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Nieder, A. (2005). "Counting on neurons: The neurobiology of numerical competence".

987: 636: 3238: 3146: 3111: 2832: 2809: 2797: 2783:"Numeracy and the impact of high food prices in industrializing Britain, 1780–1850" 2758: 2753: 2745: 2710: 2660: 2637: 2617: 2572: 2564: 2519: 2511: 2474: 2464: 2423: 2415: 2366: 2358: 2320: 2283: 2275: 2244: 2207: 2197: 2155: 2120: 2077: 2033: 1958: 1920: 1912: 1837: 1812: 1757: 1720: 1627: 1575: 1535: 1527: 1471: 1455: 1408: 1371: 1363: 1324: 1274: 1231: 1188: 1137: 1100: 1092: 1032: 1022: 967: 930: 920: 871: 863: 809: 801: 753: 745: 704: 694: 477: 2836: 2515: 3374: 3308: 3288: 3273: 3248: 3233: 3191: 3116: 2935: 2714: 2621: 2324: 2124: 2021: 1991: 1916: 1531: 549: 441: 159: 1309: 3394: 3334: 3258: 3228: 3223: 3186: 3171: 3070: 2955: 1816: 1308:

Cokely, E.T.; Galesic, M.; Schulz, E.; Ghazal, S.; Garcia-Retamero, R. (2012).

1278: 971: 2081: 1677: 1459: 1328: 3409: 3359: 3349: 3303: 3141: 3080: 2950: 2404:"Design Features of Graphs in Health Risk Communication: A Systematic Review" 2362: 2349:; Garcia-Retamero, R. (2010). "Graph Literacy: A Cross-Cultural Comparison". 2346: 2279: 2159: 1746:

Bullock, James O. (October 1994), "Literacy in the Language of Mathematics",

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Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Health Literacy Measurement tools

2749: 2453:"Using Visual Aids to Improve Communication of Risks about Health: A Review" 1096: 1027: 925: 699: 489: 3313: 3181: 3085: 3065: 2672: 2629: 2586: 2533: 2488: 2437: 2380: 2297: 2221: 2167: 2132: 2089: 2045: 1934: 1824: 1549: 1485: 1420: 1385: 1286: 1200: 1149: 1114: 1046: 979: 944: 885: 823: 767: 718: 564: 434: 287: 163: 75: 42: 2469: 1579: 1563:

Joerg, Baten; Mikołaj, Szołtysek; Monica, Campestrini (14 December 2016).

1243: 506:, and Baten and Priwitzer find a "military bias" in what is today western 452:, while avoiding errors sometimes associated with Bayesian reasoning (see 3101: 2801: 2262:

Lipkus, I.M.; Peters, E.; Kimmick, G.; Liotcheva, V.; Marcom, P. (2010).

539: 393: 316: 312: 87: 79: 2419: 1192: 790:"How numeracy influences risk comprehension and medical decision making" 3055: 2183: 1769: 1444:"Development and Validation of the General Health Numeracy Test (GHNT)" 589: 544: 511: 368: 279: 205: 148: 91: 70: 2696:"The early regional development of human capital in Europe, 1790–1880" 3329: 3161: 2664: 2568: 2248: 2037: 867: 805: 524: 406: 364: 299: 275: 155: 2067: 1761: 1141: 349:

A handbook of test construction: Introduction to psychometric design

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person can manage and respond to the mathematical demands of life.

95: 83: 1800: 1398: 734:"Cognitive Function, Numeracy and Retirement Saving Trajectories*" 3389: 3384: 3369: 2945: 507: 503: 283: 2554: 2501: 2401: 257: 61: 2860: 2186:"Helping Doctors and Patients Make Sense of Health Statistics" 1441: 1349: 788:

Reyna, V.F.; Nelson, W.L.; Han, P.K.; Dieckmann, N.F. (2009).

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Innumeracy in the wild: Misunderstanding and misusing numbers

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Jeremy Kilpatrick; Jane Swafford; Bradford Findell (2001).

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Precise representation of the quantity of individual items.

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Baten, Jörg; Crayen, Dorothee; Voth, Hans-Joachim (2014).

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Innumeracy and risk perception in health decision-making

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Innumeracy: Mathematical Illiteracy and its Consequences

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Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association

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with, and apply simple numerical concepts. The charity

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Izard, V.; Sann, C.; Spelke, E.S.; Streri, A. (2009).

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Approximate representation of numerical magnitude, and

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Dehaene, S.; Izard, V.; Spelke, E.; Pica, P. (2008).

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Garcia-Retamero, R.; Okan, Y.; Cokely, E.T. (2012).

1842: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1310:"Measuring risk literacy: The Berlin Numeracy Test" 2444: 1680:Adding + it up: helping children learn mathematics 1562: 672: 2179: 2177: 1710: 3407: 1601: 1492: 1264: 635:. Statistics Canada. p. 209. Archived from 2780: 1066: 1064: 1062: 1060: 1058: 1056: 1007:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 905:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 679:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 340:numerical reasoning tests have been created by 26:"Innumeracy" redirects here. For the book, see 2822: 2174: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2896: 1855: 892: 675:"Numerical ability predicts mortgage default" 627: 354: 169: 2495: 2190:Psychological Science in the Public Interest 1215: 1053: 835: 833: 653: 651: 649: 224: 120: 53:Number bingo improves math skills. LPB Laos. 2735: 2653:Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 2548: 2339: 2052: 2026:Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology 2001: 1739: 1003:"Newborn infants perceive abstract numbers" 951: 783: 781: 779: 777: 732:Banks, J.; O'Dea, C.; Oldfield, Z. (2010). 673:Gerardi, K.; Goette, L.; Meier, S. (2013). 399: 2903: 2889: 2693: 2395: 2255: 1301: 1258: 1121: 666: 440:numeracy is a component of the concept of 2757: 2576: 2523: 2478: 2468: 2427: 2370: 2287: 2228: 2211: 2201: 2139: 1924: 1775: 1539: 1475: 1375: 1104: 1036: 1026: 994: 934: 924: 875: 857: 830: 813: 757: 708: 698: 646: 608: 251:There seems to be a relationship between 1804:Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 1236:10.7326/0003-4819-127-11-199712010-00003 774: 725: 471: 48: 32: 3035:National Council of Teachers of English 2113:American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2020: 1745: 229:Along with parenting and SES, a strong 195: 186: 3408: 1652: 1127: 657: 2884: 1781: 846:Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 2825:Scandinavian Economic History Review 2703:Scandinavian Economic History Review 302:. This is why a major target of the 1572:European Review of Economic History 480:, numeracy is often used to assess 331:Society of Professional Journalists 16:Ability to apply numerical concepts 13: 3025:International Literacy Association 2972:List of countries by literacy rate 2790:Review of Economics and Statistics 2694:Baten, Jörg; Hippe, Ralph (2012). 2610:Medical Care Research & Review 14: 3437: 2854: 1749:The American Mathematical Monthly 2203:10.1111/j.1539-6053.2008.00033.x 1963:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2008.00550.x 1713:Early Child Development and Care 1632:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2008.00550.x 1448:Patient Education and Counseling 750:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02395.x 78:, operation sense, computation, 2816: 2774: 2729: 2687: 2304: 2104: 2070:Journal of Health Communication 1977: 1941: 1905:Journal of Health Communication 1892: 1868: 1858:Individual Differences Research 1831: 1794: 1704: 1671: 1646: 1556: 1520:Journal of Health Communication 1435: 1392: 1343: 1164: 611:Individual Differences Research 175:compare numerical magnitudes). 117:or confidence in one's skills. 3202:Occupational Safety and Health 2578:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-F6BE-3 2525:11858/00-001M-0000-0025-9B18-3 2372:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-F299-8 2213:11858/00-001M-0000-0025-7CFC-A 621: 602: 304:Sustainable Development Goal 4 60:is the ability to understand, 1: 2866:CDC Health Literacy Resources 2837:10.1080/03585522.2015.1032339 2516:10.1126/science.290.5500.2261 1880:Global Campaign For Education 488:, researchers like Professor 319:, former executive editor of 264: 2910: 2715:10.1080/03585522.2012.727763 2622:10.1177/10775587070640020301 2457:The Scientific World Journal 2325:10.1080/13669877.2010.488745 2125:10.1016/j.amepre.2005.06.012 1917:10.1080/10810730.2010.522699 1532:10.1080/10810730.2010.522699 1317:Judgment and Decision Making 960:Trends in Cognitive Sciences 580:Numerosity adaptation effect 215: 7: 2738:The Economic History Review 1224:Annals of Internal Medicine 1130:Nature Reviews Neuroscience 517: 246: 234:to face school activities. 10: 3442: 3030:International Literacy Day 2237:Behavioral Decision Making 1817:10.1016/j.jecp.2011.07.004 1682:. National Academy Press. 1279:10.1177/0272989X0102100105 972:10.1016/j.tics.2004.05.002 662:. Oxford University Press. 355:Innumeracy and dyscalculia 342:occupational psychologists 336:To assess job applicants, 170:Definitions and assessment 25: 18: 3322: 3094: 3048: 3017: 2964: 2918: 2082:10.1080/10810730701619919 1460:10.1016/j.pec.2013.01.001 1329:10.1017/S1930297500001819 560:National Numeracy Network 530:Approximate number system 413: 367:, coined by analogy with 225:Home-learning environment 142:Approximate number system 121:Representation of numbers 3040:No Child Left Behind Act 2861:The Berlin Numeracy Test 2363:10.1177/0272989X10373805 2313:Journal of Risk Research 2280:10.1177/0272989X09360371 2160:10.1001/jama.283.22.2975 1951:Journal of Social Issues 1784:The Mathematics Educator 1725:10.1080/0300443961250102 1620:Journal of Social Issues 1413:10.1177/0272989X07304449 1368:10.1177/0272989X12447239 596: 400:Patterns and differences 2759:10.1111/1468-0289.12064 2750:10.1111/1468-0289.12064 2351:Medical Decision Making 2268:Medical Decision Making 1983:Scanlan, Chip (2004). " 1653:Hughes, Martin (1986). 1401:Medical Decision Making 1356:Medical Decision Making 1267:Medical Decision Making 1097:10.1126/science.1156540 1028:10.1073/pnas.0812142106 926:10.1073/pnas.1903126116 700:10.1073/pnas.1220568110 462:five-year survival rate 458:Conservatism (Bayesian) 3214:Information literacies 794:Psychological Bulletin 658:Peters, Ellen (2020). 421:University of Missouri 237: 54: 46: 3421:Mathematics education 3380:Post-literate society 3340:Children's literature 3219:Information and media 2941:Functional illiteracy 472:Evolution of numeracy 52: 36: 2802:10.1162/REST_a_00403 1998:, September 8, 2004. 1911:(Suppl 3): 157–168. 1597:on 28 February 2019. 738:The Economic Journal 196:Socioeconomic status 187:Childhood influences 3345:Composition studies 3061:Ruth Johnson Colvin 2926:Adolescent literacy 2510:(5500): 2261–2262. 2470:10.1100/2012/562637 2420:10.1197/jamia.M2115 1876:"SDG4's 10 targets" 1657:. Wiley-Blackwell. 1655:Children and Number 1580:10.1093/ereh/hew017 1193:10.1038/nature07246 1185:2008Natur.455..665H 1089:2008Sci...320.1217D 1083:(5880): 1217–1220. 1019:2009PNAS..10610382I 1013:(25): 10382–10385. 917:2019PNAS..11619386P 911:(39): 19386–19391. 691:2013PNAS..11011267G 685:(28): 11267–11271. 628:Statistics Canada. 575:Numerical cognition 127:Numerical cognition 1990:2009-01-14 at the 744:(548): F381–F410. 535:Bayesian inference 450:Bayesian inference 377:Douglas Hofstadter 322:The New York Times 55: 47: 21:Numeracy (journal) 3403: 3402: 3365:Media consumption 2931:Emergent literacy 2557:Health Psychology 2154:(22): 2975–2978. 1664:978-0-631-13581-4 1526:(sup3): 157–168. 1179:(7213): 665–668. 454:Base rate fallacy 381:John Allen Paulos 309:Poynter Institute 292:financial analyst 66:National Numeracy 28:Innumeracy (book) 3433: 2905: 2898: 2891: 2882: 2881: 2849: 2848: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2787: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2761: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2700: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2665:10.1037/a0016978 2648: 2642: 2641: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2580: 2569:10.1037/a0014474 2552: 2546: 2545: 2527: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2482: 2472: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2431: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2374: 2343: 2337: 2336: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2291: 2259: 2253: 2252: 2249:10.1002/bdm.1788 2232: 2226: 2225: 2215: 2205: 2181: 2172: 2171: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2065: 2050: 2049: 2038:10.1037/h0088185 2022:Lefevre, Jo-Anne 2018: 1999: 1985:Why Math Matters 1981: 1975: 1974: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1928: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1887: 1886: 1872: 1866: 1865: 1853: 1840: 1835: 1829: 1828: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1779: 1773: 1772: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1675: 1669: 1668: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1614: 1599: 1598: 1596: 1590:. Archived from 1569: 1560: 1554: 1553: 1543: 1511: 1490: 1489: 1479: 1439: 1433: 1432: 1396: 1390: 1389: 1379: 1347: 1341: 1340: 1314: 1305: 1299: 1298: 1262: 1256: 1255: 1219: 1213: 1212: 1168: 1162: 1161: 1125: 1119: 1118: 1108: 1068: 1051: 1050: 1040: 1030: 998: 992: 991: 955: 949: 948: 938: 928: 896: 890: 889: 879: 868:10.1002/bdm.1751 861: 837: 828: 827: 817: 806:10.1037/a0017327 785: 772: 771: 761: 729: 723: 722: 712: 702: 670: 664: 663: 655: 644: 643: 641: 634: 625: 619: 618: 606: 478:economic history 476:In the field of 160:negative numbers 94:. A numerically 3441: 3440: 3436: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3431: 3430: 3406: 3405: 3404: 3399: 3375:Oral literature 3318: 3234:Multiliteracies 3090: 3044: 3013: 2960: 2936:Family literacy 2914: 2909: 2857: 2852: 2821: 2817: 2785: 2779: 2775: 2734: 2730: 2698: 2692: 2688: 2649: 2645: 2606: 2602: 2553: 2549: 2500: 2496: 2449: 2445: 2400: 2396: 2344: 2340: 2309: 2305: 2260: 2256: 2233: 2229: 2182: 2175: 2144: 2140: 2109: 2105: 2066: 2053: 2019: 2002: 1992:Wayback Machine 1982: 1978: 1946: 1942: 1897: 1893: 1884: 1882: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1854: 1843: 1838:Numbers in Mind 1836: 1832: 1799: 1795: 1780: 1776: 1762:10.2307/2974528 1744: 1740: 1709: 1705: 1690: 1676: 1672: 1665: 1651: 1647: 1615: 1602: 1594: 1567: 1561: 1557: 1512: 1493: 1440: 1436: 1397: 1393: 1348: 1344: 1312: 1306: 1302: 1263: 1259: 1230:(11): 966–972. 1220: 1216: 1169: 1165: 1142:10.1038/nrn1626 1126: 1122: 1069: 1054: 999: 995: 956: 952: 897: 893: 859:10.1.1.678.6236 838: 831: 786: 775: 730: 726: 671: 667: 656: 647: 639: 632: 626: 622: 607: 603: 599: 594: 550:Health literacy 520: 474: 442:health literacy 437: 416: 402: 357: 267: 256:five-month-old 249: 240: 227: 218: 198: 189: 172: 123: 107:framing effects 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3439: 3429: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3397: 3395:Writing system 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3335:Asemic writing 3332: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3205: 3204: 3199: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3076:Griffith Jones 3073: 3071:James Paul Gee 3068: 3063: 3058: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3011: 3006: 3001: 3000: 2999: 2991: 2990: 2989: 2979: 2974: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2958: 2956:Whole language 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2915: 2908: 2907: 2900: 2893: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2856: 2855:External links 2853: 2851: 2850: 2831:(2): 110–134. 2815: 2796:(3): 418–430. 2773: 2744:(2): 632–656. 2728: 2709:(3): 254–289. 2686: 2659:(3): 213–227. 2643: 2616:(2): 169–190. 2600: 2563:(2): 210–216. 2547: 2494: 2443: 2414:(6): 608–618. 2394: 2357:(3): 444–457. 2338: 2303: 2274:(4): 464–473. 2254: 2227: 2173: 2138: 2119:(4): 375–376. 2103: 2076:(7): 651–665. 2051: 2000: 1996:Poynter Online 1976: 1940: 1891: 1867: 1841: 1830: 1811:(4): 647–658. 1793: 1774: 1756:(8): 735–743, 1738: 1703: 1688: 1670: 1663: 1645: 1600: 1555: 1491: 1454:(3): 350–356. 1434: 1407:(5): 672–680. 1391: 1362:(6): 851–865. 1342: 1300: 1257: 1214: 1163: 1136:(3): 177–190. 1120: 1052: 993: 966:(7): 307–314. 950: 891: 852:(2): 198–212. 829: 800:(6): 943–973. 773: 724: 665: 645: 642:on 2011-09-27. 620: 600: 598: 595: 593: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 521: 519: 516: 473: 470: 436: 433: 415: 412: 401: 398: 392:Developmental 356: 353: 266: 263: 248: 245: 239: 236: 226: 223: 217: 214: 197: 194: 188: 185: 171: 168: 138: 137: 134: 122: 119: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3438: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3360:Literacy test 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3350:Dick and Jane 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3321: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3304:Transliteracy 3302: 3300: 3299:Technological 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3269:Psychological 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3197:Mental health 3195: 3194: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3127:Computational 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3081:Frank Laubach 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3010: 3009:United States 3007: 3005: 3002: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2985: 2984: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2951:Post-literacy 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2901: 2899: 2894: 2892: 2887: 2886: 2883: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2858: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2819: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2784: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2697: 2690: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2604: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2551: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2498: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2447: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2398: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2342: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2307: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2258: 2250: 2246: 2243:(2): 95–108. 2242: 2238: 2231: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2180: 2178: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2142: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2107: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1986: 1980: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1957:(1): 95–114. 1956: 1952: 1944: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1895: 1881: 1877: 1871: 1863: 1859: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1839: 1834: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1805: 1797: 1789: 1785: 1778: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1750: 1742: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1707: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1689:0-309-06995-5 1685: 1681: 1674: 1666: 1660: 1656: 1649: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1626:(1): 95–114. 1625: 1621: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1566: 1559: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1438: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1395: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1346: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1311: 1304: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1261: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1218: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1167: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1124: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1067: 1065: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1057: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 997: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 954: 946: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 895: 887: 883: 878: 873: 869: 865: 860: 855: 851: 847: 843: 836: 834: 825: 821: 816: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 784: 782: 780: 778: 769: 765: 760: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 728: 720: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 669: 661: 654: 652: 650: 638: 631: 624: 616: 612: 605: 601: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 570:Numeracy bias 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 522: 515: 513: 509: 505: 499: 496: 495:data analysis 491: 487: 483: 482:human capital 479: 469: 465: 463: 459: 455: 451: 445: 443: 432: 430: 426: 422: 411: 408: 397: 395: 390: 388: 387: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 352: 350: 345: 343: 339: 334: 332: 328: 324: 323: 318: 314: 310: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 272:mathematician 262: 259: 254: 244: 235: 232: 231:home-learning 222: 213: 211: 207: 202: 193: 184: 180: 176: 167: 165: 161: 157: 152: 150: 145: 143: 135: 132: 131: 130: 128: 118: 116: 115:self-efficacy 112: 108: 104: 101:By contrast, 99: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 72: 67: 63: 59: 51: 44: 43:four in a row 40: 35: 29: 22: 3243: 3182:Geo-literacy 3107:Agricultural 3086:Brian Street 3066:Paulo Freire 3018:Institutions 2993:New Zealand 2828: 2824: 2818: 2793: 2789: 2776: 2741: 2737: 2731: 2706: 2702: 2689: 2656: 2652: 2646: 2613: 2609: 2603: 2560: 2556: 2550: 2507: 2503: 2497: 2460: 2456: 2446: 2411: 2407: 2397: 2354: 2350: 2341: 2316: 2312: 2306: 2271: 2267: 2257: 2240: 2236: 2230: 2196:(2): 53–96. 2193: 2189: 2151: 2147: 2141: 2116: 2112: 2106: 2073: 2069: 2032:(2): 57–60. 2029: 2025: 1995: 1979: 1954: 1950: 1943: 1908: 1904: 1894: 1883:. Retrieved 1879: 1870: 1861: 1857: 1833: 1808: 1802: 1796: 1787: 1783: 1777: 1753: 1747: 1741: 1719:(1): 15–25. 1716: 1712: 1706: 1679: 1673: 1654: 1648: 1623: 1619: 1592:the original 1571: 1558: 1523: 1519: 1451: 1447: 1437: 1404: 1400: 1394: 1359: 1355: 1345: 1323:(1): 25–47. 1320: 1316: 1303: 1273:(1): 37–44. 1270: 1266: 1260: 1227: 1223: 1217: 1176: 1172: 1166: 1133: 1129: 1123: 1080: 1076: 1010: 1006: 996: 963: 959: 953: 908: 904: 894: 849: 845: 797: 793: 741: 737: 727: 682: 678: 668: 659: 637:the original 623: 614: 610: 604: 565:Number sense 500: 475: 466: 446: 438: 417: 403: 391: 384: 383:in his book 372: 360: 358: 348: 346: 338:psychometric 335: 320: 288:Risk Analyst 268: 250: 241: 228: 219: 203: 199: 190: 181: 177: 173: 164:number sense 153: 146: 139: 124: 111:Ellen Peters 102: 100: 76:number sense 71:arithmetical 57: 56: 37:Children in 3294:Statistical 3209:Information 3095:Other types 2347:Galesic, M. 540:Dyscalculia 486:age-heaping 394:dyscalculia 317:Max Frankel 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