Mikhail Lermontov - Knowledge

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involuntarily snubbed the Tsar's two daughters) caused concern among the imperial family and in the high military ranks. It transpired that upon his arrival in February Lermontov had failed to report to his commanding officer, as was required, going instead to a ball – a grievous breach for someone serving under condition of punishment. In April Count Kleinmichel issued an order for him to leave the city in 24 hours and join his regiment in the Caucasus. Lermontov approached a seer (the same Gypsy woman who'd predicted Pushkin's death "from a white man's hand") and asked if the time would ever come when he'd be allowed to retire. "You will get your retirement, but of such a kind after which you won't ask for more," she responded, which made Lermontov laugh heartily.

1678:'s in French; his similes and metaphors are utterly commonplace, his hackneyed epithets are only redeemed by occasionally being incorrectly used. Repetition of words in descriptive sentences irritates the purist," he wrote. D.S. Mirsky thought differently. "The perfection of Lermontov's style and narrative manner can be appreciated only by those who really know Russian, who feel fine imponderable shades of words and know what has been left out as well as what has been put in. Lermontov's prose is the best Russian prose ever written, if we judge by the standards of perfection and not by those of wealth. It is transparent, for it is absolutely adequate to the context and neither overlaps it nor is overlapped by it," he maintained. 571:, and Alexander Pushkin. Soon he started editing an amateur student journal. One of his friends, his cousin Yekaterina Sushkova (Khvostova, in marriage) described the young man as "married to a hefty volume of Byron". Yekaterina had at one time been the object of Lermontov's affections and to her he dedicated some of his late 1820s poems, including "Nishchy" (The Beggar). By 1829 Lermontov had written several of his well-known early poems. While "Kavkazsky Plennik" (Caucasian Prisoner), betraying strong Pushkin influence and borrowing from the latter, "The Corsair", "Prestupnik" (The Culprit), "Oleg", "Dva Brata" (Two Brothers), as well as the original version of "The Demon" were impressive exercises in 944:

imagination fly, which was strange, considering how high his poetry soared on its mighty wings. He mocked some of the government's reforms – the ones we couldn't even dream of in our poor youth. Certain essays, promoting the most progressive European ideas which we were so enthusiastic about, – for who could have ever thought it possible for such things to be published in Russia? – left him cold. When approached with a straightforward question, he either kept silent or tried to get away with some sarcastic remark. The more we knew him, the more difficult it was for us to take him seriously. There was a spark of original thought in him, but he was still very young.

1689:. And Lermontov's reputation as an 'heir to Pushkin' there is seldom doubted. His foreign biographers, though, tend to see a more complicated and controversial picture. According to Lewis Bagby, "He led such a wild, romantic life, fulfilled so many of the Byronic features (individualism, isolation from high society, social critic and misfit), and lived and died so furiously, that it is difficult not to confuse these manifestations of identity with his authentic self. …Who Lermontov had become, or who he was becoming, is unclear. Lermontov, like many a romantic hero, once closely examined, remains as open and unfinished as his persona seems closed and fixed." 1583:. This long poem (started as early as 1829 and finished some ten years after) told the story of a fallen angel admitting defeat in the moment of his victory over Tamara, a Georgian "maid of mountains". Having read by censors as the celebration of carnal passions of the "eternal spirit of atheism", it remained banned for years (and was published for the first time in 1856 in Berlin), turning arguably the most popular unpublished Russian poem of the mid-19th century. Even Mirsky, who ridiculed Demon as "the least convincing Satan in the history of the world poetry," called him "an operatic character" and fitting perfectly into the concept of 638:

unpopular professor out of the auditorium), but wasn't formally reprimanded (unlike Hertzen, who found himself incarcerated). A year into his university studies, the final, tragic act of the family discord played itself out. Deeply affected by his son's alienation, Yuri Lermontov left Arsenieva's house for good, only to die a short time later of consumption. His father's death under such circumstances was a terrible loss for Mikhail and is reflected in his poems "Forgive Me, Will We Meet Again?" and "The Terrible Fate of Father and Son". For some time he seriously considered suicide; tellingly, each of his early dramas

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knee that produced a limp. Learning to enjoy the heady mix of drills and discipline, wenching and drinking sprees, Lermontov continued to sharpen the poisonous wit and cruel humour which would often earn him enemies. "The time of my dreams has passed; the time for believing is long gone; now I want material pleasures, happiness that I can touch, happiness that can be bought with gold, that one can carry it in one's pocket as a snuff-box; happiness that beguiles only my senses while leaving my soul in peace and quiet," he wrote in a letter to Maria Lopukhina dated 4 August 1833.

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was not permissible for any young upper-class woman for a good part of the 19th century. "Lermontov churned out for his pals whole poems in improvisational manner, dealing with things which were apparently part of their barrack and camp lifestyle. Those poems, which I've never read, for they weren't intended for women, bear all the mark of the author's brilliant, fiery temperament, as people who've read them attest", Yevdokiya Rostopchina admitted. These poems were published only once, in 1936, as part of a scholarly edition of Lermontov's complete works, edited by

1474: 382:(also known as Thomas Learmonth). Lermontov's father, Yuri Petrovich Lermontov, like his father before him, followed a military career. Having moved up the ranks to captain, he married the sixteen-year-old Maria Mikhaylovna Arsenyeva, a wealthy young heiress of a prominent aristocratic Stolypin family. Lermontov's maternal grandmother, Elizaveta Arsenyeva (née Stolypina), regarded their marriage as a mismatch and deeply disliked her son-in-law. On 15 October 1814, in Moscow where the family temporarily moved to, Maria gave birth to her son Mikhail. 47: 170: 648:(1831) ends with a protagonist killing himself. All the while, judging by his diaries, Lermontov, maintained a keen interest in European politics. Some of his University poems like "Predskazaniye" (The Prophecy) were highly politicised; the unfinished "Povest Bez Nazvaniya" (The Untitled Novel)'s theme was the outbreak of popular uprising in Russia. Several other verses written at the time – "Parus" (The Sail), "Angel Smerti" (Angel of Death) and "Ismail-Bei" – later came to be regarded among his best. 524: 680: 806:, in the course of several minutes, was spread around by Rayevsky and caused uproar. The last 16 lines of it, explicitly addressed to the inner circles at the court, all but accused the powerful "pillars" of Russian high-society of complicity in Pushkin's death. The poem portrayed that society as a cabal of self-interested venomous wretches "huddling about the throne in a greedy throng", "the hangmen who kill liberty, genius, and glory" about to suffer the apocalyptic judgment of God. 1008: 1385: 6131: 1192:, for Lermontov to visit Saint Petersburg. "Those three or four months he spent in the capital were, I think, the happiest time of his life. Received quite ecstatically by the high society, each morning he produced some beautiful verse and hasted to recite it to us in the evening. In this warm atmosphere good humour awoke in him again, he was always coming up with new jokes and pranks, making us all laugh for hours on end," Yevdokiya Rostopchina remembered. 1164: 1196: 844: 1551:"So Dull, So Sad..." (1840) expressed skepticism as to the meaning of poetry and life itself. On the other hand, for Lermontov the late 1830s was a period of transition; drawn more to Russian forests and fields rather than Caucasian ranges, he achieved moments of transcendental solemnity and clear vision of heaven and Earth merged into one in poems like "The Branch of Palestine", "The Prayer" and "When yellowish fields get ruffled..." 1319:

mystery, this Paradise Lost, it will be tormenting my mind till the very grave. Sometimes I feel funny about it and am ready to laugh at this first love of mine, but more often I'd rather cry," the 15-year-old wrote in a diary. "Some people, like Byron, think early love is akin to the soul prone to fine arts, but I suppose this is the sign of soul that's got much music in it," added the young man for whom the English poet was an idol.

503:. Having developed a fearful and arrogant temper, he took it out on his grandmother's garden as well as on insects and small animals ("with great delight, he would squash a hapless fly and bristled with joy when a stone he'd thrown would kick a chicken off its feet"). Positive influence came from Lermontov's German governess Christina Rhemer, a religious woman who introduced the boy to the idea of every man, even if that man was a 2168: 780: 1104:, Lermontov received only a mild punishment; the Grand Duke chose to interpret the de Barante incident as a feat for "a Russian officer who came up to champion the honour of the Russian army". With the Tsar's initial demand for three months' imprisonment dropped, Lermontov went back to exile in the Caucasus, to the Tengin infantry regiment. In Karamzin's house where his friends gathered to say farewells, he churned out an 440:. In 1821 they returned to Tarkhany and spent the next six years there. The doting grandmother spared no expense to provide the young Lermontov with the best schooling and lifestyle that money could buy. He received an extensive home education, became fluent in French and German, learned to play several musical instruments and proved a gifted painter. While living with the grandmother, Mikhail hardly met with his father. 2154: 3308: 1185:. "Lermontov's duty was to lead our forefront storm troopers and inform the headquarters of the advancement, which in itself was perilous since the enemy was everywhere around, in the forest and in the bushes. But this officer, defying danger, did an excellent job; he showed great courage and was always amongst those who'd break into the enemy lines first," General Galafeyev informed General Grabbe on 8 October 1840. 931: 1555: 1293: 952:, then stayed in Moscow and Saint Petersburg to enjoy himself at dancing parties and to revel in his immense popularity. "Lermontov's deportation to the Caucasus has made a lot of fuss and turned him into a victim, which did a lot to whip up his fame as a poet. People consumed his Caucasian poems greedily... On return he was met with enormous warmth in the capital and hailed as heir to Pushkin," wrote poet 717:, where his flatmate was his friend Svyatoslav Rayevsky. Grandmother's lavish financial support (he had his personal chefs and coachmen) enabled Lermontov to plunge into a heady high-society mix of drawing-room gossip and ballroom glitter. "Sardonic, caustic and smart, brilliantly intelligent, rich and independent, he became the soul of the high society and the leading spirit in pleasure trips and sprees," 1539:" (1837), arguably the strongest political declaration of its time (its last two lines, "and all of your black blood won't be enough to expiate the poet's pure blood", construed by some as a direct call for violence), made Lermontov not just famous, but almost worshipped, as a "true heir to Pushkin". More introspective but no less subversive was his "The Thought" (1838), an answer to 1600:, or Mtsyri (in Georgian), the harrowing story of a dying young monk who'd preferred dangerous freedom to protected servitude. The Demon defiantly lives on, Mtsyri dies meekly, but both epitomize the riotous human spirit's stand against the world that imprisons it. Both poems are beautifully stylized and written in fine, mellifluous verse which Belinsky found "intoxicating". 629: 626:). Instead he drifted towards an aristocracic clique, but even this cream of the Moscow's "golden youth" detested the young man for being too aloof, while still giving him credit for having charisma. "Everyone could see that Lermontov was obnoxious, rough and daring, and yet there was something alluring in his firm moroseness," fellow-student Wistengof admitted. 1328:'errand boy' he was carrying my hat, umbrella and gloves, leaving them behind from time to time... Both Sashenka and I, while giving him credit for his intelligence, still treated him like a baby which drove him mad. Trying to be perceived as a serious young man, he recited Pushkin and Lamartine and never parted with a huge volume of Byron." 1646:". Tellingly, while Pushkin (whose poem "Tazit"'s plotline was here used) saw the European influence as a healthy alternative to the patriarchal ways of Caucasian natives, Lermontov tended to idealize the local communities' centuries-proven customs, their morality codex and the will to fight for freedom and independence to the bitter end. 1674:(who translated the novel into English) was not so sure about the language: "The English reader should be aware that Lermontov's prose style in Russian is inelegant, it is dry and drab; it is the tool of an energetic, incredibly gifted, bitterly honest, but definitely inexperienced young man. His Russian is, at times, almost as crude as 507:, deserving respect. In fact, Lermontov's poor health served in a way as a saving grace, Skabichevsky argued, for it prevented the boy from further exploring the darker sides of his character and, more importantly, "taught him to think of things... seek pleasures that he couldn't find in the outer world, deep inside himself." 407:, suggested the discord might have been caused by Yuri's affair with a young woman named Yulia, a lodger who worked in the house. Apparently it was her husband's violent, erratic behavior and the resulting stresses that accounted for Maria Mikhaylovna's early demise. Her health quickly deteriorated and she developed 1039:, invited Lermontov to become a regular contributor. The magazine published two parts of the novel, "Bela" and "The Fatalist", in issues 2 and 4, respectively, the rest of it appeared in print during 1840 and earned the author widespread acclaim. The partially autobiographical story, describing prophetically a 668:'s second-year course. This proved impossible and, unwilling to repeat the first year, he enrolled into the prestigious School of Cavalry Junkers and Ensign of the Guard, under pressure from his male relatives but much to Arsenyeva's distress. Having passed the exams, on 14 November 1832, Lermontov joined the 1250:, introduced himself to general Grabbe and asked for permission to stay in the town. Then, on a whim, he changed his course, found himself in Pyatigorsk and sent his seniors a letter informing them of his having fallen ill. The regiment's special commission recommended him treatment at Mineralnye Vody in the 1526:(initially banned, then published in 1837 due to Vasily Zhukovsky's efforts), was unique for its unexpected authenticity. Lermontov, who haven't got a single academic source to rely upon, "entered the realm of folklore as a real master and totally merged with its spirit," according to Belinsky. Lermontov's 1363:' which he's been apparently craving for. "I happened to hear several of Lermontov's victims complaining about his treacherous ways and couldn't restrict myself from openly laughing at the comic finales he used to invent for his vile Casanova feats," obviously sympathetic Yevdokiya Rostopchina recalled. 1396:

Inspired by Lord Byron, Lermontov started to write poetry at the age of 13. His late 1820s poems like "The Corsair", "Oleg", "Two Brothers", as well as "Napoleon" (1830), borrowed somewhat from Pushkin, but invariably featured a Byronic hero, an outcast and an avenger, standing firm and aloof against

1376:, Princess Mary and Vera. In his 1982 biography John Garrard wrote: "The symbolic relationship between love and suffering is of course a favorite Romantic paradox, but for Lermontov it was much more than a literary device. He was unlucky in love and believed he always would be: fate had ordained it." 1318:

Lermontov fell in love for the first time in 1825, while at the Caucasus, a girl of nine being the object of his desires. Five years later he wrote about it with great seriousness, seeing this early awakening of romantic feelings as a sign of his own exclusiveness. "So early in life, at ten! Oh, this

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Mikhail Lermontov was a romantic who seemed to be continuously struggling with strong passions. Not much is known about his private life, though in verses dedicated to loved ones his emotional strife seems to have been exaggerated, while rumours concerning his real life adventures were unreliable and

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region. What he did instead was embark upon the several weeks' spree. "In the mornings he was writing, but the more he worked, the more need he felt to unwind in the evenings," Skabichevsky wrote. "I feel I'm left with very little of my life," the poet confessed to his friend A. Merinsky on 8 July, a

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It soon became clear that for an early retirement there was no hope. Besides, despite General Grabbe's insistence, Lermontov's name had been dropped from the list of officers eligible for awards. In February 1841 an incident at a ball launched by Countess Alexandra Vorontsova-Dashkova (when Lermontov

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In the Caucasus Lermontov found himself quite at home. The stern and gritty virtues of the mountain tribesmen against whom he had to fight, no less than the scenery of the rocks and of the mountains themselves, were close to his heart. The place of his exile was also the land he had loved as a child.

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The sort of glittering army career which tempted young noblemen of the time proved a challenge for Lermontov. Books there were a rarity and reading was frowned upon. Lermontov had to indulge mostly in physical competitions, one of which resulted in a horse-riding accident which left him with a broken

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Lermontov had a peculiar method of circulating ideas, images and even passages, trying them again and again through the years in different settings until each would find itself a proper place – as if he could "see" in his imagination his future works but was "receiving" them in small fragments. Even

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The Cadet School seemed to have stymied in Lermontov all interests except one, for wanton debauchery. His pornographic (and occasionally sadistic) Cavalry Junkers' poems which circulated in manuscripts, marred his subsequent reputation so much so that admission of familiarity with Lermontov's poetry

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By 1840 Lermontov had sickened of his own reputation of a womanizer and a cruel heartbreaker, hunting for victims at balls and parties and leaving them behind devastated. Some of the stories were myth, like the one concerning the French author Adèle Hommaire de Hell; well-publicised at the time (and

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made possible the publication of "Pesn Kuptsa Kalashnikova" (The Song of Merchant Kalashnikov), a historical poem which the author initially sent to Krayevsky in 1837 from the Caucasus, only to be thwarted by censors. His observations of the aristocratic milieu, where fashionable ladies welcomed him

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where his five sisters resided. Yelizaveta Arsenyeva launched a formidable battle for her beloved grandson, promising to disinherit him if his father took the boy away. Eventually the two sides agreed that the boy should stay with his grandmother until the age of 16. Father and son separated and, at

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glorification of living nature (e.g., "Alone I set out on the road ...") Some saw Lermontov's early verse as puerile, since, despite his dexterous command of the language, it usually appeals more to adolescents than to adults. Later poems, like "The Poet" (1838), "Don't Believe Yourself" (1839) and

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Even as a Moscow University's boarding school student Lermontov was a socially aware young man. His "The Turk's Lament" (1829) expressed strong anti-establishment feelings ("This place, where a man suffers from slavery and chains; my friend, this is my fatherland"), the "July 15, 1830" poem greeted

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Two branches of Lermontov's early 1830s poetry – one dealing with the Russian Middle Age history, another with the Caucasus – couldn't differ more. The former were stern and stark, featured a dark, reserved hero ("The Last Son of Freedom"), its straightforward storyline developing fast. The latter,

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In 1831, Lermontov's poetry ("The Reed", "Mermaid", "The Wish") started to get less confessional, more ballad-like. The young author, having found taste for plots and structures, was trying consciously to rein in his emotional urge and master the art of storytelling. Critic and literature historian

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In his lifetime, Mikhail Lermontov published only one slender collection of poems (1840). Three volumes, much mutilated by censorship, were published a year after his death in 1841. Yet his legacy – more than 30 large poems, and 600 minor ones, a novel and 5 dramas – was immense for an author whose

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In December 1834, Lermontov met his old sweetheart Yekaterina Sushkova at a ball in Saint Petersburg and decided to have a revenge: first he seduced, then, after a while dropped her, making the story public. Relating the incident in a letter to cousin Sasha Vereshchagina, he blatantly boasted about

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Shallow pleasures offered by Saint Petersburg's high society had started to wear Lermontov down, his bad temper growing even worse. "What an extravagant man he is. Looks like he's heading for the imminent catastrophe. Insolent to a fault. Dying of boredom, getting vexed by his own frivolousness but

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Among officers Lermontov had his admirers and detractors. Generals Pavel Grabbe and Apollon Galafeyev both praised the young man for his reckless bravery. According to Baron Rossilyon, though, "Lermontov was an unpleasant and scornful man, always eager to seem special. He boasted his bravery – the

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Attending lectures faithfully, Lermontov would often read a book in the corner of the auditorium, and never took part in student life, making exceptions only for incidents involving grand-scale trouble-making. He took an active part in the notorious 1831 Malov scandal (when a jeering mob drove the

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Looking for a better climate and treatment at the mineral springs for the boy, Arsenyeva twice, in 1819 and 1820, took him to the Caucasus where they stayed at her sister E. A. Khasatova's. In summer 1825, as the nine-year-old's health started to deteriorate, the extended family traveled south for

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In the early 1830s Lermontov's poetry grew more introspective and intimate, even diary-like, with dates often serving for titles. But even his love lyric, addressed to Yekaterina Sushkova or Natalya Ivanova, could not be relied upon as autobiographical; driven by fantasies, it dealt with passions

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Having graduated the Saint Petersburg cadet school, Lermontov embarked upon the easy-going lifestyle of a reckless young hussar, as he imagined it should be. "Mikhail, having found himself the very soul of the high society, liked to entertain himself by driving young women mad, feigning love for

676:, the one whose fatal shot would kill the poet several years later, in his biographical "Notes" decades later described him as "the young man who was so far ahead of everybody else, as to be beyond comparison," a "real grown-up who'd read and thought and understood a lot about the human nature." 398:

The marriage proved ill-suited and the couple soon grew apart. "There is no strong evidence as to what precipitated the quarrels they'd had. There are reasons to believe Yuri had grown tired of his wife's nervousness and frail health, and his mother-in-law's despotic ways," according to literary

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Lermontov's fascination with Byron has never waned. "Having made the English pessimism a brand of his own, he's imparted it a strong national favour to produce the very special Russian spleen, which has been there always in the Russian soul... Devoid of cold skepticism or icy irony, Lermontov's

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In 1830, Lermontov met Natalya Ivanova (1813–1875), daughter of a Moscow playwright Fyodor Ivanov and had an affair with her, but little is known about it or why it ended. Judging by thirty or so poems addressed to "N.F.I", she chose a man who was older and richer, much to the distress of young

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In January 1842, the Tsar issued an order allowing the coffin to be transported to Tarkhany, where Lermontov was laid to rest at the family cemetery. Upon receiving the news his grandmother Elizaveta Arsenyeva suffered a minor stroke. She died in 1845. Many of Lermontov's verses were discovered

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The death of Pushkin, who, as it was generally suspected, had fallen victim to an intrigue, ignited Russian high society. Lermontov, who himself never belonged to the Pushkin circle (there is conflicting evidence as to whether he'd met the famous poet at all), became especially vexed with Saint

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At Sashenka 's I often met her cousin, a clumsy bow-legged boy of 16 or 17, with reddened eyes, which were clever and expressive nevertheless, who had a turned-up nose and caustic sneer... Everybody was calling him just Michel and so did I, never caring about his second name. Assigned to be my

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Fearing that Lermontov's father would eventually claim his right to bring up his son, Arsenyeva strictly limited contact between the two, causing young Lermontov much pain and remorse. Despite all the pampering lavished upon him, and torn by the family feud, he grew up lonely and withdrawn. In

1670:(1840), a set of five loosely linked stories unfolding the drama of the two conflicting characters, Pechorin and Grushnitsky, who move side by side towards a tragic finale as if driven by destiny itself, proved to be Lermontov's magnum opus. Vissarion Belinsky praised it as a masterpiece, but 1151:

and went into action. Lermontov (according to the official report) "has been charged with the commandment of a Cossack troopers' unit whose duty it was to head into the enemy first". He became immensely popular with his men, whom regular army officers referred to as "the international gang of

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Lermontov often visited us and talked of all sort of things, personal, social and political. I have to say, we hardly understood each other... We were unpleasantly surprised by the chaotic nature of his views, which were rather vague. He appeared to be a low-brow realist, unwilling to let his

1421:-led peasant uprising, was stylistically flawed and short on ideas. Yet, free of Romantic pathos and featuring well-crafted characters as well as scenes from peasant life, it marked an important turn for the author now evidently intrigued more by history and folklore than by his own dreams. 1215:

had been published, Lermontov, according to Skabichevsky, started to treat his poetic mission seriously. Looking for an early retirement that would have enabled him to start a literary career, he was making plans for his own literary journal which wouldn't follow European trends, unlike (in

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mountain. Lermontov allegedly made it known that he was going to shoot into the air. Martynov was the first to shoot and he aimed straight into the heart, killing his opponent on the spot. On 30 July Lermontov was buried, without military honours, thousands of people attended the ceremony.

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Returning from his third trip to the Caucasus in August 1825, Lermontov began his regular studies with tutors in French and Greek, starting to read German, French and English authors' original texts. In summer 1827 the 12-year-old for the first time travelled to his father's estate in

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Concealing his literary aspirations from friends (relatives Alexey Stolypin and Nikolai Yuriev among them), Lermontov became an expert in producing scabrous verses (like "Holiday in Petergof", "Ulansha", and "The Hospital") which were published in a school's amateur magazine

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the third time. The Caucasus greatly impressed the boy, inspiring a passion for its mountains and stirring beauty. "Caucasian mountains for me are sacred", he wrote later. It was there that Lermontov experienced his first romantic passion, falling for a nine-year-old girl.

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featured another hero whose want was to 'throw a gauntlet' to the unsympathetic society and then get tired of his own conflicting nature, but was interesting mostly for its realistic sketches of the high society life, which Lermontov was getting more and more critical of.

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in 1817. A family dispute ensued over Lermontov's custody, resulting in his grandmother, Elizaveta Arsenyeva, raising him. She provided excellent home education, nurturing his talents in languages, music, and painting. However, his health was fragile, and he suffered from

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boarding school. He excelled academically, influenced by his tutors Alexey Merzlyakov and Semyon Rayich, and started to write poetry. By 1829, Lermontov had written notable poems. His literary career began to take shape, with his early works reflecting the influences of

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like the one in which he would eventually lose his life, consisted of five closely linked tales revolving around a single character, a disenchanted, bored and doomed young nobleman. Later it came to be considered a pioneering classic of Russian psychological realism.

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The poem propelled Lermontov to an unprecedented level of fame. Zhukovsky hailed the "new powerful talent"; popular opinion greeted him as "Pushkin's heir". D'Anthes, still under arrest, felt so piqued he was now himself prepared to challenge the upstart to a duel.

323:," written after the death of Alexander Pushkin, gained Lermontov significant fame, but led to his first exile to the Caucasus due to its controversial content. During his exile, Lermontov continued to write, producing some of his most famous works, including " 864:, especially, people are very honest... The mountain air acts like balsam for me, all spleen has gone to hell, the heart starts beating, the chest heaves," Lermontov wrote to Rayevsky. By the end of the year he had travelled all along the Caucasian line, from 1222:. "I've learnt a lot from Easterners and I am eager to delve deeper into the depth of an Eastern mindset, which remains a mystery not only to us, but to an Easterner himself. The East is a bottomless well of revelations," Lermontov was telling Krayevsky. 1532:"went the whole round: from the original folklore source to literature, and from literature to living folklore. ... For one and a half centuries people have performed these literary lullabies in real lulling situations ," according to Valentin Golovin. 795:

Outraged and agitated, the young man found himself on the verge of nervous breakdown. Arsenyeva sent for Arendt, and the famous doctor who had spent with Pushkin his last hours related to Lermontov the exact circumstances of what had happened. The poem

327:." His experiences in the Caucasus provided rich material for his poetry and prose. Despite returning to St. Petersburg briefly, his rebellious nature and another duel led to his second exile. In 1841, Lermontov was killed in a duel with fellow officer 1409:

regards "The Angel" (1831) as the first of Lermontov's truly great poems, calling it "arguably the finest Romantic verse ever written in Russian." At least two other poems of that period – "The Sail" and "The Hussar" – were later rated among his best.

1108:, "Tuchi nebesnye, vechnye stranniki" (Heavenly clouds, eternal travelers...). It made its way as a final entry into Lermontov's first book of verse, published by Ilya Glazunov & Co in October 1840, and became one of his best-loved short poems. 883:. His voyage back was a prolonged one, he made a point of staying wherever he was welcome. In Shelkozavodskaya Lermontov met A. A. Khastatov (his grandmother's sister's son), a man famous for his bravery, whose stories were later incorporated into 655:

in Moscow. In his second year Lermontov started to have serious altercations with several of his professors. Thinking little of his chances of passing the exams, he opted to leave, and on 18 June 1832, received the two-year-graduate certificate.

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poetry is full instead of typically Russian contempt for life and material values. This mix of deep melancholy on the one hand and wild urge for freedom on the other, could be found only in Russian folk songs," biographer Skabichevsky wrote.

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At sixteen Lermontov fell in love with Yekaterina Sushkova (1812–1868), a friend of his cousin Sasha Vereshchagina, whom he often visited in Srednikovo village. Yekaterina failed to take her suitor seriously and in her "Notes" described him

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and of Countess Emilie Musin-Pushkina caused a lot of ill feeling among men vying for attention of these two most popular Petersburg society girls of the time. In early 1840 Lermontov insulted one of these men, Ernest de Barante, the son of

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another early autobiographical piece, "Povest" (The Tale), Lermontov described himself (under the guise of Sasha Arbenin) as an impressionable boy, passionately in love with all things heroic, but otherwise emotionally cold and occasionally

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not unlike Lermontov's Grushnitsky character. Lermontov teased Martynov mercilessly until the latter couldn't stand it anymore. On 25 July 1841, Martynov challenged his offender to a duel. The fight took place two days later at the foot of

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regiment to the Caucasus. During the investigation, in an act he considered cowardice, Lermontov faulted his friend, Svyatoslav Rayevsky, and as a result the latter suffered a more severe punishment than Lermontov did: was deported to the

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remembered. "Extraordinary, how much youthful energy and precious time had Lermontov managed to spare upon wanton orgies and base love-making, without seriously damaging his physical and moral strength", biographer Skabichevsky marvelled.

1649: 291:. His grandmother's strict control caused him emotional turmoil, leading to his development as a lonely and introspective individual. Lermontov's early life experiences and education laid the foundation for his literary achievements. 700:(School-Years' Dawn) under monikers "Count Diarbekir" and "Stepanov". These pieces earned him much notoriety and, with a hindsight, caused harm, for when in July 1835 for the first time ever his poem "Khadji-Abrek" was published (in 1520:(1836), featuring a pair of conflicting heroes, driven one by blind passions, another by obligations and laws of honour, married the Byronic tradition with the elements of historical drama and folk epos. An ambitious folk epic, 390: 318:

and enrolled in the School of Cavalry Junkers and Ensign of the Guard, eventually joining the Life-Guard Hussar regiment. His literary career flourished, but his sharp wit and satirical works earned him many enemies. The poem

428: 959: 278:. Lermontov's father, Yuri Petrovich, was a military officer who married Maria Mikhaylovna Arsenyeva, a young heiress from an aristocratic family. Their marriage was unhappy, Maria's health deteriorated, and she died of 1351:" (also sixteen at the time). The passion was said to be reciprocal but, pressed by her family, Varvara went on to marry Nikolai Bakhmetyev a wealthy 37-year-old aristocrat. Lermontov was "astounded and heartbroken". 1641:

battle scenes) that are seen by critics as the two peaks of Lermontov's realism. This newly found clarity of vision allowed him to handle a Romantic theme with Pushkin's laconic precision most impressively in

818:, who, as it turned out, had already received a copy of the poem (subtitled "The Call for the Revolution", from an anonymous sender). The authorities arrested Lermontov, on 21 January he found himself in the 977:

published humorous lyrical verses and two longer poems, "Borodino" and "Tambovskaya Kaznatcheysha" (A Treasurer Dame from Tambov), the latter severely cut by censors. Vasily Zhukovsky's letter to Minister

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to join his new regiment. In less than two months time, though, Arsenyeva ensured his transfer to the Petersburg-based Hussars Guard regiment. At this point, in Petersburg, Lermontov started working on

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The young officer's demeanor did not enchant everybody, though, and at least two of the Decembrists, Nikolai Lorer and Mikhail Nazimov, later spoke of him quite dismissively. Nazimov wrote years later:

814:, a distant relative of Arsenyeva's and the founding head of the Tsar's Gendarmes and of his secret police, was willing to help her grandson out but still had no choice but to report the incident to 2522:

Friedlender, G.M., Lyubovich, N.A. Commentaries to Menschen und Liedenschaften (1930). Works by M.Y. Lermontov in 4 volumes. Khudozhestvennaya Literatura Publishers. Moscow, 1959. Vol. III. p. 489

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Lermontov's love for Lopukhina (Bakhmetyeva) proved to be the only deep and lasting feeling of his life. His unfinished drama Princess Ligovskaya was inspired by it, as well as two characters in

1437:. But Lermontov, a fiery tribune, has never become a political poet. Full of inner turmoil and anger, his protagonists were riotous but never rational or promoting any particular ideology. 1332:

Several 1830–31 poems by Lermontov were dedicated to Sushkova, among them "Nishchy" (The Beggar Man) and "Blagodaryu!, Zovi nadezhdu snovidenyem" (Thank you! To call the hope a dream...).

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one thing one was not supposed to be that proud of in the Caucasus, where bravery was business as usual. He led the gang of dirty thugs who, without ever using firearms, charged Chechen

1452:(a "darling son of Don Juan", according to Mirsky), a sparkling concoction of Romanticism, realism and what might be termed a cadet-style verse. The latter remained unfinished, as did 419:

the age of three, Lermontov began a spoilt and luxurious life with his doting grandmother and numerous relatives. This bitter family feud formed a plot of Lermontov's early drama

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By now Lermontov had learnt to lead a double life. Still keeping his passions secret, he took a keen interest in Russian history and medieval epics, which would be reflected in

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service who settled in Russia in the middle of the 17th century. He had been captured by the Russian troops in Poland in the early 17th century, during the reign (1613–1645) of

2575: 2555: 2535: 2497: 1697: 539:, alongside Zinoviev, who taught Russian and Latin. Under their influence the boy started to read a lot, making the best of his vast home library, which included books by 459:

army prisoner-of-war who settled in Russia after 1812, was the boy's first, and best-loved governor. A German pedagogue, Levy, who succeeded Capet, introduced Mikhail to

6200: 2938: 2912: 2899: 2883: 2867: 2854: 2821: 2805: 2789: 2771: 2683: 2610: 2592: 2417: 614:'s philological faculty. "Petty arrogance" (as Skabichevsky puts it) prevented him from joining any of the three radical students' circles (those led respectively by 5817: 6220: 1097:, an avid admirer of Lermontov's poetry who, like many, continued to have problems with making sense of his dual personality and incongruous, difficult character. 6170: 579:, the head of the school's literature class, to divert him from that particular influence. The short poem "Vesna" (The Spring), published in 1830 by the amateur 471:

family. Later Alexander Zinoviev, a teacher of Russian literature, arrived. The intellectual atmosphere in which Lermontov grew up resembled that experienced by

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poem, performed a violin étude and won the first prize for his literary essay. In April 1830 the University's boarding school was transformed into an ordinary

1089:, in the presence of Shcherbatova. De Barante issued a challenge. The duel took place almost at the exact spot where Pushkin had received his fatal wound by 2997:

The Works of M.Y. Lermontov in 4 Volumes. Commentaries by E.E. Naidich, A.N. Mikhaylova, L.N. Nazarova. Commentaries to Lermontov's poems. Vol. II, p. 491

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Lermontov has been depicted in numerous movies and TV series. In 2012 Azerbaijani movie "Ambassador of Morning", telling the story of another great poet,

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Countess Emilie Musin-Pushkina confessed to a friend she fell in love with Lermontov. As a married woman, she never compromised herself with an adultery.

467:. He didn't stay for long and soon another Frenchman, Gendrot, replaced him, soon joined by Mr. Windson, a respectable English teacher recommended by the 4136: 1086: 1175:

In July 1840 the Russian army got involved in a fierce battle at the Gekha forest. There Lermontov distinguished himself in hand-to-hand combat at the

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In Pyatigorsk Lermontov enjoyed himself, feeding on his notoriety of a social misfit, his fame as a poet second only to Pushkin and his success with

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Arrested, jailed and sent to the Caucasus in 1837, Lermontov dropped "Princess Ligovskaya" and never got back to it. Much more important to him was

1757: 3425: 997:(1836), which remained unfinished. In those days Lermontov also took part in gathering and sorting out Pushkin's documents and unpublished poems. 2256: 1070: 3085: 6180: 531:

After having received a year of private tutoring, in February 1829 the fourteen-year old Lermontov took exams and joined the 5th form of the

3149: 1488:; written in 1835, it got re-worked several times – the author tried desperately to publish it. Close to French melodrama and influenced by 3524: 3249: 789: 6185: 4480: 2695: 763:, then the editor of Russky Invalid's literary supplement, in a couple of years' time to become the editor of the influential journal 586:

Along with his poetic skills, Lermontov developed an inclination towards poisonous wit and cruel, sardonic humor. His ability to draw

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Lermontov's first Caucasian exile was short: due to the intercession of General Benckendorff. The poet was transferred to the

6076: 3729: 3224: 3033: 575:. Lord Byron remained the major source of inspiration for Lermontov, despite the attempts of his literary tutors, including 6195: 5747: 3765: 3641: 3086:"Russian Poet Is Celebrated in Scotland, a Land He Never Saw A Russian Poet is Celebrated in Scotland, a Land He Never Saw" 1946: 1685:

seems to have never lost its relevance: the title itself became a token phrase explaining dilemmas haunting this country's

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In Lermontov's first year as a student no exams were held: the University closed for several months due to the outbreak of

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rich with ethnographical side issues and lavish in colourful imagery, boasted flamboyant characters ("Ismail-Bey", 1832).

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Another 1839 poem investigating the deeper reasons for the author's metaphysical discontent with society and himself was

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Upon his graduation in November 1834, Lermontov joined the Life-Guard Hussar regiment stationed near St. Petersburg in

368: 1629:(1837), a 25th Anniversary hymn to the victorious Russian spirit, related in simple language a tired war veteran, and 3958: 3800: 3016: 2842: 2748: 1658:"In Memory of A.I. Odoyevsky" (1839) the central episode is, in effect, the slightly re-worked passage borrowed from 1603:

By the late 1830s Lermontov became so disgusted with his own early infatuation with Romanticism as to ridicule it in

1090: 594:. In the boarding school Lermontov proved an exceptional student. He excelled at the 1828 examinations; he recited a 4554: 1587:'s lush opera (also banned by censors who deemed it sacrilegious) had to admit the poem had magic enough to inspire 1401:

greatly hypertrophied, protagonists posing high and mighty in the center of the Universe, misunderstood or ignored.

971:, Odoyevsky and Rostoptchina, Lermontov entered the most prolific phase of his short literary career. In 1837–1838 4549: 3846: 3186: 911:

became friends with Dr. Mayer who served as a prototype for Doctor Werner (a man Pechorin meets in "town S."). In

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Works by M.Y. Lermontov in 4 volumes. Khudozhestvennaya Literatura Publishers. Moscow, 1959. Vol. IV, pp. 390–391

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Works by M.Y. Lermontov in 4 volumes. Khudozhestvennaya Literatura Publishers. Moscow, 1959. Vol. IV. pp. 557–588

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Nine days after Maria's death a final row broke out in Tarkhany and Yuri rushed away to his Kropotovo estate in

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Attracted to the nature of the Caucasus and excited by its folklore, he studied the local languages (such as

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writer, poet and painter, sometimes called "the poet of the Caucasus", the most important Russian poet after

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In mid-1832, Lermontov accompanied by grandmother, traveled to Saint Petersburg, with a view of joining the

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is felt in modern times, through his poetry, but also his prose, which founded the tradition of the Russian

6225: 6175: 5639: 5009: 3790: 3239: 1101: 344: 122: 4086: 5887: 5702: 5544: 3856: 3805: 3576: 3397: 1821: 1176: 1168: 665: 421: 5822: 4151: 6215: 6155: 5524: 4753: 4265: 3510: 3422: 3391: 3114:"Лермонтов, Михаил Юрьевич, музыкальный театр, образ лермонтова, в игровом кино, документальные фильмы" 1970: 1605: 1577:, for instance, dedicated his 1917 poetic collection of signal importance to the memory of Lermontov's 811: 460: 20: 5832: 4498: 4275: 3449: 2985: 1760:. In 2014, in memory of his 200th birthday, a biography documentary about him was released in Russia. 6071: 5471: 5422: 3722: 3680: 3313: 2084: 1448:

This lean period bore a few fruits: "Khadji-Abrek" (1835), his first ever published poem, and 1836's

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Otherwise, Lermontov's short poems range from indignantly patriotic pieces like "Fatherland" to the

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While in the University 16-year-old Lermontov passionately fell in love with another cousin of his,

1093:. Lermontov found himself slightly injured, then arrested and jailed. His visitors in jail included 860:), wrote some of his most splendid poems and painted extensively. "Good people are here aplenty. In 5970: 5792: 5682: 5672: 5609: 5375: 5060: 4121: 3851: 3688: 3265: 2230: 2132: 1251: 702: 360: 5549: 4839: 6210: 5742: 5599: 5504: 5360: 4789: 4405: 3795: 3417: 3323: 3060: 2210: 1306: 819: 669: 295: 4615: 4315: 6081: 6036: 6031: 5727: 5619: 5519: 5030: 4804: 4743: 4360: 4131: 2117:

How Often, Surrounded by a Motley Crowd... (Kak tchasto, okruzhonny pyostroyu tolpoyu..., 1840)

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several days, just in order to upset matches," his friend and flatmate Alexey Stolypin wrote.

1026:, a novel which later earned him recognition as one of the founding fathers of Russian prose. 6086: 6051: 6041: 5975: 5802: 5777: 5737: 5687: 5584: 5437: 5284: 5096: 4953: 4894: 4728: 4723: 4677: 4605: 4544: 4430: 4189: 3836: 3785: 3762: 3497: 3275: 2738: 1620: 1501: 718: 556: 476: 4641: 4116: 4101: 1466:

and featured characters and dilemmas not far removed from those that would form the base of

6165: 6160: 6134: 5707: 5269: 5156: 5081: 4794: 4758: 4460: 4440: 4194: 3881: 3821: 3715: 1893: 1753: 1710: 815: 455:) and was kept under close surveillance of a French doctor, Anselm Levis. Colonel Capet, a 92: 27: 5807: 5624: 4859: 4636: 4493: 4214: 4179: 2394:. Russian Authors. Biobibliographical Dictionary. Vol 1. Prosveshchenye Publishers, Moscow 1914:("Ulansha", "The Hospital", "Celebration in Petergof", 1832–1834, first published in 1936) 8: 6066: 5925: 5629: 5514: 5355: 4738: 4733: 4569: 4310: 4245: 3861: 3649: 3549: 3483: 3358: 2288:

Babulin, I.B. The New Lines Regiments in the Smolensk War, 1632–1634 Reitar, No. 22, 2005

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Becoming Mikhail Lermontov: The Ironies of Romantic Individualism in Nicholas I's Russia

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Angel of Death (Angel smerti, 1831; published in 1857 – in Germany; in 1860 – in Russia)

1335: 6122: 5842: 5604: 5594: 5479: 5370: 5264: 5106: 5055: 4968: 4864: 4834: 4824: 4672: 4470: 4159: 4051: 3992: 3770: 3557: 2220: 2198: 2191: 1796: 1666: 1570: 1473: 1372: 1348: 1297: 1094: 1081: 1066: 1022: 968: 916: 619: 615: 599: 464: 324: 260: 155: 5004: 4884: 4081: 2647:"Biography. The Works by M.Y. Lermontov in 10 volumes. Moscow, Voskresenye Publishers" 1745:, the place being selected due to a suggested association of Lermontov's descent with 6056: 6026: 5990: 5935: 5857: 5787: 5712: 5649: 5554: 5539: 5509: 5350: 5325: 5299: 5238: 5228: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 4779: 4748: 4692: 4503: 4488: 4410: 4295: 4240: 4164: 4076: 4029: 3932: 3922: 3886: 3752: 3664: 3634: 3592: 3284: 3220: 3192: 3131: 3012: 2838: 2744: 2182: 2090:

When Yellowish Fields Get Ruffled... (Kogda volnuyetsa zhelteyushchaya niva..., 1837)

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only on 10 June, having spent a whole month in Moscow, visiting (among other people)

1074: 990: 985: 924: 798: 755: 741:. During what he later referred to as "four wasted years" he finished "Demon", wrote 623: 611: 544: 540: 536: 532: 472: 379: 375:. Family legend asserted that George Learmonth descended from the famed 13th-century 372: 320: 300: 252: 5396: 5391: 5274: 4111: 4061: 1749:. Until only a few years earlier, the connection had been little-known in Scotland. 1413:

In 1832, Lermontov tried his hand at prose for the first time. The unfinished novel

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related at some length by Skabichevsky) it was proved later to have never happened.

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having no will to break free from these surroundings. A strange kind of man," wrote

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The little house in Pyatigorsk where Lermontov spent the two last months of his life

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On 3 October 2014, a monument to Lermontov was unveiled in the Scottish village of

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In 1836–1838, Lermontov's interest in history and folklore re-awakened. Eclectic

1493: 1430: 1200: 953: 880: 869: 733: 535:'s boarding-school for the nobility's children. Here his personal tutor was poet 376: 5442: 4380: 3775: 3163: 710:

and he furthered it to print), many refused to take the young author seriously.

331:. His death marked the loss of one of Russia's most promising literary talents. 5985: 5955: 5920: 5910: 5892: 5797: 5757: 5692: 5564: 5494: 5335: 5320: 5248: 5192: 5182: 5151: 5131: 5040: 4963: 4943: 4928: 4849: 4809: 4513: 4465: 4395: 4290: 4270: 4209: 4106: 3970: 3896: 3695: 3318: 3090: 2010: 1720: 1686: 1631: 1615: 1588: 1558: 1181: 1132: 896: 857: 714: 707: 452: 96: 72: 6000: 5569: 4595: 4559: 4370: 3488: 3398:

Various Lermontov poems in Russian with English translations, some audio files

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After visiting Moscow (where he produced no fewer than eight poetic pieces of

672:

Hussar regiment as a junior officer. One of his fellow cadet-school students,

425:(1830), its protagonist Yuri bearing strong resemblance to the young Mikhail. 169: 6149: 5995: 5960: 5950: 5930: 5862: 5812: 5677: 5667: 5452: 5427: 5315: 5289: 5177: 4958: 4829: 4435: 4365: 4340: 4330: 4285: 3985: 3619: 3611: 3584: 3502: 3423:

Russian text of «Смерть поэта» ("Death of the Poet") with English translation

3373: 3253:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 484–485. 3244: 3150:"«Ещe минута, и я упал...» Документальный фильм к 200-летию М. Ю. Лермонтова" 2187: 2173: 2159: 1938: 1930: 1881:

The Last Son of Freedom (Posledny syn volnosti, 1831–1832, published in 1910)

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Countess Emilie, whiter than lily...But the heart of Emilie is like Bastille,

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The Terrible Fate of Father and Son... (Uzhasnaya sudba otsa i syna... 1831)

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Both his patriotic and pantheistic poems had an enormous influence on later

500: 5965: 5940: 5915: 5882: 5852: 5772: 5732: 5634: 5579: 5489: 5457: 5447: 5432: 5172: 5035: 5025: 4999: 4844: 4799: 4523: 4455: 4445: 4385: 4335: 4280: 4091: 4009: 3980: 3831: 3672: 3434: 1994: 1727: 1717: 1579: 1384: 408: 356: 279: 5330: 3478: 1543:'s "The Citizen" (1824), damning the lost generation of "servile slaves". 1188:

In early 1841 Arsenyeva received permission from the Minister of Defense,

1139:

and of protecting the newly formed Russian Cossack settlement between the

1007: 5980: 5847: 5697: 5294: 5197: 5141: 4948: 4814: 4518: 4450: 4184: 4045: 4004: 3953: 3826: 3738: 3492: 2105: 1789: 1497: 1489: 1406: 1267: 1140: 1136: 973: 900: 865: 779: 572: 564: 560: 415: 256: 248: 140: 3410:

Various Lermontov poems, many in Russian, some English translations, at

1635:(defined by Mirsky as a missing link between the "Copper Rider" and the 1433:, while "The Last Son of Freedom" was a paean to (obviously, idealized) 51:

Lermontov in a military pelisse of the Hussar Life Guards Regiment, 1837

5101: 4420: 4400: 4390: 4039: 3876: 3468: 3353: 3348: 3333: 2066:

Forgive Me, Will We Meet Again?.. (Prosti, uvidimsya li snova..., 1832)

1458:(1836), a society tale which was influenced at least to some extent by 1163: 1160:, led partisan wars and were calling themselves 'the Lermontov army'." 1144: 907:(with whom, judging by "In Memoriam", 1839, he became quite close); in 888: 587: 304: 294:

In 1827, Lermontov moved to Moscow with his grandmother and joined the

88: 3368: 3363: 3338: 3328: 1785:(Knyaginya Ligovskaya, 1836, unfinished novel first published in 1882) 1195: 843: 590:

was matched only by his ability to pin someone down with a well aimed

515:. In autumn of that year he and Yelizaveta Arsenyeva moved to Moscow. 5762: 5091: 4973: 4305: 4024: 1547: 1292: 1247: 1243: 1112: 908: 803: 311:

for his health, which greatly impressed him and influenced his work.

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Alone I set out on the road... (Vykhozu odin ya na dorogu..., 1841)

1742: 1735: 1675: 1360: 1148: 1016: 827: 759:, his best-known drama. Through Rayevsky he became acquainted with 456: 444: 352: 348: 308: 284: 275: 3343: 2167: 1111:

In early May 1840 Lermontov left Saint Petersburg, but arrived at

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he had talks with poet and translator Nikolai Satin (a member of

848: 652: 591: 448: 288: 1878:

Kally ("The Bloody One", in Circassian, 1830, published in 1860)

1853:(1836, the alternative version of Masquerade, published in 1875) 930: 706:, without its author's consent: Nikolai Yuriev took the copy to 602:

and Lermontov, like many of his fellow-students, promptly quit.

4019: 1554: 1276: 912: 876: 861: 738: 340: 307:. Lermontov's early education included extensive travel to the 271: 68: 3707: 993:(b. Varvara Alexandrovna Lopukhina) was recorded in the novel 193: 3479:

Photographs of State Lermontov Museum and Reserve at Tarkhany

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Lermontov's handwritten request to Moscow University to leave

437: 359:). His paternal family descended from the Scottish family of 208: 2959: 1792:" (the Azerbaijani fairytale, 1837, first published in 1846) 1246:

aimed at Benckendorff), on 9 May 1841, Lermontov arrived to

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Lermontov's journey to Nizhny took four months. He visited

792:, a culprit whom he even considered challenging to a duel. 504: 436:

In June 1817, Yelizaveta Alekseyevna moved her grandson to

199: 26:

For the ocean liner which sank in New Zealand in 1986, see

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Russian text of "Cossack Lullaby" with English translation

2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 220: 1157: 3011:(5th ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. p. 181. 2661: 1262:. Meanwhile, in the same salons his Cadet school friend 3418:

Russian text of various poems with English translations

3061:"Russian poet Mikhail Lermontov celebrated in Scotland" 2263: 3344:

Translation of "Farewell! – unwashed, indigent Russia"

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Short biography with links to other Lermontov material

2020:(Detskaya skazka, 1839, unfinished, published in 1842) 1905:

A Lithuanian Woman (Litvinka, 1832, published in 1860)

1123:. On arrival, Lermontov re-joined the Army as part of 934:

Lermontov took delight in painting mountain landscapes

3164:""Ismail Bey" Mikhail Lermontov - read the full text" 1709:(granted municipal status in 1956), the cruise liner 989:(1835, first published in 1842). His doomed love for 223: 211: 202: 2149: 1863:

The Circassians (Tcherkesy, 1828, published in 1860)

1833:(Stranny tchelovek, 1831, drama/play published 1860) 1804:, 1840; 1842, 2nd edition; 1843, 3rd edition), novel 835:

for two years to serve in a lowly clerk's position.

255:'s death in 1837 and the greatest figure in Russian 217: 205: 190: 3031: 2936: 2415: 443:But the boy's health was fragile, he suffered from 196: 187: 6201:People from the Russian Empire of Scottish descent 3459:Short biography at Russian Biographical Dictionary 3314:Translations of various poems by Mikhail Lermontov 2114:So Dull, So Sad... (I skuchno, i grustno..., 1840) 1653:Pyatigorsk, Lermontov's duel location (photo 1958) 1131:. The left flank had the mission of disarming the 1060:disgruntled Lermontov conceded in an 1838 epigram. 3132:"Фильм Лермонтов (2014): фото, видео - Вокруг ТВ" 2939:"M.Yu. Lermontov. His Life and Works. Chapter 14" 2644: 2498:"The Life and Works of M.Y. Lermontov. Chapter 1" 2102:Don't Believe Yourself... (Ne ver sebye..., 1839) 2033:Two Brothers (1829, Dva brata, published in 1859) 1869:The Culprit (Prestupnik, 1828, published in 1859) 1080:Lermontov's popularity at the salons of Princess 6147: 2495: 2123:The Journalist, the Reader and the Writer (1840) 1238:The 1887 engraving from the 1841 coffin portrait 583:magazine, marked his informal publishing debut. 394:Maria Mikhaylovna Lermontova (1795–1817), mother 19:"Lermontov" redirects here. For other uses, see 6221:Russian military personnel of the Caucasian War 3233: 2078:The Branch of Palestine (Vetka Palestiny, 1837) 1270:, wore a long sword, affected the manners of a 1100:Due to the patronage of the Guard's Commander, 6171:19th-century novelists from the Russian Empire 3532: 3374:State Lermontov Museum and Reserve at Tarkhany 2982:The Russian lullaby in folklore and literature 2006:(Mtsyri, in Georgian, 1839, published in 1840) 1736:the estate where Lermontov spent his childhood 3723: 3518: 2640: 2638: 1887:Confession (Ispoved, 1831, published in 1889) 243:3 October] 1814 – 27 July [ 3484:The ancestors of Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov 2962:. Russian Poetry, XIX–XX. The Online Library 2649:. www.krugosvet.ru // Voskresenye Publishers 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2257:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 1899:The Sailor (Moryak, 1832, published in 1913) 432:Yuri Petrovich Lermontov (1787–1831), father 411:and died on 27 February 1817, aged only 21. 16:Russian writer, poet and painter (1814–1841) 2736: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2081:Mother Of God, Here I Stand (Molitva, 1837) 1723:(discovered in 1977) were named after him. 1147:rivers. In early July the regiment entered 967:Warmly welcomed at the houses of Karamzin, 3730: 3716: 3525: 3511: 3184: 2952: 2932: 2930: 2894: 2892: 2878: 2876: 2667: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2308: 2276: 2126:The Heavenly Ship (Vozdushny korabl, 1840) 1942:(1835–1836, unfinished, published in 1882) 1127:'s fighting unit on the left flank of the 270:Lermontov was born on October 15, 1814 in 2816: 2814: 2800: 2798: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2732: 2730: 2678: 2676: 2615: 2605: 2603: 2601: 1817:(Ispantsy, tragedy, 1830, published 1880) 1344:Lermontov who took this as a 'betrayal'. 274:into the Lermontov family and grew up in 3058: 3006: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2411: 2409: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2030:The Turk's Laments (Zhaloby turka, 1829) 1990:(Beglets, circa 1838, published in 1846) 1763: 1696: 1648: 1591:for his series of unforgettable images. 1553: 1472: 1383: 1334: 1291: 1233: 1194: 1162: 1051: 1006: 958: 929: 842: 778: 678: 628: 522: 489: 427: 389: 339:Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov was born in 2927: 2905: 2889: 2873: 2860: 2431: 2325: 2024: 1908:Aul Bastundji (1834, published in 1860) 1393:literary career lasted just six years. 1179:(11 July 1840), the basis for his poem 1119:, to whom he recited his then-new poem 1015:In February 1838, Lermontov arrived at 6148: 2847: 2811: 2795: 2777: 2764: 2673: 2598: 2418:"M. Yu. Lermontov. His Life and Works" 1609:(1838), a close relative to Pushkin's 610:In August 1830, Lermontov enrolled in 247:15 July] 1841) was a Russian 6077:Romanticism and the French Revolution 3711: 3506: 3214: 3036:. The Voice of Russia. Archived from 2707: 2489: 2406: 2291: 2206:, based on a short story by Lermontov 2111:In the Memory of A.I.Odoyevsky (1839) 1866:The Corsair (1828, published in 1859) 1777:(1832, unfinished; published in 1873) 1738:and where his remains are preserved. 1417:, telling the story of the 1773–1775 1011:Lermontov after the first exile, 1838 1000: 822:and on 25 February got banished as a 6181:Male writers from the Russian Empire 3642:The Song of the Merchant Kalashnikov 3034:"Gagarin spaceship ready for launch" 3032:Kudriavtsev Anatoli (4 April 2011). 2833:The Preface by Irakly Andronikov in 1947:The Song of the Merchant Kalashnikov 1902:Ismail-Bei (1832, published in 1842) 1847:(Dva brata, 1836, published in 1880) 1756:, Mikhail Lermontov was depicted by 1523:The Song of the Merchant Kalashnikov 983:as a celebrity, occasioned his play 788:Petersburg dames' sympathizing with 772: 728:The Song of the Merchant Kalashnikov 605: 3290:Works by or about Mikhail Lermontov 3240:"Lermontov, Mikhail Yurevich" 3059:Johnston, Willie (3 October 2014). 2837:(1985), Raduga Publishers, Moscow. 2087:(Proshchai, nemytaya Rossiya, 1837) 1998:(1838, published in 1856 in Berlin) 1199:The last portrait of Lermontov, by 347:, and he grew up in the village of 13: 3217:Lermontov: Tragedy in the Caucasus 3207: 2060:The Prophecy (Predskazaniye, 1831) 1950:(Pesnya kuptsa Kalashnikova, 1837) 14: 6237: 6186:Novelists from the Russian Empire 3259: 3191:. Northwestern University Press. 2743:. Northwestern University Press. 2190:based on one of the episodes in " 1974:(Tambovskaya Kaznatcheysha, 1838) 1388:Lermontov's tombstone in Tarkhany 1359:his newly found reputation of a ' 1073:and Saint Petersburg fashionable 737:, as well as a series of popular 494:Yelizaveta Arsenyeva, grandmother 6191:Painters from the Russian Empire 6130: 6129: 3469:Texts of various Lermontov works 3359:Translation of "Cossack Lullaby" 3306: 3235:Shedden-Ralston, William Ralston 3009:Dictionary of Minor Planet Names 2740:A Hero of Our Time. Introduction 2484:The Life of Lermontov. Timeline. 2214:, 1966 Soviet drama directed by 2166: 2152: 1884:Azrail (1831, published in 1876) 847:An 1837 landscape by Lermontov. 399:historian and Lermontov scholar 183: 168: 86:15 July] 1841 (aged 26) 45: 3737: 3156: 3142: 3124: 3106: 3078: 3052: 3025: 3000: 2991: 2974: 2918: 2827: 2688: 2585: 2565: 2545: 2525: 2500:. ruslit.com.ua. Archived from 1920:(1835, Biblioteka Dlya Chtenya) 1875:Julio (1830, published in 1860) 1841:(1835, first published in 1842) 1287: 1284:posthumously in his notebooks. 1047: 872:, and visited central Georgia. 683:Lermontov in 1834. Portrait by 518: 3489:"I Walk Out Alone Upon My Way" 2516: 2392:"Lermontov, Mikhail Yurievich" 2311:"Lermontov, Mikhail Yurievich" 2282: 2245: 1872:Oleg (1829, published in 1859) 915:he drifted towards a group of 838: 451:(the latter accounted for his 1: 6206:Poets from the Russian Empire 6100:Wanderer above the Sea of Fog 3364:Translation of "We parted..." 3349:Translation of "The Prisoner" 3324:Translation of "The Prophecy" 2239: 1480:. Lermontov's painting, 1837. 899:circle) and with some of the 385: 334: 2120:Little Clouds (Tuchki, 1840) 1339:Natalya Ivanova in the 1840s 1102:Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich 659: 367:, a Scottish officer in the 314:In 1832, Lermontov moved to 123:Golden Age of Russian Poetry 7: 6196:People from Moskovsky Uyezd 3657:The Tambov Treasurer's Wife 3577:Menschen und Leidenschaften 3464:Short biography at Megabook 3305:(public domain audiobooks) 2235:, ocean liner built in 1972 2145: 1822:Menschen und Leidenschaften 1716:(launched in 1970) and the 1177:Battle of the Valerik River 750:The Tambov Treasurer's Wife 666:Saint Petersburg University 640:Menschen und Leidenschaften 422:Menschen und Leidenschaften 373:Mikhail Fyodorovich Romanov 237:Михаи́л Ю́рьевич Ле́рмонтов 179:Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov 60:Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov 10: 6242: 6017:Coleridge's theory of life 3354:Translation of "The Dream" 3299:Works by Mikhail Lermontov 3281:Works by Mikhail Lermontov 3185:Powelstock, David (2011). 3177: 3007:Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). 2645:Sirotkina, Yelena (2002). 2096:The Dagger (Kinzhal, 1838) 1734:as their call sign, after 1619:rhyme. Even so, it is his 1171:. D.Palen's drawing, 1840. 879:cavalry regiment based at 812:Alexander von Benckendorff 25: 21:Lermontov (disambiguation) 18: 6109: 6072:Romanticism and economics 6009: 5901: 5648: 5470: 5415: 5384: 5308: 5257: 5206: 5165: 5074: 5018: 4982: 4936: 4927: 4772: 4716: 4665: 4624: 4583: 4537: 4479: 4349: 4228: 4150: 4087:Manuel Antônio de Almeida 4069: 4060: 3946: 3814: 3745: 3681:Farewell, Unwashed Russia 3603: 3568: 3541: 3339:Translation of "The Sail" 3329:Translation of "The Sail" 3319:Translation of "Borodino" 2937:Skabichevsky, Alexander. 2911:Skabichevsky, Alexander. 2898:Skabichevsky, Alexander. 2882:Skabichevsky, Alexander. 2866:Skabichevsky, Alexander. 2853:Skabichevsky, Alexander. 2820:Skabichevsky, Alexander. 2804:Skabichevsky, Alexander. 2788:Skabichevsky, Alexander. 2682:Skabichevsky, Alexander. 2591:Skabichevsky, Alexander. 2496:Viskovatov, P.A. (1891). 2416:Skabichevsky, Alexander. 2129:Fatherland (Rodina, 1841) 2085:Farewell, Unwashed Russia 2054:The Wish (Zhelanye, 1831) 2048:The Reed (Trostnik, 1831) 1934:(1836, published in 1842) 1926:(1836, published in 1861) 1808: 1701:The site of the 1841 duel 1692: 1496:(but also owing a lot to 820:Petropavlovskaya fortress 802:, its final part written 685:Pyotr Zakharov-Chechenets 403:. An earlier biographer, 236: 167: 162: 150: 136: 128: 118: 110: 102: 78: 56: 44: 37: 3852:German historical school 3689:The Princess of the Tide 3498:Mikhail Lermontov poetry 3474:Lermontov Museum, Moscow 3387:Mikhail Lermontov poetry 3369:Translation of "Because" 3215:Kelly, Laurence (2003). 2770:Skabichevsky, Alexander 2701:24 December 2013 at the 2609:Skabichevsky, Alexander 2578:24 December 2013 at the 2558:24 December 2013 at the 2538:24 December 2013 at the 2202:– from 1988 directed by 2138:The Dispute (Spor, 1841) 2133:The Princess of the Tide 2093:The Thought (Duma, 1838) 2069:The Hussar (Gusar, 1832) 2039:The Spring (Vesna, 1830) 2018:The Children's Fairytale 1857: 1768: 1613:, performed in stomping 1379: 1315:occasionally misguided. 1252:Caucasian Mineral Waters 1229: 903:, notably with the poet 703:Biblioteka Dlya Chteniya 66:3 October] 1814 4499:Józef Ignacy Kraszewski 3447:Online Lermontov shrine 3428:3 November 2012 at the 3334:Translation of "A Sail" 3250:Encyclopædia Britannica 3152:– via www.1tv.ru. 2960:"Goshpital (Гошпиталь)" 2223:– crater on the planet 2211:Hero of Our Time (film) 2057:The Angel (Angel, 1831) 2051:Mermaid (Rusalka, 1831) 1971:Tambov Treasurer's Wife 1606:Tambov Treasurer's Wife 1255:week before his death. 1213:Poems by M.Y. Lermontov 479:shared popularity with 365:Yuri (George) Learmonth 363:, and can be traced to 239:; 15 October [ 6082:Romanticism in science 6037:Middle Ages in history 6032:List of Romantic poets 4744:Josiah Gilbert Holland 3441:Russian-language links 3412:Friends & Partners 2063:The Sail (Parus, 1831) 1825:(1830, published 1880) 1702: 1654: 1566: 1481: 1478:Georgian Military Road 1389: 1340: 1330: 1311: 1266:, dressed as a native 1239: 1219:Otechestvennye Zapiski 1204: 1172: 1061: 1036:Otechestvennye Zapiski 1012: 964: 946: 935: 921:Alexander Chavchavadze 852: 784: 766:Otechestvennye Zapiski 688: 634: 528: 495: 433: 401:Alexander Skabichevsky 395: 106:Poet, novelist, artist 6052:Romantic epistemology 6042:Opium and Romanticism 4611:Stojadinović-Srpkinja 3837:Counter-Enlightenment 1963:The Death of the Poet 1764:Selected bibliography 1700: 1652: 1557: 1476: 1387: 1338: 1325: 1295: 1237: 1198: 1166: 1087:the French ambassador 1055: 1033:, now at the helm of 1010: 962: 941: 933: 919:intellectuals led by 846: 826:to the Nizhegorodsky 782: 719:Yevdokiya Rostopchina 682: 632: 557:Konstantin Batyushkov 526: 493: 431: 393: 62:15 October [ 6116:Age of Enlightenment 3758:England (literature) 3394:. 1986 Mosfilm movie 2737:Lewis Bagby (2002). 2504:on December 24, 2013 2025:Selected short poems 1802:Герой нашего времени 1754:Abbasgulu Bakikhanov 1302:Edmond Pierre Martin 1167:Lermontov after the 527:Lermontov as a child 28:MS Mikhail Lermontov 6226:Writers from Moscow 6176:Duelling fatalities 6067:Romantic psychology 3862:Hudson River School 3806:Sweden (literature) 3791:Russia (literature) 3550:Princess Ligovskaya 3452:4 June 2017 at the 3403:27 May 2013 at the 3380:Dual-language links 3094:. 27 September 2015 2980:Golovin, Valentin. 2309:Mirsky, D. (1926). 2216:Stanislav Rostotsky 2042:15 July 1830 (1830) 1979:The Cossack Lullaby 1896:(published in 1832) 1782:Princess Ligovskaya 1561:'s illustration to 1455:Princess Ligovskaya 1082:Sofija Shcherbatova 995:Princess Ligovskaya 905:Alexander Odoyevsky 885:A Hero of Our Times 833:Olonets Governorate 783:Self-portrait, 1837 296:Moscow University's 265:psychological novel 259:. His influence on 4052:White Mountain art 3993:Historical fiction 3801:Spain (literature) 3558:A Hero of Our Time 2835:A Hero of Our Time 2571:Viskovatov, P.A. 2221:Lermontov (crater) 2199:Ashik Kerib (film) 2192:A Hero of Our Time 2108:(Tri palhmy, 1839) 1797:A Hero of Our Time 1703: 1683:A Hero of Our Time 1667:A Hero of Our Time 1655: 1571:Russian literature 1567: 1482: 1468:A Hero of Our Time 1464:Petersburg Stories 1390: 1373:A Hero of Our Time 1341: 1312: 1298:Varvara Bakhmeteva 1260:A Hero of Our Time 1240: 1216:Lermontov's view) 1209:A Hero of Our Time 1205: 1173: 1095:Vissarion Belinsky 1067:Alexandra Smirnova 1062: 1023:A Hero of Our Time 1013: 1002:A Hero of Our Time 969:Alexandra Smirnova 965: 936: 853: 785: 689: 635: 620:Nikolai Stankevich 616:Vissarion Belinsky 529: 496: 434: 396: 325:A Hero of Our Time 261:Russian literature 156:A Hero of Our Time 132:Novel, poem, drama 82:27 July [ 6216:Russian duellists 6156:Mikhail Lermontov 6143: 6142: 6057:Romantic medicine 6027:List of romantics 5466: 5465: 5117:Felix Mendelssohn 5112:Fanny Mendelssohn 4923: 4922: 4637:Rosalía de Castro 4575:Soares dos Passos 3923:Transcendentalism 3887:Nazarene movement 3847:Düsseldorf School 3705: 3704: 3635:Death of the Poet 3535:Mikhail Lermontov 3285:Project Gutenberg 3226:978-1-86064-887-8 3168:Mikhail Lermontov 2696:Viskovatov, Ch. V 2694:Viskovatov, P.A. 2551:Viskovatov, P.A. 2531:Viskovatov, P.A. 2232:Mikhail Lermontov 2073:Death of the Poet 1912:The Junkers Poems 1894:No, I'm not Byron 1747:Thomas the Rhymer 1713:Mikhail Lermontov 1707:Lermontov, Russia 1537:Death of the Poet 1443:Irakly Andronikov 1435:Novgorod Republic 1419:Yemelyan Pugachev 1349:Varvara Lopukhina 1207:By the time both 1190:Count Kleinmichel 1152:reckless thugs". 1125:General Galafeyev 1091:Tchernaya Retchka 1029:In January 1839, 991:Varvara Lopukhina 799:Death of the Poet 774:Death of the Poet 624:Alexander Hertzen 612:Moscow University 606:Moscow University 545:Gavrila Derzhavin 541:Mikhail Lomonosov 537:Alexey Merzlyakov 533:Moscow University 473:Aleksandr Pushkin 380:Thomas the Rhymer 369:Polish–Lithuanian 321:Death of the Poet 301:Alexander Pushkin 253:Alexander Pushkin 176: 175: 137:Literary movement 39:Mikhail Lermontov 6233: 6133: 6132: 6092:Evolution theory 4934: 4933: 4067: 4066: 3928:Ukrainian school 3732: 3725: 3718: 3709: 3708: 3527: 3520: 3513: 3504: 3503: 3388: 3310: 3309: 3294:Internet Archive 3254: 3242: 3230: 3219:. 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925:Nina Griboyedova 761:Andrey Krayevsky 674:Nikolai Martynov 569:Vasily Zhukovsky 553:Vladislav Ozerov 513:Tula Governorate 416:Tula Governorate 405:Pavel Viskovatov 345:Lermontov family 329:Nikolai Martynov 316:Saint Petersburg 238: 230: 229: 226: 225: 222: 219: 214: 213: 210: 207: 204: 201: 198: 195: 192: 189: 172: 49: 35: 34: 6241: 6240: 6236: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6231: 6230: 6146: 6145: 6144: 6139: 6138: 6127: 6119: 6105: 6062:Romantic poetry 6047:Romantic ballet 6022:German idealism 6005: 5971:Lacoue-Labarthe 5897: 5644: 5462: 5411: 5380: 5361:Rimsky-Korsakov 5304: 5253: 5202: 5161: 5070: 5014: 4978: 4919: 4768: 4712: 4661: 4620: 4579: 4533: 4475: 4416:Maria Edgeworth 4352: 4345: 4224: 4146: 4056: 4035:Romantic genius 3965:Gesamtkunstwerk 3942: 3903:Sturm und Drang 3810: 3741: 3736: 3706: 3701: 3599: 3564: 3537: 3531: 3454:Wayback Machine 3430:Wayback Machine 3405:Wayback Machine 3386: 3307: 3276:Short biography 3271:Short biography 3262: 3257: 3227: 3210: 3208:Further reading 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1811: 1771: 1766: 1695: 1575:Boris Pasternak 1529:Cossack Lullaby 1494:Alexander Dumas 1431:July Revolution 1382: 1304: 1290: 1232: 1201:Kirill Gorbunov 1129:Caucasian front 1071:lady-in-waiting 1050: 1005: 954:Andrey Muravyov 881:Nizhny Novgorod 870:Taman Peninsula 841: 777: 698:Shkolnaya Zarya 662: 608: 521: 388: 337: 216: 186: 182: 93:Caucasus Oblast 87: 67: 61: 52: 40: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6239: 6229: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6211:Romantic poets 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6141: 6140: 6120: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6013: 6011: 6010:Related topics 6007: 6006: 6004: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5907: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 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Retrieved 2284: 2255: 2247: 2231: 2209: 2197: 2181: 2017: 2009: 2001: 1993: 1987:The Fugitive 1985: 1977: 1969: 1961: 1953: 1945: 1937: 1929: 1923: 1918:Khadji-Abrek 1917: 1911: 1850: 1845:Two Brothers 1844: 1836: 1828: 1820: 1814: 1801: 1795: 1780: 1774: 1751: 1740: 1731: 1728:Soyuz TMA-21 1726:The crew of 1725: 1718:minor planet 1712: 1705:The town of 1704: 1682: 1680: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1656: 1644:The Fugitive 1636: 1630: 1624: 1614: 1610: 1604: 1602: 1595: 1593: 1578: 1568: 1562: 1545: 1534: 1527: 1521: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1505: 1485: 1483: 1467: 1463: 1453: 1449: 1447: 1439: 1427: 1423: 1414: 1412: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1357: 1353: 1346: 1342: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1296:Portrait of 1288:Private life 1282: 1259: 1257: 1241: 1224: 1217: 1212: 1208: 1206: 1187: 1180: 1174: 1154: 1120: 1110: 1105: 1099: 1079: 1063: 1057: 1048:Second exile 1034: 1028: 1021: 1014: 1001: 994: 984: 972: 966: 947: 942: 937: 884: 874: 854: 808: 797: 794: 786: 773: 764: 754: 748: 742: 732: 726: 724: 712: 701: 697: 694: 690: 663: 650: 643: 639: 636: 609: 585: 580: 530: 519:School years 509: 497: 485: 442: 435: 420: 413: 409:tuberculosis 397: 357:Penza Oblast 338: 313: 293: 280:tuberculosis 269: 178: 177: 154: 32: 6166:1841 deaths 6161:1814 births 5808:Michałowski 5640:Wackenroder 5605:F. Schlegel 5600:A. Schlegel 5376:Tchaikovsky 5265:Bortkiewicz 5137:R. Schumann 5132:C. Schumann 5097:Kalkbrenner 5066:Saint-Saëns 4371:Anne Brontë 4256:Eichendorff 4241:B. v. Arnim 4236:A. v. Arnim 4046:Weltschmerz 4005:Medievalism 3954:Blue flower 3882:Nationalist 3827:Bohemianism 3739:Romanticism 3493:Anna German 3098:14 December 3070:14 December 2508:November 1, 2313:. az.lib.ru 2252:"Lermontov" 2106:Three Palms 1790:Ashik-Kerib 1611:Count Nulin 1548:pantheistic 1498:Shakespeare 1490:Victor Hugo 1407:D.S. Mirsky 1397:the world. 1305: [ 1137:Imam Shamil 974:Sovremennik 927:'s father. 901:Decembrists 866:Kizlyar Bay 839:First exile 642:(1830) and 588:caricatures 573:Romanticism 565:Ivan Kozlov 561:Ivan Krylov 257:Romanticism 141:Romanticism 111:Nationality 6150:Categories 5683:Chassériau 5658:Aivazovsky 5366:Rubinstein 5351:Mussorgsky 5300:Wieniawski 5285:Paderewski 5127:Moszkowski 4910:Vörösmarty 4900:Shevchenko 4754:Longfellow 4678:Batyushkov 4673:Baratynsky 4642:Espronceda 4509:Mickiewicz 4504:Malczewski 4471:Wordsworth 4456:M. Shelley 4411:de Quincey 4276:Günderrode 4160:Baudelaire 4040:Wanderlust 3877:Lake Poets 3665:The Novice 3593:Masquerade 2966:13 January 2944:1 December 2913:Chapter 13 2900:Chapter 12 2884:Chapter 11 2868:Chapter 10 2756:1 November 2684:Chapter IV 2653:1 November 2533:Chapter 2. 2423:1 December 2398:1 December 2317:1 December 2240:References 2186:– film by 2003:The Novice 1838:Masquerade 1681:In Russia 1597:The Novice 1506:Masquerade 1502:Griboyedov 1268:Circassian 986:Masquerade 889:Pyatigorsk 816:Nicholas I 756:Masquerade 670:Life-Guard 386:Early life 353:Lermontovo 335:Background 305:Lord Byron 103:Occupation 89:Pyatigorsk 6123:Modernism 5783:Kiprensky 5743:Géricault 5728:Friedrich 5718:Delacroix 5693:Constable 5673:Bonington 5663:Bierstadt 5615:Senancour 5590:Schelling 5545:Lamennais 5540:Khomyakov 5505:Coleridge 5500:Chaadayev 5407:Stanković 5402:Mokranjac 5321:Balakirev 5280:Moniuszko 5229:Donizetti 5224:Cherubini 5122:Meyerbeer 5107:Marschner 5082:Beethoven 4995:Moscheles 4929:Musicians 4915:Wergeland 4880:Orbeliani 4835:Grundtvig 4739:Hawthorne 4708:Zhukovsky 4703:Vyazemsky 4688:Lermontov 4647:Gutiérrez 4606:Radičević 4570:Herculano 4494:Krasiński 4436:Radcliffe 4406:Coleridge 4381:E. Brontë 4376:C. Brontë 4306:Jean Paul 4301:Hölderlin 4190:Lamartine 4127:Magalhães 4117:Guimarães 4025:Pantheism 4015:Nostalgia 3867:Indianism 3815:Movements 3746:Countries 3533:Works by 3136:Вокруг ТВ 2855:Chapter 9 2822:Chapter 8 2806:Chapter 7 2790:Chapter 6 2772:Chapter V 2611:Chapter 2 2593:Chapter 3 2573:Chapter 1 2553:Chapter 2 1730:selected 1248:Stavropol 1244:invective 1113:Stavropol 1077:hostess. 909:Stavropol 804:impromptu 660:1832–1837 600:gymnasium 596:Zhukovsky 477:Lamartine 361:Learmonth 343:into the 163:Signature 6135:Category 5951:Dahlhaus 5936:Blanning 5903:Scholars 5873:Tropinin 5868:Tidemand 5858:Stattler 5853:Scheffer 5753:Głowacki 5723:Edelfelt 5678:Bryullov 5620:Snellman 5595:Schiller 5585:Rousseau 5565:Michelet 5510:Constant 5480:Belinsky 5453:Sibelius 5397:Konjović 5371:Scriabin 5341:Lyapunov 5275:Lipiński 5244:Spontini 5234:Paganini 5178:Goldmark 4969:Thalberg 4964:Schubert 4944:Bruckner 4905:Topelius 4895:Runeberg 4885:Prešeren 4855:Leopardi 4820:Frashëri 4810:Eminescu 4790:Andersen 4698:Tyutchev 4683:Karamzin 4657:Zorrilla 4652:Saavedra 4550:Castilho 4538:Portugal 4529:Słowacki 4431:Polidori 4361:Barbauld 4296:Hoffmann 4251:Brentano 4165:Bertrand 3986:Romantic 3822:Ancients 3796:Scotland 3698:" (1841) 3691:" (1841) 3652:" (1838) 3637:" (1837) 3630:" (1837) 3628:Borodino 3450:Archived 3426:Archived 3401:Archived 3303:LibriVox 3237:(1911). 3065:BBC News 2699:Archived 2576:Archived 2556:Archived 2536:Archived 2146:See also 1955:Borodino 1743:Earlston 1732:Tarkhany 1676:Stendhal 1626:Borodino 1621:1812 War 1361:Don Juan 1300:in 1833 1149:Chechnya 1017:Novgorod 917:Georgian 828:dragoons 790:D'Anthès 734:Borodino 501:sadistic 465:Schiller 457:Napoleon 445:scrofula 349:Tarkhany 309:Caucasus 285:scrofula 276:Tarkhany 249:Romantic 5976:Lovejoy 5911:Abraham 5833:Richard 5823:Préault 5748:Girodet 5630:Thoreau 5575:Novalis 5560:Mazzini 5555:Maistre 5530:Hazlitt 5515:Emerson 5495:Carlyle 5485:Berchet 5428:Berwald 5423:Bennett 5392:Hristić 5346:Medtner 5326:Borodin 5316:Arensky 5239:Rossini 5214:Bellini 5193:Joachim 5166:Hungary 5147:Strauss 5075:Germany 5041:Berlioz 5010:Voříšek 5005:Smetana 4983:Czechia 4937:Austria 4870:Maturin 4865:Manzoni 4840:Heliade 4815:Foscolo 4785:Alfieri 4780:Abovian 4734:Emerson 4693:Pushkin 4632:Bécquer 4565:Garrett 4519:Potocki 4466:Southey 4426:Maturin 4396:Carlyle 4353:Britain 4326:Novalis 4281:Gutzkow 4229:Germany 4195:Mérimée 4180:Gautier 4107:Barreto 4102:Azevedo 4082:Alencar 4062:Writers 3981:Byronic 3917:Purismo 3771:Germany 3753:Denmark 3696:Valerik 3542:Fiction 3392:YouTube 3292:at the 3247:(ed.). 3178:Sources 2986:Summary 2225:Mercury 2011:Valerik 1851:Arbenin 1632:Valerik 1565:(1890). 1182:Valerik 1133:Chechen 897:Ogaryov 739:ballads 653:cholera 592:epigram 581:Ateneum 449:rickets 289:rickets 233:Russian 145:realism 114:Russian 6001:Wellek 5981:de Man 5966:Janion 5956:Ferber 5931:Berlin 5926:Beiser 5921:Barzun 5916:Abrams 5893:Wiertz 5878:Turner 5828:Révoil 5813:Palmer 5803:Martin 5798:Leutze 5773:Janmot 5733:Fuseli 5688:Church 5580:Quinet 5570:Müller 5525:Goethe 5520:Fichte 5443:Franck 5385:Serbia 5336:Glinka 5309:Russia 5295:Tausig 5290:Stolpe 5270:Chopin 5258:Poland 5219:Busoni 5183:Heller 5152:Wagner 5087:Brahms 5061:Onslow 5051:Halévy 5019:France 5000:Reicha 4990:Dvořák 4959:Mahler 4954:Hummel 4949:Czerny 4845:Isaacs 4825:Geijer 4759:Lowell 4749:Irving 4729:Cooper 4724:Bryant 4666:Russia 4601:Njegoš 4596:Kostić 4591:Jakšić 4584:Serbia 4514:Norwid 4489:Fredro 4481:Poland 4451:Seward 4341:Uhland 4331:Schwab 4321:Mörike 4311:Kleist 4266:Goethe 4261:Fouqué 4210:Nodier 4205:Nerval 4200:Musset 4152:France 4142:Varela 4137:Taunay 4122:Macedo 4070:Brazil 4020:Ossian 3947:Themes 3786:Poland 3781:Norway 3763:France 3684:(1841) 3676:(1841) 3668:(1840) 3660:(1838) 3645:(1837) 3623:(1836) 3620:Sashka 3615:(1836) 3596:(1835) 3588:(1831) 3580:(1830) 3561:(1840) 3553:(1836) 3223: 3195: 3015: 2841: 2747: 2582:, p. 4 2542:(p. 5) 2075:(1837) 2014:(1840) 1982:(1838) 1966:(1837) 1958:(1837) 1939:Sashka 1809:Dramas 1693:Legacy 1660:Sashka 1450:Sashka 1277:Mashuk 1203:, 1841 1121:Mtsyri 1106:ad lib 1069:, the 913:Tiflis 893:Herzen 877:Grodno 862:Tiflis 851:, 1837 849:Tiflis 824:cornet 469:Uvarov 461:Goethe 341:Moscow 272:Moscow 143:, pre- 119:Period 69:Moscow 6087:Bacon 5996:Rosen 5991:Ricks 5986:Nancy 5946:Blume 5941:Bloom 5863:Stroy 5848:Saleh 5843:Runge 5793:Lampi 5778:Jones 5768:Hayez 5703:Corot 5668:Blake 5635:Tieck 5625:Staël 5550:Larra 5535:Hegel 5490:Burke 5448:Grieg 5438:Field 5433:Elgar 5416:Other 5249:Verdi 5207:Italy 5198:Liszt 5188:Hubay 5173:Erkel 5157:Weber 5142:Spohr 5102:Loewe 5092:Bruch 5056:Méhul 5046:Fauré 5036:Auber 5031:Alkan 4890:Raffi 4860:Mácha 4850:Lenau 4800:Botev 4773:Other 4625:Spain 4560:Dinis 4446:Scott 4421:Keats 4401:Clare 4391:Byron 4386:Burns 4366:Blake 4351:Great 4336:Tieck 4291:Heine 4286:Hauff 4220:Vigny 4215:Staël 4175:Dumas 4097:Assis 4092:Alves 4077:Abreu 4030:Rhine 3933:Ultra 3776:Japan 3673:Demon 3604:Poems 3569:Plays 3243:. In 3044:1 May 1995:Demon 1924:Mongo 1858:Poems 1775:Vadim 1769:Prose 1580:Demon 1563:Demon 1460:Gogol 1415:Vadim 1380:Works 1323:thus: 1309:] 1230:Death 1141:Kuban 1075:salon 887:. 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