586:) of the solar cycle around which the Roman year was based. By the sixth century, this solar cycle was completed by balancing Christ's conception and birth against the conception and birth of his cousin, John the Baptist. Such a relationship between Christ and his cousin was amply justified by the imagery of scripture. The Baptist was conceived six months before Christ (Luke 1:76); he was not himself the light, but was to give testimony concerning the light (John 1:8â9). Thus John's conception was celebrated on the eighth kalends of October (24 September: near the autumn equinox) and his birth on the eighth kalends of July (24 June: near the Summer solstice). If Christ's conception and birth took place on the 'growing days', it was fitting that John the Baptist's should take place on the 'lessening days' ('diebus decrescentibus'), for the Baptist himself had proclaimed that 'he must increase; but I must decrease' (John 3:30). By the late sixth century, the Nativity of John the Baptist (24 June) had become an important feast, counterbalancing at midsummer the midwinter feast of Christmas.
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them in great familiarity, praising God for his benefits bestowed on them. These were called bonfires as well of good amity amongst neighbours that, being before at controversy, were there by the labour of others reconciled, and made of bitter enemies, loving friends, as also for the birtue that a great fire hat to purge the infection of the air. On the vigil of St John
Baptist and St Peter and Paul the Apostles, every man's door being shadowed with green birch, long fennel, St John's Wort, Orpin, white lillies and such like, garnished upon with garlands of beautiful flowers, had also lamps of glass, with oil burinin in them all night, some hung branches of iron curiously wrought, containing hundreds of lamps lit at once, which made goodly show.
2005:) in Lithuania, and is also known as Saint Jonas' Festival, Rasos (Dew Holiday), KupolÄ, Midsummer Day and St. John's Day. It is celebrated in the night from 23 June to 24 June and on 24 June. The traditions include singing songs and dancing until the sun sets, telling tales, searching to find the magic fern blossom at midnight, jumping over bonfires, greeting the rising midsummer sun and washing the face with a morning dew, young girls float flower wreaths on the water of river or lake. These are customs brought from pagan culture and beliefs. The latter Christian tradition is based on the reverence of Saint John. Lithuanians with the names Jonas, JonÄ, Janina receive many greetings from their family, relatives and friends.
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display, on outside walls of their workshops, of all their rich things, ornaments and jewels. As many cloths of gold and silk are displayed as would adorn ten kingdoms, and as many gold and silver jewels, rich hangings, painted panels and marvellous carvings, and things pertaining to feats of arms ... Then at around the hour of terce, a solemn procession is made by all the clerics, priests, monks and friars ... with so many relics of saints, that it is a thing of immeasurable devotion ... With them are many companies of secular men ... dressed as angels, sounding musical instruments of many sorts, singing marvellously, and enacting the stories of those saints that each company honours.
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896:. Bulgarian folklore states the beginning of summer starts on Enyovden. It is thought that in the morning of Enyovden, when the sun rises, it "winks' and "plays". Anyone seeing the sunrise will be healthy throughout the year. It is believed that on Enyovden a variety of herbs have the greatest healing power, and that this is especially true at sunrise. Therefore, they have to be picked early in the morning before dawn. Women â sorceresses and enchantresses â go to gather herbs by themselves to cure and make charms. The number of herbs gathered for the winter must be seventy-seven and a half â for all diseases, known and unknown.
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Saint-Jean-Baptiste
Society was the largest secular Franco-Catholic institution in North America. French Canadians in Saskatchewan also celebrated their patron saint's feast day. In Battleford, they seem to have begun to mark the occasion before 1885. It is known definitely that in May 1890 a meeting was held to revive the local Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society, inactive since the Batoche uprising. The festivities on June 24 of that year began with a Mass celebrated at an altar on which stood a statue of Saint John the Baptist with a beaver at his feet and a banner bearing the inscription 'Faith â Nation â Unity.'
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2341:(musical rhyming duels), and the inescapable firework displays. Until fire regulations brought about by some serious forest fires discouraged them, bonfires and hot air balloons were lit, around which all these events used to happen. Revellers would try to jump over the bonfire, mostly young men trying to show off to the young women, and older men trying to convince themselves that they are still young. Other typical activities include trying to clime a pau-de-sebo (greased pole) to claim a reward (frequently a cod or ham) and
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other, but there are hardly any remnants that appear to support this possibility. People jumped over the fire after they lit it. This practice is mentioned as early as the 16th century, although at that time in connection with a wedding; still, it is called "Midsummer Night fire". The purpose of jumping over the fire is partly to purify, partly because they believed that those whose jump was very successful would get married during the following carnival.
3201:, gives the following description: "At first, men and women came to church with candles and other lights and prayed all night long. In the process of time, however, men left such devotion and used songs and dances and fell into lechery and gluttony turning the good, holy devotion into sin." The church fathers decided to put a stop to these practices and ordained that people should fast on the evening before, and thus turned waking into fasting.
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1740:) meaning sign or oracle, and was considered a time when unmarried girls would discover their potential mates through a ritual. It is also customary to this day to burn the Mayday wreaths that are used to decorate the doors of the houses for the previous two months, in large communal bonfires, accompanied by music, dancing and jumping over the flames. It takes place on 30 and 31 May.
1101:("St. John's Eve"). It was an official holiday until 1770, and in accordance with the Danish tradition of celebrating a holiday on the evening before the actual day, it takes place on the evening of 23 June. It is the day where the medieval wise men and women (the doctors of that time) would gather special herbs that they needed for the rest of the year to cure people.
3353:(St John's of Midwinter, the feast of John the Evangelist). Great agricultural fairs used to be held at this time, along with merriment and dancing. A bonfire was also kept this night. With the advent of non-conformist beliefs on the Welsh socio-political culture, this (among so many other similar festivals) suffered greatly, and its observance finally died out in
1491:" and possessors of the "fern seed", marking a treasure. In the old days, maidens would use special charms and bend over a well, naked, in order to see their future husband's reflection. In another tradition that continues still today, an unmarried woman collects seven different flowers and places them under her pillow to dream of her future husband.
3475:, commonly called Little Sweden, hosts an annual Midsummer celebration in honor of its 1869 Swedish founding. The festival includes a 5K Run, free swim at the local pool, Kubb tournament, Swedish dancing, craft demonstrations, and food vendors, including the Lindsborg Swedish Folkdancers serving Viking-on-a-Stick. The town is also the home of the
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also frightened away mischievous spirits who avoided it at all costs, thus ensuring a good harvest. So, the bigger the fire, the further the mischievous spirits stayed away. Estonian midsummer traditions are most similar to
Finnish midsummer traditions but also have some similarities with Latvian, Lithuanian and Scandinavian traditions.
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2903:) flowers. In some areas, these are arranged in a bunch and hung in doorways. In most others, they are dipped in a vessel with water and left outside exposed to the dew of night until the following morning (o dia de San Xoan â St. John's day), when people (in some areas only women) use the resulting flower water to wash their faces.
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3027:) is an activity that attracts families and many others. Greenery placed over houses and barns was supposed to bring good fortune and health to people and livestock; this old tradition of decorating with greens continues, though most people no longer take it seriously. To decorate with greens was called
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at this time of the year, and it smells burnt everywhere. Occasionally, a dummy is placed at the top, representing a witch or the devil. Young and old gather around them and feast mostly on pilchards, potatoes boiled in their skins and maize bread. When it is relatively safe to jump over the bonfire,
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The custom survived longest and in the most complete form in the northwestern part of the linguistic region, where as late as the 1930s they still lit a
Midsummer Night fire. The way of arranging the participants by age and by sex has suggested the possibility that these groups sang by answering each
1964:
leaves (for men) together with modern commercial products and ideas. There are tens and hundreds of different beliefs and traditions all over Latvia on what should be done on that day for good harvest, for predicting the future, for attracting your future spouse etc. People decorate their houses and
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speaks of the
Hungarians' fire worshipping, so far there is no data that could connect it to this day. In the Middle Ages it was primarily an ecclesiastical festivity, but from the 16th century on the sources recall it as a folk custom. The most important episode of the custom is the lighting of the
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celebrate midsummer. As forms of
Neopaganism have widely different origins, observances can vary considerably despite the shared name. Some celebrate in a manner as close as possible to how they believe ancient pagans observed the summer solstice, while others observe the holiday with rituals culled
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the wealthier sort also before their doors near to the said bonfires would set out tables on the vigils furnished with sweet bread and good drink, and on the festival days with meats and drinks plentifully, whereunto they would invite their neighbours and passengers also to sit, and to be merry with
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which has a pungent smell) with them, and run it over the face of other people. Starting in 1963, people have also carried a small plastic hammer which they use to bang their neighbors over the head. The tradition is that St. John was a scalliwag in his youth and the people hit him on the head with
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Many Finns leave the cities for
Midsummer and spend time in the countryside. Nowadays many spend at least a few days there, and some Finns take their whole vacation at a summer cottage. Traditions include bonfires, cookouts, sauna and spending time together with friends or family. Heavy drinking is
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have very strong folkloric roots. One of the best-known Jaanik or midsummer ritual is the lighting of the bonfire and jumping over it. This is seen as a way of guaranteeing prosperity and avoiding bad luck. Likewise, to not light the fire is to invite the destruction of your house by fire. The fire
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When springtime comes ... every
Florentine begins to think of making a fine day of the feast of St John, which falls in mid-summer, and everyone in good time supplies themselves with garments, decorations and jewels. ... Once the eve of St John's day arrives, early in the morning all guilds make a
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The cult of John the
Baptist began to develop in the first half of the fourth century. Augustine is the first witness to a feast of the birth of John the Baptist, which was celebrated on 24 June. This date was reckoned from Luke 1:36, according to which the angel Gabriel said to Mary, 'And behold,
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at
Crimson Dawn park. Crimson Dawn is known in the area for the great stories of mythical creatures and people that live on Casper Mountain. The celebration is attended by many people from the community, and from around the country. A large bonfire is held and all are invited to throw a handful of
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In England, 'Saint John's Tide' is combined with a midsummer celebration. Instead of the date of the summer solstice, they chose 24 June. This may be because of the Baptist's own words, 'He must increase, must decrease' (John 3:30). John was, of course, referring to Jesus. John's day comes at the
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The dangers posed to humans by demons require specific rituals, aimed at identifying witches and putting them to death. A key element of May Day or St John's rituals is the burning of witches or the repelling and burning-out with fire of evil forces, which might deviously conceal themselves among
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Like 8 December, the eve of St. John's Day was a highly popular date for nineteenth-century christenings. According to old midwives, the baptisms of children who had died 'pagans' were acted out: 'On this day, at nightfall, a candle is lit in the praise of St. John. The woman who stands godmother
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The feast of Saint John the Baptist on June 24 was observed in all of Quebec with religious services, patriotic speeches, parades and floats. The movement soon spread to Ontario, the New England states, and even to Chicago and the distant state of Oregon. At the end of the nineteenth century, the
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kindled, and thereat winebibbing, dancing about the said fire, leaping over the same, with burning of sundry herbs and flowers, and setting of brands from the said fire in the fields, and in many other ways all manner of superstitious work carried on â Therefore the Hon. Council of NĂŒrnberg town
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who placed more importance on the festival than going to church. He complained about those who went to church, but did not enter, and instead spent their time lighting bonfires, drinking, dancing, singing and following pagan rituals. Midsummer marks a change in the farming year, specifically the
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Let us speak of the revels which are accustomed to be made on St. John's Eve, of which there are three kinds. On St. John's Eve in certain regions the boys collect bones and certain other rubbish, and burn them, and therefrom a smoke is produced on the air. They also make brands and go about the
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on 23 June NS and 6 July OS. Before the day was named for St John, this was a celebration of a pagan fertility rite involving bathing in water. Since St John the Baptist's birth is celebrated at this time, some elements of Kupala's pagan origins were seen to be roughly synonymous with Christian
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between 10 and 24 June every year. There are many superstitions related to this day, particularly those involving marriage or death. The term SĂąnziene originates in the Latin "Sancta Diana", and superstitions relating to this day are mainly romantic in nature, referring to young girls and their
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since medieval times with festivals sometimes lasting three days from 21 to 24 June. In medieval Florence, midsummer celebrations were "an occasion for dramatic representations of the Baptist's life and death" and "the feast day was marked by processions, banquets, and plays, culminating in a
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In the worship of St John, men waken at even, and maken three manner of fires: one is clean bones and no wood, and is called a bonfire; another is of clean wood and no bones, and is called a wakefire, for men sitteth and wake by it; the third is made of bones and wood, and is called St John's
1973:. In rural areas livestock is also decorated. In modern days small oak branches with leaves are attached to the cars in Latvia during the festivity. JÄĆi has been a strong aspect of Latvian culture throughout history, originating in pre-Christian Latvia as an ancient fertility cult.
427:, which were abroad on St John's Eve, poisoning springs and wells. A Christian interpretation of midsummer fires is that they are "an emblem of St. John the Baptist, who was 'a burning and shining light,' and the preparer of the way of Christ." The fires were also believed to repel
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In Sweden, they were mainly found in the southern part of the country. Young people also liked to visit holy springs, where they drank the healing water and amused themselves with games and dancing. These visits were a reminder of how John the Baptist baptised Christ in the River
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coming originally from the month May, or vice versa. Other researchers say the term came from German merchants who raised the maypole in June because the Swedish climate made it impossible to find the necessary greens and flowers in May, and continued to call it a maypole.
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Water: Tradition holds it that the medicinal plants mentioned above are most effective when dipped in water collected from seven different springs. Also, on some beaches, it was traditional for women who wanted to be fertile to bathe in the sea until they were washed by 9
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Many music festivals of all sizes are organized on the Midsummer weekend. It is also common to start summer vacation on Midsummer day. For many families Midsummer is the time when they move to the countryside to their summer cottage by the sea or lake. Midsummer is also a
2356:, a parade of folklore and costumes of the inhabitants from the city's different traditional quarters, with hundreds of singers and dancers and a vast audience applauding their favourite participants. As St. Anthony is the matchmaker saint, it is still the tradition in
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Since 1955, the holiday has always been on a Saturday (between 20 June and 26 June). Previously it was always on 24 June. Many of the celebrations of midsummer take place on Friday, midsummer eve, when many workplaces are closed and shops may close their doors at noon.
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In Sweden, Midsummer day is a Saturday between 20 June and 26 June, but as is usual in Sweden the actual celebration is on the eve, i.e. a Friday between 19 June and 25 June. Midsummer's Eve is a de facto public holiday in Sweden with offices and many shops closed.
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the nights near Midsummer day are short (with twilight even at midnight) or non-existent. This gives a great contrast to the darkness of the winter time. The temperature can vary between 0 °C and +30 °C, with an average of about 20 °C in the South.
2105:, a custom of arranging mock weddings, both between adults and between children, is still kept alive. The wedding was meant to symbolize the blossoming of new life. Such weddings are known to have taken place in the 1800s, but the custom is believed to be older.
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Bonfires on the beach, speeches, picnics and songs are traditional, although they are built in many other places where beaches may not be close by (i.e. on the shores of lakes and other waterways, parks, etc.) Bonfires are lit in order to repel witches and other
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The Astoria Scandinavian Midsummer Festival has been a tradition on the North Coast of Oregon for over forty years. The Festival takes place typically on the 3rd full weekend of June. The festival embodies the rich cultural heritage that was transplanted to the
814:
Midsummer related traditions are particularly important in northern Europe â Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania â but is also very strongly observed in Poland, Russia, Belarus, Germany, Flanders, Ireland, parts of the United Kingdom
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described the celebration of Saint John's Day in Florence as being one in which guilds prepared their workshops with fine displays, and one in which solemn church processions took place, with men dressed in the costumes of Christian saints and angels.
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in the fact that the sun's height in the sky and length of the day "begins to diminish" after the summer solstice and begins to increase after the winter solstice. By the 6th century AD, several churches were dedicated to Saint John the Baptist and a
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According to Eastern Orthodox tradition the eve of the day of the Nativity of John the Baptist is celebrated with festivals in many towns and villages, both in the mainland and in the Greek isles. Traditionally the midsummer's celebration is called
3159:
was the old Kyiv Rus' name for John the Baptist. Up to the present day, the Rus' Midsummer Night (or Ivan's Day) is known as one of the most expressive Kyiv Rus' folk and pagan holidays. Ivan Kupala Day is the day of summer solstice celebrated in
3327:, keeps vigil by the midnight fires three nights in a row (see above) and is visited by her lover; but when her husband returns from battle, she learns he slew that lover on the first night, and she has been entertained by a very physical ghost.
2161:. Also, an important tradition is looking in the forest for the flower of the fern (as fern does not flower, this means something impossible to find without an interference of magic). Jumping above bonfires used to be a widely spread custom too.
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north of Vienna. Up to 30 ships sail down the river in line as fireworks erupt from the banks and hill tops while bonfires blaze and the vineyards are lit up. Lighted castle ruins also erupt with fireworks during the 90-minute cruise downstream.
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Pranks: At least in Galicia, it was common in rural areas to prank neighbors by taking carts, doors, etc. and left them in visible areas like roads or in the middle of the town. The prank was performed at night and left until the owner find the
1980:, revellers mark the holiday by running naked through the town at three in the morning. The event has taken place since 2000. Runners are rewarded with beer, and police are on hand in case any "puritans" attempt to interfere with the naked run.
341:, and refers to the time around the summer solstice. Astronomically, the solstice falls on 20, 21 or 22 June, but traditionally, in northern Europe, the solstice and midsummer was reckoned as the night of 23â24 June, with summer beginning on
3376:
Midsummer celebrations held throughout the United States are largely derived from the cultures of immigrants who arrived from various European nations since the 19th century. With the rise of earth-centered spirituality, many, including
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carry on usually through the night, they are the largest and most important of the year, and the traditions are almost identical to Finland (read under Finland) and similar to neighbors Latvia, Lithuania and Sweden (read under Sweden).
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where fireworks displays take place during the celebration. In Turin, Saint John's festival has been practiced since medieval times, with people from the surrounding areas coming to dance around the bonfire in the central square.
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were not performed. Despite the cancellation of the plays in 1575, the parade continued; in 1599, however, the Lord Mayor ordered that the parades be banned and the costumes destroyed. The parade was permanently banned in 1675.
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Another tradition on a Swedish Midsummer is to end it with a skinny dip at night. It is not mandatory to be naked, but many will be completely naked accompanied with an old or new partner after a couple of the famous schnapps.
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Varro places the equinoxes and solstices at the midpoints of the seasons ... His dating for the beginnings of the four seasons are as follows: February 7 for spring, May 9 for summer, August 11 for autumn, and November 10 for
1694:"Where experience herefore have shown, that after the old heathen use, on John's day in every year, in the country, as well in towns as villages, money and wood have been gathered by young folk, and there upon the so-called
1955:
celebrated from the night of 23 June through 24 June on a large scale by almost everyone in Latvia and by people of Latvian origin abroad. Celebrations consist of a lot of traditional and mostly pagan elements â eating,
2565:. The girls, for example, would float their flower garlands on the water of rivers and tell their fortunes from their movement. Lads and girls would jump over the flames of bonfires. Nude bathing is likewise practiced.
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developed in the Catholic Church during the 5th century, and at this time they put his name and day on 24 June. The summer solstice was celebrated among most peoples, so the Hungarians may have known it even before the
2098:, the holiday was turned into a flexible day off for municipal workers in 2011 and abolished completely in 2014. Labor unions sued to get the holiday â or a flexible day off â re-introduced, but lost the case in 2016.
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In Santa Clara County, the Swedish American Patriotic League has held a Midsummer celebration at Sveadal for more than 120 years. It includes a parade, decorating and raising a maypole, dancing and other activities.
1343:, Estonians all around the country will gather with their families, or at larger events to celebrate this important day with singing and dancing, as Estonians have done for centuries. The celebrations that accompany
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prays the Credo before the candle for little angel and says: "I baptize you, So-and-So, I baptize you in the name of Almighty God the Father"....If is not baptized, it will cry in its grave every night.'
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Many Danish traditions are based around the Christian calendar, with Christmas, Easter and St. John's Eve (at the end of June) being some of the most important and typically spent together with family.
2324:(makeshift altars), dedicated to the saints, are put up to show each neighbourhood's devotion and pride. These holidays are days of festivities with good food and refreshments. Typical dishes include
1519:: the national flag is hoisted at 6 pm on Midsummer's Eve and flown throughout the night until 9 pm the next evening. This is an exception to the normal rule of flying the flag from 8 am to sunset.
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Belithus tells us that it was a custom to carry lighted torches on Midsummer-eve, as an emblem of St. John the Baptist, who was 'a burning and shining light,' and the preparer of the way of Christ.
1960:, drinking beer, baking pÄ«rÄgi, singing Latvian folk songs dedicated to JÄĆi, burning bonfires to keep light all through the night and jumping over it, wearing wreaths of flowers (for women) and
1785:). The whole month of June was once called the Month of St. Ivan until the 19th century. Setting fires is a folklore tradition this night. Girls jumped over it, while boys watched the spectacle.
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and the rites and traditions of both holidays are often mixed. A fire-related ritual may also be performed in Bulgaria on that day; it involves barefoot dance on smoldering embers and is called
2771:, which means people of the dance. Parties are organized usually at beaches, where bonfires are lit and a set of firework displays usually take place. On the Mediterranean coast, especially in
385:, a theologian at the University of Paris, in the early twelfth century", but is undoubtedly much older. In England, the earliest reference to this custom occurs in the 13th century AD, in the
78:/Lithe, midsommar, Ivan Kupala Day, Juhannus/Mittumaari (from Swedish midsommar)/KeskikesĂ€ (from Swedish midsommar), Alban Hefin, GĆ”yl Ganol yr Haf, Sankthans, JoninÄs, jaanipĂ€ev, Kresna noÄ
1917:(a large brass preserving pan) at midsummer to frighten away evil spirits survived as a custom on some farms until the 1940s and has been revived as a folk performance in the 21st century.
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In earlier times, small spires wrapped in greens were erected; this probably predates the maypole tradition, which is believed by many to have come from the continent in the Middle Ages.
3547:, region by emigrating Scandinavians. In the Pacific Northwest they found the same bounteous seas and forests as in their native lands and the demand for their skills at managing them.
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Mirk adds that at the time of his writing, "...in worship of St John the Baptist, men stay up at night and make three kinds of fires: one is of clean bones and no wood and is called a "
2825:
Medicinal plants: Traditionally, women collect several species of plants on St. John's eve. These vary from area to area, but mostly include fennel, different species of fern (e.g.
2128:, and into lakes or rivers. The Midsummer day celebration starts at about 8:00 p.m. and lasts all night until sunrise. People celebrate this special day every year and call it
2919:, a beverage resulting from setting alight Galician grappa mixed with sugar, coffee beans and pieces of fruit, which is prepared while chanting an incantation against evil spirits.
3181:
from the 13th century, Midsummer was celebrated on Midsummer Eve (St. John's Eve, 23 June) and St. Peter's Eve (28 June) with the lighting of bonfires, feasting, and merrymaking.
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to celebrate multiple marriages (200 to 300) and according to tradition, one can declare oneself to someone one fancies in the heat of the festivities by offering the loved one a
3212:, because men stay awake by it all night; and the third is made of both bones and wood and is called, "St. John's fire" (Festial 182)." These traditions largely ended after the
419:
fields with the brands. Thirdly, the wheel which they roll. ... The wheel is rolled to signify that the sun then rises to the highest point of its circle and at once turns back
1632:. It takes place on 24 June, on Midsummer day (St John's Day). In certain French towns, a tall bonfire is built by the inhabitants in order to be lit on St John's Day. In the
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Fire: Bonfires are lit, usually around midnight both on beaches and inland, so much so that one usually cannot tell the smoke from the mist common in this Atlantic corner of
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especially), France, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Spain, Ukraine, other parts of Europe, and elsewhere â such as Canada, the United States, Puerto Rico, and also in the
1794:) on the day of St. John (24 June), when the sun follows the highest course, when the nights are the shortest and the days the longest. The practice of venerating
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it is observed by lighting a bonfire. Only one bonfire is lit on the island as one of the two biggest towns hosts the celebration alternately every other year.
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In anticipation of Popular Saints, streets are decorated with balloons and arches made out of brightly coloured paper, people dance in the city's squares, and
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your kinswoman Elizabeth in her old age has also conceived a son; and this is the sixth month with her,' and 24 June is precisely three months after March 25.
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it is done three times (although it could also be nine or any odd number) for good luck at the cry of "meigas fora" (witches off!).It is also common to drink
943:
celebrations adapted from the European summer solstice, which occurs in the middle of the southern hemisphere's winter. These festivities, introduced by the
2345:
which are a mixture of running, singing, dancing and tomfoolery, mostly by youthful groups. Funfair attractions have also become a mainstay of festivities.
3417:
has hosted an annual Summer Solstice celebration, typically on the weekend of or the weekend after the actual solstice. It includes a festival and parade.
2328:(Portuguese cabbage and potato soup), sardinhas assadas na brasa (open grilled sardines), boroa (oven baked bread), funfair food (mostly cotton candy and
3464:) festival on the third Sunday of June. The event, featuring maypole-raising, dancing, and presentation of an authentic Viking ship, dates back to 1911.
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is prominent among them. A stretch of Clark street is sectioned off for three days and there are vendors, live music, and a raising of the maypole.
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neither can nor ought to forbear to do away with all such unbecoming superstition, paganism, and peril of fire on this coming day of St. John."
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meanings, most notably the parallel of Baptism as cleansing from sins, so the holiday in a Christian-modified form has been accepted into the
2409:(women dressed in a traditional costume with a sensual walking style). Each neighbourhood has its own festival and colors for identification.
1483:
In folk magic, midsummer was a very potent night and the time for many small rituals, mostly for young maidens seeking suitors and fertility.
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3405:, in which a regulation game of baseball is played at 10:30 p.m. local time, through the midnight hour, with no artificial lighting.
1255:("Jaan's Day" or "Midsummer Day" in English or "St. John's Day" for Christians) was celebrated long before the arrival of Christianity in
1121:
where the great witch gathering was thought to be held on this day. Some Danes regard this tradition of burning witches as inappropriate.
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4900:
3357:
by the end of the 19th century. However, since 1977, a folk-dance revival started in Cardiff, and is held now annually on this feast day
4738:
910:
7172:
5947:
5303:
2657:
1800:
3587:
in New York since 1941. Swedish Midsummer is also celebrated in other places with large Swedish and Scandinavian populations, such as
4528:
time when the sun is beginning to decrease, and six months later, Christmas, comes at the time when the sun is beginning to increase.
1837:
2334:, a fried batter with sugar and cinnamon) and drink (mostly) red wine and ågua-pé (grape juice with a small percentage of alcohol).
859:
In Austria, the Midsummer solstice is celebrated each year with a procession of ships down the Danube River as it flows through the
2523:
flowers. Midsummer fairs are held in many Romanian villages and cities. The oldest and best known midsummer fair in Romania is the
414:, Gloucestershire, who compiled a book of sermons for Christian feast days, recorded how St John's Eve was celebrated in his time:
2375:
St. John's is celebrated in the streets, where many normally frowned-upon things are permitted. People carry a plant of flowering
1060:
as the patron saint of the French-Canadians. In 1925, 24 June became a legal holiday in Quebec and in 1977, it became the secular
951:(1500â1822), are celebrated throughout the country during the month of June. The festival is mainly celebrated on the eves of the
650:, in the English county of Wiltshire, many people gather to observe the sunrise alignment with the stones on the summer solstice.
356:
wrote in the 1st century BC that Romans saw this as the middle of summer. In the city of Rome, it was the festival of the goddess
4764:
5814:
5281:
4845:
2669:(dancer) because it is thought the sun is dancing on this day. Among traditions are that girls watch the sunrise through their
5938:
1840:, after much initial upset in the west of Ireland, has an exemption for the burning of fires outdoors during midsummer night.
5686:
5574:
4849:
4695:
4588:
3775:
1077:
242:
4978:
4812:
1507:
also associated with the Finnish midsummer, which is one common reason for the increase in the number of accidents, such as
6963:
6159:
1299:. The arrival of Christianity, however, did not end pagan beliefs and fertility rituals surrounding this holiday. In 1578,
851:, but in these countries it was, in the 1950s, moved to the Friday and Saturday between 19 June and 26 June, respectively.
4685:
7192:
2639:
229:
of the year. The name "midsummer" mainly refers to summer solstice festivals of European origin, especially those in the
397:, which stated that parish youth would gather on the day to light fires, sing songs and play games. A Christian monk of
17:
7202:
7157:
7047:
4387:
3644:
3494:. Ever since 51 Swedish immigrants came to Aroostook County, Maine in 1870, supported by a Legislative Act authored by
470:
and in the 19th century, "baptisms of children who had died 'pagans' were acted out". In Sweden, young people visited
7197:
7187:
6119:
5898:
5879:
5856:
5492:
5261:
5116:
4549:
4520:
4495:
4455:
4423:
4402:
4323:
4254:
3997:
3961:
3936:
3858:
3253:
3118:
2985:
2470:
2222:
1588:
1211:
801:
578:) on 25 December, the Roman date of the winter solstice, so the feast of St John was set exactly six months earlier.
364:
and rowed in boats to the temples of Fortuna; "after undisclosed rituals they rowed back, garlanded and inebriated".
3100:
2967:
2452:
2204:
1712:
The date also marks the end of harvest for spring vegetables such as asparagus ("Spargelsilvester") or for rhubarb.
1570:
1193:
241:
in the Northern Hemisphere, it was traditionally reckoned to fall on 23â24 June in much of Europe. These dates were
5508:
5354:
3567:, attracts some 3,000â5,000 people annually, which makes it one of the largest celebrations after the ones held in
1150:("We Love Our Country") with a melody composed by P.E. Lange-MĂŒller that is sung at most bonfires on this evening.
731:("three-Litha" years). In modern times, Litha is celebrated by neopagans who emphasize what they believe to be the
198:
5936:
Traditional Summer Solstice Celebration in Turaida, Latvia â 360° panorama, photos and live sound / Virtual Latvia
5147:
5094:
7124:
5979:
4862:
In recent years, a number of churches have re-established the tradition of holding a service on Saint John's Eve.
3583:, a Midsummer celebration which also honors Swedish heritage and history, has been held annually on the sound in
2818:
2236:
1709:
Bonfires are still a custom in many areas of Germany. People gather to watch the bonfire and celebrate solstice.
390:
2108:
It is also said that, if a girl puts flowers under her pillow that night, she will dream of her future husband.
1413:. Bonfires are very common in Finland, where many people spend their midsummer in the countryside outside towns.
7182:
7119:
6657:
5645:, Kegan Paul et al., for the Early English Text Society, p. 182, accessed 15 December 2014 at Internet Archive.
5382:
4615:
3516:
is celebrated annually on or near the Summer Solstice by Gathering at the Village Roadside Park. Traditionally
3220:
3096:
2963:
2448:
2265:(Popular Saints celebrations), celebrating the three main saints of June: St. Anthony (13 June), celebrated in
2200:
1832:
either on or on the weekend nearest to Midsummer. In rural spots throughout the west, northwest, southwest and
1566:
1189:
783:
732:
6800:
4189:"The Midsummer Solstice As It Was, Or Was Not, Observed in Pagan Germany, Scandinavia and Anglo-Saxon England"
75:
7222:
7022:
3429:
2124:
regions â midsummer is celebrated on 21 or 22 June. Girls throw wreaths made of flowers and candles into the
1061:
428:
5212:
604:
6524:
6509:
6112:
4790:
3640:
936:
559:
250:
5530:
2747:
The traditional midsummer party in Spain is the celebration in honour of Saint John the Baptist (Spanish:
6220:
5022:"Alkon myynti lĂ€hes kaksinkertaistuu juhannuksena â vodka, rosee- ja kuohuviinit suomalaisten suosikkeja"
4116:
4054:
3624:
2395:
keeps traditional "Santos Populares" elements, such as the bonfire, street celebrations, and include the
1516:
1259:, although the day was given its modern name by Christians. The day is still known by its many names as:
720:
177:
5429:
1951:(plural of Latvian name JÄnis, which is equivalent to John) or LÄ«go svÄtki (svÄtki = festival). It is a
381:
says that the "lighting of festive fires upon Saint John's Eve is first recorded as a popular custom by
7152:
6413:
6251:
5972:
3092:
2959:
2444:
2196:
1562:
1185:
860:
779:
233:. In these cultures it is traditionally regarded as the middle of summer, with the season beginning on
31:
5639:
4719:
2511:. DrÄgaica is celebrated by a dance performed by a group of 5â7 young girls of which one is chosen as
2392:
450:"so that the threatening calamities of the coming year might be washed away by bathing in the river."
52:
7167:
7162:
6970:
6192:
5552:
5410:
3480:
3414:
2706:
1996:
1524:
1013:
708:
552:
7177:
6021:
5914:
5657:
3894:
2274:
7227:
7217:
6569:
6493:
6473:
6306:
6291:
5454:
3081:
2948:
2433:
2185:
1551:
1174:
971:
5230:
2705:(Midsummer Night) used to be celebrated on 21 June, but the celebration was later moved to 1 May,
2337:
Around the day of the festivities, there is also group folk dancing, traditional music, including
7052:
6531:
6423:
6261:
3560:
3324:
3166:
3085:
2952:
2662:
2635:
2437:
2189:
1555:
1178:
1007:
772:
592:
4998:
4930:
4542:
Word and Worship Workbook for Year B: For Ministry in Initiation, Preaching, Religious Education
4246:
4240:
3850:
1082:
141:
Marks the traditional middle of summer, beginning of Meteorological summer, and the nativity of
6836:
6408:
4660:
3989:
3928:
3600:
3378:
3257:
3213:
2791:
2575:
1453:
1448:) are very common and are burned at lakesides and by the sea. Often branches from birch trees (
736:
563:
532:
508:
353:
5170:
4956:
4904:
4605:
4578:
2064:
7212:
7042:
6998:
6739:
6619:
6564:
6438:
6363:
6353:
6338:
4364:
3495:
3448:
area, Midsummer is celebrated in several locations. The historically Swedish neighborhood of
3319:
as the title, and theme, for a pseudo-ballad poem. He invented a legend in which the lady of
3224:
2767:. It is common in many areas of the country. In some areas, bonfires are traditionally named
2594:
2056:
1366:
1354:
is usually spent in a summer cottage, where people light bonfires, or at a festival, such as
1131:
On Saint John's Eve and Saint John's Day, churches arrange Saint John's worship services and
694:
571:
512:
312:
169:
113:
5148:"New Finland District, Juhannus: Celebration of Summer, June 26, 2010, Saskatchewan, Canada"
4316:
Traditional Musical Cultures in Central-Eastern Europe: Ecclesiastical and Folk Transmission
3981:
3920:
2540:
1983:
According to a 2023 survey, JÄĆi is the most celebrated festival in Latvia, outranking even
1686:
in German of which a word by word translation is "summer sun turning". On 20 June 1653, the
1658:
613:
7130:
6584:
6215:
5930:
3282:
lasts several days and culminates in Mazey Day. This is a revival of the Feast of St John (
3261:
2870:
2827:
2726:
2714:
2584:
1716:
1674:
1480:â or more accurately after the Biblical John the Baptist (="Johannes Döparen" in Swedish).
684:
531:, Midsummer is such an important festivity that there have been proposals to celebrate the
330:
throughout Eurasia and the Americas aligned with sunrise or sunset on the summer solstice.
142:
3522:(Finnish Oven Baked Pancake) and strawberry shortcake is enjoyed followed by a bonfire or
1848:
1788:
Most significant among the customs of the summer is lighting the fire of Midsummer Night (
8:
7109:
7063:
7057:
7037:
6256:
6135:
5818:
4096:
3765:
3737:
3702:
3695:
3652:
3636:
3276:, Cornwall. This week long festival normally starts on the Friday nearest St John's Day.
3231:
2776:
2764:
2562:
2302:
2278:
2063:
to churches and holy springs. For instance, up until 1840, there was a pilgrimage to the
1484:
1034:, the first celebrations of St John's Day in New France took place around 1638. In 1834,
820:
751:
617:
504:
246:
222:
202:
6916:
6820:
2805:
Midsummer tradition is also especially strong in northern areas of the country, such as
1669:
7027:
7005:
6629:
6398:
6154:
5868:
5068:
4208:
3843:
3688:
3588:
3449:
3433:
3249:
3145:
2888:
2681:) are lit, and dancing and singing takes place. It is a tradition for people to become
2651:
2483:
2314:
1952:
1909:
most of the former midsummer customs are largely ignored nowadays. The custom known as
1765:
1643:
1305:
600:
520:
265:
121:
7069:
5954:
5416:
4566:
A Dictionary of the Welsh Language: Explained in English; with Numerous Illustrations.
3219:
Other Midsummer festivities had uneasy relations with the Reformed establishment. The
2388:
2310:
1314:
break between the completion of spring sowing and the hard work of summer hay-making.
6946:
6760:
6200:
6165:
6076:
5995:
5894:
5875:
5852:
5779:
5488:
5257:
5060:
4691:
4611:
4584:
4545:
4516:
4491:
4451:
4448:
Holidays and Holy Nights: Celebrating Twelve Seasonal Festivals of the Christian Year
4419:
4383:
4319:
4250:
3993:
3982:
3957:
3932:
3921:
3854:
3648:
3608:
3596:
3491:
3472:
3445:
3402:
3398:
2911:
2570:
2496:
1939:(a container filled with tar, decorated with oak leaves and attached atop of a pole).
1897:
usually celebrate Midsummer with rites, dances and festivals all around the country.
1487:
were believed to appear at midsummer night, particularly to finders of the mythical "
983:
979:
944:
739:
680:
633:
367:
289:
4690:(1st ed.). London; Philadelphia, NJ: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 227.
2821:. What follows is a summary of Galician traditions surrounding St. John's festival:
2090:
county it was re-introduced in the early 20th century, until the 1990s. The city of
7032:
6991:
6977:
6624:
6483:
6428:
6418:
6388:
6383:
6225:
6149:
5733:
5072:
5052:
4277:
4200:
3507:
3476:
3457:
3453:
3316:
3304:
3267:
3194:
2879:
2590:
2580:
2241:
2071:(southwest Norway) whose crucifix was said to have healing powers. Today, however,
1957:
1795:
1629:
1520:
1300:
1139:
1057:
1049:
1030:
987:
960:
956:
889:
885:
608:
500:
398:
371:
319:
230:
93:
5935:
5690:
5615:
5596:
5328:
5304:"Summer solstice are the most favourite festival for the most of Latvian citizens"
4631:
4022:
2524:
2155:
which means wreaths. In many parts of Poland the Summer solstice is celebrated as
1913:
was observed as late as the 1970s â horns or conch shells were blown. Ringing the
7114:
7092:
7087:
6984:
6871:
6727:
6692:
6554:
6478:
6468:
6403:
6393:
6333:
6210:
6054:
6006:
5942:
5661:
5481:
4816:
4269:
3760:
3723:
3674:
3544:
3320:
3156:
2833:
2806:
2799:
2710:
2406:
2405:) parade to other neighbourhoods in the evening of 28 June. Women are dressed as
2290:
1370:
1035:
952:
948:
639:
516:
496:
218:
188:
117:
5329:"Midsummer In Norway: How Norwegians Celebrate Midsummer Eve â The Norway Guide"
2630:, the ancient sun religion of the region which has since been driven out by the
1243:
6733:
6604:
6536:
6453:
6448:
6433:
6343:
6328:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6241:
5087:"Ovi Magazine : Finnish midsummer consumed by alcohol by Thanos Kalamidas"
2631:
2605:
2330:
2102:
1132:
1028:
by the first French colonists. Great fires were lit at night. According to the
915:
840:
621:
567:
467:
432:
273:
165:
4204:
3216:, but persisted in rural areas up until the 19th century before petering out.
2735:
Bonfire at Almadrava beach on Saint John's night. Bonfires are very common in
2519:, with wheat wreath, while the other girls, dressed in white wear a veil with
1931:
293:
7146:
7099:
6896:
6841:
6687:
6677:
6609:
6080:
6028:
5844:
5056:
4111:
4049:
3984:
Death Is a Festival: Funeral Rites and Rebellion in Nineteenth-Century Brazil
3751:
3564:
3556:
3390:
3178:
2862:
2781:
2731:
2686:
2294:
1499:
1426:
1386:
1374:
1331:
on the eve of the Summer Solstice (23 June) with bonfires. On the islands of
1235:
1128:
as "a reminder of how John the Baptist baptised Christ in the River Jordan."
1044:
took the leadership of an effort to make 24 June the national holiday of the
669:
474:
as "a reminder of how John the Baptist baptised Christ in the River Jordan."
378:
238:
107:
97:
3264:
in the early 20th century. Bonfires in Cornwall were once common as part of
3055:
1494:
An important feature of the midsummer in Finland is the white night and the
1405:
1016:, St. John's Day is observed on the Monday nearest 24 June and commemorates
986:
in most states of the region but also offer people the opportunity to thank
603:, John the Baptist "was understood to be preparing the way for Jesus", with
7074:
6744:
6682:
6463:
6443:
6368:
6358:
6266:
6246:
6205:
5064:
4347:
3780:
3315:
Week. The Eve of St. John has special magical significance and was used by
3292:
3132:
3011:
Midsummer in Stockholm, raising and dancing around a maypole, 2019 (video).
2623:
2615:
2601:
2566:
2552:
2544:
2520:
2157:
1852:
People prepare for a Saint John's Day procession and church service in the
1609:
1495:
926:
905:
893:
654:
488:
357:
349:
5043:
NÀyhÀ, Simo (18 December 2007). "Heat mortality in Finland in the 2000s".
3618:
3479:
historic site, built as an international exposition building for the 1904
2387:
In traditional fisher towns, festivities take place on Saint Peter's Day,
2261:
In Portugal, Midsummer festivities are included in what is known today as
1719:
commemorates the person Johannes Gutenberg in his native city since 1968.
1601:
1327:
1251:
1225:
1064:. It is still the tradition to light great fires on the night of 24 June.
503:, and the observance of St John's Day begins the evening before, known as
6702:
6667:
6594:
6559:
6458:
6378:
6271:
6176:
6091:
5919:
5780:"Lindsborg Kansas Convention & Visitor Bureau â Midsummer's Festival"
4403:
Midsummer celebrations in freemasonry (Retrieved Saturday, June 22, 2019)
3584:
3354:
2325:
1961:
1857:
1833:
1488:
1359:
1106:
964:
877:
700:
665:
524:
423:
Saint John's Fires, explained the monk of Winchcombe, were to drive away
394:
382:
361:
334:
303:
5925:
4580:
Wiccan Beliefs & Practices: With Rituals for Solitaries & Covens
4212:
4188:
3389:
As the state of Alaska, northernmost state in the nation, straddles the
3365:
2507:
2501:
2488:
2095:
2032:
1873:
fireworks show that the entire city attended." The 15th-century diarist
280:
70:
Feast of Saint John the Baptist, Summer Solstice, St. John's Feast Day,
7104:
6891:
6856:
6795:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6662:
6599:
6589:
6579:
6514:
6373:
6348:
6301:
6063:
5655:
Midsummer â Mobilizing the world to enjoy the magnificence of Midsummer
5086:
3580:
3303:
Midsummer festivals are celebrated throughout Scotland, notably in the
3198:
2125:
2091:
2060:
1410:
1040:
1025:
1017:
991:
940:
935:
in Brazil, also known as SĂŁo JoĂŁo Festivals because they celebrate the
786: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
647:
558:
In the 4th century AD, the undivided Christian Church made 24 June the
6104:
5948:
Celebrating Kupallie, a pagan midsummer holiday â Belarus photo digest
5754:
1977:
1394:
1393:) is generally not celebrated. However, on the southernmost island of
919:
884:
On Midsummer day, Bulgarians celebrate Enyovden. On the same day, the
6906:
6707:
6672:
6519:
6296:
6047:
4488:
A Vision: The Revised 1937 Edition: The Collected Works of W.B. Yeats
3770:
3604:
3576:
3393:, midsummer is a time when most of the state is in daylight or civil
3223:, begun in 1498, was held at every Summer Solstice in years when the
3190:
2814:
2772:
2690:
2682:
2627:
2558:
2270:
2101:
In most places, the main event is the burning of a large bonfire. In
2027:
2013:
1984:
1926:
1894:
1874:
1829:
1804:
1687:
1310:
1125:
995:
832:
575:
555:. In Denmark and Norway, it may also be referred to as St. Hans Day.
548:
492:
471:
454:
411:
323:
71:
6780:
6034:
6032:
5964:
5712:
5021:
3070:
2937:
2422:
2174:
2145:
2141:
2068:
1969:
or sometimes oak branches and flowers as well as leaves, especially
1540:
1339:, old fishing boats may be burned in the large pyres set ablaze. On
1163:
761:
6931:
6926:
6911:
6881:
6765:
6634:
6488:
5793:
5575:"Las Hierbas y el "Cacho" de San XoĂĄn: Entrevista a Amancio Castro"
4093:
Exploring Ancient Skies: An Encyclopedic Survey of Archaeoastronomy
3592:
3394:
3273:
3245:
3244:
Traditional Midsummer bonfires are still lit on some high hills in
2896:
2884:
2854:
2846:
2810:
2787:
2740:
2619:
2250:
2144:) there are many organized events, the most popular event being in
2121:
2087:
1869:
1825:
1508:
1332:
872:
816:
703:
names for the two months roughly corresponding to June and July as
439:
3678:
red soil into the fire in hopes that they get their wish granted.
2626:
would often take place afterward. The traditions are derived from
2528:
297:
6921:
6901:
6805:
6785:
6770:
6697:
6639:
6085:
6041:
5553:"El poder 'medicinal y mĂĄgico' del rocĂo de la noche de San Juan"
3731:
3572:
3568:
3370:
3312:
3308:
3205:
3161:
3016:
2317:, and various other locations, mostly associated with fishermen.
2076:
1820:
Many towns and cities in Ireland have 'Midsummer Carnivals' with
1457:
1452:) are placed on both side of the front door to welcome visitors.
1336:
1256:
1118:
1110:
1090:
975:
848:
824:
540:
536:
443:
342:
322:
that the summer solstice has been culturally important since the
285:
254:
234:
226:
173:
154:
4242:
The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain
3895:"The Nativity of Saint John the Baptist: The Midsummer Nativity"
3717:
3291:
In England, Midsummer Day (24 June) is traditionally one of the
2673:, to become red as the sun, towards the evening in the heights,
1230:
1109:, with the burnings sending the "witch" away to Bloksbjerg, the
994:
life and feature typical clothing, food, and dances (mainly the
308:
253:. It is usually celebrated with outdoor gatherings that include
6886:
6876:
6866:
6851:
6846:
6775:
6069:
6015:
4995:"Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura: Juhannus, miksi ja milloin?"
4155:
Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History
3824:
3612:
2795:
2670:
2610:
2401:
2357:
2349:
2306:
2298:
2266:
2150:
2137:
2133:
2117:
2048:
2036:
1944:
1906:
1635:
1234:
Estonians celebrating Midsummer with a bonfire and traditional
1053:
1021:
844:
836:
828:
661:
is used for the summer solstice, as coined by the 18th century
544:
528:
424:
352:, the traditional date of the summer solstice was 24 June, and
214:
102:
89:
58:
4927:"Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura: Koivunoksia ja maitoruokia"
1622:(feast of St John) is traditionally celebrated with bonfires (
7082:
6936:
6861:
6815:
6614:
6574:
5509:"Blic Online | SPC i vernici danas obeleĆŸavaju Ivanjdan"
3137:
2736:
2516:
2372:
2368:
2286:
2282:
2246:
1966:
1886:
1882:
1821:
1239:
662:
582:
Christ's Incarnation was closely tied to the 'growing days' (
447:
2794:
were developed into elaborate constructions inspired by the
6941:
6810:
6010:
5673:
5145:
3437:
2376:
1970:
1422:
1135:
also occur, which are an occasion for drinking and eating.
1114:
688:
620:, was added to the feast day. Christian priests held three
4664:(republished online by Saskatchewan Gen Web Julia Adamson)
3705:. there is a lake behind the hill) - Lithuanian folk song.
3208:"; another is of clean wood and no bones, and is called a
5891:
Customs, Ceremonies and Traditions of the Channel Islands
5387:
5359:
3801:
2838:
2364:(a flower-pot with a sweet basil plant) and a love poem.
2086:, 24 June, was a public holiday in Norway until 1770. In
607:
stating "He must increase, but I must decrease"; this is
5915:
The Nativity of John the Baptist: The Midsummer Nativity
5654:
3381:, celebrate the summer solstice as a religious holiday.
2492:
dancing during the CricÄu Festival in Romania, June 2013
1881:
Saint John the Baptist is the patron saint of Florence,
1836:, bonfires are lit on hilltops on Saint John's Eve. The
1444:
In the Finnish midsummer celebration, bonfires (Finnish
5664:. Midsummer.mobi (2013-06-20). Retrieved on 2013-07-06.
5478:
4414:
Fleteren, Frederick Van; Schnaubelt, Joseph C. (2001).
3436:
and suburban Chicagoland youths celebrate Midsummer on
1661:, which became an international celebration over time.
839:(Canada), the traditional Midsummer day, 24 June, is a
675:
Germanic neopagans call their summer solstice festival
4407:
3054:
Further information on the 18th century festival:
2709:. Kresna noÄ used to be connected with the Slavic god
1748:
On 21 June Hungarians celebrate "Saint Ivan's Night" (
168:, reenactments of the life of Saint John the Baptist,
30:"Midsummer Night" redirects here. For other uses, see
5282:"Latvian town to mark summer solstice with naked run"
3836:
3834:
3832:
2579:. A prominent Ivan Kupala night scene is featured in
2557:
Many rites of this holiday are connected with water,
1760:
being derived from the Slavic form of Johannes/John,
4739:"FĂȘte nationale du QuĂ©bec (Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day)"
3713:
3647:, which for many years has controversially included
2281:
among others; SĂŁo JoĂŁo (St. John's Day, 24 June) in
1935:
A Latvian man with an oak leaf wreath lighting up a
1377:
is not lowered in the night between these two days.
4762:
4737:Fontaine, Myriam; et al. (22 November 2016) .
3945:
3691:. ĐĐč ĐœĐ° ĐĐČĐ°ĐœĐ°, ĐŸĐč ĐœĐ° ĐŃпала) - Ukrainian folk song.
1527:district, Saskatchewan, Canada celebrate Juhannus.
1417:The pre-Christian name for the summer solstice was
1369:of Estonia and both 23rd and 24th are holidays and
5867:
5480:
4979:Enjoying Midsummer the Finnish way â thisisFINLAND
4413:
4076:Papadopoulos, Costas; Moyes, Holley, eds. (2021).
3842:
3829:
2689:on this day, as John is a symbol of character and
2017:Midsummer mock wedding of two children in Norway,
5794:"Astoria Scandinavian Midsummer Festival website"
4953:"Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura: Juhannussalko"
4901:"Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura: Juhannuskokko"
4075:
3849:. Campion College, University of Regina. p.
2391:, which became a municipal holiday in the 1960s.
2132:which means St. John's Night. On that day in big
1628:), and is a Catholic festivity in celebration of
370:says there is no evidence that the pre-Christian
7144:
5849:The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles
3951:
3914:
3912:
3347:(St John's of Midsummer) to distinguish it from
2665:. Saint John (Sveti Jovan) is known by the name
1468:). Some Swedish-speaking Finns call the holiday
823:(mostly in Brazil, Argentina and Australia). In
4875:"Juhannus, mittumaari, vuotuisjuhlista vehrein"
4717:
4295:The Olio, Or, Museum of Entertainment, Volume 7
3840:
3665:, which includes a Scandinavian solstice pole.
3615:. The Swedish "language village" (summer camp)
3240:â A Cornish hilltop bonfire on Midsummer's eve.
2031:Traditional Norwegian St. HansbÄl (bonfire) in
1789:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1755:
1749:
5213:"Klidonas Custom of Naxos island - Greeka.com"
5146:interviews by Julia Adamson (27 August 2010).
4533:
4017:
4015:
4013:
3988:. University of North Carolina Press. p.
3956:. University of Minnesota Press. p. 244.
2384:the garlic saying "return to the right path".
2301:and many others; St. Peter's day (29 June) in
453:In the 16th century AD, the English historian
6120:
5980:
5926:Midsummer's Festival on Hill of Tara, Ireland
4815:. Government of Denmark. 2018. Archived from
4576:
4309:
4307:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4222:
3952:Hanawalt, Barbara; Reyerson, Kathryn (1994).
3909:
3897:. The Institute for Christian Formation. 2017
3660:
3616:
3529:
3523:
3517:
3511:
3283:
3277:
3265:
3235:
2763:) and takes place in the evening of 23 June,
2642:. The traditions have since been encouraged.
1421:("Ukko's celebration") after the Finnish god
982:, these festivals not only coincide with the
5455:"Sabe como nasceu o martelinho do SĂŁo JoĂŁo?"
5430:"Alho-porro: significado quase desconhecido"
4624:
4570:
4504:
4331:people, for instance in the form of animals.
4090:
3841:Lapointe, Richard; Tessier, Lucille (1988).
2614:, involving tethering a horse to a pole and
2597:is also predominantly connected with water.
1695:
1681:
1649:
1641:
1633:
1623:
1617:
1024:, the celebration of 24 June was brought to
6089:
6067:
6045:
6019:
5256:. Manchester University Press. p. 72.
5254:The Towns of Italy in the Later Middle Ages
5223:
5045:International Journal of Circumpolar Health
4470:
4441:
4439:
4282:English Villagers of the Thirteenth Century
4137:
4078:The Oxford Handbook of Light in Archaeology
4010:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3845:The Francophones of Saskatchewan: a history
3534:was founded in 1900 by Finnish immigrants.
3348:
3342:
3336:
3099:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3031:(to May) and may be the origin of the word
2966:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2451:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2203:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1735:
1729:
1715:Besides many Midsummernight festivals, the
1569:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1498:. Because of Finland's location around the
1456:often celebrate by erecting a midsummer or
1192:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
692:
466:Saint John's Day is also a popular day for
6127:
6113:
5987:
5973:
4989:
4987:
4683:
4539:
4475:. University of Toronto Press. p. 83.
4304:
4219:
4186:
4171:
4142:. Manchester University Press. p. 85.
3975:
3973:
3918:
2661:is celebrated on 7 July, according to the
2253:, Saint John's Day is celebrated with the
2055:, which means "John's wake", important in
1801:Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin
457:, described the celebration of Midsummer:
217:, taking place on or near the date of the
51:
5888:
5734:"Midsommarfest | Swedish American Museum"
4479:
3627:in Minnesota, also celebrates Midsummer.
3119:Learn how and when to remove this message
2986:Learn how and when to remove this message
2471:Learn how and when to remove this message
2352:, in Avenida da Liberdade, there are the
2223:Learn how and when to remove this message
2001:Midsummer is commonly called John's Day (
1690:town council issued the following order:
1589:Learn how and when to remove this message
1212:Learn how and when to remove this message
1020:'s discovery of Newfoundland in 1497. In
802:Learn how and when to remove this message
535:then, instead of on 6 June. There and in
27:Holiday held close to the summer solstice
5922:â Bede's Anglo-Saxon Calendar (in Latin)
5676:. Gwylifan.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-06.
5642:Mirk's Festial: a Collection of Homilies
5245:
5117:"Summer Solstice â Midsummer in Finland"
4736:
4510:
4436:
4380:Thanksgiving and Other Harvest Festivals
4272:Harleian Mss 2345, edited by J. Kemble,
4152:
3880:
3428:
3364:
3230:
3136:
2997:
2730:
2539:
2482:
2240:
2026:
2012:
1930:
1847:
1668:
1657:France also rejoices on 21 June for the
1600:
1404:
1229:
1071:
909:
871:
745:
574:. Christians marked the birth of Jesus (
302:
279:
264:
237:. Although the summer solstice falls on
153:Festivals, bonfires, feasting, singing,
6134:
5613:
5355:"Her tviholder de fortsatt pÄ fridagen"
5274:
4984:
4789:. Flensborg Avis Online. Archived from
4654:
4652:
4377:
4025:. Government of Sweden. 10 January 2018
3970:
3927:. University of Chicago Press. p.
2499:, the Midsummer celebrations are named
2399:, in which inhabitants of one quarter (
1317:Understandably, some of the rituals of
1093:, the solstitial celebration is called
643:from numerous other unrelated sources.
477:
14:
7145:
5931:Midsummer â 'WIANKI' in Krakow, Poland
5865:
5843:
5755:"Midsummer's Festival â Lindsborg, KS"
5687:"Summer Solstice Celebration: History"
5188:"Fresh asparagus from the MĂŒnsterland"
5186:e.V, Deutsche Zentrale fĂŒr Tourismus.
5175:. George Bell & Sons. p. 619.
5097:from the original on 25 September 2020
4981:. Finland.fi. Retrieved on 2014-06-21.
4846:Evangelical Lutheran Church in Denmark
4765:"Heksene ĂždelĂŠgger vor dyrebare natur"
4313:
4297:. Joseph Shackell. 1831. p. 400.
4238:
4091:Kelley, David; Milone, Eugene (2005).
3401:is an annual tradition in the city of
2393:PĂłvoa de Varzim's Saint Peter Festival
2094:kept up the tradition. In the city of
7208:Public holidays in the United Kingdom
6108:
5994:
5968:
5531:"O Cacho de San XoĂĄn no Monte Pituco"
5323:
5321:
5168:
5042:
4787:"Smuk midsommeraften i prĂŠstens have"
4720:"História da Festa Junina e tradiçÔe"
4603:
4486:Yeats, William Butler (19 May 2015).
4485:
3954:City and Spectacle in Medieval Europe
3776:Christianisation of saints and feasts
3260:). This tradition was revived by the
2786:are also served on this occasion. In
1838:Irish Environmental Protection Agency
1365:Since 1934, 23 June is also national
1124:In Scandinavia, young people visited
1078:Midsummer Eve Bonfire on Skagen Beach
679:, which is part of the reconstructed
6964:Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches
5251:
4763:Jens Kristian Lings (23 June 2010).
4658:
4649:
4583:. Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 104.
4445:
4245:. Oxford University Press. pp.
3980:Reis, João José (20 November 2003).
3979:
3673:A solstitial celebration is held on
3097:adding citations to reliable sources
3064:
2964:adding citations to reliable sources
2931:
2449:adding citations to reliable sources
2416:
2201:adding citations to reliable sources
2168:
1567:adding citations to reliable sources
1534:
1190:adding citations to reliable sources
1157:
784:adding citations to reliable sources
755:
668:author and prolific literary forger
446:rinsing their hands and arms in the
333:The name 'midsummer' is attested in
5614:Waltner, Alexander (15 June 2019).
5127:from the original on 14 August 2020
4382:. Infobase Publishing. p. 19.
3698:. ĐŃпалŃĐœĐșĐ°) - Belarusian folk song
3483:and features a maypole year-round.
1640:region and in the Southern part of
24:
7048:Left-hand path and right-hand path
5318:
4661:"New Finland Homecoming 1888â1988"
4632:"Carla Nayland Article â Trilithi"
4597:
4558:
4396:
4371:
4357:
4109:
4047:
3645:Summer Solstice Parade and Pageant
2547:bonfire in Belgorod oblast, Russia
990:for the rain. They also celebrate
937:nativity of Saint John the Baptist
213:is a celebration of the season of
25:
7239:
7173:Christian festivals and holy days
5908:
4138:O'Neill, William Matthew (1976).
3823:traditionally and more common in
3172:
2608:celebrate a solstitial ceremony,
1433:after John the Baptist (Finnish:
624:in churches for the celebration.
507:. These are commemorated by many
6703:Spellwork / Incantation
6175:
5479:Margaret Read MacDonald (1992).
5411:Stort jonsokbryllup i barnehagen
5019:
4610:. Good Year Books. p. 192.
4511:McNamara, Beth Branigan (2000).
4346:, Aachen,21 June 1333, noted by
4157:. Routledge. pp. 123, 182.
3744:
3730:
3716:
3681:
3360:
3069:
2936:
2567:Nights on the Eve of Ivan Kupala
2421:
2173:
1539:
1380:
1162:
760:
709:Bosworth and Toller's dictionary
566:; it marks his birth, which the
374:celebrated the summer solstice.
199:Nativity of St. John the Baptist
7125:Witchcraft Research Association
5837:
5807:
5786:
5772:
5747:
5726:
5705:
5679:
5667:
5648:
5640:Theodore Erbe (editor) (1905).
5633:
5607:
5589:
5567:
5545:
5523:
5501:
5472:
5447:
5422:
5403:
5375:
5347:
5296:
5205:
5185:
5179:
5162:
5139:
5109:
5079:
5036:
5013:
4971:
4945:
4919:
4893:
4867:
4834:
4805:
4779:
4756:
4730:
4711:
4677:
4464:
4336:
4287:
4263:
4180:
4165:
4146:
4131:
4103:
4084:
4069:
3794:
3288:) with fireworks and bonfires.
3142:Night on the Eve of Ivan Kupala
771:needs additional citations for
7120:Museum of Witchcraft and Magic
6532:Holly King / Oak King
5483:The Folklore of World Holidays
5252:Dean, Trevor (5 August 2000).
4977:Snyder, Russell. (2014-06-16)
4659:Birt, Hazel Lauttamus (1988).
4544:. Paulist Press. p. 790.
4365:"Annual Midsummer Celebration"
4041:
3877:in some states of that country
3871:
3817:
3221:Chester Midsummer Watch Parade
3189:In late 14th-century England,
1803:. Although the Arab historian
1680:The summer solstice is called
1429:, the holiday became known as
1425:. After the celebrations were
591:Professor Ăamonn Ă CarragĂĄin,
401:, in the same century, wrote:
307:Swedes celebrating Midsummer,
13:
1:
5409:Stig Persson (26 June 2009):
5383:"FĂ„r ikke fri sankthansdagen"
3919:Tornabuoni, Lucrezia (2001).
3810:
3630:
3408:
3272:, which is now celebrated at
3149:
3015:Raising and dancing around a
2120:â the Eastern Pomeranian and
2079:or even pre-Christian event.
2018:
1868:) Day has been celebrated in
1648:, this huge bonfire is named
888:church celebrates the day of
843:. So it was formerly also in
7023:List of Wiccan organisations
5172:Teutonic Mythology, Volume 2
4607:The Whole Earth Holiday Book
4471:Ă CarragĂĄin, Ăamonn (2005).
4450:. Quest Books. p. 163.
3687:"Oh at Ivan, oh at Kupala" (
2713:, who was later replaced by
2047:is celebrated on 23 June in
1990:
719:("the later Litha") with an
482:
7:
6221:Chthonioi Alexandrian Wicca
5874:. Oxford University Press.
4997:. Finlit.fi. Archived from
4955:. Finlit.fi. Archived from
4929:. Finlit.fi. Archived from
4903:. Finlit.fi. Archived from
4684:MacDermott, Mercia (1998).
4418:. Peter Lang. p. 197.
4416:Augustine: Biblical Exegete
4284:, 2nd ed. 1991. pp.369â370.
4187:Billington, Sandra (2008).
4172:Billington, Sandra (2002).
4117:Online Etymology Dictionary
4055:Online Etymology Dictionary
3709:
3550:
3501:
3424:
3298:
2696:
2164:
1730:
867:
646:At the ancient monument of
627:
570:says was six months before
10:
7244:
7193:Public holidays in Finland
6252:Church and School of Wicca
6173:
5759:www.midsummersfestival.com
5121:www.homesofmyrtlebeach.com
4879:Kotimaisten kielten keskus
4446:Hill, Christopher (2003).
4174:The Concept of the Goddess
4080:. Oxford University Press.
3668:
3184:
3130:
3060:
3053:
2724:
2649:
2550:
2412:
2237:Festa de SĂŁo JoĂŁo do Porto
2234:
1994:
1924:
1815:
1764:, which may correspond to
1743:
1664:
1400:
1223:
1153:
1067:
1062:National Holiday of Quebec
1005:
903:
861:wine-growing Wachau Valley
854:
749:
715:("the earlier Litha") and
631:
491:designated 24 June as the
438:On St John's Day in 1333,
260:
32:Midsummer (disambiguation)
29:
7203:Public holidays in Sweden
7158:International observances
7015:
6971:The Meaning of Witchcraft
6955:
6829:
6753:
6648:
6545:
6502:
6319:
6234:
6191:
6184:
6142:
6002:
5920:De mensibus Anglorum ChXV
5889:LempriĂšre, Raoul (1976).
5284:. Iol.co.za. 20 June 2007
4743:The Canadian Encyclopedia
4540:Birmingham, Mary (1999).
4490:. Scribner. p. 396.
4205:10.1080/00155870701806167
4176:. Routledge. p. 134.
3657:Skandia Folkdance Society
3651:. In St. Edwards Park in
3537:
3467:
3384:
2927:
2707:International Workers Day
2645:
2535:
2111:
2075:is largely regarded as a
2051:. The day is also called
2008:
1920:
1911:Les cĂŽnes d'la Saint Jean
1900:
1736:
1722:
1530:
1014:Newfoundland and Labrador
1001:
899:
410:The 13th-century monk of
194:
183:
161:
149:
137:
129:
82:
66:
50:
41:
7198:Swedish flag flying days
7188:Finnish flag flying days
6570:Wiccan views of divinity
6307:Universal Eclectic Wicca
5959:Catholics & Cultures
5866:Hutton, Ronald (2001) .
5851:. Blackwell Publishers.
5419:, retrieved 22 June 2013
5057:10.3402/ijch.v66i5.18313
4718:Various Authors (1999).
4276:, vol. I:361, quoted in
3787:
3486:
3330:
2779:, special foods such as
2720:
1843:
1148:"Vi elsker vort land..."
1146:(Midsummer hymn) called
1038:, printer and editor of
984:end of the rainy seasons
687:and takes its name from
7053:Cunning folk in Britain
6033:
5870:The Stations of the Sun
4813:"Traditions in Denmark"
4367:. www.danishmuseum.org.
4239:Hutton, Ronald (1996).
4153:Forsythe, Gary (2012).
3379:Unitarian Universalists
2663:Serbian Orthodox Church
2636:Russian Orthodox Church
2116:Especially in northern
1976:In the western town of
1606:The Feast of Saint John
1476:after the Finnish term
1008:Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day
593:University College Cork
509:Christian denominations
6837:Magical tools in Wicca
6409:Ipsita Roy Chakraverti
6090:
6068:
6046:
6020:
5815:"Merchant Information"
5713:"MIDSUMMER at Sveadal"
5511:. Blic.rs. 7 July 2010
5150:. Saskatchewan Gen Web
4848:. 2018. Archived from
4687:Bulgarian Folk Customs
4577:Gary Cantrell (2001).
4515:. Our Sunday Visitor.
4318:. Dahlig. p. 68.
4314:Dahlig, Piotr (2009).
4140:Time and the Calendars
3701:UĆŸ kalnelio eĆŸerÄlis (
3661:
3649:painted naked cyclists
3617:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3481:St. Louis World's Fair
3461:
3441:
3373:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3335:In Wales it is called
3284:
3278:
3266:
3241:
3236:
3153:
3012:
2851:Rosmarinus officinalis
2792:bonfires of Saint John
2744:
2618:around it. Betting on
2576:Night on Bald Mountain
2548:
2515:. She is dressed as a
2493:
2275:Vila Nova de FamalicĂŁo
2258:
2255:Dance of the Shepherds
2040:
2024:
1997:Saint Jonas's Festival
1947:, Midsummer is called
1940:
1861:
1796:Saint John the Baptist
1790:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1756:
1750:
1707:
1696:
1682:
1677:
1650:
1642:
1634:
1630:Saint John the Baptist
1624:
1618:
1613:
1454:Swedish-speaking Finns
1414:
1247:
1086:
961:Saint John the Baptist
939:(24 June), are annual
923:
881:
693:
597:
564:Saint John the Baptist
533:National Day of Sweden
464:
421:
408:
360:. People thronged the
354:Marcus Terentius Varro
328:many ancient monuments
315:
300:
288:at Midsummer near the
277:
133:Cultural and Religious
92:, particularly in the
7183:Modern pagan holidays
7043:Witch-cult hypothesis
6999:Charge of the Goddess
6740:Solitary practitioner
6658:Drawing down the Moon
6439:Cerridwen Fallingstar
6160:Wicca and LGBT people
5306:. la.lv. 23 June 2023
5169:Grimm, Jacob (1883).
4604:Polon, Linda (1983).
4564:Owen, William (1832)
4378:Morrill, Ann (2009).
4274:The Saxons in England
3557:NYC Swedish Midsummer
3496:William W. Thomas Jr.
3456:hosts a Swedish Day (
3432:
3368:
3350:GƔyl Ifan Ganol Gaeaf
3234:
3225:Chester Mystery Plays
3140:
3010:
2734:
2725:Further information:
2595:White Nights Festival
2543:
2486:
2244:
2235:Further information:
2030:
2016:
1934:
1864:In Italy, St John's (
1851:
1791:szentivĂĄni tƱzgyĂșjtĂĄs
1717:Mainzer Johannisnacht
1692:
1672:
1619:FĂȘte de la Saint-Jean
1604:
1409:Midsummer bonfire in
1408:
1233:
1075:
913:
875:
746:Observance by country
580:
513:Roman Catholic Church
459:
416:
403:
313:Stockholm archipelago
306:
283:
270:Midsummer Eve Bonfire
268:
114:Roman Catholic Church
57:Midsummer bonfire in
7223:Culture of Altbayern
6216:Central Valley Wicca
4767:. Kristeligt Dagblad
4636:www.carlanayland.org
4513:Christian Beginnings
4352:Landscape and Memory
4344:Epistolae familiares
3397:the entire day. The
3262:Old Cornwall Society
3093:improve this section
2960:improve this section
2875:Hypericum perforatum
2828:Dryopteris filix-mas
2727:Hogueras de Alicante
2715:St. John the Baptist
2532:marriage prospects.
2445:improve this section
2197:improve this section
1675:Freiburg im Breisgau
1625:le feu de Saint-Jean
1563:improve this section
1325:Estonians celebrate
1186:improve this section
1083:Peder Severin KrĂžyer
780:improve this article
478:Religious observance
272:by Norwegian artist
187:A date close to the
143:St. John the Baptist
18:Midsummer's Day
7064:Malleus Maleficarum
7058:European witchcraft
7038:Neopagan witchcraft
6193:British Traditional
6136:Neopagan witchcraft
5961:updated 12 May 2016
5616:"Swedish Midsummer"
5091:www.ovimagazine.com
5001:on 12 December 2012
4933:on 12 December 2012
4907:on 12 December 2012
4473:Ritual and the Rood
4097:Springer Publishing
3738:Christianity portal
3344:GƔyl Ifan Ganol Haf
2339:Cantar Ă desgarrada
2065:RĂžldal Stave Church
1356:PĂŒhajĂ€rve Jaanituli
972:Northeast of Brazil
880:ritual in Bulgaria.
821:Southern Hemisphere
707:, distinguished in
695:De temporum ratione
584:diebus crescentibus
501:St John the Baptist
393:at Barnwell in the
350:ancient Roman world
223:Northern Hemisphere
7079:Magical alphabets
7028:Bricket Wood coven
7006:Enchanted Feminism
6399:Zsuzsanna Budapest
6155:Etymology of Wicca
5941:2020-08-10 at the
5821:on 18 October 2007
5660:2013-06-20 at the
5333:thenorwayguide.com
5192:www.germany.travel
4842:"Saint John's Eve"
4215:– via JSTOR.
3442:
3440:television in 1958
3434:Birgit Ridderstedt
3374:
3242:
3167:Orthodox Christian
3154:
3146:Henryk Siemiradzki
3013:
2893:Digitalis purpurea
2790:, since 1928, the
2745:
2652:Serbian traditions
2549:
2494:
2259:
2041:
2025:
1941:
1862:
1678:
1659:FĂȘte de la Musique
1644:Meurthe-et-Moselle
1614:
1415:
1389:, St. John's Eve (
1306:Livonian Chronicle
1248:
1087:
924:
882:
685:Germanic Neopagans
601:Christian theology
521:Anglican Communion
316:
301:
278:
122:Anglican Communion
7153:Culture of Europe
7140:
7139:
6761:Wheel of the Year
6414:Patricia Crowther
6315:
6314:
6201:Alexandrian Wicca
6166:Dettmer v. Landon
6102:
6101:
5996:Wheel of the Year
5487:. Gale Research.
4697:978-1-85302-485-6
4590:978-1-56718-112-8
4110:Harper, Douglas.
4048:Harper, Douglas.
3923:Sacred Narratives
3625:Concordia College
3492:New Sweden, Maine
3473:Lindsborg, Kansas
3399:Midnight Sun Game
3369:Solstice fire in
3129:
3128:
3121:
3008:
2996:
2995:
2988:
2867:Aloysia citrodora
2571:Modest Mussorgsky
2481:
2480:
2473:
2233:
2232:
2225:
1683:Sommersonnenwende
1608:by French artist
1599:
1598:
1591:
1521:Finnish Canadians
1485:Will-o'-the-wisps
1222:
1221:
1214:
1081:by Danish artist
1052:). In 1908, Pope
914:June festival in
812:
811:
804:
740:Germanic paganism
727:on leap years or
681:Germanic calendar
634:Wheel of the Year
551:, Midsummer is a
517:Lutheran Churches
442:watched women at
368:Sandra Billington
348:Likewise, in the
290:Kastelholm Castle
239:20, 21 or 22 June
208:
207:
118:Lutheran Churches
46:
16:(Redirected from
7235:
7168:June observances
7163:John the Baptist
7110:Witches' Sabbath
7033:New Forest coven
6992:Witchcraft Today
6978:The Spiral Dance
6525:Spirit of nature
6484:Silver RavenWolf
6429:Scott Cunningham
6419:Vivianne Crowley
6389:Raymond Buckland
6257:Cochrane's Craft
6226:Gardnerian Wicca
6189:
6188:
6179:
6150:History of Wicca
6129:
6122:
6115:
6106:
6105:
6095:
6077:Autumnal equinox
6073:
6051:
6038:
6025:
5989:
5982:
5975:
5966:
5965:
5953:Thomas M Landy,
5904:
5885:
5873:
5862:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5817:. Archived from
5811:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5800:
5790:
5784:
5783:
5776:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5751:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5740:
5730:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5709:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5689:. Archived from
5683:
5677:
5671:
5665:
5652:
5646:
5637:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5611:
5605:
5604:
5593:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5571:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5549:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5538:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5516:
5505:
5499:
5498:
5486:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5451:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5426:
5420:
5415:
5407:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5391:. 26 August 2016
5379:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5351:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5340:
5325:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5300:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5209:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5183:
5177:
5176:
5166:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5143:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5040:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5017:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5006:
4991:
4982:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4857:
4852:on 28 March 2018
4838:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4824:
4819:on 28 March 2018
4809:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4665:
4656:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4574:
4568:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4443:
4434:
4433:
4411:
4405:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4361:
4355:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4311:
4302:
4301:
4291:
4285:
4278:George C. Homans
4267:
4261:
4260:
4236:
4217:
4216:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4032:
4030:
4019:
4008:
4007:
3987:
3977:
3968:
3967:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3926:
3916:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3891:
3878:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3848:
3838:
3827:
3821:
3804:
3798:
3766:Saint John's Eve
3754:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3740:
3735:
3734:
3726:
3721:
3720:
3664:
3643:puts on a large
3639:neighborhood of
3622:
3559:celebrations in
3533:
3527:
3521:
3515:
3477:Swedish Pavilion
3355:south-east Wales
3352:
3346:
3340:
3317:Sir Walter Scott
3305:Scottish Borders
3287:
3281:
3271:
3239:
3195:Lilleshall Abbey
3151:
3124:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3104:
3073:
3065:
3009:
2991:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2971:
2940:
2932:
2880:Malva sylvestris
2841:(herb of grace,
2798:, or Fallas, of
2765:Saint John's Eve
2638:and finally the
2591:Saint Petersburg
2581:Andrei Tarkovsky
2563:autopurification
2476:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2456:
2425:
2417:
2263:Santos Populares
2257:midsummer parade
2228:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2208:
2177:
2169:
2130:Noc ĆwiÄtojaĆska
2023:
2020:
1953:national holiday
1793:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1759:
1753:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1699:
1685:
1653:
1647:
1639:
1627:
1621:
1594:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1543:
1535:
1517:Finnish Flag Day
1435:Johannes Kastaja
1371:flag flying days
1301:Balthasar Russow
1265:suvine pööripÀiv
1217:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1197:
1166:
1158:
1140:Holger Drachmann
1113:mountain in the
1058:John the Baptist
1050:French Canadians
1031:Jesuit Relations
890:John the Baptist
886:Eastern Orthodox
807:
800:
796:
793:
787:
764:
756:
752:Saint John's Eve
698:
618:Saint John's Eve
595:
523:, as well as by
505:Saint John's Eve
489:Christian Church
399:Lilleshall Abbey
387:Liber Memorandum
372:Germanic peoples
251:Saint John's Day
247:Saint John's Eve
231:Nordic countries
203:Saint John's Eve
94:Nordic countries
83:Observed by
55:
44:
39:
38:
21:
7243:
7242:
7238:
7237:
7236:
7234:
7233:
7232:
7228:Summer solstice
7218:Summer holidays
7143:
7142:
7141:
7136:
7115:Flying ointment
7011:
6985:What Witches Do
6951:
6872:Book of Shadows
6825:
6749:
6728:Rite of passage
6693:Herbal medicine
6650:
6644:
6555:Wiccan morality
6547:
6541:
6498:
6479:Rosaleen Norton
6474:Frederic Lamond
6469:Philip Heselton
6424:Robert Cochrane
6404:Charles Cardell
6394:Eddie Buczynski
6364:Victor Anderson
6334:Doreen Valiente
6321:
6311:
6230:
6211:Blue Star Wicca
6180:
6171:
6138:
6133:
6103:
6098:
6055:Summer solstice
5998:
5993:
5943:Wayback Machine
5911:
5901:
5882:
5859:
5840:
5835:
5834:
5824:
5822:
5813:
5812:
5808:
5798:
5796:
5792:
5791:
5787:
5778:
5777:
5773:
5763:
5761:
5753:
5752:
5748:
5738:
5736:
5732:
5731:
5727:
5717:
5715:
5711:
5710:
5706:
5696:
5694:
5693:on 13 June 2010
5685:
5684:
5680:
5672:
5668:
5662:Wayback Machine
5653:
5649:
5638:
5634:
5624:
5622:
5612:
5608:
5595:
5594:
5590:
5580:
5578:
5573:
5572:
5568:
5558:
5556:
5551:
5550:
5546:
5536:
5534:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5514:
5512:
5507:
5506:
5502:
5495:
5477:
5473:
5463:
5461:
5453:
5452:
5448:
5438:
5436:
5428:
5427:
5423:
5417:Ăstlandets Blad
5413:
5408:
5404:
5394:
5392:
5381:
5380:
5376:
5366:
5364:
5353:
5352:
5348:
5338:
5336:
5327:
5326:
5319:
5309:
5307:
5302:
5301:
5297:
5287:
5285:
5280:
5279:
5275:
5264:
5250:
5246:
5236:
5234:
5231:"Szent IvĂĄn Ă©j"
5229:
5228:
5224:
5211:
5210:
5206:
5196:
5194:
5184:
5180:
5167:
5163:
5153:
5151:
5144:
5140:
5130:
5128:
5115:
5114:
5110:
5100:
5098:
5085:
5084:
5080:
5041:
5037:
5027:
5025:
5018:
5014:
5004:
5002:
4993:
4992:
4985:
4976:
4972:
4962:
4960:
4951:
4950:
4946:
4936:
4934:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4910:
4908:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4884:
4882:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4855:
4853:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4822:
4820:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4796:
4794:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4770:
4768:
4761:
4757:
4747:
4745:
4735:
4731:
4716:
4712:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4682:
4678:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4657:
4650:
4640:
4638:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4618:
4602:
4598:
4591:
4575:
4571:
4563:
4559:
4552:
4538:
4534:
4523:
4509:
4505:
4498:
4484:
4480:
4469:
4465:
4458:
4444:
4437:
4426:
4412:
4408:
4401:
4397:
4390:
4376:
4372:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4341:
4337:
4326:
4312:
4305:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4270:British Library
4268:
4264:
4257:
4237:
4220:
4185:
4181:
4170:
4166:
4151:
4147:
4136:
4132:
4122:
4120:
4108:
4104:
4089:
4085:
4074:
4070:
4060:
4058:
4046:
4042:
4028:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4011:
4000:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3950:
3946:
3939:
3917:
3910:
3900:
3898:
3893:
3892:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3861:
3839:
3830:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3807:
3799:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3761:Winter solstice
3750:
3745:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3724:Holidays portal
3722:
3715:
3712:
3694:"Kupalinka" - (
3684:
3675:Casper Mountain
3671:
3633:
3553:
3545:Astoria, Oregon
3540:
3504:
3489:
3470:
3462:Svenskarnas Dag
3427:
3411:
3387:
3363:
3333:
3321:Smailholm Tower
3301:
3254:Castle an Dinas
3187:
3175:
3135:
3125:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3090:
3074:
3063:
3058:
2998:
2992:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2957:
2941:
2930:
2843:Ruta graveolens
2834:Osmunda regalis
2729:
2723:
2699:
2654:
2648:
2640:Communist Party
2555:
2538:
2477:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2442:
2426:
2415:
2389:PĂłvoa do Varzim
2311:PĂłvoa de Varzim
2291:Figueira da Foz
2239:
2229:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2194:
2178:
2167:
2114:
2082:Midsummer day,
2043:As in Denmark,
2021:
2011:
1999:
1993:
1929:
1923:
1903:
1846:
1818:
1746:
1725:
1667:
1616:In France, the
1595:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1560:
1544:
1533:
1403:
1383:
1228:
1218:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1183:
1167:
1156:
1133:family reunions
1070:
1036:Ludger Duvernay
1010:
1004:
955:solemnities of
949:colonial period
908:
902:
870:
857:
808:
797:
791:
788:
777:
765:
754:
748:
723:third month of
636:
630:
596:
590:
497:early Christian
485:
480:
468:infant baptisms
263:
219:summer solstice
195:Related to
189:summer solstice
178:church weddings
88:Traditionally:
62:
45:Summer Solstice
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7241:
7231:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7138:
7137:
7135:
7134:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7096:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7019:
7017:
7013:
7012:
7010:
7009:
7002:
6995:
6988:
6981:
6974:
6967:
6959:
6957:
6953:
6952:
6950:
6949:
6947:Witch's ladder
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6892:Chalice/Goblet
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6833:
6831:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6757:
6755:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6734:Eko Eko Azarak
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6654:
6652:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6605:The Summerland
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6551:
6549:
6543:
6542:
6540:
6539:
6537:Mother goddess
6534:
6529:
6528:
6527:
6517:
6512:
6510:Triple Goddess
6506:
6504:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6454:Raven Grimassi
6451:
6449:Stewart Farrar
6446:
6441:
6436:
6434:Phyllis Curott
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6344:Maxine Sanders
6341:
6336:
6331:
6329:Gerald Gardner
6325:
6323:
6317:
6316:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6287:Odyssean Wicca
6284:
6282:Georgian Wicca
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6242:1734 Tradition
6238:
6236:
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6083:
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6039:
6029:Vernal equinox
6026:
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6000:
5999:
5992:
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5984:
5977:
5969:
5963:
5962:
5951:
5950:Belarus Digest
5945:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5917:
5910:
5909:External links
5907:
5906:
5905:
5899:
5886:
5880:
5863:
5857:
5845:Hutton, Ronald
5839:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5806:
5785:
5771:
5746:
5725:
5704:
5678:
5674:Gwyl Ifan 2013
5666:
5647:
5632:
5606:
5603:. 28 May 2013.
5588:
5577:. 22 June 2017
5566:
5555:. 24 June 2011
5544:
5533:. 24 June 2015
5522:
5500:
5493:
5471:
5446:
5421:
5414:(in Norwegian)
5402:
5374:
5363:. 24 June 2014
5346:
5335:. 5 April 2023
5317:
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5051:(5): 418â424.
5035:
5012:
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4959:on 27 May 2012
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4793:on 3 June 2013
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4406:
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4389:978-1438127972
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3237:Tansys Golowan
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3173:United Kingdom
3171:
3131:Main article:
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3126:
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3025:midsommarstÄng
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2871:St John's wort
2819:Basque Country
2722:
2719:
2698:
2695:
2687:blood brothers
2675:Ivanjske vatre
2647:
2644:
2632:Russian empire
2616:circle dancing
2606:Sakha Republic
2573:to create his
2551:Main article:
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2103:Western Norway
2084:Sankthansdagen
2073:Sankthansaften
2057:Roman Catholic
2045:Sankthansaften
2010:
2007:
1995:Main article:
1992:
1989:
1925:Main article:
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1866:San Giovanni's
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1462:midsommarstÄng
1402:
1399:
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1379:
1285:pÀivÀkÀÀndjÀne
1224:Main article:
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1170:
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1099:sankthansaften
1069:
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1006:Main article:
1003:
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916:Campina Grande
904:Main article:
901:
898:
869:
866:
856:
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841:public holiday
810:
809:
768:
766:
759:
747:
744:
733:reconstruction
717:sÄ ĂŠftera lÄ«Ă°a
699:that provides
629:
626:
588:
568:Gospel of Luke
553:public holiday
511:, such as the
484:
481:
479:
476:
377:The historian
311:island in the
274:Nikolai Astrup
262:
259:
257:and feasting.
225:; the longest
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166:Church service
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6830:Paraphernalia
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6688:Cone of power
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6678:Fivefold kiss
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6610:Reincarnation
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6565:Rule of Three
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6494:Joseph Wilson
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6384:Jack Bracelin
6382:
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6262:Coven of Atho
6260:
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5896:
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5881:0-19-285448-8
5877:
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5858:0-631-18946-7
5854:
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5620:Swedish Nomad
5617:
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5504:
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5490:
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5459:Dinheiro Vivo
5456:
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5259:
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5020:Husu, Petra.
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3999:9780807862728
3995:
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3963:9780816623600
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3752:Saints portal
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3700:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3682:In folk music
3679:
3676:
3666:
3663:
3662:Midsommarfest
3658:
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3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
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3565:New York City
3562:
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3450:Andersonville
3447:
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3415:Santa Barbara
3406:
3404:
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3396:
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3391:Arctic Circle
3382:
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3372:
3367:
3361:United States
3358:
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3179:Great Britain
3170:
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3139:
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3102:
3098:
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3083:
3078:This section
3076:
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3066:
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3034:
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3026:
3022:
3018:
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2955:
2954:
2950:
2945:This section
2943:
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2933:
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2905:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
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2864:
2863:lemon verbena
2860:
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2704:
2701:In Slovenia,
2694:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2653:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2586:Andrei Rublev
2582:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2546:
2542:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2525:DrÄgaica fair
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2475:
2472:
2464:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2430:This section
2428:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2295:Vila do Conde
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2227:
2224:
2216:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2182:This section
2180:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2148:, called the
2147:
2143:
2139:
2136:cities (like
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2015:
2006:
2004:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1752:
1741:
1732:
1720:
1718:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1698:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1676:
1671:
1662:
1660:
1655:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1637:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1590:
1582:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1548:This section
1546:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1500:Arctic Circle
1497:
1492:
1490:
1489:fern in bloom
1486:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1427:Christianized
1424:
1420:
1412:
1407:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1387:Faroe Islands
1381:Faroe Islands
1378:
1376:
1375:Estonian flag
1372:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1303:wrote in his
1302:
1298:
1297:suured pÀevad
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1269:suvepööripÀev
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1236:village swing
1232:
1227:
1216:
1213:
1205:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1171:This section
1169:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1144:midsommervise
1141:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1009:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
968:
966:
962:
958:
957:Saint Anthony
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
933:June Festival
930:
929:
928:Festa Juninas
921:
917:
912:
907:
897:
895:
891:
887:
879:
874:
865:
862:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
806:
803:
795:
785:
781:
775:
774:
769:This section
767:
763:
758:
757:
753:
743:
741:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
697:
696:
690:
686:
683:used by some
682:
678:
673:
671:
670:Iolo Morganwg
667:
664:
660:
656:
651:
649:
644:
641:
635:
625:
623:
619:
615:
610:
606:
602:
594:
587:
585:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
475:
473:
469:
463:
458:
456:
451:
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
430:
426:
420:
415:
413:
407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
391:parish church
388:
384:
383:Jean Belethus
380:
379:Ronald Hutton
375:
373:
369:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
331:
329:
325:
321:
314:
310:
305:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
275:
271:
267:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
243:Christianized
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
204:
200:
197:
193:
190:
186:
182:
179:
175:
171:
167:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
123:
119:
115:
111:
109:
108:United States
106:
104:
101:
99:
98:Baltic States
95:
91:
87:
86:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
60:
54:
49:
40:
37:
33:
19:
7213:Quarter days
7178:Saints' days
7131:Fluffy Bunny
7075:Cunning folk
7070:Granny woman
7062:
7004:
6997:
6990:
6983:
6976:
6969:
6962:
6790:
6745:Spiral dance
6732:
6683:Magic circle
6464:Yvonne Frost
6444:Janet Farrar
6359:Margot Adler
6339:Alex Sanders
6267:Dianic Wicca
6247:Celtic Wicca
6206:Algard Wicca
6164:
6058:
5958:
5890:
5869:
5848:
5838:Bibliography
5823:. Retrieved
5819:the original
5809:
5797:. Retrieved
5788:
5774:
5762:. Retrieved
5758:
5749:
5737:. Retrieved
5728:
5716:. Retrieved
5707:
5695:. Retrieved
5691:the original
5681:
5669:
5650:
5641:
5635:
5623:. Retrieved
5619:
5609:
5600:
5591:
5579:. Retrieved
5569:
5557:. Retrieved
5547:
5535:. Retrieved
5525:
5513:. Retrieved
5503:
5482:
5474:
5462:. Retrieved
5458:
5449:
5437:. Retrieved
5433:
5424:
5405:
5393:. Retrieved
5386:
5377:
5365:. Retrieved
5358:
5349:
5337:. Retrieved
5332:
5308:. Retrieved
5298:
5286:. Retrieved
5276:
5267:
5253:
5247:
5235:. Retrieved
5225:
5216:
5207:
5195:. Retrieved
5191:
5181:
5171:
5164:
5152:. Retrieved
5141:
5131:11 September
5129:. Retrieved
5120:
5111:
5101:11 September
5099:. Retrieved
5090:
5081:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5026:. Retrieved
5015:
5003:. Retrieved
4999:the original
4973:
4961:. Retrieved
4957:the original
4947:
4935:. Retrieved
4931:the original
4921:
4909:. Retrieved
4905:the original
4895:
4883:. Retrieved
4881:(in Finnish)
4878:
4869:
4861:
4854:. Retrieved
4850:the original
4836:
4828:
4821:. Retrieved
4817:the original
4807:
4795:. Retrieved
4791:the original
4781:
4769:. Retrieved
4758:
4746:. Retrieved
4742:
4732:
4724:Sua Pesquisa
4723:
4713:
4701:. Retrieved
4686:
4679:
4667:. Retrieved
4639:. Retrieved
4635:
4626:
4606:
4599:
4579:
4572:
4565:
4560:
4541:
4535:
4526:
4512:
4506:
4487:
4481:
4472:
4466:
4447:
4429:
4415:
4409:
4398:
4379:
4373:
4359:
4351:
4348:Simon Schama
4343:
4338:
4329:
4315:
4298:
4294:
4289:
4281:
4273:
4265:
4241:
4199:(1): 41â57.
4196:
4192:
4182:
4173:
4167:
4158:
4154:
4148:
4139:
4133:
4121:. Retrieved
4115:
4105:
4092:
4086:
4077:
4071:
4059:. Retrieved
4053:
4043:
4034:
4027:. Retrieved
4003:
3983:
3953:
3947:
3922:
3899:. Retrieved
3873:
3864:
3844:
3819:
3796:
3781:Midnight sun
3672:
3634:
3573:Skansen Park
3561:Battery Park
3554:
3541:
3505:
3490:
3471:
3443:
3419:
3413:Since 1974,
3412:
3388:
3375:
3334:
3302:
3293:quarter days
3290:
3258:Castle Downs
3243:
3218:
3209:
3203:
3188:
3176:
3155:
3141:
3133:Kupala Night
3115:
3106:
3091:Please help
3079:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3014:
2982:
2973:
2958:Please help
2946:
2916:
2900:
2892:
2878:
2877:), mallows (
2874:
2866:
2858:
2850:
2842:
2832:
2826:
2804:
2784:de Sant Joan
2780:
2768:
2760:
2759:, Asturian:
2756:
2755:, Galician:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2702:
2700:
2678:
2674:
2666:
2656:
2655:
2624:horse racing
2609:
2602:Yakut people
2599:
2585:
2574:
2556:
2553:Kupala Night
2545:Kupala Night
2513:the DrÄgaica
2512:
2506:
2500:
2495:
2487:
2467:
2458:
2443:Please help
2431:
2400:
2396:
2386:
2380:
2366:
2361:
2353:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2329:
2321:
2319:
2262:
2260:
2254:
2219:
2210:
2195:Please help
2183:
2158:Kupala Night
2156:
2149:
2129:
2115:
2107:
2100:
2083:
2081:
2072:
2052:
2044:
2042:
2002:
2000:
1982:
1975:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1892:
1880:
1865:
1863:
1853:
1819:
1810:
1787:
1761:
1751:SzentivĂĄn-Ă©j
1747:
1726:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1701:
1693:
1679:
1656:
1615:
1610:Jules Breton
1605:
1585:
1576:
1561:Please help
1549:
1513:
1505:
1496:midnight sun
1493:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1418:
1416:
1390:
1384:
1364:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1340:
1326:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1250:
1249:
1244:PĂ€rnu County
1208:
1199:
1184:Please help
1172:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1130:
1126:holy springs
1123:
1107:evil spirits
1103:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1076:
1045:
1039:
1029:
1011:
969:
932:
927:
925:
906:Festa Junina
894:Nestinarstvo
883:
858:
813:
798:
789:
778:Please help
773:verification
770:
728:
724:
716:
713:sÄ Çœrra lĂĂ°a
712:
704:
676:
674:
658:
655:Neo-druidism
652:
645:
637:
598:
583:
581:
557:
486:
472:holy springs
465:
460:
452:
437:
433:evil spirits
422:
417:
409:
404:
386:
376:
366:
358:Fors Fortuna
347:
338:
332:
317:
269:
210:
209:
150:Celebrations
138:Significance
74:, Enyovden,
36:
6668:Handfasting
6595:White magic
6560:Wiccan Rede
6459:Gavin Frost
6379:Lois Bourne
6272:Faery Wicca
6092:Calan Gaeaf
5597:"Midsummer"
5395:5 September
5367:5 September
5288:25 December
5237:25 December
5005:25 December
4963:25 December
4937:25 December
4911:25 December
4885:25 December
4748:30 November
4112:"midsummer"
4050:"midsummer"
4023:"Midsummer"
3601:Minneapolis
3585:Throgs Neck
3571:and at the
3214:Reformation
3169:calendar.
3157:Ivan Kupala
2859:Rosa canina
2751:, Catalan:
2589:. Also, in
2381:alho-porro,
2326:Caldo verde
2061:pilgrimages
2059:times with
2022: 1924
1965:lands with
1958:JÄĆi cheese
1858:Esino Lario
1834:County Cork
1702:zimmet fire
1697:sonnenwendt
1673:Bonfire in
1525:New Finland
1367:Victory Day
1281:pÀivÀkÀÀnÀk
1277:pÀevakÀÀnak
1056:designated
974:is largely
965:Saint Peter
947:during the
878:firewalking
737:Anglo-Saxon
721:intercalary
701:Anglo-Saxon
659:Alban Hefin
657:, the term
525:freemasonry
395:Nene Valley
362:River Tiber
335:Old English
170:processions
162:Observances
67:Also called
7147:Categories
7105:Witch-hunt
6956:Literature
6937:Tarot deck
6796:Lughnasadh
6723:Initiation
6718:Invocation
6713:Divination
6663:Great rite
6651:and ritual
6630:Watchtower
6600:Otherworld
6590:Witchcraft
6580:Craft name
6515:Horned God
6374:Gavin Bone
6349:Sybil Leek
6302:Stregheria
6292:Reclaiming
6185:Traditions
6070:Calan Awst
6064:Lughnasadh
5154:7 December
4669:7 December
4617:067316585X
4342:Petrarch,
3811:References
3631:Washington
3581:Sweden Day
3519:Pannukakku
3409:California
3311:holds its
3199:Shropshire
3056:VĂ„rparnatt
2703:Kresna noÄ
2683:godfathers
2677:(kresovi,
2650:See also:
2527:, held in
2497:In Romania
2126:Baltic Sea
2092:Sandefjord
1419:Ukon juhla
1411:Seurasaari
1117:region of
1041:La Minerve
1026:New France
1018:John Cabot
988:Saint John
945:Portuguese
750:See also:
648:Stonehenge
632:See also:
609:symbolized
487:The early
326:era, with
6907:Parchment
6821:Wild Hunt
6791:Midsummer
6708:Banishing
6673:Wiccaning
6520:Green Man
6297:Seax-Wica
6059:Midsummer
6048:Calan Mai
6022:GƔyl Fair
6007:Midwinter
5601:sweden.se
4354:1995:265.
3771:Sun Dance
3623:, run by
3619:Sjölunden
3609:Lindsborg
3605:Minnesota
3577:Stockholm
3403:Fairbanks
3338:GƔyl Ifan
3285:Gol-Jowan
3250:Carn Brea
3206:bonnefyre
3191:John Mirk
3080:does not
2947:does not
2889:foxgloves
2815:Cantabria
2773:Catalonia
2753:Sant Joan
2691:rectitude
2628:Tengriism
2569:inspired
2559:fertility
2461:June 2024
2432:does not
2362:manjerico
2279:Vila Real
2271:Estarreja
2184:does not
2122:Kashubian
1991:Lithuania
1985:Christmas
1895:neopagans
1875:Goro Dati
1830:fireworks
1805:Ibn Rusta
1766:Hungarian
1688:Nuremberg
1550:does not
1460:(Swedish
1352:JaanipÀev
1345:JaaniÔhtu
1341:JaaniÔhtu
1328:JaaniÔhtu
1319:JaanipÀev
1311:Estonians
1289:pÀevapesa
1273:pĂŒĂ€ripÀÀv
1261:leedopÀev
1252:JaanipÀev
1226:JaanipÀev
1173:does not
1138:In 1885,
1095:sankthans
1046:Canadiens
996:quadrille
980:semi-arid
941:Brazilian
922:, Brazil.
833:Lithuania
792:June 2017
640:neopagans
605:John 3:30
576:Christmas
560:feast day
549:Lithuania
493:feast day
483:Christian
455:John Stow
412:Winchcomb
324:Neolithic
318:There is
211:Midsummer
42:Midsummer
6932:Talisman
6912:Pentacle
6882:Cauldron
6766:Solstice
6754:Holidays
6635:Familiar
6625:Summoner
6548:concepts
6489:Starhawk
5955:"Feasts"
5939:Archived
5893:. Hale.
5847:(1993).
5799:21 March
5764:10 March
5658:Archived
5125:Archived
5095:Archived
5065:18274207
4856:28 March
4823:26 March
4641:20 April
4213:30035459
4193:Folklore
4029:25 March
3901:26 March
3710:See also
3593:Illinois
3589:Rockford
3551:New York
3513:Juhannus
3502:Michigan
3425:Illinois
3395:twilight
3299:Scotland
3274:Penzance
3246:Cornwall
3210:wakefyre
3109:May 2024
3033:majstÄng
3029:att maja
3021:majstÄng
2976:May 2024
2917:Queimada
2901:Sambucus
2885:laburnum
2855:dog rose
2847:rosemary
2817:and the
2811:Asturias
2800:Valencia
2788:Alicante
2777:Valencia
2761:San Xuan
2757:San XoĂĄn
2749:San Juan
2741:Portugal
2697:Slovenia
2667:Igritelj
2658:Ivanjdan
2620:Reindeer
2583:'s film
2521:bedstraw
2508:SĂąnziene
2502:DrÄgaica
2489:SĂąnziene
2331:farturas
2322:Cascatas
2315:Barcelos
2251:Portugal
2213:May 2024
2165:Portugal
2096:TĂžnsberg
2088:Vestfold
2033:LaksevÄg
1893:Italian
1870:Florence
1860:, Italy.
1826:concerts
1737:ÎÎ»ÎźÎŽÎżÎœÎ±Ï
1731:Klidonas
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1579:May 2024
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1333:Saaremaa
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1202:May 2024
1142:wrote a
953:Catholic
868:Bulgaria
817:Cornwall
666:Romantic
628:Neopagan
589:â
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339:midsumor
320:evidence
276:(c.1915)
255:bonfires
174:baptisms
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7016:Related
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6877:Candles
6806:Samhain
6786:Beltane
6771:Equinox
6698:Scrying
6640:Animism
6620:Skyclad
6503:Deities
6369:Artemis
6322:figures
6320:Notable
6143:History
6086:Samhain
6042:Beltane
5825:24 June
5718:10 June
5697:21 June
5625:10 June
5515:15 July
5464:24 June
5439:24 June
5339:7 April
5310:23 June
5233:. Fn.hu
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4771:15 July
4703:7 March
4247:312â313
4160:winter.
4123:22 June
4061:22 June
4036:Jordan.
3669:Wyoming
3653:Kenmore
3641:Fremont
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3458:Swedish
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3371:Montana
3323:, near
3313:Beltane
3309:Peebles
3279:Golowan
3268:Golowan
3185:England
3162:Ukraine
3101:removed
3086:sources
3061:Ukraine
3017:maypole
2968:removed
2953:sources
2807:Galicia
2769:tequeos
2711:Kresnik
2679:bonfire
2604:of the
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2205:removed
2190:sources
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2003:JoninÄs
1978:Kuldīga
1816:Ireland
1770:JovĂĄnos
1744:Hungary
1665:Germany
1571:removed
1556:sources
1523:in the
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1395:SuĂ°uroy
1385:On the
1337:Hiiumaa
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1194:removed
1179:sources
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1111:Brocken
1091:Denmark
1068:Denmark
970:As the
920:ParaĂba
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825:Estonia
729:TriliĂ°i
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537:Finland
499:martyr
495:of the
444:Cologne
429:witches
425:dragons
389:of the
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261:History
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221:in the
157:dancing
155:maypole
7093:Hebrew
7088:Theban
6927:Statue
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2923:items.
2912:Iberia
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2895:) and
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2671:wreath
2646:Serbia
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2397:rusgas
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2350:Lisbon
2343:Rusgas
2307:Sintra
2303:Seixal
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2009:Norway
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1937:pƫdele
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900:Brazil
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