1273:(ISDs) via high capacity fiber infrastructure. The project was completed on June 30, 2017, and the result was a 10 Gb connection to each ISD as well as a 100 Gb resilient core. Merit continues to manage MISEN, which gives Michigan ISDs the ability to leverage the multi-gigabit infrastructure for services like Internet access, student information systems, and other critical services, putting Michigan's schools at the forefront of technology and innovation. Throughout 2017, Merit has continued shifting their strategy to focus on network, security and community. They are now considered one of the national leaders in cybersecurity.
872:
722:
1120:
543:
1752:
worth emphasizing this, since the popular wisdom holds that: (a) universities cannot run a production operation, and (b) that university-industry collaborations are only useful for advanced research projects. What the MERIT-IBM-MCI team has demonstrated is that a collaboration between academia and industry is very useful in setting up a production system involving innovative management and new technologies."
1219:
safety. 70 additional organizations were also connected to the network by constructing last-mile fiber to the network. Each connection was a minimum of 1 gigabit-per-second (Gbps), providing broadband speeds to previously unserved or underserved parts of
Michigan. Merit completed 2,287 miles of fiber-optic infrastructure, which is the equivalent of travelling from Ann Arbor to Orlando, Florida.
1188:, a developer and provider of vendor neutral professional certifications for the cyber security industry. Mile2 provides course materials, instructors and certification exams to the Michigan Cyber Range. Mile2 is recognized by the National Security Agency (NSA) as an Information Assurance (IA) Courseware Institution. Mile2 is NSA CNSS-accredited as well as NIST and NICCS mapped.
861:"Regional-Techs" meetings, where technical staff from the regional networks met to discuss operational issues of common concern with each other and with the Merit engineering staff. At the February 1994 regional techs meeting in San Diego, the group revised its charter to include a broader base of network service providers, and subsequently adopted NANOG as its new name.
1995:
1289:
project consisted of three databases linked by a unique de-identified participant ID; including a paper survey completed by all students age 13 and older, student records (i.e., M-STEP scores) that were de-identified and results of an
Internet speed test that students completed on a website using any device they used to complete homework.
1305:
transformative technology of our generation, broadband delivers new opportunities and strengthens communities. The Benton
Institute upholds a commitment to changing lives and advancing society through high-performance broadband connection, which will bring remarkable economic, social, cultural, and personal benefits.
1998:, the highest honor given by the Alumni Society of the College of Engineering at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor to graduates who have excelled in a technical field. Aupperle is a research scientist emeritus at the university in electrical and computer engineering, IEEE member recognitions, January 2004
351:
In the fall of 1969, after funding for the initial development of the network had been secured, Bertram Herzog was named director for MERIT. Eric
Aupperle was hired as senior engineer, and was charged with finding hardware to make the network operational. The National Science Foundation (NSF) and the
1312:
In 2019, Merit
Network partnered with MISEN (Michigan Statewide Educational Network) and MAISA (Michigan Association of Intermediate School Administrators) to develop Essential Cybersecurity Practices for K12. This guide translates the CIS Top 20 Security Controls into achievable actions that school
1300:
In
October 2019, Merit's president and CEO, Joe Sawasky, joined Former FCC Commissioner, Mignon Clyburn, Jonathan Sallet, senior fellow at the Benton Institute, Larra Clark, deputy director at the American Library Association Public Policy and Luis Wong, CEO of the California K-12 High Speed Network
1218:
In
October 2014, Merit completed the REACH-3MC fiber-optic infrastructure project, which built fiber-optic infrastructure across Michigan and in parts of Minnesota and Wisconsin. Merit connected 141 community anchor institutions, which includes schools, libraries, health care, government, and public
987:
and assembled into a larger network by adding routers and other equipment. This worked well for many years, but as data rates continued to increase from kilobits, to megabits, to gigabits the cost of leasing the higher speed data circuits became significant. As a result, the alternative of building
1751:
From the NSFNET mid-project review conducted by NSF in May 1989: "One of the most important successes of the NSFNET backbone project has been the demonstration that universities and major high-tech corporations can combine and collaborate in running a large production facility and do it well. It is
1320:
On
October 28, 2019, the Michigan National Guard and the Michigan Cyber Range hosted an International Cyber Exercise as part of the state's North American International Cyber Summit. Eleven teams from five countries and six states competed in an all-out, fast-paced cyber exercise that resembles the
1168:
In August 2012, Merit announced that the first site of the
Michigan Cyber Range would be installed at Eastern Michigan University. Merit hosts and operates the Michigan Cyber Range, a cybersecurity learning environment that, like a test track or a firing range, enables individuals and organizations
1135:
routers. This upgrade was completed in May 2009 with seven backbone nodes in Grand Rapids, East
Lansing, Detroit, Ann Arbor, Kalamazoo, and Chicago (2) all operating at 10 Gbit/s. Also during May 2009 Merit replaced its four 1 Gbit/s links to the commodity Internet with two 10 Gbit/s
1296:
On May 30, 2019, Merit hosted the Mackinac Policy Conference Session as part of the Michigan Moonshot initiative. President and CEO of Merit Network Joe Sawasky moderated a panel titled âDigital Inclusion: #FixTheDamnInternet for Michigan Students.â The panel featured state, regional, and national
1284:
This crowdsourced document will serve as a community network primer and the basis for planning a community roadmap. Contained within, a reader will find overviews on policy and technology, community success stories, links to myriad resources and planning tools from national broadband leaders and a
584:(ANS), a new non-profit corporation with a more broadly based Board of Directors than the Michigan-based Merit Network. Under its cooperative agreement with NSF, Merit remained ultimately responsible for the operation of NSFNET, but subcontracted much of the engineering and operations work to ANS.
1288:
In May 2019, Merit Network, in partnership with Michigan State University's Quello Center and the D.C.-based Measurement Lab, launched a pilot for the Michigan Moonshot broadband data collection project. Three school districts, representing more than 6,000 students, were chosen. The data for this
1191:
On April 8, 2013, Merit announced that round 1 of REACH-3MC construction was complete with fiber-optic cable along the 1,017-mile (1,637 km) network extension through rural and under served areas in Michigan's Lower Peninsula, including all 55 fiber-optic lateral connections to Merit Members
1285:
phased plan for building a regional network. While much of this information exists in locations across the web, this unique curation was carefully designed by leading experts to serve as a comprehensive playbook for communities that are committed to improving broadband access for their citizens.
387:
computer, dataphone interfaces, and interfaces that would attach them directly to the mainframe computers. The cost was to be slightly less than the $ 300,000 ($ 2,353,700, adjusted for inflation) originally budgeted. Merit staff wrote the software that ran on the CCs, while staff at each of the
263:
MichNet, Merit's regional network in Michigan was attached to NSFNET and in the early 1990s Merit began extending "the Internet" throughout Michigan, offering both direct connect and dial-in services, and upgrading the statewide network from 56 kbit/s to 1.5 Mbit/s, and on to 45, 155,
1316:
On October 19, 2019, Merit Network relocated from 1000 Oakbrook Drive in Ann Arbor, MI to 880 Technology Drive, Suite B, Ann Arbor, MI 48108. The 880 building provides a collaborative space with increased community access, including additional space available for rent by outside organizations.
731:
In 1994 the Merit Board endorsed a plan to expand the MichNet shared dial-in service, leading to a rapid expansion of the Internet dial-in service over the next several years. In 1994 there were 38 shared dial-in sites. By 1996 there were 131 shared dial-in sites and more than 92% of Michigan
1265:
During 2016, Merit added new publicly accessible hubs of the Michigan Cyber Range in Southeast Michigan. Cyber Range Hubs opened inside the Velocity Center at Macomb-Oakland University in Sterling Heights on March 18 and at Pinckney Community High School on December 7. Each location provides
1214:
lit a new fiber-optic connection between Powers, Michigan; Marinette and Green Bay, Wisconsin; and Chicago, Illinois. The new 10 gigabit-per-second (Gbps) fiber-optic connection replaced two 1 Gbit/s circuits, providing greater capacity and speed between the Upper Peninsula and Chicago.
1304:
In 2019, Jonathan Sallet, Senior Fellow for the Benton Institute for Broadband & Society, published Broadband for Americaâs Future: A Vision for the 2020s. The purpose of this document is to collect, combine, and contribute to a national broadband agenda for the next decade. As the most
356:
1143:; Lynx Network Group, LLC; and TC3Net; learned that their REACH-3MC (Rural, Education, Anchor, Community and Healthcare - Michigan Middle Mile Collaborative) proposal had been awarded ~$ 33.3M in grants and loans from the Broadband Technology Opportunities Program (BTOP), part of the
1150:
In August 2010, Merit and its REACH-3MC partners were selected to receive US$ 69.6M in a second round of federal stimulus funding to build an additional 1,270 miles (2,040 km) of optical fiber in the northern lower peninsula and upper peninsula of Michigan and extending into
535:
1106:
in March 2009 a partnership between the City of Hillsdale, Hillsdale College, Hillsdale County Intermediate School District (ISD), and Merit, completed a fiber-optic ring to improve connectivity in the city and reduce network costs for the Hillsdale-area organizations;
1240:
In March 2016, the organization launched the Merit Commons, a social collaboration environment for its Member community. The secure, social portal enables Members to communicate and collaborate in real time with organic message streams, much like Facebook or Twitter.
1206:
In September 2013, Merit launched Merit Secure Sandbox, a secure environment that can be used by organizations for educational purposes, cybersecurity exercises, and software testing. In September, the Michigan Cyber Range also added a SCADA component to Alphaville.
1202:
During the summer of 2013, Merit's Michigan Cyber Range debuted its cybersecurity training environment, Alphaville. The platform was used for training exercises, including a red team-blue team event conducted with the West Michigan Cyber Security Consortium (WMCSC).
1297:
thought leaders, including: Dr. Johannes Bauer, Quello chair for media and information policy and chairman of the department of media and information at Michigan State University, Lt. Governor Garlin Gilchrist II, and Marc Hudson, founder and CEO of Rocket Fiber.
1198:
In June 2013, Merit honored as both a 2013 Computerworld Honors Laureate and 21st Century Achievement Award Winner for its REACH-3MC fiber-optic network project. Merit Network CEO and President Don Welch was honored at a gala celebration in Washington, D.C.
1279:
In 2019, as part of the Michigan Moonshot, Merit partnered with national broadband organizations (including the Michigan Broadband Cooperative, Next Century Cities, and the Institute for Local Self Reliance) to create the Michigan Moonshot Broadband
426:(remote job submission, remote printing, batch file transfer), and interactive file copy were added. And, in addition to connecting to host computers over custom hardware interfaces, the ability to connect to hosts or other networks over groups of
1292:
Armed with an accurate picture of Michigan's connectivity, barriers to broadband network deployment in rural communities could be reduced through a combination of techniques. Pilot project findings are expected to be released in late fall, 2019.
566:), 24 times faster than the 56 kilobits-per-second speed of the previous network. The NSFNET backbone grew to link scientists and educators on university campuses nationwide and connect them to their counterparts around the world.
1244:
At the annual Merit Member Conference in May 2016, Merit celebrated its 50th anniversary with a gala that included dignitaries, former staff, employees and Merit supporters. During a panel discussion, Doug Van Houweling from the
1253:
provided a glimpse into the early days of Merit, the complex NSFNET project and how the technology and network protocols created by Merit's engineers influenced the internet. David Behen, chief information officer (CIO) for the
1162:'s 50th meeting in Atlanta in October 2010, members of the NANOG community supported a charter amendment to transition the hosting of NANOG following the February 2011 NANOG meeting to NewNOG, a newly formed non-profit.
755:
outreach program at Merit helped lead the formation of six regional K-12 groups known as Hubs. The Hubs and Merit applied for and were awarded funding from the Ratepayer fund, which as part of a settlement of an earlier
1324:
On October 29, 2019, Merit hosted the 4th Annual Governorâs High School Cyber Challenge capstone event. More than 600 students from throughout Michigan participated in the event. Okemos High School won the competition.
216:
Over the next dozen years the initial network grew as new services such as dial-in terminal support, remote job submission, remote printing, and file transfer were added; as gateways to the national and international
709:
mainframe host. During their remarkably long twenty-year life cycle the number of PCPs and SCPs in service reached a high of roughly 290 in 1991, supporting a total of about 13,000 asynchronous ports and numerous
1110:
in December 2009 Merit began to use a new fiber optic link between Mt. Pleasant and Big Rapids. This completed the 500-mile (800 km) "Blue-Line" fiber optic network that links 16 cities in the lower half of
1014:(MiLR) project to link the campuses to each other and to Chicago using privately owned fiber, with Merit to operate MiLR on behalf of the three universities and using some of the MiLR fiber for its own network;
1308:
In 2019, Merit's Chief Information Security Officer role grew into an executive position, overseeing the Michigan Cyber Range and Merit's security division. Kevin Hayes has served as Merit's CISO since 2018.
441:(later SprintNet) in 1976 to give Merit users dial-in access from locations around the United States. Dial-in access within the U.S. and internationally was further expanded via Merit's interconnections to
1222:
On April 30, 2015, Dr. Eric Aupperle died. Dr. Aupperle joined Merit Computer Network in 1969 as project leader. Eric was appointed director of Merit in 1974, became president in 1988, and retired 2001.
421:
The first network connections were host to host interactive connections which allowed person to remote computer or local computer to remote computer interactions. To this, terminal to host connections,
1269:
In 2016, Merit began one of its largest projects; managing the implementation of the Michigan Statewide Education Network (MISEN), a private transport based network. MISEN connects 55 of Michigan's 56
1618:
1181:, and others to provide this invaluable learning environment, which trains students and IT professionals to be better prepared for cyberattacks and how to react to Internet security situations.
925:
companies: NextHop Technologies, which developed and marketed GateD routing software, and Interlink Networks, which specialized in authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) software.
1165:
On February 16, 2012, Merit's president and CEO, Donald Welch was honored as an Innovator in Infrastructure and "Champion of Change" during a ceremony that took place at the White House.
29:
1713:
Merit had the distinction of being the first network to concurrently support both connection-based protocols (its own internal protocol and X.25) and the connectionless TCP/IP protocols.
1816:
2449:
1136:
links over diverse paths to two different Tier 1 providers. And in October 2009 the links from Ann Arbor to Jackson and from Jackson and East Lansing were upgraded to 10 Gbit/s.
1115:(Kalamazoo, Grand Rapids, Muskegon, Big Rapids, Mt. Pleasant, Midland, Saginaw, Flint, Pontiac, Rochester, Southfield, Ypsilanti, Ann Arbor, Jackson, East Lansing, and Battle Creek).
705:
In 1993 Merit started what would become an eight-year phase out of its aging PCP and SCP technology. By 1998 the only PCPs still in service were supporting Wayne State University's
1886:- Network Access Point Manager, Routing Arbiter, Regional Network Providers, and Very High Speed Backbone Network Services Provider for NSFNET and the NREN(SM) Program, May 6, 1993
1444:
Communities of Practice - Security Community of Practicing Experts (SCOPE) Forum, Michigan Information Technology Executive (MITE) Forum, and Michigan Networking Directors (MiND)
611:
2262:
1237:
officer (CISO). The position was created as part of an ongoing mission to strengthen Merit Network's infrastructure, data and Member institutions from potential cyberattack.
177:
640:
971:" where individual data circuits were leased on a relatively short-term basis (one to three or sometimes five years) from traditional telecommunications providers such as
1681:
2626:
2575:
594:
On April 30, 1995, the NSFNET project came to an end, when the NSFNET backbone service was decommissioned and replaced by a new Internet architecture with commercial
562:
backbone network. The new NSFNET backbone network service began July 1, 1988. It interconnected supercomputing centers around the country at 1.5 megabits per second (
252:
Merit's involvement in national networking activities started in the mid-1980s with connections to the national supercomputing centers and work on the 56 kbit/s
2848:
1169:
to conduct "live fire" exercises, simulations that test the detection and reaction skills of participants in a variety of situations. Merit is partnering with the
1028:
in August 2005 Merit was utilizing dark fiber from Michigan Lambda Rail (MiLR) between Detroit and Chicago to support the southern portion of its network backbone;
732:
residents could reach the Internet with a local phone call. And by the end of 2001 there were 10,733 MichNet shared dial-in lines in over 200 Michigan cities plus
667:
in addition to the PDP-11 and LSI-11 based PCPs and SCPs. This was also the start of relentless upgrades to higher and higher speeds, first from 56 kbit/s to
2394:
653:
to refer to Merit's statewide network. The board also approved a staff proposal to allow organizations other than publicly supported universities, referred to as
1147:. REACH-3MC will build a 1,017-mile (1,637 km) optical fiber extension into rural and underserved communities in 32 counties in Michigan's lower peninsula.
2442:
2595:
913:
the 1999 DARPA funded Lighthouse project focusing on large-scale network attack recognition, remediation and survivable network infrastructure led by the
519:
In 1986 Merit engineered and operated leased lines and satellite links that allowed the University of Michigan to access the supercomputing facilities at
2823:
2818:
907:
the 1997 NSF funded Internet Performance Measurement and Analysis (IPMA) project, a joint project with U-M's Electrical Engineering and Computer Science;
1842:
1597:
2435:
591:) based network. The new T3 backbone was named ANSNet and provided the physical infrastructure used by Merit to deliver the NSFNET Backbone Service.
2833:
887:
459:(WMU) became the fourth member of Merit (prompting a name change, as the acronym Merit no longer made sense as the group was no longer a triad).
415:
In 1974, Herzog returned to teaching in the University of Michigan's Industrial Engineering Department, and Aupperle was appointed as director.
344:(WSU). More often known as the Merit Computer Network or simply Merit, it was created to design and implement a computer network connecting the
1266:
certification courses, cybersecurity training exercises and product hardening/testing through a direct connection to the Michigan Cyber Range.
1144:
1447:
Security Services - Community Chief Information Security Officer consulting, DDoS Protection Service, Merit Managed Firewall, and DUO Security
1195:
In May 2013, Merit hosted its 15th annual Merit Member Conference and its first annual Michigan Cybersecurity Industry Summit in Ann Arbor.
914:
1061:
in September 2007 Merit created the first high-speed network connection between Michigan's two peninsulas with fiber optic cable across the
2286:
1555:
2250:
2843:
2535:
1192:
from the middle-mile infrastructure. Portions of the fiber-optic network extension had been in use prior to the completion of round 1.
1159:
1031:
in July 2006 Merit began to use optical fiber that had been installed by a consortium of government and community organizations in the
854:
2085:
1879:
1761:
1450:
Merit Community Assistance Pact (MCAP) - Private group for inter-member communication to assist in continuity/disaster recovery events
1226:
In August 2015, Joseph Sawasky, the chief information officer and associate vice president of computing and information technology at
2167:
1861:
680:
829:
in cooperation with MiCTA, providing assistance to the K-12, library, and rural healthcare communities in understanding the federal
2853:
2781:
569:
The NSFNET project caused substantial growth at Merit, nearly tripling the staff and leading to the establishment of a new 24-hour
528:
2334:
2215:"National Security Agency (NSA) and the Committee on National Security Systems (CNSS) recognizes mile2âs certification courseware"
2797:
2565:
2464:
2585:
2346:
1678:
1039:
445:, ADP's Autonet, and later still the IBM Global Network as well as Merit's own expanding network of dial-in sites in Michigan,
271:
In addition to network connectivity services, Merit offers a number of related services within Michigan and beyond, including:
264:
622 Mbit/s, and eventually 1 and 10 Gbit/s. In 2003 Merit began its transition to a facilities based network, using
2131:
209:. Merit's initial three node packet-switched computer network was operational in October 1972 using custom hardware based on
2038:
1828:
1653:
676:
466:
technology. The new system became known as the Primary Communications Processor (PCP), with the earliest PCPs connecting a
148:, Inc., is a nonprofit member-governed organization providing high-performance computer networking and related services to
2057:
910:
the 1996 NETSCARF network statistics collection and analysis project, funded by the ANS Resource Allocation Committee; and
649:
In 1990, Merit's board of directors formally changed the organization's name to Merit Network, Inc., and created the name
2761:
841:
399:
at WSU and U-M, and was publicly demonstrated on December 14, 1971. The MSU node was completed in October 1972, adding a
253:
2475:
837:
761:
485:
A second hardware technology initiative in 1983 produced the smaller Secondary Communication Processors (SCP) based on
268:
facilities that it shares with its members, that it purchases or leases under long-term agreements, or that it builds.
2076:, web page, ITS Networking & Telecommunications, Information and Technology Services (ITS), University of Michigan
1077:
879:
MichNet obtained its initial commodity Internet access, a T3 (45 Mbit/s), from the commercial ISP, internetMCI.
633:
427:
1474:
2838:
2298:
943:
In January 2005 Merit and Internet2 moved into the new Michigan Information Technology Center (MITC) in Ann Arbor.
897:
Following the NSFNET project Merit lead a number of activities with a national or international scope, including:
587:
In 1991 the NSFNET backbone service was expanded to additional sites and upgraded to a more robust 45 Mbit/s (
520:
2358:
2119:
1010:
in 2003 Michigan State University, the University of Michigan, and Wayne State University launched the Michigan
992:" that Merit owned or leased on a relatively longer-term basis (10, 20, or more years) under what are known as "
1073:
798:, that equipped five southeastern Michigan schools with Novell Local Area Networks with connections to MichNet;
783:(1998) as members. By 1999, Merit had 163 affiliate members, with 401 attachments from 353 separate locations.
776:
524:
786:
Merit was involved in a number of projects in cooperation with organizations throughout Michigan, including:
2636:
2605:
1839:
1416:
768:
581:
486:
380:
1301:
for a panel discussion, Broadband for All in the 2020s at the 2019 SHLB Coalitionâs Anchor NETS conference.
1103:, Ohio's regional research and education network, and a second path between Merit and the Internet2 network;
2427:
2214:
1594:
1270:
1081:
816:
772:
580:
T3 upgrade and the approaching end of the 5-year NSFNET cooperative agreement, Merit, IBM, and MCI formed
2322:
2143:
1595:"40 years and going strong: Internet pioneer [Eric Aupperle of] Merit celebrates and looks ahead"
1174:
1112:
1069:
629:
625:
462:
To expand the network, the Merit staff developed new hardware interfaces for the Digital PDP-11 based on
456:
2226:
2828:
2370:
1777:
1051:
1043:
993:
957:
to Michigan institutions. OSTN is a global television network devoted to student-produced programming.
2263:"West Michigan Cyber Security Consortium Conducting Cybersecurity Exercise Using Michigan Cyber Range"
1907:
1800:
1735:
1514:
1132:
168:. Created in 1966, Merit operates the longest running regional computer network in the United States.
2539:
1341:
1131:
In July 2008, Merit began upgrading its core backbone network to 10 gigabits and installing five new
1055:
570:
333:
187:
57:
2646:
1432:
1276:
In 2019, Merit launched the Michigan Moonshot, an approach to impact the digital divide statewide.
706:
396:
316:
2191:"Merit Network Announces Collaborative Partnership with Mile2 for Michigan Cyber Range Courseware"
213:
minicomputers and software developed by the Merit staff and the staffs at the three universities.
2512:
2190:
1679:"SIGGRAPH Community mourns the death of Bertram Herzog, an early advocate of computer networking"
1426:
1353:
1262:
to Joe Sawasky on behalf of Merit Network, recognizing the organization's historic achievements.
1178:
961:
865:
780:
392:
161:
2382:
935:
2696:
1246:
1227:
1018:
699:
479:
364:
341:
337:
195:
191:
65:
61:
2155:
1552:
848:
698:(Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service) was deployed. The RADIUS server was developed by
332:
The Michigan Educational Research Information Triad (MERIT) was formed in the fall of 1966 by
1380:
819:"Action Plan for Michigan Libraries"; Internet dial-in access for libraries sponsored by the
463:
300:
206:
853:
In 1994, as the NSFNET project was drawing to a close, Merit organized the meetings for the
2731:
2310:
1876:
1234:
1092:
801:
GoMLink, an early virtual library reference service operated by the University of Michigan;
599:
404:
260:. From 1987 until April 1995, Merit re-engineered and managed the NSFNET backbone service.
1858:
996:" (IRU) as well as using or sharing fiber that is owned by its members became attractive.
500:, creating UMnet, which extended Merit's network connectivity deeply into the U-M campus.
8:
2274:
1571:
1407:
1338:
1011:
968:
820:
809:
94:
418:
Use of the all uppercase name "MERIT" was abandoned in favor of the mixed case "Merit".
1375:
1359:
984:
929:
664:
621:
555:
345:
296:
280:
199:
1629:
928:
Eric Aupperle retired as president in 2001, after 27 years at Merit. He was appointed
379:
was contracted to build three Communication Computers or CCs. Each would consist of a
2054:
1986:, Vol.39, No.7 (April 2000), IEEE Southeastern Michigan Section (SEM) Section Website
1411:
1403:
1255:
1170:
1004:
891:
805:
715:
372:
312:
203:
1979:
1697:
1042:(ORION) were linked using fiber optic cable across the US-Canada border through the
2670:
2569:
1579:
1124:
1085:
1032:
741:
737:
684:
672:
668:
588:
563:
450:
423:
376:
2202:
1768:, November 1992, p. 8, NSFNET Information Services, Merit Network, Inc., Ann Arbor
1619:
University of Michigan Board of Regents, Regents' Proceedings, March 1972, p. 1416
2746:
2741:
2721:
2042:
2035:
1883:
1865:
1846:
1685:
1657:
1601:
1559:
1184:
In January 2013, the Michigan Cyber Range began a collaboration arrangement with
1119:
1068:
in November 2007 Merit completed Phase I of its fiber network expansion into the
1062:
844:
to train staff of small manufacturing businesses in the use of modern technology.
691:
400:
2251:"Merit Network Wins Computerworld Honors Program 21st Century Achievement Award"
2086:"Merit Network Celebrates the Completion of its "Blue-Line" Fiber-Optic Network"
1964:"Applause: Aupperle receives Outstanding Engineer Award, Third Millennium Medal"
946:
In 2006, Dr. Donald J. Welch was named president and CEO of Merit Network, Inc.
1963:
1947:
1923:
1895:
1420:
871:
721:
493:
1233:
In October 2015, Merit selected Jason Brown as the organization's first chief
620:
During the 1980s, Merit Network grew to serve eight member universities, with
514:
2812:
2061:
1935:
1456:
MISEN - Connecting the Michigan K-12 Community to the state education network
1439:
1364:
980:
936:
Creating a facilities based network, adding new services: 2003 to the present
733:
446:
288:
284:
2457:
2690:
2609:
1096:
849:
Transition to the commercial Internet, Internet2 and the vBNS: 1994 to 2005
745:
702:. The NASs supported dial-in access separate from the Merit PCPs and SCPs.
198:(WSU), Merit was created to investigate resource sharing by connecting the
1782:, John Vollbrecht, 2006, Interlink Networks, LLC, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
999:
Merit's statewide fiber-optic network strategy began to take shape when:
940:
In 2004 Michael R. McPherson was named Merit's interim president and CEO.
186:
Created in 1966 as the Michigan Educational Research Information Triad by
28:
2640:
2549:
1537:
1478:
1453:
Michigan Moonshot - Phased plan to address the digital divide in Michigan
1259:
265:
157:
2347:"Jason Brown selected as Meritâs 1st Chief Information Security Officer"
1583:
2630:
2073:
2055:"Merit Network and OSTN Unite to Provide IPTV to Michigan Institutions"
2007:
1385:
989:
153:
1954:, Vol.57, No.21 (February 18, 2002), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
967:
During the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s Merit operated what is known as a "
671:(1.5 Mbit/s) followed by multiple T1s (3.0 to 10.5 Mbit/s),
2507:
2132:"Merit Network Receives second Broadband Stimulus AwardâREACH-3MC II"
2023:
1438:
Michigan Cyber Range courses on detecting, preventing, and thwarting
1370:
1347:
1250:
1152:
1047:
972:
883:
757:
542:
497:
272:
149:
2146:, October 6, 2010, in Merit Network News & Press Release Archive
2666:
2660:
2650:
2579:
2545:
2499:
2064:, November 30, 2006, Press Release, Open Student Television Network
922:
744:, Canada. As an outgrowth of this work, in 1997, Merit created the
388:
universities wrote the mainframe software to interface to the CCs.
257:
165:
111:
2406:
605:
2776:
2756:
2751:
2726:
2589:
2559:
2483:
2287:"Michigan Cyber Range to Debut SCADA Security Training Component"
1736:"MeritâWho, What, and Why, Part Two: The Middle Years, 1983-1993"
1211:
1140:
1022:
508:
438:
355:
226:
222:
1970:, Vol.55, No.31 (May 8, 2000), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
1801:"MeritâWho, What, and Why, Part Three: Recent Events, 1993-1998"
1515:"MeritâWho, What, and Why, Part One: The Early Years, 1964-1983"
932:
by the Merit board. Hunt Williams became Merit's new president.
610:
352:
State of Michigan provided the initial funding for the network.
176:
2771:
2686:
2676:
2599:
2555:
2179:
1397:
1389:
1100:
858:
830:
791:
695:
577:
559:
504:
489:
467:
442:
384:
360:
308:
304:
292:
234:
218:
210:
2168:"Merit Network Developing First Michigan âCyber Rangeâ At EMU"
2098:
1617:
UM and Wayne State connect their computing centers via MERIT,
746:
Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) Consortium
639:
534:
2766:
2736:
2397:, news article, Pinckney Community Schools, December 7, 2016.
1539:
NSFNET: A Partnership for High-Speed Networking, Final Report
1393:
1185:
826:
development of the "Michigan Information Network (MIN) Plan";
661:
503:
In 1983 Merit's PCP and SCP software was enhanced to support
249:
were attached; and as new universities became Merit members.
1980:
IEEE/SEM Section Award Recipients Outstanding Engineer Award
1046:, later in September 2008, a wireless connection across the
2700:
2680:
2491:
2299:"Merit Network and WiscNet Partner on New Fiber Connection"
954:
950:
904:
the 1997 NSF funded Multi-threaded Routing Toolkit project;
752:
595:
515:
National networking, NSFNET, and the Internet: 1986 to 1995
475:
431:
246:
237:
protocols was added; as additional computers such as WSU's
230:
2359:"Merit Unveils New Social Portal for Member Collaboration"
2203:"Internationally Recognized Cyber Security Certifications"
2120:"Merit Network wins REACH-3MC Broadband Stimulus Proposal"
1333:
Today, in addition to network connectivity, Merit offers:
1230:, was selected as the president and CEO of Merit Network.
868:(RADb) as part of the NSF-funded Routing Arbiter Project.
2421:
2335:"Joseph F. Sawasky Selected as Merit President & CEO"
2014:, Vol.15 No.2 (September 2001), p. 1, Merit Network, Inc.
976:
795:
711:
551:
471:
319:
seminars, workshops, classes, conferences, and meetings.
276:
242:
238:
2458:
Research and education computer networks in the Americas
2238:
1908:"MeritâWho, What, and Why, Part Four: The Future, 1998+"
1572:"Bert Herzog, 1929-2008: Remembrances and Recollections"
1091:
in May 2008 Merit completes a new fiber optic link from
790:
Project Connect, a 1992 cooperative effort among Merit,
657:, to be served by MichNet without prior board approval.
407:. The network was officially dedicated on May 15, 1973.
122:
2277:, web page, Merit Network. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
2241:, web page, Merit Network. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
1632:, web page by Mark Riordan at Michigan State University
1435:
seminars, workshops, classes, conferences, and meetings
660:
1992 saw major upgrades of the MichNet backbone to use
558:
submitted a winning proposal to NSF to implement a new
2122:, January 20, 2010, Press Release, Merit Network, Inc.
2088:, January 12, 2010, Press Release, Merit Network, Inc.
1924:"Internet Performance Measurement and Analysis (IPMA)"
1819:, David Greenfield, Network Magazine, December 1, 2000
886:, in 1997 established its first connection to the NSF
764:
to further the K-12 community's network connectivity.
410:
2371:"Merit Celebrates 50 Years & Member Achievements"
2134:, August 24, 2010, Press Release, Merit Network, Inc.
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1423:
access to shared resources, applications, and content
327:
1948:"Regents' Roundup: Thirteen receive emeritus status"
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
363:
based Primary Communications Processor (PCP) at the
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
890:, and in February 1999 began serving as Michigan's
602:provided by multiple providers across the country.
2091:
1996:Eric M. Aupperle receives the Alumni Society Medal
1785:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
808:(MEL), a networked virtual library service of the
2349:, press release, Merit Network, October 13, 2015.
2313:, press release, Merit Network, October 21, 2014.
1901:
1635:
2810:
2383:"Michigan Cyber Range opens in Sterling Heights"
2337:, press release, Merit Network, August 17, 2015.
2227:"Merit Completes Round 1 REACH-3MC Construction"
1716:
1524:
2849:Internet service providers of the United States
2144:NANOG Community Endorses Organizational Changes
1493:
1058:provided a second link between Merit and ORION;
1040:Ontario Research and Innovation Optical Network
888:very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS)
606:Bringing the Internet to Michigan: 1985 to 2001
492:processors. The first SCP was installed at the
371:In June 1970, the Applied Dynamics Division of
139:Michigan Educational Research Information Triad
2361:, press release, Merit Network, March 4, 2016.
2301:, press release, Merit Network, July 22, 2014.
2289:, Matt Roush, CBS Detroit, September 24, 2013.
760:ratepayer overcharge, had been established by
229:networks were established, as support for the
2443:
2385:, Sean Delaney, Macomb Daily, March 18, 2016.
2373:, press release, Merit Network, May 18, 2016.
2253:, press release, Merit Network, June 4, 2013.
915:University of Michigan College of Engineering
241:system and the UM's electrical engineering's
1910:, Eric M. Aupperle, Merit Network, Inc., in
1803:, Eric M. Aupperle, Merit Network, Inc., in
1738:, Eric M. Aupperle, Merit Network, Inc., in
1517:, Eric M. Aupperle, Merit Network, Inc., in
882:In 1996 Merit became an affiliate member of
2311:"Merit Completes REACH-3MC Network Project"
2229:, Greg Monroe, Merit Network, April 8, 2013
1630:"CDC 6000 Operating System (SCOPE/Hustler)"
864:Also starting in 1994, Merit developed the
831:Universal Service Fund (USF) E-Rate program
2824:Organizations based in Ann Arbor, Michigan
2819:Non-profit organizations based in Michigan
2450:
2436:
1704:, Vol.32 No.10 (October 1983), pp. 881-902
1698:"Merit's EvolutionâStatistically Speaking"
1578:, vol.28, no.5, pp. 6-9 (Sep./Oct. 2008),
391:The first completed connection linked the
2265:, Matt Roush, CBS Detroit, July 17, 2013.
2170:, Matt Roush, CBS Detroit, August 9, 2012
1562:, John Mulcahy, Merit Network, Inc., 1989
1139:In January 2010, Merit and its partners,
683:(622 Mbit/s), and eventually one and ten
576:In September 1990 in anticipation of the
1546:
1118:
870:
726:MichNet Shared Dial-in Map, c. 1996
720:
638:
609:
541:
533:
354:
175:
2834:Academic computer network organizations
2798:National research and education network
2193:, web page, Bloomberg, January 31, 2013
1576:IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
960:In July 2007, Merit decommissioned its
855:North American Network Operators' Group
2811:
2158:, February 2013, web page, White House
1898:, Project History, Merit Network, Inc.
1688:, July 18, 2008, ACM SIGGRAPH web page
1543:, Karen D. Frazer, Merit Network, Inc.
2431:
1003:in 2003 a fiber ring was deployed in
1779:The Beginnings and History of RADIUS
1553:A Chronicle of Merit's Early History
256:(NSFNET), the forerunner of today's
1258:, presented an honor from Governor
1099:providing a 10 Gbit/s link to
842:United States Department of Defense
411:Expanding the network: 1974 to 1985
254:National Science Foundation Network
13:
2325:, obituary, MLive, April 30, 2015.
2026:, web page, University of Virginia
1017:in 2004 fiber rings were added in
875:MichNet Backbone Map, c. 2004
838:Society of Manufacturing Engineers
762:Michigan Public Service Commission
507:and Merit interconnected with the
328:Creating the network: 1966 to 1973
14:
2865:
2844:Organizations established in 1966
2415:
2156:Champions of Change: Recovery Act
1078:Michigan Technological University
634:Michigan Technological University
181:Original Merit logo, c. 1968
2008:"New President Arrives at Merit"
1817:"A Breed Apart: The Dial-In Men"
1210:In July 2014, Merit Network and
857:(NANOG). NANOG evolved from the
27:
2854:1966 establishments in Michigan
2409:, web page, Merit Network, Inc.
2400:
2388:
2376:
2364:
2352:
2340:
2328:
2316:
2304:
2292:
2280:
2268:
2256:
2244:
2232:
2220:
2208:
2196:
2184:
2173:
2161:
2149:
2137:
2125:
2113:
2079:
2067:
2048:
2045:, web page, Merit Network, Inc.
2029:
2017:
2001:
1989:
1973:
1957:
1941:
1929:
1926:, web page, Merit Network, Inc.
1917:
1889:
1870:
1852:
1833:
1822:
1810:
1771:
1755:
1745:
1707:
1691:
1672:
1084:(NMU) via fiber-optic cable at
1038:in February 2006 Merit and the
840:CoNDUIT project, funded by the
812:and the University of Michigan;
171:
1702:IEEE Transactions on Computers
1623:
1611:
1588:
1565:
1475:"Bylaws of Merit Network, Inc"
1467:
1328:
1074:Lake Superior State University
817:Michigan Library Association's
777:Lake Superior State University
767:During the 1990s, Merit added
687:(1000 to 10,000 Mbit/s).
1:
1461:
1417:Federated identity management
1271:Intermediate School Districts
769:Grand Valley State University
582:Advanced Network and Services
381:Digital Equipment Corporation
2395:"Pinckney CTI Grand Opening"
1321:physical game of paintball.
1082:Northern Michigan University
921:In 2000, Merit spun off two
901:the GateD Consortium (1995);
773:Northern Michigan University
615:New Merit logo, c. 1990
573:at the U-M Computer Center.
7:
1896:The Routing Arbiter Project
1859:Original 1994 NANOG Charter
1845:September 27, 2011, at the
1175:Eastern Michigan University
1070:Upper Peninsula of Michigan
949:In December 2006 Merit and
806:Michigan Electronic Library
630:Eastern Michigan University
626:Central Michigan University
546:T3 NSFNET Backbone, c. 1992
457:Western Michigan University
41:; 58 years ago
10:
2870:
2074:Michigan LambdaRail (MiLR)
2041:December 26, 2017, at the
1762:"The Technology Timetable"
1558:December 26, 2017, at the
1113:Michigan's lower peninsula
1052:Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan
994:Indefeasible Rights of Use
644:MichNet logo, c. 1990
437:Merit interconnected with
322:
75:Non-profit member governed
2790:
2714:
2619:
2528:
2521:
2463:
2239:"Merit Member Conference"
1864:February 7, 2011, at the
1600:January 17, 2012, at the
1313:IT staff can accomplish.
1056:Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
571:Network Operations Center
334:Michigan State University
188:Michigan State University
133:
117:
104:
87:
79:
71:
58:Michigan State University
53:
35:
26:
1936:About Interlink Networks
1433:Professional development
1145:federal stimulus package
751:During 1994 an expanded
397:Michigan Terminal System
317:professional development
202:at these three Michigan
2839:History of the Internet
2060:September 13, 2012, at
1914:, vol. 16, No. 1 (1998)
1807:, vol. 16, No. 1 (1998)
1742:, vol. 16, No. 1 (1998)
1521:, vol. 16, No. 1 (1998)
1427:Routing Assets Database
1354:Virtual Private Network
1179:Ferris State University
894:for Internet2 service.
866:Routing Assets Database
781:Ferris State University
162:nonprofit organizations
2275:"Merit Secure Sandbox"
2180:"Michigan Cyber Range"
1984:Wavelengths Newsletter
1882:March 5, 2016, at the
1877:NSF Solicitation 93-52
1684:July 25, 2008, at the
1429:(RADb) public registry
1247:University of Michigan
1228:Wayne State University
1128:
1044:DetroitâWindsor Tunnel
876:
728:
700:Livingston Enterprises
690:In 1993 Merit's first
646:
617:
547:
539:
480:Electrical Engineering
395:computers running the
393:IBM S/360-67 mainframe
368:
365:University of Michigan
342:Wayne State University
338:University of Michigan
196:Wayne State University
192:University of Michigan
183:
66:Wayne State University
62:University of Michigan
1381:Network Time Services
1249:and Steve Wolff from
1122:
874:
758:Ameritech of Michigan
724:
692:Network Access Server
642:
613:
600:Network Access Points
545:
537:
470:located at WMU and a
358:
348:at the universities.
207:research universities
179:
2101:. Lynx Network Group
2099:"Lynx Network Group"
2024:Michael R. McPherson
1700:, Eric M. Aupperle,
1660:on December 26, 2017
1481:on February 15, 2016
1235:information security
624:joining in 1985 and
311:software licensing,
2422:Merit Network, Inc.
1608:, November 10, 2006
1584:10.1109/MCG.2008.91
1408:business continuity
1404:Colocation services
1376:Domain Name Systems
988:its network using "
969:value-added network
953:partner to provide
821:Library of Michigan
810:Library of Michigan
346:mainframe computers
200:mainframe computers
95:Ann Arbor, Michigan
83:Internet networking
23:
1400:software licensing
1371:Multicast services
1360:Network monitoring
1129:
1012:LambdaRail Network
930:President Emeritus
877:
729:
647:
622:Oakland University
618:
598:interconnected at
548:
540:
428:asynchronous ports
401:CDC 6500 mainframe
369:
281:Network monitoring
184:
21:
2829:Computer networks
2806:
2805:
2710:
2709:
2217:, web page, Mile2
2205:, web page, Mile2
1968:University Record
1952:University Record
1412:disaster recovery
1256:State of Michigan
1171:State of Michigan
636:joining in 1987.
424:batch connections
373:Reliance Electric
143:
142:
2861:
2526:
2525:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2429:
2428:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2052:
2046:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2010:, Susan Harris,
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1977:
1971:
1961:
1955:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1874:
1868:
1856:
1850:
1837:
1831:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1798:
1783:
1775:
1769:
1759:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1733:
1714:
1711:
1705:
1695:
1689:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1656:. Archived from
1654:"Merit Timeline"
1650:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1592:
1586:
1569:
1563:
1550:
1544:
1535:
1522:
1512:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1477:. Archived from
1471:
1125:Network backbone
1086:gigabit Ethernet
962:dial-up services
742:Windsor, Ontario
738:Washington, D.C.
550:In 1987, Merit,
451:Washington, D.C.
377:Saline, Michigan
129:
126:
124:
49:
47:
42:
31:
24:
20:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2786:
2747:Gigabit Seattle
2742:Gigabit Chicago
2706:
2615:
2517:
2459:
2456:
2418:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2369:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2323:"Eric Aupperle"
2321:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2285:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2237:
2233:
2225:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2201:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2174:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2130:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2102:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2053:
2049:
2043:Wayback Machine
2034:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2006:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1978:
1974:
1962:
1958:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1912:Library Hi Tech
1906:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1884:Wayback Machine
1875:
1871:
1866:Wayback Machine
1857:
1853:
1847:Wayback Machine
1838:
1834:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1805:Library Hi Tech
1799:
1786:
1776:
1772:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1746:
1740:Library Hi Tech
1734:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1696:
1692:
1686:Wayback Machine
1677:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1652:
1651:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1602:Wayback Machine
1593:
1589:
1570:
1566:
1560:Wayback Machine
1551:
1547:
1536:
1525:
1519:Library Hi Tech
1513:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1367:(VOIP) services
1331:
1063:Mackinac Bridge
938:
851:
727:
645:
616:
608:
517:
464:printed circuit
413:
330:
325:
182:
174:
164:, primarily in
136:
135:Formerly called
121:
107:
100:
97:, United States
64:
60:
45:
43:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2867:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2694:
2684:
2674:
2664:
2654:
2644:
2634:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2603:
2593:
2583:
2573:
2563:
2553:
2543:
2532:
2530:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2502:
2497:Latin America:
2494:
2486:
2478:
2469:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2417:
2416:External links
2414:
2412:
2411:
2399:
2387:
2375:
2363:
2351:
2339:
2327:
2315:
2303:
2291:
2279:
2267:
2255:
2243:
2231:
2219:
2207:
2195:
2183:
2172:
2160:
2148:
2136:
2124:
2112:
2090:
2078:
2066:
2047:
2028:
2016:
2000:
1988:
1972:
1956:
1940:
1928:
1916:
1900:
1888:
1869:
1851:
1832:
1829:Merit timeline
1821:
1809:
1784:
1770:
1754:
1744:
1715:
1706:
1690:
1671:
1634:
1622:
1610:
1587:
1564:
1545:
1523:
1492:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1421:single sign-on
1419:to facilitate
1414:
1401:
1388:certificates,
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1357:
1356:(VPN) services
1351:
1345:
1339:Point-to-point
1335:
1330:
1327:
1127:, January 2009
1117:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1089:
1066:
1059:
1036:
1029:
1026:
1015:
1008:
937:
934:
919:
918:
911:
908:
905:
902:
850:
847:
846:
845:
834:
827:
824:
813:
802:
799:
725:
679:(155 Mbit/s),
643:
614:
607:
604:
516:
513:
494:Michigan Union
412:
409:
329:
326:
324:
321:
275:connectivity,
180:
173:
170:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
119:
115:
114:
108:
105:
102:
101:
99:
98:
91:
89:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
55:
51:
50:
37:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2866:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2657:Merit Network
2655:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:United States
2618:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2453:
2448:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2408:
2403:
2396:
2391:
2384:
2379:
2372:
2367:
2360:
2355:
2348:
2343:
2336:
2331:
2324:
2319:
2312:
2307:
2300:
2295:
2288:
2283:
2276:
2271:
2264:
2259:
2252:
2247:
2240:
2235:
2228:
2223:
2216:
2211:
2204:
2199:
2192:
2187:
2181:
2176:
2169:
2164:
2157:
2152:
2145:
2140:
2133:
2128:
2121:
2116:
2100:
2094:
2087:
2082:
2075:
2070:
2063:
2062:archive.today
2059:
2056:
2051:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2036:Merit History
2032:
2025:
2020:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1997:
1992:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1937:
1932:
1925:
1920:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1897:
1892:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1855:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1840:"About MiCTA"
1836:
1830:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1781:
1780:
1774:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1748:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1710:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1607:
1606:Network World
1604:, Jim Duffy,
1603:
1599:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1549:
1542:
1540:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1466:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1440:cyber-attacks
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1365:Voice over IP
1363:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1134:
1133:Juniper MX480
1126:
1121:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1072:, connecting
1071:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1002:
1001:
1000:
997:
995:
991:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
965:
963:
958:
956:
952:
947:
944:
941:
933:
931:
926:
924:
916:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
899:
898:
895:
893:
889:
885:
880:
873:
869:
867:
862:
860:
856:
843:
839:
835:
832:
828:
825:
822:
818:
814:
811:
807:
803:
800:
797:
793:
789:
788:
787:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
754:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
734:New York City
723:
719:
717:
713:
708:
703:
701:
697:
693:
688:
686:
682:
678:
675:(45 Mbit/s),
674:
670:
666:
663:
658:
656:
652:
641:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
612:
603:
601:
597:
592:
590:
585:
583:
579:
574:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
544:
536:
532:
530:
526:
522:
512:
510:
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
460:
458:
453:
452:
448:
447:New York City
444:
440:
435:
433:
429:
425:
419:
416:
408:
406:
405:Scope/Hustler
402:
398:
394:
389:
386:
382:
378:
374:
366:
362:
357:
353:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:Cloud storage
286:
285:Voice over IP
282:
278:
274:
269:
267:
261:
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
214:
212:
208:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
178:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
146:Merit Network
138:
132:
128:
120:
116:
113:
109:
103:
96:
93:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
67:
63:
59:
56:
52:
38:
34:
30:
25:
22:Merit Network
19:
2656:
2504:
2496:
2488:
2480:
2472:
2402:
2390:
2378:
2366:
2354:
2342:
2330:
2318:
2306:
2294:
2282:
2270:
2258:
2246:
2234:
2222:
2210:
2198:
2186:
2175:
2163:
2151:
2139:
2127:
2115:
2103:. Retrieved
2093:
2081:
2069:
2050:
2031:
2019:
2012:MichNet News
2011:
2003:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1931:
1919:
1911:
1903:
1891:
1872:
1854:
1835:
1824:
1812:
1804:
1778:
1773:
1765:
1757:
1747:
1739:
1709:
1701:
1693:
1674:
1662:. Retrieved
1658:the original
1625:
1613:
1605:
1590:
1575:
1567:
1548:
1538:
1518:
1483:. Retrieved
1479:the original
1469:
1406:, including
1350:connectivity
1332:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1268:
1264:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1167:
1164:
1157:
1149:
1138:
1130:
1019:Grand Rapids
998:
966:
959:
948:
945:
942:
939:
927:
920:
896:
881:
878:
863:
852:
785:
779:(1997), and
766:
750:
730:
704:
694:(NAS) using
689:
659:
654:
650:
648:
619:
593:
586:
575:
568:
549:
518:
502:
484:
482:department.
461:
454:
436:
434:were added.
420:
417:
414:
390:
370:
350:
331:
301:Network Time
270:
262:
251:
215:
185:
172:Organization
145:
144:
106:Area served
18:
2522:Subnational
2105:October 16,
1766:Link Letter
1664:February 1,
1541:, 1987-1995
1485:February 1,
1344:connections
1342:fiber-optic
1329:Merit today
1260:Rick Snyder
1080:(MTU), and
538:NSFNET logo
340:(U-M), and
297:Domain Name
266:fiber optic
194:(U-M), and
190:(MSU), the
158:health care
150:educational
2813:Categories
2715:Historical
2424:, web site
1938:, web site
1849:, web page
1462:References
1386:Comodo SSL
1093:Southfield
990:dark fiber
923:for-profit
718:gateways.
655:affiliates
521:Pittsburgh
313:Colocation
211:DEC PDP-11
154:government
110:Primarily
16:Global LTE
2508:Internet2
1348:Internet2
1280:Framework
1251:Internet2
1153:Wisconsin
1048:Soo Locks
973:Ameritech
884:Internet2
525:San Diego
498:Ann Arbor
478:at U-M's
455:In 1978,
367:, c. 1975
273:Internet2
2794:See also
2667:NYSERNet
2546:ACORN-NS
2536:ACORN-NL
2500:RedCLARA
2465:National
2407:Services
2058:Archived
2039:Archived
1880:Archived
1862:Archived
1843:Archived
1682:Archived
1598:Archived
1556:Archived
1076:(LSSU),
1050:between
775:(1994),
771:(1994),
685:gigabits
474:running
430:and via
403:running
287:(VOIP),
258:Internet
245:running
166:Michigan
112:Michigan
88:Location
2777:SURAnet
2757:NIPRNet
2752:NEARnet
2727:ARPANET
2722:Abilene
2489:Mexico:
2484:CANARIE
2481:Canada:
2473:Brazil:
1212:WiscNet
1141:ACD.net
1088:speeds;
1023:Chicago
1005:Lansing
892:GigaPOP
665:routers
651:MichNet
509:ARPANET
472:DEC VAX
439:Telenet
336:(MSU),
323:History
227:Datapac
223:Telenet
118:Website
54:Founder
44: (
36:Founded
2772:SATNET
2762:NSFNET
2687:OSHEAN
2677:OARnet
2627:CalREN
2556:Cybera
2529:Canada
1398:Zimbra
1390:VMware
1123:Merit
1101:OSCnet
1097:Toledo
1033:Alpena
983:, and
981:Sprint
859:NSFNET
794:, and
792:Novell
740:, and
696:RADIUS
632:, and
578:NSFNET
560:NSFNET
527:, and
505:TCP/IP
490:LSI-11
468:PDP-10
449:, and
443:Tymnet
385:PDP-11
383:(DEC)
361:PDP-11
359:Merit
315:, and
309:Zimbra
305:VMware
293:E-mail
235:TCP/IP
225:, and
219:Tymnet
204:public
160:, and
125:.merit
2767:PRNET
2737:CSNET
2606:SRNet
2586:ORION
2576:MRNet
2566:BCNET
2513:ESnet
1394:Veeam
1186:Mile2
1160:NANOG
1035:area;
833:; and
681:OC12c
662:Cisco
80:Focus
2782:vBNS
2596:RISQ
2505:USA:
2492:CUDI
2107:2013
1666:2016
1487:2016
1410:and
1396:and
1054:and
1021:and
955:IPTV
951:OSTN
836:the
815:the
804:the
753:K-12
714:and
677:OC3c
596:ISPs
554:and
529:NCAR
476:UNIX
432:X.25
307:and
247:UNIX
233:and
231:X.25
127:.edu
72:Type
46:1966
39:1966
2732:DDN
2697:UEN
2647:ICN
2637:CEN
2476:RNP
1580:doi
1158:At
1107:and
1095:to
985:MCI
977:GTE
796:GTE
716:WAN
712:LAN
707:MTS
556:MCI
552:IBM
496:in
487:DEC
375:in
277:VPN
243:VAX
239:MVS
123:www
2815::
2701:UT
2691:RI
2681:OH
2671:NY
2661:MI
2651:IL
2641:CT
2631:CA
2610:SK
2600:QC
2590:ON
2580:MB
2570:BC
2560:AB
2550:NS
2540:NL
1982:,
1966:,
1950:,
1787:^
1764:,
1718:^
1637:^
1574:,
1526:^
1495:^
1392:,
1177:,
1173:,
1155:.
979:,
975:,
964:.
748:.
736:,
673:T3
669:T1
628:,
589:T3
564:T1
531:.
523:,
511:.
303:,
299:,
295:,
291:,
283:,
279:,
221:,
156:,
152:,
2703:)
2699:(
2693:)
2689:(
2683:)
2679:(
2673:)
2669:(
2663:)
2659:(
2653:)
2649:(
2643:)
2639:(
2633:)
2629:(
2612:)
2608:(
2602:)
2598:(
2592:)
2588:(
2582:)
2578:(
2572:)
2568:(
2562:)
2558:(
2552:)
2548:(
2542:)
2538:(
2451:e
2444:t
2437:v
2109:.
1668:.
1582::
1489:.
1282:.
1065:;
1025:;
1007:;
917:.
823:;
48:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
