478:, .org is for "organizations that didn't fit anywhere else" in the naming system, which implies that it is the proper category for non-commercial organizations if they are not governmental, educational, or one of the other types with a specific TLD. It is not designated specifically for charitable organizations or any specific organizational or tax-law status, but encompasses anything that is not classifiable as another category. Currently, no restrictions are enforced on registration of .com or .org, so one can find organizations of all sorts in either of those domains, as well as other top-level domains including newer, more specific ones which may apply to particular sorts of organization including
195:
funding; programs, services or merchandise sales, and investments. Each NPO is unique in which source of income works best for them. With an increase in NPOs since 2010, organizations have adopted competitive advantages to create revenue for themselves to remain financially stable. Donations from private individuals or organizations can change each year and government grants have diminished. With changes in funding from year to year, many nonprofit organizations have been moving toward increasing the diversity of their funding sources. For example, many nonprofits that have relied on government grants have started fundraising efforts to appeal to individual donors.
432:
advantage over NPOs in attracting employees. Traditionally, the NPO has attracted mission-driven individuals who want to assist their chosen cause. Compounding the issue is that some NPOs do not operate in a manner similar to most businesses, or only seasonally. This leads many young and driven employees to forego NPOs in favor of more stable employment. Today, however, nonprofit organizations are adopting methods used by their competitors and finding new means to retain their employees and attract the best of the newly minted workforce.
186:(NFPOs); while an NFPO does not profit its owners, and money goes into running the organization, it is not required to operate for the public good. An example is a club, whose purpose is its members' enjoyment. Other examples of NFPOs include: credit unions, sports clubs, and advocacy groups. Nonprofit organizations provide services to the community; for example aid and development programs, medical research, education, and health services. It is possible for a nonprofit to be both member-serving and community-serving.
115:
for a nonprofit that seeks to finance its operations through donations, public confidence is a factor in the amount of money that a nonprofit organization is able to raise. Supposedly, the more a nonprofit focuses on their mission, the more public confidence they will gain. This will result in more money for the organization. The activities a nonprofit is partaking in can help build the public's confidence in nonprofits, as well as how ethical the standards and practices are.
156:, and other nonprofit organizations. Private charitable contributions increased for the fourth consecutive year in 2017 (since 2014), at an estimated $ 410.02 billion. Out of these contributions, religious organizations received 30.9%, education organizations received 14.3%, and human services organizations received 12.1%. Between September 2010 and September 2014, approximately 25.3% of Americans over the age of 16 volunteered for a nonprofit.
57:
406:. But even indirect liabilities negatively affect the financial sustainability of the NPO, and the NPO will have financial problems unless strict controls are instated. Some commenters have argued that the receipt of significant funding from large for-profit corporations can ultimately alter the NPO's functions. A frequent measure of an NPO's efficiency is its
514:. Advocates argue that these terms describe the sector in its own terms, without relying on terminology used for the government or business sectors. However, use of terminology by a nonprofit of self-descriptive language that is not legally compliant risks confusing the public about nonprofit abilities, capabilities, and limitations.
372:
in that furthering their cause is more important than making a profit, though both are needed to ensure the organization's sustainability. An advantage of nonprofits registered in the UK is that they benefit from some reliefs and exemptions. Charities and nonprofits are exempt from
Corporation Tax as
346:
for products and shareholder discipline of their capital; therefore, without membership control of major decisions such as the election of the board, there are few inherent safeguards against abuse. A rebuttal to this might be that as nonprofit organizations grow and seek larger donations, the degree
114:
Key aspects of nonprofits are accountability, trustworthiness, honesty, and openness to every person who has invested time, money, and faith into the organization. Nonprofit organizations are accountable to the donors, founders, volunteers, program recipients, and the public community. Theoretically,
294:, or both in the state in which they expect to operate. The act of incorporation creates a legal entity enabling the organization to be treated as a distinct body (corporation) by law and to enter into business dealings, form contracts, and own property as individuals or for-profit corporations can.
207:
A second misconception is that nonprofit organizations may not make a profit. Although the goal of nonprofits is not specifically to maximize profits, they still have to operate as a fiscally responsible business. They must manage their income (both grants and donations and income from services) and
435:
It has been mentioned that most nonprofits will never be able to match the pay of the private sector and therefore should focus their attention on benefits packages, incentives and implementing pleasurable work environments. A good environment is ranked higher than salary and pressure of work. NPOs
401:
Resource mismanagement is a particular problem with NPOs because the employees are not accountable to anyone who has a direct stake in the organization. For example, an employee may start a new program without disclosing its complete liabilities. The employee may be rewarded for improving the NPO's
194:
Nonprofit organizations are not driven by generating profit, but they must bring in enough income to pursue their social goals. Nonprofits are able to raise money in different ways. This includes income from donations from individual donors or foundations; sponsorship from corporations; government
431:
Public- and private-sector employment have, for the most part, been able to offer more to their employees than most nonprofit agencies throughout history. Either in the form of higher wages, more comprehensive benefit packages, or less tedious work, the public and private sectors have enjoyed an
422:
is another problem that nonprofit organizations inevitably face, particularly for management positions. There are reports of major talent shortages in the nonprofit sector today regarding newly graduated workers, and to some, NPOs have for too long relegated hiring to a secondary priority, which
203:
Most nonprofits have staff that work for the company, possibly using volunteers to perform the nonprofit's services under the direction of the paid staff. Nonprofits must be careful to balance the salaries paid to staff against the money paid to provide services to the nonprofit's beneficiaries.
427:
competitors, many more are independent and must be creative with which incentives they use to attract and maintain vibrant personalities. The initial interest for many is the remuneration package, though many who have been questioned after leaving an NPO have reported that it was stressful work
215:
Though nonprofits are managed differently from for-profit businesses, they have felt pressure to be more businesslike. To combat private and public business growth in the public service industry, nonprofits have modeled their business management and mission, shifting their reason of existing to
320:
The two major types of nonprofit organization are membership and board-only. A membership organization elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws. A board-only organization typically has a self-selected board and a membership whose powers are limited to those
102:
are regularly organized as non-profits. A host of organizations may be nonprofit, including some political organizations, schools, hospitals, business associations, churches, foundations, social clubs, and consumer cooperatives. Nonprofit entities may seek approval from governments to be
368:) is granted by the federal government via the IRS. This means that not all nonprofits are eligible to be tax-exempt. For example, employees of non-profit organizations pay taxes from their salaries, which they receive according to the laws of the country. NPOs use the model of a
392:
Founder's syndrome is an issue organizations experience as they expand. Dynamic founders, who have a strong vision of how to operate the project, try to retain control of the organization, even as new employees or volunteers want to expand the project's scope or change policy.
341:
has generated concerns about the implications of this trend for the future of openness, accountability, and understanding of public concerns in nonprofit organizations. Specifically, they note that nonprofit organizations, unlike business corporations, are not subject to
128:(NFPOs); while an NFPO does not profit its owners, and money goes into running the organization, it is not required to operate for the public good. An example is a sports club, whose purpose is its members' enjoyment. The names used and precise regulations vary from one
321:
delegated to it by the board. A board-only organization's bylaws may even state that the organization does not have any membership, although the organization's literature may refer to its donors or service recipients as 'members'; examples of such organizations are
347:
of scrutiny increases, including expectations of audited financial statements. A further rebuttal might be that NPOs are constrained, by their choice of legal structure, from financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to members and directors is concerned.
436:
are encouraged to pay as much as they are able and offer a low-stress work environment that the employee can associate him or herself positively with. Other incentives that should be implemented are generous vacation allowances or flexible work hours.
258:
While affiliations will not affect a legal status, they may be taken into consideration by legal proceedings as an indication of purpose. Most countries have laws that regulate the establishment and management of NPOs and that require compliance with
97:
for its owners. A nonprofit organization is subject to the non-distribution constraint: any revenues that exceed expenses must be committed to the organization's purpose, not taken by private parties. Depending on the local laws,
254:
Some of the above must be (in most jurisdictions in the US at least) expressed in the organization's charter of establishment or constitution. Others may be provided by the supervising authority at each particular jurisdiction.
317:. A nonprofit may have a delegate structure to allow for the representation of groups or corporations as members. Alternatively, it may be a non-membership organization and the board of directors may elect its own successors.
230:
Nonprofit organizations provide public goods that are undersupplied by government. NPOs have a wide diversity of structures and purposes. For legal classification, there are, nevertheless, some elements of importance:
359:
status, so that the organization itself may be exempt from income tax and other taxes. In the United States, to be exempt from federal income taxes, the organization must meet the requirements set forth in the
1033:
797:
SacristĂĄn LĂłpez de los Mozos, I., RodrĂguez Duarte, A., & RodrĂguez Ruiz, Ă. (2016). Resource dependence in non-profit organizations: is it harder to fundraise if you diversify your revenue structure?.
1488:
219:
Setting effective missions is a key for the successful management of nonprofit organizations. There are three important conditions for effective mission: opportunity, competence, and commitment.
222:
One way of managing the sustainability of nonprofit organizations is to establish strong relations with donor groups. This requires a donor marketing strategy, something many nonprofits lack.
1418:
1146:
208:
expenses so as to remain a fiscally viable entity. Nonprofits have the responsibility of focusing on being professional and financially responsible, replacing self-interest and
402:
reputation, making other employees happy, and attracting new donors. Liabilities promised on the full faith and credit of the organization but not recorded anywhere constitute
564:
702:
1070:
373:
well as the trustees being exempt from Income Tax. There may also be tax relief available for charitable giving, via Gift Aid, monetary donations, and legacies.
93:, is a legal entity organized and operated for a collective, public or social benefit, as opposed to an entity that operates as a business aiming to generate a
326:
1171:
The
Nonprofit Handbook: Everything You Need to Know to Start and Run Your Nonprofit Organization (Paperback), Gary M. Grobman, White Hat Communications, 2008.
1480:
1457:
1264:
1374:"Working in the for-profit versus not-for-profit sector: what difference does it make? An inquiry on preferences of voluntary and involuntary movers"
717:
1426:
1602:
743:
1150:
1550:
Alvarado, Elliott I.: "Nonprofit or Not-for-profit â Which Are You?", page 6â7. Nonprofit World, Volume 18, Number 6, November/December 2000.
1951:
662:
559:
1129:
1865:
1968:
1573:
1342:
141:
1316:
263:
regimes. Most larger organizations are required to publish their financial reports detailing their income and expenditure publicly.
1534:
1395:
338:
17:
1511:
423:
could be why they find themselves in the position many do. While many established NPOs are well-funded and comparative to their
510:(CSO) has also been advocated to describe the sector â as one of citizens, for citizens â by organizations including
169:
that are a religious, charitable, or educational-based organization that does not influence state and federal legislation, and
859:
McDonald, Robert E. (2007). "An
Investigation of Innovation in Nonprofit Organizations: The Role of Organizational Mission".
1756:
1741:
951:
574:
1016:
698:
1066:
914:
333:
imposes many complexities and requirements on membership decision-making. Accordingly, many organizations, such as the
2031:
1975:
1630:
1114:
1043:
646:
579:
539:
511:
1181:
1292:
Edwards, M.; Hulme, D., eds. (2002). "NGO Performance and
Accountability: Introduction and Overview (Chapter 11)".
50:
46:
1127:
SSRN-Voluntary
Disclosure in Nonprofit Organizations: an Exploratory Study by Bruce Behn, Delwyn DeVries, Jing Lin
204:
Organizations whose salary expenses are too high relative to their program expenses may face regulatory scrutiny.
330:
2036:
1963:
997:
274:
corporate entities must have board members, steering-committee members, or trustees who owe the organization a
1449:
1746:
1270:
584:
554:
453:
31:
773:
364:(IRC). Granting nonprofit status is done by the state, while granting tax-exempt designation (such as IRC
1566:
Nonprofits: On the Brink : How
Nonprofits have lost their way and some essentials to bring them back
978:
834:
498:
Some organizations offer new, positive-sounding alternative terminology to describe the sector. The term
182:
161:
124:
35:
1583:
Weisbrod, Burton, 1977. The
Voluntary Nonprofit Sector: An Economic Analysis, Lexington Books, New York.
1185:
929:
Weisbrod, Burton, 1977. The
Voluntary Nonprofit Sector: An Economic Analysis, Lexington Books, New York.
721:
490:. Organizations might also register by the appropriate country code top-level domain for their country.
1792:
1237:
Block, Stephen R.; Rosenberg, Steven (Summer 2002). "Toward and
Understanding of Founder's Syndrome".
1840:
751:
407:
291:
111:
contributions, but an entity may incorporate as a nonprofit entity without having tax-exempt status.
2046:
1709:
549:
149:
39:
1593:
1958:
1724:
529:
166:
669:
2041:
1845:
1776:
1771:
1623:
610:
569:
387:
361:
302:
1921:
334:
260:
1350:
410:(i.e. expenditures on things other than its programs, divided by its total expenditures).
45:"Registered association" redirects here. For the legal status in Finland and Germany, see
8:
1308:
544:
524:
282:, which are often not required to disclose finances to anyone, including church members.
94:
1531:
1373:
1946:
1931:
1896:
1875:
1850:
1827:
1729:
1663:
1639:
1223:
903:
876:
369:
310:
306:
153:
463:(TLD), to differentiate themselves from more commercial entities, which typically use
1990:
1855:
1835:
1766:
1688:
1517:
1182:"not-for-profit â definition of not-for-profit in English from the Oxford dictionary"
1110:
1039:
910:
880:
642:
343:
279:
2010:
2005:
1995:
1719:
1616:
1385:
1246:
1094:
ABA Code
Revision Raises Concerns for Democracy and Parliamentary Law in Nonprofits
868:
589:
471:
460:
403:
1906:
1608:
1035:
How to Convert Taxes into Profits: Professional Guide for Non Profit Organizations
144:(NCCS), there are more than 1.5 million nonprofit organizations registered in the
2000:
1941:
1926:
1901:
1880:
1564:
1538:
1133:
1020:
1001:
982:
267:
940:
718:"The Nonprofit Sector in Brief 2018: Public Charities, Giving, and Volunteering"
475:
1980:
419:
275:
173:
organizations that are for pleasure, recreation, or another nonprofit purpose.
108:
65:
2025:
1911:
1147:"Applying for Exemption â Difference Between Nonprofit and Tax-Exempt Status"
872:
424:
209:
145:
104:
305:
of members. The organization may be controlled by its members who elect the
1936:
1916:
1860:
1761:
1736:
1698:
1693:
1013:
833:
Simkovich, D. (2017). How to Run a Non-Profit Organization. Retrieved from
720:. Urban Institute National Center for Charitable Statistics. Archived from
290:
In the United States, nonprofit organizations are formed by filing bylaws,
129:
800:
Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary & Nonprofit Organizations
297:
Nonprofits can have members, but many do not. The nonprofit may also be a
1683:
1390:
812:
534:
487:
445:
165:
are tax-exempt. There are various types of nonprofit exemptions, such as
1372:
Becchetti, Leonardo; Castriota, Stefano; Depedri, Sara (1 August 2014).
502:(CSO) has been used by a growing number of organizations, including the
270:
though there are often significant differences. Both not-for-profit and
241:
Provisory for the amendment of the statutes or articles of incorporation
1668:
1208:
356:
271:
1250:
835:
https://www.donateforcharity.com/nonprofit/a-nonprofit-you-pick-later/
298:
170:
99:
994:
699:"Nonprofit, Not-for Profit & For-Profit Organizations Explained"
1985:
1870:
1807:
1673:
1658:
1126:
1091:
322:
1038:. International Business Publications. 20 March 2009. p. 12.
975:
1812:
1678:
479:
314:
56:
1797:
1597:
365:
61:
1510:
Glasius, Marlies; Kaldor, Mary; Anheier, Helmut, eds. (2005).
1419:"Nonprofit Salaries: Achieving Parity with the Private Sector"
905:
Managing the Non-profit Organization: Principles and Practices
1817:
1802:
483:
641:. Burlington, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
1653:
464:
457:
449:
278:
of loyalty and trust. A notable exception to this involves
1481:"How to Compete with the Private Sector for Young Workers"
668:. United Nations Statistics Division. 1993. Archived from
1371:
565:
Non-profit organizations and access to public information
941:"A History of the Tax-Exempt Sector: An SOI Perspective"
1107:
Charity on Trial: What You Need to Know Before You Give
428:
environments and implacable work that drove them away.
159:
In the United States, both nonprofit organizations and
327:
National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws
1509:
176:
There is an important distinction in the US between
118:
There is an important distinction in the US between
1638:
1092:Malamut, Michael E. & Blach, Thomas J. (2008),
1603:Nonprofits & Philanthropy Research at IssueLab
902:
2023:
1450:"Nonprofits Can Compete with Employee Benefits"
266:In many aspects, they are similar to corporate
1306:
1236:
418:Competition for employees with the public and
27:Organization operated for a collective benefit
1624:
1541:. Alliance Magazine, Vol. 12/No.2, June 2007.
1266:Audit Guide for Small Nonprofit Organizations
1291:
1096:, National Parliamentarian, Volume 69, No. 1
636:
355:In many countries, nonprofits may apply for
247:Tax statuses of corporate and private donors
244:Provisions for the dissolution of the entity
1309:"Nonprofits Need to Compete for Top Talent"
637:Ciconte, Barbara L.; Jacob, Jeanne (2009).
560:Nonprofit organization laws by jurisdiction
1866:Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis
1631:
1617:
1149:. Internal Revenue Service. Archived from
285:
1389:
938:
847:Nonprofit Organizations: An Introduction.
774:"Social Clubs | Internal Revenue Service"
748:National Center for Charitable Statistics
692:
690:
632:
630:
504:Center for the Study of Global Governance
413:
396:
337:, have formed board-only structures. The
142:National Center for Charitable Statistics
861:Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly
858:
715:
339:National Association of Parliamentarians
55:
1447:
1336:
1334:
900:
696:
448:, NPOs often use one of the following:
107:, and some may also qualify to receive
14:
2024:
1294:The Earthscan Reader on NGO Management
1069:. Wikimedia Foundation. 14 July 2010.
687:
627:
238:Accountability and auditing provisions
1720:Charitable trust / Registered charity
1612:
1416:
1239:Nonprofit Management & Leadership
896:
894:
892:
890:
813:"2020 Global Trends in Giving Report"
705:from the original on 11 January 2024.
381:
216:establish sustainability and growth.
1757:Public-benefit nonprofit corporation
1742:Mutual-benefit nonprofit corporation
1331:
1221:
1073:from the original on 23 January 2008
716:McKeever, Brice S. (November 2018).
639:Fundraising Basics: A Complete Guide
575:Public-benefit nonprofit corporation
493:
456:of their respective country, or the
1478:
1340:
470:In the traditional domain noted in
24:
1557:
1491:from the original on 20 March 2021
1460:from the original on 20 March 2021
1398:from the original on 20 March 2021
1319:from the original on 20 March 2021
1207:UK, Government (12 October 2020).
1206:
1188:from the original on 20 March 2021
957:from the original on 20 March 2021
887:
697:Heaslip, Emily (6 February 2023).
439:
25:
2058:
1976:Master of Nonprofit Organizations
1587:
1347:Stanford Social Innovation Review
1296:. UK: Earthscan Publications Ltd.
1222:Plus, Accountants (4 July 2024).
750:. Urban Institute. Archived from
580:Supporting organization (charity)
540:Master of Nonprofit Organizations
512:Ashoka: Innovators for the Public
64:(UNICEF), an organization of the
1574:"It's about people, not profits"
1448:Coffman, S. (23 December 2002).
1014:NORML Board of Directors â NORML
350:
135:
51:Registered association (Germany)
47:Registered association (Finland)
1640:Charitable giving and practices
1544:
1524:
1503:
1472:
1441:
1410:
1378:Industrial and Corporate Change
1365:
1300:
1285:
1257:
1230:
1215:
1200:
1174:
1165:
1139:
1120:
1100:
1085:
1059:
1026:
1007:
988:
969:
932:
923:
852:
839:
827:
331:Model Nonprofit Corporation Act
1964:List of charitable foundations
805:
791:
766:
744:"Quick Facts About Nonprofits"
736:
709:
655:
603:
189:
62:United Nations Children's Fund
13:
1:
1747:Non-governmental organization
1307:Chertavian, G. (March 2013).
976:FairVote â Board of Directors
948:Statistics of Income Bulletin
663:"System of National Accounts"
620:
585:United States non-profit laws
555:Non-governmental organization
454:country code top-level domain
198:
32:Non-governmental organization
225:
183:not-for-profit organizations
162:not-for-profit organizations
125:not-for-profit organizations
7:
1513:Global Civil Society 2006/7
701:. US Chambers of Commerce.
517:
508:citizen sector organization
376:
36:Not-for-profit organization
10:
2065:
1917:Charity / thrift / op shop
1793:Charity (Christian virtue)
1605:(archived 7 November 2015)
1417:Cohen, R. (21 June 2010).
500:civil society organization
385:
250:Tax status of the founders
44:
29:
1889:
1841:Animal Charity Evaluators
1826:
1785:
1707:
1646:
1479:Fox, T. (18 March 2014).
1343:"Winning the Talent Game"
292:articles of incorporation
2032:Non-profit organizations
1578:Business Strategy Review
1341:Maw, Liz (9 July 2014).
950:. Winter 2008: 105â135.
939:Ansberger, Paul (2008).
873:10.1177/0899764006295996
849:New York, NY: Routledge.
596:
30:Not to be confused with
1537:7 November 2017 at the
1454:Columbus Business First
1313:Harvard Business Review
1019:30 October 2008 at the
1000:23 October 2008 at the
981:30 October 2008 at the
901:Drucker, Peter (2006).
845:Anheier, K. H. (2005).
550:Non-commercial activity
286:Formation and structure
167:501(c)(3) organizations
40:Charitable organization
18:Non-profit organization
1959:Ethics of philanthropy
1952:Psychological barriers
1752:Nonprofit organization
1516:. Sage. Archived from
530:Community organization
414:Competition for talent
397:Resource mismanagement
75:nonprofit organization
68:
2037:Types of organization
1777:Voluntary association
1772:Religious corporation
1224:"Charity Accountants"
1132:20 March 2021 at the
611:nominalized adjective
570:Non-profit technology
362:Internal Revenue Code
235:Management provisions
212:with mission motive.
87:nonprofit institution
59:
1922:Click-to-donate site
1786:Charity and religion
1109:/ Doug White (2007)
335:Wikimedia Foundation
261:corporate governance
1594:Nonprofit Resources
1485:The Washington Post
1429:on 11 December 2014
1423:Nonprofit Quarterly
1209:"Charities and tax"
802:, 27(6), 2641â2665.
754:on 18 December 2017
545:Mutual organization
525:501(c) organization
154:private foundations
81:), also known as a
1947:Effective altruism
1932:Donor-advised fund
1897:Alternative giving
1876:Giving What We Can
1851:Charity assessment
1828:Charity evaluation
1664:Charity (practice)
1391:10.1093/icc/dtt044
1153:on 16 October 2012
909:. HarperBusiness.
675:on 17 October 2013
388:Founder's syndrome
382:Founder's syndrome
370:double bottom line
311:board of governors
307:board of directors
83:nonbusiness entity
69:
2019:
2018:
1991:Visiting the sick
1856:Charity Navigator
1836:Aid effectiveness
1767:Social enterprise
1689:Humanity (virtue)
1563:Snyder, Gary R.,
1520:on 24 April 2007.
1273:on 4 January 2011
1251:10.1002/nml.12403
494:Alternative names
444:When selecting a
344:market discipline
268:business entities
140:According to the
16:(Redirected from
2054:
2011:Warm-glow giving
2006:Wall of kindness
1996:Voluntary sector
1633:
1626:
1619:
1610:
1609:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1425:. Archived from
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1393:
1384:(4): 1087â1120.
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1353:on 7 August 2018
1349:. Archived from
1338:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1269:. Archived from
1261:
1255:
1254:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1143:
1137:
1124:
1118:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1030:
1024:
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