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832:
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that of her council of uncles. Because in Minang culture marriage is merely a 'commitment of two people' and not at all a 'union', there is no stigma attached to divorce. The
Minangkabau were prominent among the intellectual figures in the Indonesian independence movement. Not only were they strongly embedded themselves surrounding Islamic traditions – which counteracted the influence of the Protestant Dutch – they also had a sense of cultural pride just as like every other Sumatran especially with their traditional belief of egalitarianism of "Standing as tall, sitting as low" (that no body stand or sit on an increased stage). They also speak a language closely related to the
1033:. It is considered "customary" and ideal for married sisters to remain in their parental home, with their husbands having a sort of visiting status. Not everyone lives up to this ideal, however. In the 1990s, anthropologist Evelyn Blackwood studied a relatively conservative village in Sumatra Barat where only about 22 percent of the households were "matrihouses", consisting of a mother and a married daughter or daughters. Nonetheless, there is a shared ideal among Minangkabau in which sisters and unmarried lineage members try to live close to one another or even in the same house.
619:) to settle the dispute. The prince agreed and produced the largest, meanest, most aggressive buffalo. The villagers on other hand produced a hungry baby calf with its small horns ground to be as sharp as knives. Seeing the adult buffalo across the field, the calf ran forward, hoping for milk. The big buffalo saw no threat in the baby buffalo and paid no attention to it, looking around for a worthy opponent. But when the baby thrust his head under the big bull's belly, looking for an udder, the sharpened horns punctured and killed the bull giving the villagers their victory (
840:
cultural and political nationalism, culminating in the demand for
Indonesian independence. Later rebellions against the Dutch occupation occurred such as the 1908 Anti-Tax Rebellion and the 1927 Communist uprising. During World War II the Minangkabau territories were occupied by the Japanese, and when the Japanese surrendered in August 1945 Indonesia proclaimed independence. The Dutch attempts to regain control of the area were ultimately unsuccessful and in 1949 the Minangkabau territories became part of Indonesia as the province of Central Sumatra.
211:
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331:
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119:
56:
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304:
96:
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666:
234:
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1046:(headman), elected by groups of lineage leaders. With the agrarian base of the Minangkabau economy in decline, the suku—as a landholding unit—has also been declining somewhat in importance, especially in urban areas. Indeed, the position of penghulu is not always filled after the death of the incumbent, particularly if lineage members are not willing to bear the expense of the ceremony required to install a new penghulu.
142:
1732:(The genteel Sabai) is about a girl named Sabai who despite being famous for being a gentle girl with perfect wife skills, avenged the murder of her father by a powerful and evil ruler from a neighbouring village. After her father's death, her cowardly elder brother refuses to confront the murderer and so Sabai decided to take matters into her own hands. She seeks out the murderer and shoots him in revenge.
1526:
1468:
564:
855:. The Indonesian military invaded West Sumatra in April 1958 and had recaptured major towns within the next month. A period of guerrilla warfare ensued, but most rebels had surrendered by August 1961. In the years following, West Sumatra was like an occupied territory with Javanese officials occupying most senior civilian, military and police positions. The policies of centralisation continued under the
691:, though when the two languages split from a common ancestor and the precise historical relationship between Malay and Minangkabau culture is not known. Until the 20th century the majority of the Sumatran population lived in the highlands. The highlands are well suited for human habitation, with plentiful fresh water, fertile soil, a cool climate, and valuable commodities. It is probable that
887:
3411:
1285:
1134:. The tradition of merantau also meant that the Minangkabau developed a cosmopolitan bourgeoisie that readily adopted and promoted the ideas of an emerging nation-state. Due to their culture that stresses the importance of learning, Minang people are over-represented in the educated professions in Indonesia, with many ministers from Minang.
1042:(female lineage unit). Because Minangkabau men, like Acehnese men, often migrate to seek experience, wealth, and commercial success, the women's kin group is responsible for maintaining the continuity of the family and the distribution and cultivation of the land. These family groups, however, are typically led by a
1704:
is about the dangers of treating your mother badly. A sailor from a poor family voyages to seek his fortune, becoming rich and marrying. After refusing to recognise his elderly mother on his return home, being ashamed of his humble origins, he is cursed and dies when a storm ensues and turn him along
1145:
that guides matrilineal inheritance, and though it seems that such a tradition might conflict with the precepts of Islam, the
Minangnese insist that it does not. To accommodate both, the Minangkabau make a distinction between high and low inheritance. "High inheritance" is the property, including the
819:
fundamentalist
Islamic group in conflict with the traditional syncretic groups, elite families and Pagaruyung royals. As a result of a treaty with a number of penghulu and representatives of the Minangkabau royal family, Dutch forces made their first attack on a Padri village in April 1821. The first
1140:
derives in part from the ancient animist and buddhist belief system of the
Minangkabau, which existed before the arrival of Islam to Sumatra. When precisely the religion spread across the island and was adopted by the Minangkabau is unclear, though it probably arrived in West Sumatra around the 16th
1576:
The houses have dramatic curved roof structures with multi-tiered, upswept gables. They are also well distinguished by their rooflines which curve upward from the middle and end in points, in imitation of the upward-curving horns of the water buffalo that supposedly eked the people their name (i.e.
1463:
when lunch is not eaten. Meals commonly consist of steamed rice, a hot fried dish and a coconut milk dish, with a little variation from breakfast to dinner. Meals are generally eaten from a plate using the fingers of the right hand. Snacks are more frequently eaten by people in urban areas than in
2326:
The
Minangkabau are famous for their dedication to knowledge, as well as the widespread diaspora of their men throughout southeast Asia, the result being that Minangs have been disproportionately represented in positions of economic and political power throughout the region. The co-founder of the
1121:
Increasingly, married couples go off on merantau; in such situations, the woman's role tends to change. When married couples reside in urban areas or outside the
Minangkabau region and a Minang woman marries a non-Minang man, the woman will rely on the protection provided by the husband more than
839:
With the
Minangkabau territories now under the control of the Dutch, transportation systems were improved and economic exploitation was intensified. New forms of education were introduced, allowing some Minangkabau to take advantage of a modern education system. The 20th century marked a rise and
2300:
For most of the
Minangkabau people, wandering is an ideal way to reach maturity and success; as a consequence, they exercised great influence in the politics of many kingdom and states in Maritime Southeast Asia. Overseas Minangkabau are also great influence developing Indonesian, Malaysian, and
1976:
movement in Mecca, and sought to eliminate societal problems such as tobacco and opium smoking, gambling and general anarchy by ensuring the tenets of the quran were strictly observed. All
Minangkabau customs allegedly in conflict with the quran were abolished. Although the Padri were eventually
1951:
had also been an important component of Minangkabau culture. Even after the penetration of Islam into Minangkabau society in the 16th century, animistic beliefs were not extinguished. In this belief system, people were said to have two souls, a real soul and a soul which can disappear called the
1455:
and not consumed, while lamb, goat and game are rarely consumed for reasons of taste and availability. Spiciness is a characteristic of Minangkabau food: The most commonly used herbs and spices are chili, turmeric, ginger and galangal. Vegetables are consumed two or three times a day. Fruits are
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is a dish which is considered to be a characteristic of Minangkabau culture; it is cooked 4–5 times a year. This particular dish is one of the world's renowned dish, especially after crowned the Best Food in CNN's World's 50 Best Foods in 2011 and 2017 by a CNN poll. Other characteristic dishes
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in Malay. When they are teenagers, they are encouraged to leave their hometown to learn in schools or through experiences outside of their hometown so that, as adults, they can return home wise and 'useful' to society and are able to contribute their thinking and experience to run the family or
814:
Late in the 18th century the gold supply which provided the economic base for Minangkabau royalty began to be exhausted. Around the same time other parts of the Minangkabau economy had a period of unparalleled expansion as new opportunities for the export of agricultural commodities arose,
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society in the world, with property, family name and land passing down from mother to daughter, while religious and political affairs are the responsibility of men, although some women also play important roles in these areas. This custom is called Lareh Bodi-Caniago and is known as
1403:
828:. When fighting resumed in 1832, the reinforced Dutch troops were able to more effectively attack the Padri. The main centre of resistance was captured in 1837, Tuanku Imam Bonjol was captured and exiled soon after, and by the end of the next year the war was effectively over.
2550:
Nowadays, Minangkabau people have made significant contributions to Indonesia's economic activities. Minangkabau businessmen are also notable in hospitality sector, media industry, healthcare, publisher, automotive, and textile trading. Some of them are industrialists include
873:
units, thereby destroying the traditional village social and cultural institutions. In the years following the downfall of the Suharto regime decentralisation policies were implemented, giving more autonomy to provinces, thereby allowing West Sumatra to reinstitute the
1092:(hometown) when they sit as members of the 'council of maternal uncles and maternal granduncles' (ninik-mamak). This tradition has created Minang communities in many Indonesian cities and towns, which nevertheless are still tied closely to their homeland; a state in
1146:
home and land, which passes among women. "Low inheritance" is what a father passes to his children out of his professional earnings. This latter inheritance follows Islamic law, a complex system which dictates, in part, that sons get twice as much as daughters.
2350:
The Minangkabau are known as a society that places top priority in high education and thus they are widespread across Indonesia and foreign countries in a variety of professions and expertise such as politicians, writers, scholars, teachers, journalists, and
1837:
situation, whereby they use their native language for everyday conversations, while the Malay language is used for most formal occasions, in education, and in writing, even to relatives and friends. The Minangkabau language was originally written using the
803:. Until early in the 19th century the Dutch remained content with their coastal trade of gold and produce, and made no attempt to visit the Minangkabau highlands. As a result of conflict in Europe, the British occupied Padang from 1781 to 1784 during the
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914:
when it was no bigger than the size of an egg, which protruded from a surrounding body of water. After the waters receded the Minangkabau proliferated and dispersed to the slopes and valleys surrounding the volcano, a region called the
2908:
1049:
The Minangkabau (in short Minang) are also known for their devotion to Islam. A dominant majority of both males and females pray five times a day, fast during the month of Ramadan, and express the desire to make the holy pilgrimage
1393:
originated early in the 20th century out of fusion of local martial arts, storytelling and other performance traditions. Men originally played male and female characters in the story but, since the 1960s, women have participated.
741:, the latter having overt allegiances to royalty. By the 16th century, the time of the next report after the reign of Adityawarman, royal power had been split into three recognised reigning kings. They were the King of the World (
1876:
Agam, Payakumbuh, Tanah Datar, Sijunjung, Batu Sangkar-Pariangan, Singkarak, Pariaman, Orang Mamak, Ulu, Kampar Ocu, Rokan, Pasaman, Rao, Kuantan, Kerinci-Minangkabau, Pesisir, Aneuk Jamee (Jamee), Painan, Penghulu, Mukomuko.
1563:: 'spired roof house') are the traditional homes of the Minangkabau. The architecture, construction, internal and external decoration, and the functions of the house reflect the culture and values of the Minangkabau. A
1971:
Until the rise of the Padri movement late in the 18th century, Islamic practices such as prayers, fasting and attendance at mosques had been weakly observed in the Minangkabau highlands. The Padri were inspired by the
1760:) traditions have allowed Minangkabau women to hold a relatively advantageous position in their society compared to most patriarchal societies, because though they do not rule, they are at the center of their society.
2364:
Many people of Minangkabau descent have held prominent positions in the Indonesian and Malay nationalist movements. In 1920–1960, the political leadership in Indonesian was replete with Minangkabau people, such as
610:
came from a popular legend that was derived from a territorial dispute between a people and a prince from a neighbouring region. To avoid the battle, the local people proposed a fight to the death between two
1448:
The staple ingredients of the Minangkabau diet are rice, fish, coconut, green leafy vegetables and chili. Meat is mainly limited to special occasions, and beef and chicken are most commonly used. Pork is not
3020:
1809:
The language has a number of dialects and sub-dialects, but native Minangkabau speakers generally have no difficulty understanding the variety of dialects. The differences between dialects are mainly at the
910:. These stories are derived from an oral history which was transmitted between generations before the Minangkabau had a written language. The first Minangkabau are said to have arrived by ship and landed on
794:
to avoid interference from the Acehnese occupiers. In 1663 the Dutch agreed to protect and liberate local villages from the Acehnese in return for a trading monopoly, and as a result setup trading posts at
2355:. Outside West Sumatra, they are mostly an urban people, forming part of expanding Indonesia's middle-class. Based on a relatively small population, Minangkabau is one of the most successful. According to
1699:
is about a mother who acts as teacher and adviser to her two growing children. Initially her son is vain and headstrong and only after her perseverance does he become a good son who listens to his mother.
966:
into two systems is said to be the result of conflict between two half-brothers Datuak Katumangguangan and Datuak Parpatiah nan Sabatang, who were the leaders who formulated the foundations of Minangkabau
1389:
performances are a synthesis of alternating martial arts dances, songs, and acted scenes. Stories are delivered by the acting and singing and are mostly based upon Minangkabau legends and folktales.
1968:) may be consulted to conjure invisible forces and bring comfort to the family. Sacrificial offerings can be made to placate the spirits, and certain objects such as amulets are used as protection.
721:
and ruled between 1347 and 1375. The establishment of a royal system seems to have involved conflict and violence, eventually leading to a division of villages into one of two systems of tradition,
2361:
magazine (2000 New Year special edition), six of the top ten most influential Indonesians of the 20th century were Minang. Three out of the four Indonesian founding fathers are Minangkabau people.
1752:
As one of the world's most populous (as well as politically and economically influential) matrilineal ethnicities, Minangkabau gender dynamics have been extensively studied by anthropologists. The
2016:
3949:
1029:
The Minangkabau have large corporate descent groups, but they traditionally reckon descent matrilineally. A young boy, for instance, has his primary responsibility to his mother's and sisters'
2409:, Minangkabau politician dominated Indonesian parliament and cabinets. They were diversely affiliated to all of the existing factions, such as Islamist, nationalist, socialist and communist.
1830:) has its own sub-dialect consisting of subtle differences which can be detected by native speakers. The Padang dialect has become the lingua franca for people of different language regions.
2931:
1079:(traditionally: the house of men of a village where the boys learn from older men reading, reciting qur'an, simple math, and other survival skills) to learn religious and cultural (
2023:
With the Minangkabau highlands being the heartland of their culture, and with Islam likely entering the region from coast it is said that "custom descended, religion ascended" (
1513:
restaurants, named after the capital of West Sumatra, are known for placing a variety of Minangkabau dishes on a customer's table with rice and billing only for what is taken.
1187:– clan leader inauguration ceremony. Other clan leaders, all relatives in the same clan and all villagers in the region are invited. The ceremony lasts for seven days or more.
1104:
was originally Minangkabau's colony. By acquiring property and education through merantau experience, a young man can attempt to influence his own destiny in positive ways.
3437:
3021:"Collective volume with texts in Malay, Minangkabau, Arabic script (1-2) Subtitle No. 61. Oendang oendang adat Lembaga : Tambo Minangkabau; and other texts Or. 12.182"
4259:
4033:
3486:
1724:(Staring Eye) is about the traditions of Minangkabau royalty. The story involves a mythical Minangkabau queen, Bundo Kanduang, who embodies the behaviours prescribed by
1083:) teachings. At the surau during night time (after the Isyak prayers), these youngsters are taught the traditional Minangkabau art of self-defence, called as Silek, or
1960:
represents the vitality of life and it is said to be possessed by all living creatures including animals and plants. An illness may be explained as the capture of the
1842:, an adapted Arabic alphabet. Romanization of the language dates from the 19th century, and a standardised official orthography of the language was published in 1976.
4603:
1414:
Particular Minangkabau villages specialise in cottage industries producing handicrafts such as woven sugarcane and reed purses, gold and silver jewellery using
4869:
4859:
1664:) consist of narratives that present the social and personal consequences of either ignoring or observing the ethical teachings and the norms embedded in the
4839:
4750:
4573:
4324:
1899:
shares many similar words with Malay, yet it has a distinctive pronunciation and some grammatical differences rendering it unintelligible to Malay speakers.
1062:, men and women pray together, although separated into their respective gender-designated sections. A high percentage of women and girls wear the headscarf.
733:
723:
4854:
4664:
1937:
was brought from Java to Dharmasraya, and this act brought great happiness to the people. Influential Buddhist kingdoms thrived in the area, including the
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4745:
4239:
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738:
5457:
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657:'s sacred journey from Minanga Tamwan accompanied with 20,000 soldiers heading to Matajap and conquering several areas in the southern of Sumatra.
5452:
1275:, inaugurate a new datuk when the old one died in the past 10 or 50 years and even more, attendance in the Batagak Pangulu ceremony is mandatory.
4234:
5307:
4715:
642:), yet there has not been any popular explanation on the word 'minang' that relates the aforementioned action to the word for "water buffalo".
5317:
4705:
6062:
2887:
3322:
1107:
3117:
Miksic, John (2004). "From megaliths to tombstones: the transition from pre-history to early Islamic period in highland West Sumatra".
848:
7178:
1381:
is usually performed for traditional ceremonies and festivals, and complex stories may span a number of nights. It is performed as a
2684:
Notable people of Minangkabau descent outside of the Malay world include member of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands,
1269:
when the old one died in the few hours (no need to proceed to the batagak pangulu, but the clan must invite all datuk in the region.
631:). That legend, however, is known to be a mere tale and that the word "minang" is too far from the word "menang" which means 'win'.
7173:
4657:
3727:
3429:
757:). The Minangkabau kings were charismatic or magical figures, but did not have much authority over the conduct of village affairs.
6666:
5838:
3627:
Lipoeto, Nur I; Agus, Zulkarnain; Oenzil, Fadil; Masrul, Mukhtar; Wattanapenpaiboon, Naiyana; Wahlqvist, Mark L (February 2001).
2586:. The Minangkabaus migrated to the Malay peninsula in the 14th century and began to take control of the local politics. In 1773,
2471:
Moreover, there are also significant number of Minangkabau people in the popular entertainment industry, such as movie directors
983:(clan chiefs) being equal while the Koto Piliang /Adat Katumangguangan system is more autocratic with there being a hierarchy of
831:
6864:
6646:
5738:
3394:
4030:
3735:
3478:
6661:
6547:
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Mochtar Naim, Zulqaiyyim, Hasanuddin, Gusdi Sastra; Menelusuri Jejak Melayu-Minangkabau, Yayasan Citra Budaya Indonesia, 2002
3164:
2964:
2560:
954:
2570:
Historically, Minangs had also settled outside West Sumatra, migrating as far as the south Philippines by the 14th century.
2213:
Over half of the Minangkabau people can be considered overseas Minangkabaus. They make up the majority of the population of
6632:
1685:
A theme in Minangkabau folktales is the central role mothers and motherhood has in Minangkabau society, with the folktales
1517:
is another restaurant variant which specialises in dishes using offal and tamarind to add a sourness to the spicy flavour.
1587:
usually refers to the larger communal homes, however, smaller single residences share many of its architectural elements.
975:, a prince from Majapahit, as a king while the latter considered him a minister, and a civil war ensued. The Bodi Caniago/
7158:
7143:
4650:
2293:
culture and economic conditions in West Sumatra have made the Minangkabau people one of the most mobile ethnic group in
7153:
5831:
3065:
2406:
2601:
Minangkabaus have filled many political positions in Malaysia and Singapore, namely the first President of Singapore,
2464:. Many prominent Indonesian novels were written by Minangkabau writers and later influenced the development of modern
1065:
847:
administration triggered a revolt which was centred in the Minangkabau region of Sumatra, with rebels proclaiming the
7148:
4089:
3893:
3710:
3685:
3287:
3185:
Dobbin, Christine (1977). "Economic change in Minangkabau as a factor in the rise of the Padri movement, 1784–1830".
2998:
2925:
2858:
2835:
2816:
2788:
2666:
590:: منڠ). While the word "kabau" undisputedly translates to "buffalo", the word "minang" is traditionally known as the
6968:
3775:
Abdullah, Taufik (1970). "Some Notes on the Kaba Tjindua Mato: An Example of Minangkabau Traditional Literature".
6800:
5782:
4066:
Nancy Tanner, Disputing and Dispute Settlement Among the Minangkabau of Indonesia, Cornell University Press, 1969
3458:
Michael G. Peletz, A Share of the Harvest: Kinship, Property, and Social History Among the Malays of Rembau, 1988
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7022:
6795:
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Asian Studies, Volume 16–18; Philippine Center for Advanced Studies, University of the Philippines System, 1978
3910:
3821:
3550:
Pauka, Kirstin; Askovic, Ivana; Polk, Barbara (2003). "Umbuik Mudo and the Magic Flute: A Randai Dance-Drama".
1799:
4057:
Timothy P. Daniels, Building Cultural Nationalism in Malaysia: Identity, Representation, and Citizenship, 2005
3051:
From megaliths to tombstones: the transition from pre-history to early Islamic period in highland West Sumatra
6831:
4364:
4048:
Jeffrey Hadler, Muslims and Matriarchs: Cultural Resilience in Indonesia through Jihad and Colonialism, 2013
7044:
2662:
2386:
2006:
was derived from hereditary wisdom before the arrival of Islam. The present relationship between Islam and
1806:
is closely related to it due to the fact many of the population are descendants of Minangkabau immigrants.
22:
2755:
7138:
6811:
2703:
2357:
2208:
1795:
1728:. Cindua Mato, a servant of the queen, uses magic to defeat hostile outside forces and save the kingdom.
4123:
2910:
Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010
2643:. They are also known for their significant contributions to Malaysian and Singaporean culture, such as
6857:
4673:
4448:
4023:
2352:
2321:
995:
was an autonomous "republic", and governed independently of the Minangkabau kings using one of the two
779:
2895:
1712:
Other popular folktales also relate to the important role of the woman in Minangkabau society. In the
1459:
Three meals a day are typical with lunch being the most important, except during the fasting month of
5854:
4555:
3405:
2735:
775:
654:
650:
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1506:
Food has a central role in the Minangkabau ceremonies which honour religious and life-cycle rites.
783:
433:
3942:"Catatan Kritis untuk Buku 'Sejarah Minangkabau, Loanwords, dan Kreativitas Berbahasa Urang Awak'"
3585:
Cohen, Matthew Isaac (2003). "Look at the Clouds: Migration and West Sumatran 'Popular' Theatre".
1581:"). Shuttered windows are built into walls incised with profuse painted floral carvings. The term
1573:
is owned by the women of the family who live there – ownership is passed from mother to daughter.
7064:
7054:
6725:
6671:
5972:
5802:
4777:
2294:
1985:(customs) were said to be based upon appropriateness and propriety, but this was changed so that
1930:
1419:
979:
system formulated by Datuak Parpatiah nan Sabatang is based upon egalitarian principles with all
778:. The first contact between the Minangkabau and western nations occurred with the 1529 voyage of
4136:
Tim Wartawan Tempo, "4 Serangkai Pendiri Republik", Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia, Jakarta (2010)
2882:
2010:
is described in the saying "traditions are founded upon the law, and the law founded upon the
1509:
Minangkabau food is popular among Indonesians and restaurants are present throughout Indonesia.
7034:
7012:
6816:
6052:
5927:
5807:
5755:
5718:
4309:
3326:
3063:
Reid, Anthony (2001). "Understanding Melayu (Malay) as a Source of Diverse Modern Identities".
2750:
2678:
1818:
differences also exist. Minangkabau dialects are regional, consisting of one or more villages (
1787:
804:
3233:
Abdullah, Taufik (October 1966). "Adat and Islam: An Examination of Conflict in Minangkabau".
1456:
mainly seasonal, although fruits such as banana, papaya and citrus are continually available.
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6953:
6850:
6785:
6775:
6304:
5922:
5907:
5874:
5067:
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2917:
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2453:
2413:
2336:
1908:
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was settled, new outside settlements were created and ruled using the Koto Piliang system by
815:
particularly with coffee which was in very high demand. A civil war started in 1803 with the
699:
long before it appeared in other parts of Sumatra, and predates significant foreign contact.
696:
684:
499:
6765:
843:
In February 1958, dissatisfaction with the centralist and communist-leaning policies of the
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Crawford Young, The Politics of Cultural Pluralism, The University of Wisconsin Press, 1976
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1382:
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villages. Western food has had little impact upon Minangkabau consumption and preference.
8:
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1435:
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1016:
944:
865:
492:
468:
360:
820:
phase of the war ended in 1825 when the Dutch signed an agreement with the Padri leader
717:
kingdoms of Java, is believed to have founded a kingdom in the Minangkabau highlands at
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5917:
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5257:
5142:
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4735:
4299:
4110:
3802:
3602:
3567:
3532:
3515:
Pauka, Kirstin (1998). "The Daughters Take Over? Female Performers in Randai Theatre".
3260:
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1938:
1705:
with his ship to stone. The said stone is in Air Manis beach and is known by locals as
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The legend however has its rebuttals as the word 'minang' refers to the consumption of
511:
428:
373:
318:
1824:), and usually correspond to differences in customs and traditions. Each sub-village (
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serves as a residence, a hall for family meetings, and for ceremonial activities. The
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R. Ng. Poerbatjaraka, Riwajat Indonesia. Djilid I, 1952, Jakarta: Yayasan Pembangunan
3082:
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413:
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1934:
1778:
Location ethnic groups of Sumatra, the Minangkabau is shown in light and dark olive.
1371:
is a folk theatre tradition which incorporates music, singing, dance, drama and the
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6676:
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6334:
6237:
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4 of Indonesian founding fathers are Soekarno, Hatta, Sutan Sjahrir, and Tan Malaka
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Minangkabau writers and journalists have made significant contributions to modern
1749:
in Malaysia. Today 4.2 million Minangs live in the homeland of West Sumatra.
7039:
6963:
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6759:
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6740:
6513:
6507:
6463:
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2269:. Minangkabaus have also emigrated as skilled professionals and merchants to the
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1803:
1101:
1097:
1054:) to Mecca at least once in their lifetime. Each Minangkabau neighbourhood has a
808:
760:
530:
3130:
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6354:
6309:
6282:
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5678:
5651:
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5040:
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1674:) recites the story in poetic or lyrical prose while accompanying himself on a
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to achieve an equality and unity between audience members and the performers.
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2500:
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As early as the age of 7, boys traditionally leave their homes and live in a
976:
863:
village system throughout Indonesia, and in 1983 the traditional Minangkabau
728:
612:
480:
170:
5823:
4207:
2781:
Islamic Revivalism in a Changing Peasant Economy: Central Sumatra, 1784–1847
2229:(in Indonesia). They also form a significant minority in the populations of
1058:, which means "a temporary place of prayer" in Arabic. In the neighbourhood
6873:
6566:
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6453:
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6404:
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2654:
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2516:
2508:
2476:
2472:
2417:
2278:
2254:
2202:
2157:
2117:
2057:
1811:
1607:) at formal occasions such as weddings, funerals, adoption ceremonies, and
1544:
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972:
932:
911:
891:
702:
568:
526:
503:
495:
262:
124:
3563:
1929:
was popular in the region. Buddhism in central Sumatra is attested by the
1895:
in both Malaysia and Indonesia, they do have their own mother tongue; the
6936:
6613:
6339:
6287:
6146:
6136:
6126:
6084:
6031:
5777:
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5202:
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4864:
4844:
4809:
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2579:
2556:
2552:
2402:
2378:
2290:
2270:
2266:
1868:
1839:
1741:
1613:
inaugurations. These ceremonial orations consist of many forms including
1495:
1318:
1206:
928:
852:
824:
to halt hostilities, allowing them to redeploy their forces to fight the
692:
587:
546:
389:
336:
2301:
Singaporean culture, mainly language, culinary, music, and martial art.
55:
6607:
6499:
6475:
6443:
6319:
6141:
6116:
6103:
5864:
5765:
5748:
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5207:
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2374:
2370:
1485:
1347:
718:
710:
515:
3797:
3255:
3207:
2309:
1595:
Minangkabau culture has a long history of oral traditions. One is the
902:
of the Minangkabau tells of the development of the Minangkabau World (
6842:
6433:
6329:
6299:
5723:
5607:
5166:
4496:
4491:
4416:
4319:
3673:
2504:
2461:
2282:
2250:
2226:
2178:
2097:
2041:
2011:
1852:
1834:
1310:
768:
753:), and collectively they were known as the Kings of the Three Seats (
714:
635:
595:
542:
534:
519:
507:
309:
216:
101:
3916:
3788:
3246:
3198:
1913:
6409:
5641:
5502:
5229:
4881:
4513:
3854:
Anwar, Khaidir (June 1980). "Language use in Minangkabau society".
2520:
2340:
2246:
2222:
2137:
1977:
defeated by the Dutch, during this period the relationship between
1922:
1415:
1257:
1154:
1113:
1093:
825:
787:
538:
282:
62:
3629:"Contemporary Minangkabau food culture in West Sumatra, Indonesia"
3479:"Indonesia's Minangkabau: The World's Largest Matrilineal Society"
2369:
a former Indonesian government prime minister and vice-president,
1996:
while at the same time also following their ethnic traditions, or
1532:
in the Pandai Sikek village of West Sumatra, with two rice barns (
1440:
1233:
1117:
fencing dancers (Tukang Mancak) on the west coast of Sumatra, 1897
6414:
6277:
6264:
6205:
5967:
5091:
4692:
4473:
4411:
3430:"Indonesia's Minangkabau culture promotes empowered Muslim women"
3414:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2394:
2234:
2230:
2147:
2087:
1973:
1948:
1815:
1478:
1471:
1460:
1423:
1406:
Minangkabau songket, the pattern in the lower third representing
1302:
1288:
1227:
1130:, which was considerably freer of hierarchical connotations than
859:
regime. The national government legislated to apply the Javanese
856:
844:
665:
193:
2809:
Rebellion to Integration: West Sumatra and the Indonesian Polity
510:. The Minangkabau's West Sumatera homelands was the seat of the
6948:
6695:
6458:
6394:
6210:
6200:
6195:
6175:
5019:
4503:
4468:
4453:
3280:
An Indonesian Frontier: Acehnese and Other Histories of Sumatra
2398:
2258:
2218:
2167:
2127:
1616:
1525:
1467:
1407:
1402:
1367:
1248:
1238:
796:
563:
533:. Minangkabau are also a recognised minority in other parts of
4244:
3993:
Dobbin, Christine (1972). "Tuanku Imam Bondjol, (1772–1864)".
2991:
Webs of Power: Women, Kin, and Community in a Sumatran Village
2653:(the national anthem of Singapore); the Singaporean musician,
2316:, Indonesian nationalist and first vice-president of Indonesia
606:) leaves. But there is also a folklore that mention that term
514:, believed by early historians to have been the cradle of the
6931:
6399:
6371:
6222:
6027:
6015:
6000:
5812:
5497:
4767:
4463:
4458:
4406:
2433:
2429:
2393:
a former Indonesian government prime minister and founder of
2385:
a former Indonesian government prime minister and founder of
2242:
2238:
2107:
1993:
1677:
1451:
1426:
textiles, wood carving, embroidery, pottery, and metallurgy.
1373:
1354:
1266:
1084:
1075:
603:
239:
2844:
886:
571:, founder of Pagaruyung kingdom, a royal Minangkabau dynasty
5554:
4935:
4343:
4020:
2850:
2575:
2067:
1998:
1100:
especially is heavily influenced by Minang culture because
1080:
1051:
446:
147:
2405:
a former Indonesian government prime minister. During the
2331:, was a Minang, as were the first President of Singapore,
2289:), they have a reputation for being shrewd merchants. The
1601:(ceremonial orations) which are performed by clan chiefs (
1284:
894:, is in folklore said to be the first Minangkabau village.
3728:"Matriarchy and Islam Post 9/11: A Report from Indonesia"
1825:
1819:
1675:
1669:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1582:
1564:
1554:
1542:
1533:
1352:
1340:
1334:
1316:
1308:
1300:
4604:
Minangkabau Culture Documentation and Information Center
3159:. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press.
2040:
This table contains Minangkabau population breakdown in
4197:
4105:. Majalah Tempo Edisi Khusus Tahun 2000. December 1999.
3346:
3344:
2665:; as well as business and economic activities, such as
2377:
international communist leader and founder of PARI and
1363:
are ceremonial orations performed at formal occasions.
835:
Minangkabau chiefs, picture taken between 1910 and 1930
4078:
Adat Minangkabau dan merantau dalam perspektif sejarah
2847:
Walk in Splendor: Ceremonial Dress and the Minangkabau
60:
A Minangkabau bride and groom. The bride is wearing a
1716:
epic the woman is the source of wisdom, while in the
1025:
Minangkabau women clad in traditional Minang costumes
849:
Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia
3341:
2717:
1299:
which consists of singing to the accompaniment of a
575:
There are several possible etymologies for the term
3401:(William H. Frederick and Robert L. Worden, eds.).
2619:; and many Malaysian government ministers, such as
2035:
1036:Landholding is one of the crucial functions of the
890:The village of Pariangan, located on the slopes of
627:: "victors of the buffalo" which eventually became
4172:Dari Buku ke Buku, Sambung Menyambung Menjadi Satu
4031:Warga Minang Melbourne Australia Dilepas Naik Haji
1794:linguistic subgroup, which in turn belongs to the
1069:Minangkabau men in traditional Minangkabau clothes
3915:. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Archived from
1590:
42:
7130:
3549:
3056:
2828:Women at the Center: Life in a Modern Matriarchy
3879:
3877:
3819:
3813:
3755:
3753:
3228:
3226:
2984:
2982:
1989:was more strongly based upon Islamic precepts.
4672:
4200:Tata Cara Perkawinan Adat Istiadat Minangkabau
3622:
3620:
3618:
3616:
1162:Minangkabau ceremonies and festivals include:
943:claims the ship was sailed by a descendant of
6858:
5853:
5839:
4658:
4260:
3180:
3178:
3176:
2845:Summerfield, Anne; Summerfield, John (1999).
1158:Women carrying platters of food to a ceremony
645:The first mention of the name Minangkabau as
327:
4219:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3874:
3849:
3847:
3750:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3320:
3223:
2979:
1856:
3613:
1149:
300:
92:
6865:
6851:
5846:
5832:
4665:
4651:
4267:
4253:
3633:Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3282:. National University of Singapore Press.
3173:
3014:
3012:
3010:
1981:and religion was reformulated. Previously
273:
251:
228:
205:
182:
159:
136:
113:
3844:
3796:
3644:
3501:
3254:
3206:
3110:
2988:
2373:a former Indonesian government minister,
2335:, and the first Supreme Head of State or
807:, and again from 1795 to 1819 during the
774:Around the 16th century, the Minangkabau
6690:
6600:
3883:
3774:
3759:
3726:Sanday, Peggy Reeves (9 December 2002).
3232:
2800:Journey to the land of the earth goddess
2574:was the leader of the forming polity in
2308:
2209:Indonesian Malaysians § Minangkabau
1912:
1773:
1524:
1466:
1439:
1401:
1283:
1232:
1153:
1106:
1064:
1020:
953:
885:
830:
759:
664:
562:
4157:Tan Malaka dan Gerakan Kiri Minangkabau
3476:
3157:The Indianized States of Southeast Asia
3007:
2192:
1902:
1720:she is a gentle girl who takes action.
1295:Traditional Minangkabau music includes
525:Minangkabau are the ethnic majority in
7131:
6872:
3992:
3952:from the original on 12 September 2021
3908:
3832:from the original on 22 September 2016
3725:
3667:
3477:Shapiro, Danielle (4 September 2011).
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3184:
3151:
3145:
3116:
3045:
2825:
2778:
2304:
1007:who were representatives of the king.
869:village units were split into smaller
6846:
5827:
4646:
4248:
3853:
3822:"World's largest matrilineal society"
3820:Rathina Sankari (22 September 2016).
3584:
3514:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3321:Tedjasukmana, Jason (12 March 2001).
2806:
1315:gong-chime music. Dances include the
4169:
4075:
4069:
3703:Indonesian Regional Food and Cookery
3700:
3427:
3350:Summerfield (1999), pages 48–49
3277:
3062:
3018:
2967:from the original on 22 January 2016
2898:. 2015 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
2797:
1226:– sending food to mother-in-law for
450:), all Minangkabau people are Muslim
87:Regions with significant populations
4354:
3974:, Jakarta: Yayasan Idayu, hlm. 223.
3972:Kuntala, Sriwijaya Dan Suwarnabhumi
3886:Compendium of the World's Languages
3440:from the original on 19 August 2019
3388:Kuipers, Joel C. "Minangkabau". In
2605:; the first Supreme Head of State (
2401:a former Indonesian president, and
1800:The Negri Sembilan dialect of Malay
1660:Minangkabau traditional folktales (
13:
4191:
3912:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
3353:
3066:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
1279:
790:in 1651, but later moved south to
14:
7195:
4228:
4154:
3983:Dobbin (1983), pages 117–118
3489:from the original on 29 July 2019
3019:Alam, Sutan Gagar (6 July 1856).
2667:Mohamed Taib bin Haji Abdul Samad
1992:The Minangkabau strongly profess
1964:by an evil spirit, and a shaman (
881:
7179:Ethnic groups in the Netherlands
6899:Peranakan / Straits-Born Chinese
4627:
4626:
4315:The formation of Negeri Sembilan
4198:Nazif Basir; Elly Kasim (1997),
3783:(Apr). Indonesia, Vol. 9: 1–22.
3738:from the original on 14 May 2011
3646:10.1046/j.1440-6047.2001.00201.x
3409:
3311:Kahin (1999), pages 257–261
3302:Kahin (1999), pages 165–229
2798:Frey, Katherine Stenger (1986).
2720:
2036:Minangkabau Population Breakdown
2017:adat nan kawi', syara' nan lazim
1740:The Minangkabau are the largest
1128:spoken in newly formed Indonesia
958:Minangkabau house and rice barns
329:
302:
275:
255:
232:
209:
186:
163:
140:
117:
94:
54:
7174:Muslim communities of Indonesia
4325:The role of Minangkabau in PRRI
4274:
4178:
4163:
4148:
4139:
4130:
4098:
4060:
4051:
4042:
4014:
4005:
3986:
3977:
3964:
3948:(in Indonesian). 1 March 2021.
3934:
3902:
3768:
3719:
3694:
3661:
3578:
3543:
3470:
3461:
3452:
3421:
3314:
3305:
3296:
3271:
3193:(1). Indonesia, Vol. 23: 1–38.
3155:(1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.).
3027:from the original on 7 May 2021
2657:; the Malaysian film director,
2030:
1917:A Minangkabau mosque circa 1900
1735:
1520:
317:(counted as part of the local "
290:(counted as part of the local "
7108:Immigrant workers in Singapore
3639:(1). Blackwell Synergy: 10–6.
3241:(2). Indonesia, Vol. 2: 1–24.
3101:
3039:
2949:
2901:
2876:
2811:. Amsterdam University Press.
2582:, which later turned into the
1921:Prior to conversion to Islam,
1833:The Minangkabau society has a
1591:Oral traditions and literature
687:family, and is closest to the
1:
3856:Indonesia and the Malay World
3119:Indonesia and the Malay World
2826:Sanday, Peggy Reeves (2004).
2766:
1844:
749:), and the King of Religion (
649:, is in the late 7th century
444:According to customary law (
77:
6512:Peranakan Eropah (including
3884:Campbell, George L. (2000).
2993:. Rowman & Littlefield.
2830:. Cornell University Press.
2387:Socialist Party of Indonesia
2025:adat manurun, syarak mandaki
1867:
1826:
1820:
1676:
1670:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1583:
1565:
1555:
1543:
1534:
1353:
1341:
1335:
1317:
1309:
1301:
552:
23:Minangkabau (disambiguation)
7:
3909:Gordon, Raymond G. (2005).
3732:Peggy Reeves Sanday - UPenn
3131:10.1080/1363981042000320134
2713:
2704:Fouad Abdulhameed Alkhateeb
1872:
1763:
1359:martial art are performed.
776:started to convert to Islam
10:
7200:
7159:Ethnic groups in Singapore
7144:Ethnic groups in Indonesia
4674:Ethnic groups in Indonesia
4355:Minangkabau historiography
4240:The Carvers of Bukittinggi
4202:, Elly Kasim Collections,
3529:10.1162/105420498760308706
3391:Indonesia: A Country Study
3325:. Time Inc. Archived from
2989:Blackwood, Evelyn (2000).
2779:Dobbin, Christine (1983).
2771:
2322:List of Minangkabau people
2319:
2206:
2196:
1906:
1891:Despite widespread use of
1782:The Minangkabau language (
1767:
1433:
1429:
1273:Mambangkik Batang Tarandam
1256:in the coastal village of
1205:– the local observance of
1014:
1010:
962:A division in Minangkabau
660:
556:
518:, and the location of the
465:Urang Minang or Urang Awak
44:Urang Minang or Urang Awak
20:
7154:Ethnic groups in Malaysia
7103:
7083:
7000:
6991:
6919:
6889:
6880:
6724:
6706:
6626:
6541:
6498:
6370:
6263:
6115:
6102:
5981:
5898:
5883:
5872:
5861:
5855:Ethnic groups in Malaysia
5694:
5598:
5481:
5343:
5228:
5018:
4934:
4691:
4680:
4622:
4594:
4554:
4538:
4522:
4483:Minangkabau architecture
4333:
4282:
4036:24 September 2015 at the
3868:10.1080/03062848008723789
3599:10.1017/S0266464X03000125
3406:Federal Research Division
3079:10.1017/S0022463401000157
2957:"Minangkabau in Malaysia"
2736:List of Minangkabau clans
2692:, the imam (head) of the
2051:
2048:
1881:
1503:(beef with chili sauce).
1397:
1193:– community work ceremony
651:Kedukan Bukit inscription
484:
442:
400:
395:
388:
383:
351:
346:
326:
299:
272:
249:
226:
203:
180:
157:
134:
111:
91:
86:
76:
71:
53:
40:
16:Ethnic group in Indonesia
7149:Ethnic groups in Sumatra
7113:Immigration to Singapore
5928:Negeri Sembilanese Malay
4021:http://www.padeknews.com
3668:Witton, Patrick (2002).
2869:
2756:Minangkabau Singaporeans
2702:; and Khatib's grandson
2590:was appointed the first
2426:Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana
2416:. These include authors
2253:in Indonesia as well as
1804:the aforementioned state
1351:. Demonstrations of the
1169:– baby blessing ceremony
1150:Ceremonies and festivals
784:Dutch East India Company
567:A statue believed to be
487:), also known as
21:For other purposes, see
5996:Christmas Island Malays
5739:Bangka Belitung Chinese
4412:Saluang/Minangkabau Ney
4076:Kato, Tsuyoshi (2005).
3970:Muljana, Slamet, 1981,
3705:. Frances Lincoln Ltd.
2896:Encyclopædia Britannica
2327:Republic of Indonesia,
2295:Maritime Southeast Asia
2052:Minangkabau Population
1933:, which states that an
1931:Padang Roco Inscription
1645:), two-line aphorisms (
1220:Wild boar hunt ceremony
1175:– circumcision ceremony
786:first acquired gold at
464:
43:
4310:Minangkabau Malaysians
3278:Reid, Anthony (2005).
2807:Kahin, Audrey (1999).
2802:. Gramedia Publishing.
2751:Minangkabau Malaysians
2679:Tunku Tan Sri Abdullah
2317:
1918:
1883:Source: Gordon (2005).
1779:
1579:victors of the buffalo
1539:
1474:
1445:
1411:
1292:
1243:
1159:
1118:
1070:
1026:
971:. The former accepted
959:
895:
836:
805:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
771:
676:
572:
6944:Ceylonese/Sri Lankans
4546:Islam in West Sumatra
4449:Minangkabau merchants
4290:Minangkabau homelands
3670:World Food: Indonesia
3587:New Theatre Quarterly
3564:10.1353/atj.2003.0025
3552:Asian Theatre Journal
3397:15 March 2015 at the
2918:Badan Pusat Statistik
2741:Minangkabau Merchants
2608:Yang di-Pertuan Agong
2519:, as well as singers
2454:Djamaluddin Adinegoro
2414:Indonesian literature
2407:liberal democracy era
2337:Yang di-Pertuan Agong
2312:
2207:Further information:
1916:
1909:Islam in West Sumatra
1873:6,500,000 (1981)
1788:Austronesian language
1777:
1633:), religious advice (
1528:
1470:
1443:
1405:
1287:
1236:
1199:– harvesting ceremony
1157:
1110:
1068:
1024:
957:
923:is composed of three
889:
834:
763:
745:), the King of Adat (
697:Minangkabau Highlands
685:Austronesian language
668:
566:
500:Minangkabau Highlands
396:Related ethnic groups
6894:Chinese Singaporeans
6766:China/Taiwan Chinese
4569:Bodi-Chaniago system
4417:Talempong/Caklempong
4382:Minangkabau marriage
4365:Minangkabau folklore
4305:Minangkabau diaspora
2746:Minangkabau diaspora
2613:Federation of Malaya
2491:; actor and actress
2199:Overseas Minangkabau
2193:Overseas Minangkabau
1903:Customs and religion
1897:Minangkabau language
1770:Minangkabau language
1695:being two examples.
1383:theatre-in-the-round
1254:Mourning of Muharram
693:wet rice cultivation
681:Minangkabau language
559:Minangkabau (legend)
405:Austronesian peoples
6993:Foreign ethnicities
6911:Indian Singaporeans
6726:Foreign ethnicities
6109:Indigenous peoples)
4609:Adityawarman Museum
4574:Koto-Piliang system
4479:Songket Minangkabau
4392:Minangkabau cuisine
4026:2 June 2015 at the
3403:Library of Congress
2663:Zainal Abidin Ahmad
2625:Amirsham Abdul Aziz
2617:Tuanku Abdul Rahman
2525:Bunga Citra Lestari
2466:Indonesian language
2345:Tuanku Abdul Rahman
2305:Notable Minangkabau
2285:. In the overseas (
2265:in the rest of the
1857:Population (as of)
1814:level, though some
1668:. The storyteller (
1436:Minangkabau cuisine
1297:saluang jo dendang,
1265:, inaugurate a new
1017:Minangkabau culture
999:systems. After the
949:Iskandar Zulkarnain
945:Alexander the Great
734:Koto-Piliang system
724:Bodi-Caniago system
683:is a member of the
37:
7139:Minangkabau people
6906:Malay Singaporeans
6874:Singaporean people
6667:Indians in Sarawak
5958:Terengganuan Malay
4423:Minangkabau dance
4155:Nasir, Zulhasril.
3922:on 12 October 2009
3701:Owen, Sri (1999).
3023:. Sakolah Malayu.
2890:5 May 2015 at the
2884:Minangkabau people
2452:; and journalists
2318:
2002:. The Minangkabau
1939:Pagaruyung Kingdom
1919:
1802:used by people in
1780:
1707:batu Malin Kundang
1553:: 'big house') or
1540:
1475:
1446:
1422:techniques, woven
1412:
1327:(umbrella dance),
1293:
1244:
1181:– wedding ceremony
1160:
1119:
1111:Minangkabau knife
1071:
1027:
960:
896:
837:
822:Tuanku Imam Bonjol
772:
767:, a leader in the
765:Tuanku Imam Bonjol
677:
573:
512:Pagaruyung Kingdom
457:Minangkabau people
376: •
359: •
31:
7126:
7125:
7118:Race in Singapore
7099:
7098:
6987:
6986:
6840:
6839:
6702:
6701:
6622:
6621:
6592:Penangite Chinese
6537:
6536:
6494:
6493:
6098:
6097:
5953:Selangorian Malay
5918:Kelantanese Malay
5821:
5820:
4640:
4639:
4564:Minangkabau clans
4402:Minangkabau music
4235:On Culture's Loom
4118:Missing or empty
3760:Dahsinar (1971).
3428:Bhanbhro, Sadiq.
3166:978-0-8248-0368-1
2696:school of law at
2675:Kamarudin Meranun
2671:Mokhzani Mahathir
2650:Majulah Singapura
2641:Khairy Jamaluddin
2584:Sultanate of Sulu
2513:Titi Rajo Bintang
2481:Djamaluddin Malik
2479:; movie producer
2263:Brunei Darussalam
2190:
2189:
1888:
1887:
1796:Malayo-Polynesian
1790:belonging to the
1307:bamboo flute and
1211:Adoption ceremony
709:with ties to the
477:Orang Minangkabau
454:
453:
7191:
6998:
6997:
6887:
6886:
6867:
6860:
6853:
6844:
6843:
6696:Peranakan Chitty
6688:
6687:
6662:Indians in Sabah
6647:Penangite Indian
6598:
6597:
6113:
6112:
5973:Sarawakian Malay
5896:
5895:
5881:
5880:
5848:
5841:
5834:
5825:
5824:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4644:
4643:
4630:
4629:
4556:Tribes and clans
4269:
4262:
4255:
4246:
4245:
4224:
4218:
4210:
4185:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4137:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4121:
4116:
4114:
4106:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4073:
4067:
4064:
4058:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4040:
4018:
4012:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3990:
3984:
3981:
3975:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3921:
3920:(online version)
3906:
3900:
3899:
3881:
3872:
3871:
3851:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3800:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3764:. Balai Pustaka.
3762:Si Malin Kundang
3757:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3648:
3624:
3611:
3610:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3517:The Drama Review
3512:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3474:
3468:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3434:The Conversation
3425:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3386:
3351:
3348:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3258:
3230:
3221:
3220:
3210:
3182:
3171:
3170:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3016:
3005:
3004:
2986:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2936:
2930:. Archived from
2915:
2905:
2899:
2880:
2864:
2841:
2822:
2803:
2794:
2783:. Curzon Press.
2730:
2728:Indonesia portal
2725:
2724:
2723:
2661:; the linguist,
2659:U-Wei Haji Saari
2493:Soekarno M. Noer
2261:, Singapore and
2046:
2045:
1927:Tantric Buddhism
1884:
1846:
1845:
1829:
1823:
1784:Baso Minangkabau
1697:Rancak di Labuah
1687:Rancak di Labuah
1681:
1673:
1656:
1651:), and similes (
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1586:
1568:
1558:
1548:
1537:
1358:
1344:
1338:
1322:
1314:
1306:
1217:Funeral ceremony
987:. Each village (
904:alam Minangkabau
898:The traditional
782:to Sumatra. The
707:Tantric Buddhism
705:, a follower of
675:) of Minangkabau
522:(1821 to 1837).
486:
372:varieties incl.
339:
335:
333:
332:
322:
312:
308:
306:
305:
295:
285:
281:
279:
278:
261:
259:
258:
252:
238:
236:
235:
229:
215:
213:
212:
206:
192:
190:
189:
183:
169:
167:
166:
160:
146:
144:
143:
137:
123:
121:
120:
114:
104:
100:
98:
97:
79:
72:Total population
58:
46:
38:
36:
30:
7199:
7198:
7194:
7193:
7192:
7190:
7189:
7188:
7129:
7128:
7127:
7122:
7095:
7079:
6983:
6915:
6876:
6871:
6841:
6836:
6727:
6720:
6709:(non-Peranakan)
6708:
6698:
6686:
6630:
6618:
6596:
6545:
6533:
6530:Peranakan Turki
6490:
6366:
6259:
6118:
6108:
6106:
6094:
5977:
5933:Penangite Malay
5887:
5868:
5857:
5852:
5822:
5817:
5690:
5594:
5484:
5477:
5339:
5224:
5014:
4930:
4687:
4676:
4671:
4641:
4636:
4618:
4596:
4590:
4550:
4534:
4518:
4375:Sabai Nan Aluih
4329:
4283:General history
4278:
4273:
4231:
4212:
4211:
4194:
4192:Further reading
4189:
4188:
4183:
4179:
4168:
4164:
4153:
4149:
4144:
4140:
4135:
4131:
4119:
4117:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4092:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4061:
4056:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4038:Wayback Machine
4028:Wayback Machine
4019:
4015:
4010:
4006:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3969:
3965:
3955:
3953:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3907:
3903:
3896:
3882:
3875:
3852:
3845:
3835:
3833:
3818:
3814:
3789:10.2307/3350620
3773:
3769:
3758:
3751:
3741:
3739:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3699:
3695:
3688:
3680:. p. 183.
3666:
3662:
3625:
3614:
3583:
3579:
3548:
3544:
3513:
3502:
3492:
3490:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3443:
3441:
3426:
3422:
3410:
3399:Wayback Machine
3387:
3354:
3349:
3342:
3332:
3330:
3323:"Success Story"
3319:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3276:
3272:
3247:10.2307/3350753
3231:
3224:
3199:10.2307/3350883
3183:
3174:
3167:
3150:
3146:
3125:(93): 191–210.
3115:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3061:
3057:
3044:
3040:
3030:
3028:
3017:
3008:
3001:
2987:
2980:
2970:
2968:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2938:
2937:on 12 July 2017
2934:
2928:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2892:Wayback Machine
2881:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2838:
2819:
2791:
2774:
2769:
2726:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2699:Masjid al-Haram
2647:, who composed
2596:Negeri Sembilan
2483:, screenwriter
2438:Ali Akbar Navis
2391:Muhammad Natsir
2333:Yusof bin Ishak
2324:
2307:
2215:Negeri Sembilan
2211:
2205:
2195:
2038:
2033:
1911:
1905:
1889:
1882:
1772:
1766:
1738:
1730:Sabai nan Aluih
1718:Sabai nan Aluih
1624:papatah-patitih
1593:
1556:rumah bagonjong
1523:
1438:
1432:
1400:
1348:tari pasambahan
1333:(also known as
1323:(plate dance),
1282:
1280:Performing arts
1224:Maanta pabukoan
1185:Batagak pangulu
1152:
1141:century. It is
1102:Negeri Sembilan
1098:Negeri Sembilan
1019:
1013:
884:
809:Napoleonic Wars
780:Jean Parmentier
739:Adat Temenggung
695:evolved in the
663:
613:water buffaloes
561:
555:
531:Negeri Sembilan
443:
438:
409:
367:
363:
355:
330:
328:
316:
303:
301:
289:
276:
274:
256:
254:
250:
233:
231:
227:
210:
208:
204:
187:
185:
181:
164:
162:
158:
141:
139:
135:
118:
116:
112:
95:
93:
67:
49:
47:
34:
33:
29:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7197:
7187:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7124:
7123:
7121:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7104:
7101:
7100:
7097:
7096:
7094:
7093:
7087:
7085:
7081:
7080:
7078:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7031:
7030:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7004:
7002:
6995:
6989:
6988:
6985:
6984:
6982:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6959:Jawi Peranakan
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6940:
6939:
6929:
6923:
6921:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6902:
6901:
6890:
6884:
6878:
6877:
6870:
6869:
6862:
6855:
6847:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6753:
6748:
6738:
6732:
6730:
6722:
6721:
6719:
6718:
6712:
6710:
6707:Mixed ancestry
6704:
6703:
6700:
6699:
6694:
6692:
6685:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6638:
6636:
6624:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6617:
6616:
6611:
6608:Peranakan Cina
6604:
6602:
6595:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6553:
6551:
6539:
6538:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6531:
6528:
6525:Peranakan Siam
6522:
6520:Jawi Peranakan
6517:
6510:
6508:Peranakan Arab
6504:
6502:
6496:
6495:
6492:
6491:
6489:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6467:
6466:
6461:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6425:
6424:
6423:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6387:
6376:
6374:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6364:
6363:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6344:
6343:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6269:
6267:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6257:
6256:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6220:
6219:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6173:
6172:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6155:
6154:
6149:
6139:
6134:
6123:
6121:
6110:
6100:
6099:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6080:Burmese Malays
6077:
6072:
6071:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6025:
6024:
6023:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5987:
5985:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5963:Bruneian Malay
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5943:Perlisan Malay
5940:
5938:Perakian Malay
5935:
5930:
5925:
5923:Malaccan Malay
5920:
5915:
5910:
5908:Johorean Malay
5904:
5902:
5893:
5878:
5870:
5869:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5851:
5850:
5843:
5836:
5828:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5774:
5773:
5768:
5758:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5746:
5744:Maluku Chinese
5741:
5736:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5707:Black Dutchmen
5698:
5696:
5695:Non-indigenous
5692:
5691:
5689:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5655:
5654:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5604:
5602:
5600:Maluku Islands
5596:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5489:
5487:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5349:
5347:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5234:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5205:
5200:
5199:
5198:
5193:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5140:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5118:
5117:
5116:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5099:
5089:
5088:
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5080:
5070:
5065:
5055:
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5048:
5043:
5030:
5024:
5022:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5005:
4995:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4978:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4946:
4940:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4697:
4695:
4689:
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4681:
4678:
4677:
4670:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4647:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4614:Orkes Gumarang
4611:
4606:
4600:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4577:
4576:
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4399:
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4372:
4362:
4352:
4347:
4339:
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4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4279:
4272:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4230:
4229:External links
4227:
4226:
4225:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4177:
4162:
4147:
4138:
4129:
4097:
4090:
4068:
4059:
4050:
4041:
4013:
4004:
4001:(April): 4–35.
3985:
3976:
3963:
3946:Padangkita.com
3933:
3901:
3894:
3873:
3843:
3812:
3767:
3749:
3718:
3711:
3693:
3686:
3660:
3612:
3593:(3): 214–229.
3577:
3542:
3523:(1): 113–121.
3500:
3469:
3460:
3451:
3420:
3352:
3340:
3329:on 16 May 2007
3313:
3304:
3295:
3288:
3270:
3222:
3172:
3165:
3153:Coedès, George
3144:
3109:
3100:
3073:(3): 295–313.
3055:
3038:
3006:
2999:
2978:
2961:Joshua Project
2948:
2926:
2900:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
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2859:
2842:
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2743:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2715:
2712:
2686:Rustam Effendi
2633:Ghazali Shafie
2537:Afgansyah Reza
2533:Dorce Gamalama
2442:Muhammad Yamin
2367:Mohammad Hatta
2353:businesspeople
2329:Mohammad Hatta
2314:Mohammad Hatta
2306:
2303:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2174:
2173:
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2163:
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2110:
2104:
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2100:
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2084:
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2063:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
1943:Melayu Kingdom
1935:Avalokiteśvara
1907:Main article:
1904:
1901:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1849:Denominations
1768:Main article:
1765:
1762:
1756:(Minangkabau:
1737:
1734:
1592:
1589:
1522:
1519:
1501:Dendeng Balado
1444:Padang cuisine
1434:Main article:
1431:
1428:
1399:
1396:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1270:
1263:Tanah Ta Sirah
1260:
1231:
1230:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1200:
1194:
1191:Turun ka sawah
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1151:
1148:
1015:Main article:
1012:
1009:
937:Limapuluh Koto
900:historiography
883:
882:Historiography
880:
755:Rajo Tigo Selo
689:Malay language
662:
659:
647:Minanga Tamwan
598:) chewed with
557:Main article:
554:
551:
498:native to the
452:
451:
440:
439:
437:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
410:
408:
407:
401:
398:
397:
393:
392:
386:
385:
381:
380:
349:
348:
344:
343:
340:
324:
323:
313:
297:
296:
286:
270:
269:
266:
247:
246:
243:
224:
223:
220:
201:
200:
197:
178:
177:
174:
155:
154:
151:
132:
131:
128:
109:
108:
105:
89:
88:
84:
83:
74:
73:
69:
68:
59:
51:
50:
41:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7196:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
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7119:
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7092:
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7048:
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7038:
7036:
7033:
7029:
7026:
7025:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7005:
7003:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6990:
6980:
6979:Orang Seletar
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
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6938:
6935:
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6900:
6897:
6896:
6895:
6892:
6891:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6868:
6863:
6861:
6856:
6854:
6849:
6848:
6845:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6771:East Timorese
6769:
6767:
6764:
6761:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6746:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6733:
6731:
6729:
6723:
6717:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6705:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6629:
6625:
6615:
6612:
6610:(Baba-Nyonya)
6609:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6599:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6544:
6540:
6529:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6515:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6501:
6497:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
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6450:
6447:
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6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6392:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6381:
6380:Kadazan-Dusun
6378:
6377:
6375:
6373:
6369:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6298:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6275:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6266:
6262:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6225:
6224:
6221:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6177:
6174:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6153:
6152:Orang Seletar
6150:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6128:
6125:
6124:
6122:
6120:
6114:
6111:
6105:
6101:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6085:Patani Malays
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6055:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6033:
6029:
6026:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5984:
5980:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5913:Kedahan Malay
5911:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5897:
5894:
5891:
5886:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5871:
5867:
5866:
5860:
5856:
5849:
5844:
5842:
5837:
5835:
5830:
5829:
5826:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5693:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5601:
5597:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5486:
5485:Sunda Islands
5480:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5342:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5231:
5227:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5184:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5165:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5131:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5107:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5090:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5056:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4887:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4875:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4679:
4675:
4668:
4663:
4661:
4656:
4654:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4633:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4597:organizations
4593:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4537:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4397:Makan bajamba
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4370:Malin Kundang
4368:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4265:
4263:
4258:
4256:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4222:
4216:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4195:
4181:
4173:
4166:
4158:
4151:
4142:
4133:
4125:
4112:
4101:
4093:
4091:979-690-360-1
4087:
4084:. p. 2.
4083:
4082:Balai Pustaka
4079:
4072:
4063:
4054:
4045:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4017:
4008:
4000:
3996:
3989:
3980:
3973:
3967:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3905:
3897:
3895:0-415-20298-1
3891:
3888:. Routledge.
3887:
3880:
3878:
3869:
3865:
3862:(22): 55–63.
3861:
3857:
3850:
3848:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3816:
3808:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3763:
3756:
3754:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3722:
3714:
3712:0-7112-1273-2
3708:
3704:
3697:
3689:
3687:1-74059-009-0
3683:
3679:
3678:Lonely Planet
3675:
3671:
3664:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3581:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3546:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3464:
3455:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3416:public domain
3407:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3347:
3345:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3308:
3299:
3291:
3289:9971-69-298-8
3285:
3281:
3274:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3227:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3168:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3059:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3002:
3000:0-8476-9911-0
2996:
2992:
2985:
2983:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2933:
2929:
2927:9789790644175
2923:
2919:
2912:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2879:
2875:
2862:
2860:0-930741-73-0
2856:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2837:0-8014-8906-7
2833:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2818:90-5356-395-4
2814:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2790:0-7007-0155-9
2786:
2782:
2777:
2776:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2718:
2711:
2709:
2708:Saudi Arabian
2705:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2592:Yamtuan Besar
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2566:
2565:Basrizal Koto
2562:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2541:Sherina Munaf
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2501:Camelia Malik
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2458:Rosihan Anwar
2455:
2451:
2450:Taufik Ismail
2447:
2446:Chairil Anwar
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2383:Sutan Sjahrir
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2302:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2275:United States
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2225:) as well as
2224:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2200:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2078:North Sumatra
2076:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1925:, especially
1924:
1915:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1776:
1771:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1747:adat perpatih
1743:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1703:
1702:Malin Kundang
1698:
1694:
1693:
1692:Malin Kundang
1688:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1627:), proverbs (
1625:
1621:, aphorisms (
1619:
1618:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1442:
1437:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1404:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1377:martial art.
1376:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1304:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1214:Adat ceremony
1213:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1147:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1116:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1023:
1018:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
977:Adat perpatih
974:
970:
965:
956:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
913:
909:
905:
901:
893:
888:
879:
877:
872:
868:
867:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
841:
833:
829:
827:
823:
818:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
770:
766:
762:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
735:
730:
729:Adat Perpatih
726:
725:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
674:
673:
667:
658:
656:
653:, describing
652:
648:
643:
641:
637:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
586:
582:
578:
570:
565:
560:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
494:
490:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
449:
448:
441:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
411:
406:
403:
402:
399:
394:
391:
387:
382:
379:
375:
371:
366:
362:
358:
354:
353:Predominantly
350:
345:
341:
338:
325:
320:
314:
311:
298:
293:
287:
284:
271:
267:
265:
264:
248:
244:
242:
241:
225:
221:
219:
218:
202:
198:
196:
195:
179:
175:
173:
172:
171:North Sumatra
156:
152:
150:
149:
133:
129:
127:
126:
110:
106:
103:
90:
85:
82:
75:
70:
65:
64:
57:
52:
45:
39:
24:
19:
7164:West Sumatra
7018:Bangladeshis
6973:
6822:Singaporeans
6728:/expatriates
6454:Orang Sungai
5991:Cocos Malays
5982:
5948:Pahang Malay
5899:
5873:
5863:
5323:Tau Taa Wana
4888:
4751:Talang Mamak
4682:
4487:Rumah gadang
4358:
4342:
4275:
4199:
4180:
4171:
4165:
4156:
4150:
4141:
4132:
4120:|title=
4100:
4077:
4071:
4062:
4053:
4044:
4016:
4007:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3979:
3971:
3966:
3956:12 September
3954:. Retrieved
3945:
3936:
3924:. Retrieved
3917:the original
3911:
3904:
3885:
3859:
3855:
3836:22 September
3834:. Retrieved
3825:
3815:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3761:
3740:. Retrieved
3731:
3721:
3702:
3696:
3669:
3663:
3636:
3632:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3520:
3516:
3491:. Retrieved
3482:
3472:
3463:
3454:
3442:. Retrieved
3433:
3423:
3390:
3331:. Retrieved
3327:the original
3316:
3307:
3298:
3279:
3273:
3238:
3234:
3190:
3186:
3156:
3147:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3103:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3050:
3047:Miksic, John
3041:
3029:. Retrieved
2990:
2969:. Retrieved
2951:
2939:. Retrieved
2932:the original
2909:
2903:
2883:
2878:
2846:
2827:
2808:
2799:
2780:
2710:ambassador.
2697:
2690:Ahmad Khatib
2683:
2655:Wandly Yazid
2648:
2621:Aishah Ghani
2606:
2600:
2588:Raja Melewar
2572:Raja Bagindo
2569:
2561:Abdul Latief
2549:
2529:Nazril Irham
2517:Dude Herlino
2509:Nirina Zubir
2477:Nasri Cheppy
2473:Usmar Ismail
2470:
2418:Marah Roesli
2411:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2325:
2299:
2286:
2279:Saudi Arabia
2255:Kuala Lumpur
2212:
2203:Rawa (tribe)
2184:
2177:
2158:Riau Islands
2118:Riau Islands
2058:West Sumatra
2039:
2031:Demographics
2024:
2022:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1920:
1890:
1865:Minangkabau
1832:
1812:phonological
1808:
1783:
1781:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1739:
1736:Matrilineage
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1665:
1661:
1659:
1639:, parables (
1594:
1584:rumah gadang
1575:
1571:rumah gadang
1570:
1566:rumah gadang
1545:Rumah gadang
1541:
1530:Rumah gadang
1521:Architecture
1514:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1477:
1476:
1458:
1450:
1447:
1413:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1346:
1328:
1324:
1296:
1294:
1272:
1262:
1247:
1237:
1223:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1161:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1120:
1112:
1089:
1074:
1072:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1028:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
973:Adityawarman
968:
963:
961:
948:
940:
924:
920:
916:
912:Mount Marapi
907:
903:
897:
892:Mount Marapi
875:
870:
864:
860:
842:
838:
816:
813:
773:
754:
750:
746:
742:
732:
722:
703:Adityawarman
701:
678:
670:
655:Sri Jayanasa
646:
644:
639:
633:
628:
625:minang kabau
624:
620:
616:
607:
599:
591:
584:
576:
574:
569:Adityawarman
527:West Sumatra
524:
504:West Sumatra
496:ethnic group
493:Austronesian
488:
476:
456:
455:
445:
364:
352:
263:Riau Islands
253:
230:
207:
184:
161:
138:
125:West Sumatra
115:
80:
61:
28:Ethnic group
18:
7169:Minangkabau
7091:Australians
6974:Minangkabau
6937:Bugis-Malay
6751:Bangladeshi
6614:Sino-Native
6147:Orang Kuala
6137:Orang Kanaq
6127:Proto-Malay
6053:Minangkabau
6032:Bugis-Malay
5983:Anak Dagang
5669:Tanimbarese
5383:Ekari (Mee)
5258:Gorontaloan
4894:Aneuk Jamee
4889:Minangkabau
4845:Bugis-Malay
4736:Orang Rimba
4731:Orang Kuala
4684:Indonesians
4530:Minangkabau
4295:Dharmasraya
4276:Minangkabau
3926:3 September
3483:Daily Beast
2761:Puti Bungsu
2603:Yusof Ishak
2580:Philippines
2557:Fahmi Idris
2553:Hasyim Ning
2403:Abdul Halim
2291:matrilineal
2271:Netherlands
2267:Malay world
2257:, Malacca,
1840:Jawi script
1742:matrilineal
1722:Cindua Mato
1714:Cindua Mato
1671:tukang kaba
1598:pidato adat
1561:Minangkabau
1551:Minangkabau
1511:Nasi Padang
1496:Sate Padang
1491:Soto Padang
1420:granulation
1361:Pidato adat
1330:tari indang
1325:tari payung
1319:tari piring
1291:performance
1207:Eid al-Fitr
1173:Sunat rasul
1167:Turun mandi
929:Tanah Datar
853:Bukittinggi
751:Raja Ibadat
669:Tricolour (
629:Minangkabau
608:Minangkabau
588:Jawi script
581:Minangkabau
577:Minangkabau
547:Netherlands
537:as well as
461:Minangkabau
429:Aneuk Jamee
390:Sunni Islam
357:Minangkabau
337:Netherlands
35:Minangkabos
32:Minangkabau
7184:Matriarchy
7133:Categories
7075:Vietnamese
7065:Pakistanis
7055:Malaysians
6832:Vietnamese
6786:Indonesian
6672:Sri Lankan
6476:Sama-Bajau
6444:Lun Bawang
6320:Lun Bawang
6253:Semaq Beri
6142:Orang Laut
6117:Peninsular
6104:Orang Asal
6021:Mandailing
5875:Bumiputera
5865:Malaysians
5808:Portuguese
5766:Klingalese
5208:Orang Laut
5046:Lun Bawang
5020:Kalimantan
4976:Kangeanese
4969:Tenggerese
4959:Banyumasan
4954:Cirebonese
4798:Toba Batak
4793:Simalungun
4783:Mandailing
4746:Petalangan
4701:Aboriginal
4442:Pasambahan
4387:Matriarchy
4300:Pagaruyung
4170:Swantoro.
3798:1813/53478
3558:(2): 113.
3256:1813/53394
3208:1813/53633
2971:22 January
2767:References
2645:Zubir Said
2637:Rais Yatim
2629:Aziz Ishak
2497:Rano Karno
2489:Asrul Sani
2422:Abdul Muis
2375:Tan Malaka
2371:Agus Salim
2320:See also:
2197:See also:
2062:4,219,729
1538:) in front
1515:Nasi Kapau
1486:Asam Padeh
906:) and its
851:(PRRI) in
719:Pagaruyung
711:Singhasari
545:, and the
516:Malay race
469:Indonesian
414:Mandailing
361:Indonesian
288:1,000,000
7035:Filipinos
7028:Taiwanese
7013:Armenians
6954:Eurasians
6927:Banjarese
6817:Pakistani
6716:Chindians
6691:Peranakan
6601:Peranakan
6572:Hainanese
6562:Cantonese
6527:(Sam-Sam)
6500:Peranakan
6405:Mangka'ak
6300:Orang Ulu
6238:Cheq Wong
6075:Sundanese
6043:Baweanese
6011:Banjarese
5900:Anak Jati
5803:Pakistani
5798:Mardijker
5749:Peranakan
5550:Manggarai
5533:Lamaholot
5393:Ketengban
5313:Sangirese
5293:Mongondow
5288:Minahasan
5283:Mandarese
5263:Kalumpang
5196:Pontianak
5167:Punan Bah
5083:Uma Baka'
5058:Apo Kayan
5037:Apo Duat
5008:Bantenese
4998:Sundanese
4911:Palembang
4497:Balairung
4492:Rangkiang
4350:etymology
4320:Padri War
4111:cite book
3995:Indonesia
3777:Indonesia
3674:Melbourne
3607:191475739
3572:161392351
3493:19 August
3444:19 August
3333:8 October
3235:Indonesia
3187:Indonesia
3139:214651183
2941:24 August
2611:) of the
2505:Eva Arnaz
2462:Ani Idrus
2283:Australia
2251:Palembang
2227:Pekanbaru
2185:6,462,713
2179:Indonesia
2098:West Java
2049:Province
2042:Indonesia
1860:Dialects
1853:ISO 639-3
1835:diglossia
1535:rangkiang
1311:talempong
1203:Hari Rayo
991:) in the
769:Padri War
747:Raja Adat
743:Raja Alam
737:based on
727:based on
715:Majapahit
636:areca nut
596:areca nut
553:Etymology
543:Singapore
535:Indonesia
520:Padri War
508:Indonesia
491:, are an
374:Malaysian
347:Languages
310:Singapore
217:West Java
130:4,281,439
107:6,462,713
102:Indonesia
81:8 million
7045:Japanese
6964:Javanese
6932:Buginese
6803:(former)
6796:Japanese
6776:Filipino
6760:Rohingya
6745:Hadhrami
6657:Malayali
6642:Gujarati
6514:Kristang
6464:Tambanuo
6410:Maragang
6233:Mah Meri
6119:Malaysia
6048:Makassar
6038:Javanese
6006:Acehnese
5783:Japanese
5756:Filipino
5724:Chindian
5719:Armenian
5642:Ambonese
5625:Manusela
5608:Moluccan
5560:Rotenese
5513:Bimanese
5508:Balinese
5503:Bali Aga
5273:Makassar
5253:Bonerate
5248:Butonese
5238:Buginese
5230:Sulawesi
5155:Bakumpai
5143:Ma'anyan
5138:Lawangan
5133:Ot Danum
5097:Kendayan
4981:Madurese
4949:Javanese
4921:Simeulue
4882:Sakuddei
4877:Mentawai
4758:Acehnese
4632:Category
4539:Religion
4523:Language
4514:Dubalang
4215:citation
4208:16688147
4034:Archived
4024:Archived
3950:Archived
3830:Archived
3736:Archived
3655:11708602
3537:57565023
3487:Archived
3438:Archived
3408:(2011).
3395:Archived
3095:38870744
3087:19192500
3049:(2004),
3025:Archived
2965:Archived
2920:. 2011.
2888:Archived
2714:See also
2521:Fariz RM
2440:; poets
2341:Malaysia
2247:Surabaya
2223:Malaysia
2138:Bengkulu
2122:162,452
2112:163,760
2102:241,169
2092:272,018
2082:333,241
2072:676,948
1962:semangat
1958:Semangat
1954:semangat
1923:Buddhism
1798:branch.
1786:) is an
1764:Language
1648:gurindam
1610:panghulu
1604:panghulu
1483:include
1416:filigree
1342:badindin
1258:Pariaman
1252:– local
1242:ceremony
1197:Manyabik
1132:Javanese
1126:variant
1114:karambit
1094:Malaysia
1044:penghulu
985:panghulu
981:panghulu
878:system.
826:Java War
788:Pariaman
623:, hence
539:Malaysia
384:Religion
283:Malaysia
63:Suntiang
7084:Oceania
7060:Nepalis
7050:Koreans
7040:Indians
7023:Chinese
6791:Iranian
6756:Burmese
6736:African
6652:Punjabi
6587:Henghua
6582:Foochow
6577:Teochew
6557:Hokkien
6543:Chinese
6439:Illanun
6420:Rumanau
6415:Minokok
6385:Kadazan
6355:Melanau
6346:Others
6310:Kelabit
6283:Bukitan
6278:Bidayuh
6265:Sarawak
6248:Jah Hut
6206:Mendriq
6159:Semelai
6090:Siamese
6058:Kerinci
5968:Kedayan
5734:Benteng
5729:Chinese
5702:African
5679:Togutil
5652:Wai Apu
5637:Ambelau
5585:Sumbawa
5483:Lesser
5458:Waropen
5438:Sentani
5403:Korowai
5373:Damalme
5358:Amungme
5328:Torajan
5172:Bukitan
5160:Meratus
5114:Mualang
5092:Bidayuh
5041:Kelabit
4926:Singkil
4906:Haloban
4870:Serdang
4860:Langkat
4820:Lampung
4805:Enggano
4773:Angkola
4693:Sumatra
4595:Related
4474:Songket
4335:Culture
3807:3350620
3742:21 July
3265:3350753
3217:3350883
2772:General
2694:Shafi'i
2395:Masyumi
2235:Bandung
2231:Jakarta
2172:33,112
2162:64,603
2152:69,652
2148:Lampung
2142:71,472
2132:95,845
2088:Jakarta
1974:Wahhabi
1949:Animism
1816:lexical
1792:Malayic
1479:Rendang
1472:Rendang
1461:Ramadan
1430:Cuisine
1424:songket
1410:sprouts
1345:), and
1303:saluang
1289:Saluang
1228:Ramadan
1179:Baralek
1060:Musalla
1056:Musalla
1011:Culture
857:Suharto
845:Sukarno
661:History
594:fruit (
424:Kerinci
378:Kerinci
315:15,720
268:156,770
245:168,947
222:202,203
199:305,538
194:Jakarta
176:345,403
153:624,145
6949:Chitty
6920:Others
6812:Nepali
6807:Korean
6801:Jewish
6781:Indian
6682:Telugu
6628:Indian
6486:Tidong
6471:Rungus
6459:Dumpas
6434:Ida'an
6429:Bisaya
6395:Kwijau
6360:Miriek
6350:Bisaya
6335:Sa'ban
6315:Kenyah
6293:Selako
6243:Temiar
6211:Mintil
6201:Kintaq
6196:Kensiu
6176:Semang
6169:Temuan
6107:(Other
5793:Korean
5788:Jewish
5761:Indian
5684:Wemale
5674:Tobelo
5664:Lisela
5659:Kayeli
5630:Nuaulu
5543:Loloan
5523:Helong
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5448:Tobati
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5303:Pamona
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5078:Lebbo'
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5028:Banjar
4986:Bawean
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2485:Arizal
2460:, and
2448:, and
2436:, and
2399:Assaat
2287:rantau
2259:Penang
2219:Naning
2168:Banten
2128:Banten
2012:Qur'an
1966:pawang
1827:jorong
1821:nagari
1654:ibarat
1642:tamsia
1636:petuah
1617:pantun
1408:bamboo
1398:Crafts
1391:Randai
1387:Randai
1379:Randai
1368:Randai
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1249:Tabuik
1239:Tabuik
1096:named
1090:nagari
989:nagari
939:. The
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876:nagari
871:jorong
866:nagari
801:Padang
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792:Padang
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6400:Lotud
6390:Dusun
6372:Sabah
6330:Punan
6325:Penan
6305:Kayan
6273:Dayak
6228:Semai
6223:Senoi
6191:Jahai
6186:Lanoh
6181:Batek
6164:Temoq
6132:Jakun
6028:Bugis
6016:Batak
6001:Chams
5885:Malay
5813:Totok
5771:Tamil
5620:Alune
5615:Alfur
5590:Tetum
5580:Sumba
5575:Sikka
5565:Sasak
5538:Malay
5528:Kemak
5518:Bunak
5498:Atoni
5443:Tehit
5428:Nduga
5368:Bauzi
5363:Asmat
5345:Papua
5308:Rampi
5278:Malay
5268:Lindu
5218:Suluk
5213:Bajau
5191:Berau
5186:Malay
5150:Ngaju
5121:Murut
5068:Kayan
5063:Bahau
5033:Dayak
5003:Baduy
4993:Malay
4964:Osing
4855:Lahat
4835:Malay
4815:Kluet
4768:Batak
4741:Sakai
4726:Mante
4716:Bonai
4711:Batin
4586:Sakai
4464:Surau
4459:Silek
4427:Lilin
4407:Rabab
4359:tambo
4080:. PT
3803:JSTOR
3603:S2CID
3568:S2CID
3533:S2CID
3261:JSTOR
3213:JSTOR
3135:S2CID
3091:S2CID
3031:7 May
2935:(PDF)
2914:(PDF)
2870:Notes
2545:Tulus
2434:Hamka
2430:Idrus
2379:Murba
2358:Tempo
2243:Batam
2239:Medan
2108:Jambi
1994:Islam
1893:Malay
1758:Adaik
1678:rebab
1630:pameo
1452:halal
1374:silat
1355:silat
1267:datuk
1124:Malay
1085:Silat
1076:surau
1031:clans
1001:darek
993:darek
941:tambo
925:luhak
921:darek
917:darek
817:Padri
617:kabau
604:betel
600:sirih
473:Malay
434:Sakai
419:Malay
370:Malay
342:7,490
240:Jambi
7001:Asia
6969:Jews
6882:CMIO
6827:Thai
6741:Arab
6633:list
6548:list
6340:Ukit
6288:Iban
6068:Rawa
5890:list
5778:Indo
5714:Arab
5647:Buru
5570:Savu
5555:Nage
5493:Abui
5473:Yaur
5468:Yali
5433:Sawi
5423:Moni
5408:Lani
5388:Fayu
5378:Dani
5353:Abun
5318:Seko
5298:Muna
5203:Moro
5177:Krio
5109:Iban
4936:Java
4901:Nias
4865:Riau
4850:Deli
4825:Laut
4810:Gayo
4778:Karo
4763:Alas
4721:Lubu
4706:Akit
4344:Adat
4221:link
4204:OCLC
4124:help
4086:ISBN
3958:2021
3928:2007
3890:ISBN
3838:2016
3744:2019
3707:ISBN
3682:ISBN
3651:PMID
3495:2019
3446:2019
3335:2007
3284:ISBN
3161:ISBN
3083:PMID
3033:2021
2995:ISBN
2973:2015
2943:2012
2922:ISBN
2855:ISBN
2851:UCLA
2832:ISBN
2813:ISBN
2785:ISBN
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2201:and
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2008:adat
2004:adat
1999:adat
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1979:adat
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3864:doi
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