527:
342:
2071:
1750:
1739:
52:
5985:
5343:
4681:
2051:
893:
966:
5365:
4693:
43:
1498:
1480:
2262:
Trademark names can be registered by different entities in different countries and trademark laws in some countries allow the same trademark name to be controlled by two different entities if each entity uses the trademark in easily distinguishable categories. The result is that Unix has been used as
541:
Unix was originally meant to be a convenient platform for programmers developing software to be run on it and on other systems, rather than for non-programmers. The system grew larger as the operating system started spreading in academic circles, and as users added their own tools to the system and
1513:
The Unix system had a significant impact on other operating systems. It achieved its reputation by its interactivity, by providing the software at a nominal fee for educational use, by running on inexpensive hardware, and by being easy to adapt and move to different machines. Unix was originally
1565:
Unix also popularized the hierarchical file system with arbitrarily nested subdirectories, originally introduced by
Multics. Other common operating systems of the era had ways to divide a storage device into multiple directories or sections, but they had a fixed number of levels, often only one
2871:
The best thing about UNIX is its portability. UNIX ports across a full range of hardware—from the single-user $ 5000 IBM PC to the $ 5 million Cray. For the first time, the point of stability becomes the software environment, not the hardware architecture; UNIX transcends changes in hardware
1925:
I think the Linux phenomenon is quite delightful, because it draws so strongly on the basis that Unix provided. Linux seems to be among the healthiest of the direct Unix derivatives, though there are also the various BSD systems as well as the more official offerings from the workstation and
1917:
Linux and BSD Unix are increasingly filling the market needs traditionally served by proprietary Unix operating systems, as well as expanding into new markets such as the consumer desktop and mobile and embedded devices. Because of the modular design of the Unix model, sharing components is
1696:
practice, spawning a "software tools" movement. Over time, the leading developers of Unix (and programs that ran on it) established a set of cultural norms for developing software, norms which became as important and influential as the technology of Unix itself; this has been termed the
1070:
The inclusion of these components did not make the system large – the original V7 UNIX distribution, consisting of copies of all of the compiled binaries plus all of the source code and documentation occupied less than 10 MB and arrived on a single nine-track
1609:). Since the shell and OS commands were "just another program", the user could choose (or even write) their own shell. New commands could be added without changing the shell itself. Unix's innovative command-line syntax for creating modular chains of producer-consumer processes (
2258:
had just been invented and we were intoxicated by being able to produce small caps". Many of the operating system's predecessors and contemporaries used all-uppercase lettering, so many people wrote the name in upper case due to force of habit. It is not an acronym.
640:
and other common "low-level" tasks that most programs share, and schedules access to avoid conflicts when programs try to access the same resource or device simultaneously. To mediate such access, the kernel has special rights, reflected in the distinction of
2140:
By decree of The Open Group, the term "UNIX" refers more to a class of operating systems than to a specific implementation of an operating system; those operating systems which meet The Open Group's Single UNIX Specification should be able to bear the
1628:
text for nearly all file formats. There were no "binary" editors in the original version of Unix – the entire system was configured using textual shell command scripts. The common denominator in the I/O system was the byte – unlike
1062:
The Unix system is composed of several components that were originally packaged together. By including the development environment, libraries, documents and the portable, modifiable source code for all of these components, in addition to the
915:
based POSIX around the common structure of the major competing variants of the Unix system, publishing the first POSIX standard in 1988. In the early 1990s, a separate but very similar effort was started by an industry consortium, the
1541:
Unix had a drastically simplified file model compared to many contemporary operating systems: treating all kinds of files as simple byte arrays. The file system hierarchy contained machine services and devices (such as
3052:
1078:
The names and filesystem locations of the Unix components have changed substantially across the history of the system. Nonetheless, the V7 implementation is considered by many to have the canonical early structure:
2209:) and the question mark characters as wildcard indicators in many utilities. This notation is also used to describe other Unix-like systems that have not met the requirements for UNIX branding from the Open Group.
3056:
1637:
tasks. The focus on text and bytes made the system far more scalable and portable than other systems. Over time, text-based applications have also proven popular in application areas, such as printing languages
2149:
trademarks today, after the operating system's vendor pays a substantial certification fee and annual trademark royalties to The Open Group. Systems that have been licensed to use the UNIX trademark include
691:, but also presented severe problems. Frustrated by the size and complexity of Multics, but not by its goals, individual researchers at Bell Labs started withdrawing from the project. The last to leave were
1633:. The focus on text for representing nearly everything made Unix pipes especially useful and encouraged the development of simple, general tools that could easily be combined to perform more complicated
1988:
that cost US$ 20,000 for non-university institutions, while universities could obtain a license for a nominal fee of $ 150. It was noted that Bell was "open to suggestions" for an ARPANET-wide license.
1402:
subsystem provided facilities for producing simple vector plots in a device-independent format, with device-specific interpreters to display such files. Modern Unix systems also generally include
343:
1906:, it was clarified that Berkeley had the right to distribute BSD Unix for free if it so desired. Since then, BSD Unix has been developed in several different product branches, including
2114:, which Novell won. The case was appealed, but on August 30, 2011, the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit affirmed the trial decisions, closing the case. Unix vendor
1067:
of an operating system, Unix was a self-contained software system. This was one of the key reasons it emerged as an important teaching and learning tool and has had a broad influence.
939:(ELF) as the standard for binary and object code files. The common format allows substantial binary compatibility among different Unix systems operating on the same CPU architecture.
1715:
The Unix policy of extensive on-line documentation and (for many years) ready access to all system source code raised programmer expectations, and contributed to the launch of the
707:, who decided to reimplement their experiences in a new project of smaller scale. This new operating system was initially without organizational backing, and also without a name.
2028:, which included the added benefit of closing all connections on program exit, should the user neglect to do so. In order "to minimize the amount of code added to the basic Unix
1921:
In a 1999 interview, Dennis
Ritchie voiced his opinion that Linux and BSD Unix operating systems are a continuation of the basis of the Unix design and are derivatives of Unix:
1597:
Making the command interpreter an ordinary user-level program, with additional commands provided as separate programs, was another
Multics innovation popularized by Unix. The
1960:
discontinued the project upon their acquisition of Sun, which prompted a group of former Sun employees and members of the OpenSolaris community to fork OpenSolaris into the
1837:, consisting of the Linux kernel and large collections of compatible software have become popular both with individual users and in business. Popular distributions include
1795:
system—"free" in the sense that everyone who received a copy would be free to use, study, modify, and redistribute it. The GNU project's own kernel development project,
3441:
The right to use the UNIX Trademark requires the
Licensee to pay to The Open Group an additional annual fee, calculated in accordance with the fee table set out below.
5749:
1930:
In the same interview, he states that he views both Unix and Linux as "the continuation of ideas that were started by Ken and me and many others, many years ago".
483:". According to this philosophy, the operating system should provide a set of simple tools, each of which performs a limited, well-defined function. A unified and
1164:, the system library with C run-time support, was the primary library, but there have always been additional libraries for things such as mathematical functions (
1677:
that found widespread use. The Unix programming interface became the basis for a widely implemented operating system interface standard (POSIX, see above). The
1444: – Unix was one of the first operating systems to include all of its documentation online in machine-readable form. The documentation included:
629:
and distributed to government and academic institutions, which led to both being ported to a wider variety of machine families than any other operating system.
2311:
2953:
That then led to Unics (the castrated one-user
Multics, so- called due to Brian Kernighan) later becoming UNIX (probably as a result of AT&T lawyers).
803:) by commercial startups, which in turn led to Unix fragmenting into multiple, similar — but often slightly and mutually incompatible — systems including
606:
By the early 1980s, users began seeing Unix as a potential universal operating system, suitable for computers of all sizes. The Unix environment and the
1348: – Unix systems were used from the outset for document preparation and typesetting systems, and included many related programs such as
2854:
2669:
6075:
1918:
relatively common: most or all Unix and Unix-like systems include at least some BSD code, while some include GNU utilities in their distributions.
4087:
audio bsdtalk170 - Marshall Kirk McKusick at DCBSDCon -- on history of tcp/ip (in BSD) -- abridgement of the three lectures on the history of BSD.
3774:
759:
specific code, and was not suitable for porting. The first port to another platform was a port of
Version 6, made four years later (1977) at the
3810:
3586:
3655:
3632:
585:, as opposed to using a single monolithic program that includes all of the same functionality. These concepts are collectively known as the "
3024:
1566:
level. Several major proprietary operating systems eventually added recursive subdirectory capabilities also patterned after
Multics. DEC's
5742:
3371:
3345:
932:, to provide a common definition of POSIX and the Single UNIX Specification, which, by 2008, had become the Open Group Base Specification.
4096:
3609:
2266:
Several plural forms of Unix are used casually to refer to multiple brands of Unix and Unix-like systems. Most common is the conventional
6022:
1949:
1118: – early versions of Unix contained a development environment sufficient to recreate the entire system from source code:
1075:, earning its reputation as a portable system. The printed documentation, typeset from the online sources, was contained in two volumes.
789:
461:, an industry consortium founded in 1996. The Open Group allows the use of the mark for certified operating systems that comply with the
3567:
3548:
3530:
3511:
3492:
3458:
3230:
1210:
scripting language; later versions and implementations contain many other language compilers and toolsets. Early BSD releases included
1266:), and more general-purpose applications such as the text formatting and typesetting package. Nonetheless, some major categories are:
1420: – early Unix systems contained no inter-system communication, but did include the inter-user communication programs
401:
Unix to outside parties in the late 1970s, leading to a variety of both academic and commercial Unix variants from vendors including
2686:
UNIX was created by software developers for software developers, to give themselves an environment they could completely manipulate.
1254: – Unix makes little distinction between commands (user-level programs) for system operation and maintenance (e.g.
3745:
850:
6557:
5989:
5735:
4731:
1977:
1896:
projects. With the 1994 settlement of a lawsuit brought against the
University of California and Berkeley Software Design Inc. (
5403:
3428:
2824:
6351:
6322:
4007:
3719:
3179:
3148:
3082:
2893:
2750:
2609:
2567:
664:
603:
as "the idea that the power of a system comes more from the relationships among programs than from the programs themselves".
2966:
2785:
2452:
6547:
5845:
2573:
2263:
a brand name for various products including bookshelves, ink pens, bottled glue, diapers, hair driers and food containers.
2386:
2249:
1992:
The RFC specifically mentions that Unix "offers powerful local processing facilities in terms of user programs, several
1728:
1708:
were quickly implemented on the Unix versions widely used on relatively inexpensive computers, which contributed to the
6552:
5570:
2920:
946:
was created to provide a reference directory layout for Unix-like operating systems; it has mainly been used in Linux.
402:
795:
During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the influence of Unix in academic circles led to large-scale adoption of Unix (
5810:
3931:
3907:
3688:
2864:
2679:
2017:
1049:
350:
4017:
1278:, the primary user interface on Unix before window systems appeared, and even afterward (within a "command window").
1110: – header files, defining key structures within the system and important system-specific invariables
6126:
6070:
5830:
5689:
2344:
1030:
917:
901:
599:
861:
distributions were developed through collaboration by a worldwide network of programmers. In 2000, Apple released
6045:
6015:
5835:
5356:
5351:
3262:
2307:
1712:
explosion of worldwide, real-time connectivity and formed the basis for implementations on many other platforms.
1523:
1002:
4102:
1104: – operating system "kernel", handling memory management, process scheduling, system calls, etc.
6238:
6136:
5805:
5624:
4203:
4124:
3192:
Perhaps the most important watershed occurred during 1973, when the operating system kernel was rewritten in C.
1881:
1583:
1527:
987:
936:
854:
796:
406:
213:
133:
632:
The Unix operating system consists of many libraries and utilities along with the master control program, the
6516:
6065:
6050:
5950:
5920:
5840:
5825:
5772:
3815:
2334:
2059:
1655:
1554:), providing a uniform interface, but at the expense of occasionally requiring additional mechanisms such as
1211:
943:
3782:
UNIX is plural. It is not one operating system but, many implementations of an idea that originated in 1965.
2935:
2129:
is The Open Group, an industry standards consortium. Only systems fully compliant with and certified to the
1192: – header files for software development, defining standard interfaces and system invariants
1009:
6111:
6096:
6055:
5619:
1558:
and mode flags to access features of the hardware that did not fit the simple "stream of bytes" model. The
1198: – V7 Unix contained a Fortran-77 compiler, a programmable arbitrary-precision calculator (
4709:
6277:
6224:
5900:
5790:
5682:
5192:
4724:
4662:
4468:
4372:
1667:
646:
570:
492:
3767:
2279:
6292:
6131:
6008:
5598:
5436:
5396:
4327:
4080:
4068:
2872:
technology, so programs written for the UNIX environment can move into the next generation of hardware.
2175:
1941:
1808:
1630:
1072:
897:
816:
434:
426:
247:
1016:
6327:
6146:
6106:
6101:
6060:
5629:
5494:
5457:
5328:
5298:
4656:
4611:
4242:
3824:
3582:
3301:
3104:
2316:
2130:
2029:
1174:
as part of the system library. Later implementations increased the number of libraries significantly.
1064:
921:
862:
633:
462:
188:
2431:
2205:
is used to indicate all operating systems similar to Unix. This comes from the use of the asterisk (
6370:
6257:
6121:
5910:
5850:
5820:
5650:
5452:
5313:
4357:
4033:
Unix
History Repository — a git repository representing a reconstructed version of the Unix history
2523:
2248:, when presenting the original Unix paper to the third Operating Systems Symposium of the American
1903:
1838:
1678:
1562:
operating system pushed this model even further and eliminated the need for additional mechanisms.
1519:
1407:
1275:
1133:
831:
760:
752:
622:
578:
566:
515:
235:
106:
6116:
5785:
4064:
AT&T Tech
Channel Archive: The UNIX Operating System: Making Computers More Productive (1982)
3368:"HP, Novell and SCO To Deliver High-Volume UNIX OS With Advanced Network And Enterprise Services"
3016:
1816:
1705:
1647:
1433:
1215:
998:
976:
768:
764:
257:
4917:
4907:
4099: – a software perspective on the MC68000 CPU architecture and UNIX compatibility
4041:
3367:
3337:
2190:. Notably, EulerOS and Inspur K-UX are Linux distributions certified as UNIX 03 compliant.
1462: – longer documents detailing major subsystems, such as the C language and troff
1170:) or database access. V7 Unix introduced the first version of the modern "Standard I/O" library
736:
takes credit for the idea, but adds that "no one can remember" the origin of the final spelling
6542:
6504:
6443:
6332:
6312:
6261:
6219:
5935:
5870:
5660:
5563:
5369:
5074:
4743:
4717:
4502:
4071:(film about Unix featuring Dennis Ritchie, Ken Thompson, Brian Kernighan, Alfred Aho, and more)
2518:
2426:
1716:
1651:
1617:) widely available. Many later command-line interpreters have been inspired by the Unix shell.
1587:
231:
4590:
3129:
6287:
6253:
6155:
6091:
5955:
5895:
5593:
5473:
5431:
5389:
4697:
4650:
3473:
2329:
2324:
2221:
2092:, the company that owned the rights to the Unix System V source at the time, transferred the
2063:
1559:
1380:
983:
955:
550:
363:
3563:
3544:
3526:
3507:
3488:
3454:
3226:
865:, also a Unix system, which became the core of the Mac OS X operating system, later renamed
6484:
6458:
5244:
4645:
4548:
3276:
2702:
2320:
2283:
2101:
2045:
1693:
1606:
511:
279:
271:
141:
129:
101:
17:
935:
In 1999, in an effort towards compatibility, several Unix system vendors agreed on SVR4's
526:
8:
6453:
6405:
6282:
5915:
4562:
4144:
3953:
3943:
3397:
3313:
1685:
1543:
710:
The new operating system was a single-tasking system. In 1970, the group coined the name
375:
367:
2483:
a good case can be made that is in essence a modern implementation of MIT's CTSS system
1681:
soon spread beyond Unix, and is now ubiquitous in systems and applications programming.
1479:
6390:
6297:
5645:
4577:
4117:
3735:
3317:
2532:
2444:
1957:
1834:
1828:
1763:
1674:
1160:
1149:
873:
239:
4050:
3338:"Novell Completes Sale of UnixWare Business to The Santa Cruz Operation | Micro Focus"
1964:
kernel. As of 2014, illumos remains the only active, open-source System V derivative.
6499:
6448:
6380:
6337:
6178:
5655:
5556:
5488:
4583:
4155:
4076:
AT&T Tech Channel Archive: The UNIX System: Making Computers Easier to Use (1982)
3927:
3903:
3740:
3715:
3144:
2889:
2860:
2746:
2675:
2563:
2349:
2009:
2001:
1547:
1515:
785:
748:
607:
500:
195:
110:
2990:
2448:
1098: – device drivers for control of hardware (and some pseudo-hardware)
6479:
6031:
5885:
5761:
5478:
5144:
5049:
5044:
4190:
4140:
3424:
3305:
3266:
3204:
2528:
2436:
2291:
2119:
1945:
1781:
1374:
835:
741:
672:
649:, the latter being a lower priority realm where most application programs operate.
615:
574:
418:
371:
311:
265:
178:
4032:
3175:
3078:
2602:
2473:
2379:
A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986
1023:
6423:
6385:
6356:
5727:
5323:
5267:
5172:
4973:
4876:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4132:
4021:
4011:
3895:
3683:
3138:
3134:
2778:
2738:
2634:
2553:
2411:
2021:
1698:
1610:
1403:
1178:
1092: – configuration and machine-dependent parts, including boot code
774:
Bell Labs produced several versions of Unix that are collectively referred to as
733:
700:
658:
590:
586:
582:
496:
488:
480:
430:
243:
86:
82:
56:
5706:
2642:
2557:
2070:
1086: – source code in /usr/sys, composed of several sub-components:
907:
In the late 1980s, an open operating system standardization effort now known as
6509:
6433:
6395:
6267:
5711:
5500:
5262:
5197:
5182:
5119:
5079:
4958:
4922:
4816:
4423:
4001:
3919:
3802:
3279:
3256:
3171:
3130:
2775:
2734:
2598:
2498:
2469:
2403:
2377:
2245:
2097:
1831: – have gone on to play central roles in other free Unix systems as well.
1800:
1506:
1487:
1368:
1236:
925:
696:
530:
476:
458:
387:
250:
224:
78:
5665:
4074:
4062:
3972:
1980:. The Unix system was said to "present several interesting capabilities as an
561:
configuration. Unix systems are characterized by various concepts: the use of
6537:
6531:
6418:
6375:
6214:
6168:
5795:
5303:
5164:
5099:
4871:
4846:
4747:
4685:
4530:
4521:
4384:
4235:
4175:
4110:
4091:
3981:
3398:"SCO Files Docketing Statement and We Find Out What Its Appeal Will Be About"
2915:
2850:
2665:
2638:
2110:
2055:
2033:
1937:
1911:
1820:
1789:
1535:
1491:
1122:
881:
800:
776:
688:
534:
275:
203:
154:
3038:
2506:
1749:
6302:
5758:
5412:
5277:
5177:
5094:
5089:
4993:
4902:
4866:
4821:
4739:
4352:
4347:
3806:
3393:
3309:
3012:
2910:
2698:
2502:
2407:
2373:
1874:
1842:
1804:
1738:
1643:
1602:
1551:
1483:
1270:
929:
692:
680:
558:
383:
74:
3714:. Computing Fundamentals. Benjamin/Cumming Publishing Company. p. 4.
3678:
2440:
1158: – object-code libraries (installed in /lib or /usr/lib).
6428:
6410:
6193:
6183:
6173:
5213:
5187:
5124:
5114:
5104:
5069:
5059:
5054:
4937:
4927:
4881:
4618:
4429:
4086:
3870:
2163:
2077:
2025:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1933:
1898:
1689:
1453:
1389:
1304:
877:
849:
systems grew in popularity and became the operating system of choice for
704:
637:
394:
199:
90:
51:
4083:(complementary film to the preceding "Making Computers More Productive")
3983:
History of the Berkeley Software Distributions (three one-hour lectures)
5800:
5029:
4988:
4791:
4761:
4639:
4536:
4443:
4418:
4362:
4332:
4180:
3947:
3888:
2235:
2179:
1870:
1862:
1846:
1639:
1598:
1284: – the core toolkit of the Unix command set, including
990: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
636:. The kernel provides services to start and stop programs, handles the
562:
554:
514:
operating system: almost the entire operating system is written in the
504:
69:
1788:(short for "GNU's Not Unix") project, an ambitious effort to create a
6365:
6272:
6198:
6163:
5614:
5516:
5318:
5272:
5252:
5149:
5129:
5084:
4932:
4856:
4841:
4826:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4474:
4137:
3957:
3271:
2339:
2134:
2115:
2108:
to the actual software was the subject of a federal lawsuit in 2006,
2105:
2093:
2050:
1985:
1866:
1792:
1771:
1625:
1614:
1474:
1452: – manual pages for each command, library component,
1286:
1226:
846:
719:
668:
410:
379:
94:
6000:
2012:
and de-mountable volumes, and a unified treatment of peripherals as
965:
892:
6494:
5860:
5579:
5234:
5014:
4632:
4484:
4450:
4337:
4292:
4277:
4027:
2825:"The Unix Tutorial / Part 3: Unix in the Microcomputer Marketplace"
1993:
1850:
1796:
1709:
1448:
1183:
842:), which was subsequently adopted by many commercial Unix vendors.
611:
594:
4625:
2216:
always be used as an adjective followed by a generic term such as
1601:
used the same language for interactive commands as for scripting (
6489:
6188:
5930:
5925:
5880:
5855:
5039:
4963:
4604:
4597:
4435:
4401:
4272:
4257:
4230:
4220:
4055:
2943:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2074:
1981:
1961:
1907:
1893:
1767:
1684:
Early Unix developers were important in bringing the concepts of
1621:
1571:
1567:
1531:
828:
820:
724:
676:
626:
546:
450:
446:
398:
217:
137:
2481:. Tenth Hawaii International Conference on the System Sciences.
610:
program model were essential elements in the development of the
290:
5965:
5960:
5905:
5890:
5875:
5815:
5521:
5381:
5024:
4766:
4572:
4491:
4367:
4342:
4306:
4262:
4225:
4214:
4045:
4036:
3832:
3455:"AIX 6 Operating System V6.1.2 with SP1 or later certification"
2294:, developer of the Solaris variant, has asserted that the term
2089:
1889:
1885:
1858:
1854:
1759:
1591:
1579:
1502:
1411:
756:
684:
469:
454:
60:
2733:
2718:
When Unix was created and when it formed its cultural values,
2024:
as special files that could be accessed through standard Unix
1620:
A fundamental simplifying assumption of Unix was its focus on
1605: – there was no separate job control language like IBM's
1126: – text editor, for creating source code files
553:. Later, Unix gradually gained portability, multi-tasking and
6438:
5970:
5940:
5865:
5716:
5537:
5257:
5154:
5134:
5064:
4983:
4886:
4861:
4836:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4542:
4509:
4496:
4406:
4318:
4299:
4285:
4247:
3997:
2275:
2254:
2183:
2171:
2159:
2081:
2020:(NCP) to be integrated within the Unix file system, treating
1824:
1594:
library systems were folded into broader POSIX file systems.
1555:
1497:
1356:
1350:
1224: – including an object-code archive manager (
1142: – machine-language assembler for the machine
908:
866:
858:
824:
812:
808:
804:
510:
Unix distinguishes itself from its predecessors as the first
507:) is used to combine the tools to perform complex workflows.
484:
438:
422:
414:
320:
254:
4092:
A History of UNIX before Berkeley: UNIX Evolution: 1975-1984
3851:
2004:, a versatile document preparation system, and an efficient
1729:
Operating system § Unix and Unix-like operating systems
1428:. V7 introduced the early inter-system communication system
42:
5548:
5483:
5308:
5282:
5218:
5139:
5034:
5019:
4978:
4968:
4912:
4412:
4395:
4267:
3017:"personal communication, Ken Thompson to Donald W. Gillies"
2187:
2167:
1663:
1659:
1575:
1429:
1322:
1316:
1298:
1262:
1256:
1242:
1166:
912:
839:
3973:"VCF East 2019 -- Brian Kernighan interviews Ken Thompson"
3123:
2886:
Principles of operating systems: design & applications
6474:
5109:
5009:
4953:
4851:
4515:
4479:
4252:
3656:"Huawei Conformance Statement: Commands and Utilities V4"
3545:"macOS version 10.12 Sierra on Intel-based Mac computers"
1953:
1812:
1785:
1385:
1384:. Some modern Unix systems also include packages such as
1362:
1207:
442:
326:
317:
3527:"IRIX 6.5.28 with patches (4605 and 7029) certification"
2888:. Boston, Massachusetts: Thompson Learning. p. 23.
2298:
is itself plural, referencing its many implementations.
1332: – environment management tools such as
928:. Starting in 1998, the Open Group and IEEE started the
663:
The origins of Unix date back to the mid-1960s when the
4831:
3896:"Commentary on the Sixth Edition UNIX Operating System"
2100:), and in 1995 sold the related business operations to
1815:
operating system, many GNU packages – such as the
1432:, and systems beginning with BSD release 4.1c included
1292:
1218:
as well as or instead of a proprietary compiler system.
577:, small programs that can be strung together through a
3979:
1984:
mini-host". At the time, Unix required a license from
911:
provided a common baseline for all operating systems;
872:
Unix-like operating systems are widely used in modern
851:
over 90% of the world's top 500 fastest supercomputers
518:, which allows Unix to operate on numerous platforms.
3489:"HP-UX 11i V3 Release B.11.31 or later certification"
1799:, had not yet produced a working kernel, but in 1991
1214:
tools, and many modern Unix systems also include the
351:
332:
329:
323:
2856:
Tandy/Radio Shack Book: Whole Earth Software Catalog
2671:
Tandy/Radio Shack Book: Whole Earth Software Catalog
4097:
BYTE Magazine, September 1986: UNIX and the MC68000
2497:
1722:
767:, followed by a Bell Labs port of Version 7 to the
314:
5757:
3105:"Unix: the operating system setting new standards"
2234:remains widespread because it was once typeset in
1972:In May 1975, RFC 681 described the development of
499:" serve as the main means of communication, and a
3220:
3218:
3031:
573:(IPC) as files; and the use of a large number of
6529:
3137:; Michael Kosta Loukides; Mike Loukides (2003).
1314: – administrative tools such as
1182: – build manager (introduced in
166:Announced outside Bell Labs in October 1973
3801:
3583:"Hewlett-Packard Company Conformance Statement"
3564:"Oracle Solaris 11 FCS and later certification"
3176:"The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System"
3170:
2991:"Portability of C Programs and the UNIX System"
2779:"The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System"
2402:
1186:), for effectively automating the build process
920:(COSE) initiative, which eventually became the
751:, but in 1973, Version 4 Unix was rewritten in
747:The operating system was originally written in
378:Unix, whose development started in 1969 at the
3607:
3471:
3360:
3293:
3215:
2230:was the original formatting, but the usage of
1976:by the Center for Advanced Computation at the
614:and the reshaping of computing as centered in
6016:
5743:
5564:
5397:
4725:
4118:
4008:The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System
3302:"The name UNIX is now the property of X/Open"
3224:
2822:
2475:The Unix Time-sharing System: A retrospective
730:Multiplexed Information and Computer Services
3970:
3852:"AIX, FreeBSD, HP-UX, Linux, Solaris, Tru64"
3299:
1274: – the "shell" programmable
4028:The Unix Tree: files from historic releases
3580:
2290:is not common, although occasionally seen.
716:Uniplexed Information and Computing Service
6023:
6009:
5750:
5736:
5571:
5557:
5404:
5390:
5364:
4732:
4718:
4125:
4111:
3561:
3524:
3505:
3486:
3452:
3422:
2385:(Technical report). CSTR. Bell Labs. 139.
755:. Version 4 Unix, however, still had much
4018:The Creation of the UNIX Operating System
3270:
3250:
3248:
3039:"Operating system Family - Systems share"
2522:
2493:
2491:
2430:
1538:, it was Unix that popularized the idea.
1050:Learn how and when to remove this message
3736:"Autres Unix, autres moeurs (OtherUnix)"
3570:from the original on September 24, 2015.
3254:
3011:
2639:"The Elements of Operating-System Style"
2593:
2591:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2069:
2049:
2036:user process, running only when needed.
2008:featuring sophisticated access control,
1613:) made a powerful programming paradigm (
1570:'s "group, user" hierarchy evolved into
1496:
1478:
1308:and many others. Subcategories include:
891:
838:developed System V Release 4 (
780:. In 1975, the first source license for
569:; treating devices and certain types of
525:
457:, which then sold the UNIX trademark to
3610:"IBM Corporation Conformance Statement"
2697:
2633:
2597:
2552:
2468:
2372:
1978:University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
1646:), and at the application layer of the
792:Department of Computer Science (UIUC).
790:University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign
14:
6530:
3871:"Linux Weekly News, February 21, 2002"
3589:from the original on December 10, 2015
3431:from the original on December 31, 2011
3245:
3143:. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". p. 32.
2933:
2883:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2488:
2392:from the original on 11 November 2017.
2133:qualify as "UNIX" (others are called "
1888:, was released in 1992 and led to the
545:At first, Unix was not designed to be
393:Initially intended for use inside the
132:, while some Unix projects (including
6030:
6004:
5806:Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS)
5731:
5552:
5385:
4713:
4106:
3902:, Peer-to-Peer Communications, 1996;
3780:from the original on March 18, 2017.
3653:
3630:
3551:from the original on October 2, 2016.
3374:from the original on January 23, 2007
3348:from the original on 20 December 2015
2964:
2923:from the original on 18 October 2017.
2908:
2849:
2664:
2588:
2576:from the original on 12 February 2009
2361:
1526:. Although this followed the lead of
1260:), commands of general utility (e.g.
687:mainframe computer. Multics featured
665:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
618:rather than in individual computers.
4692:
3709:
3703:
3472:The Open Group (September 8, 2016).
3085:from the original on 9 November 2010
2936:"An Interview with Peter G. Neumann"
2252:(ACM), "we had a new typesetter and
2104:(SCO). Whether Novell also sold the
1234:), compiler-development tools (e.g.
1136:compiler (first appeared in V3 Unix)
988:adding citations to reliable sources
959:
740:. Dennis Ritchie, Doug McIlroy, and
503:scripting and command language (the
475:Unix systems are characterized by a
27:Family of computer operating systems
4056:1st Edition manual rendered to HTML
3676:
3533:from the original on March 4, 2016.
3495:from the original on April 8, 2016.
3461:from the original on April 8, 2016.
3233:from the original on 4 January 2018
3027:from the original on 22 March 2016.
2774:
2759:
2603:"The Development of the C Language"
2250:Association for Computing Machinery
2125:The present owner of the trademark
2096:of Unix to the X/Open Company (now
2084:, a certified Unix operating system
1406:as a standard windowing system and
537:ancestor of all modern Unix systems
24:
3790:
3748:from the original on April 3, 2017
3514:from the original on July 9, 2014.
3474:"Huawei EulerOS 2.0 certification"
3370:. Novell.com. September 20, 1995.
3227:"Interview With Dennis M. Ritchie"
2533:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1978.tb02136.x
2458:from the original on 11 June 2015.
2062:. Actual license plate is used by
1811:. In addition to their use in the
1586:group.account hierarchy and IBM's
403:University of California, Berkeley
25:
6569:
3991:
3691:from the original on June 4, 2011
3392:
3300:Chuck Karish (October 12, 1993).
3182:from the original on 11 June 2015
2811:The UNIX Programming Environment.
2791:from the original on 3 April 2017
2615:from the original on 11 June 2015
2345:Market share of operating systems
2032:", much of the NCP code ran in a
1952:-licensed kernel and a primarily
6127:Object-oriented operating system
5984:
5983:
5690:The Unix Programming Environment
5411:
5363:
5342:
5341:
4691:
4680:
4679:
3926:, Addison Wesley, June 1, 1994;
3059:from the original on 9 June 2012
2911:"Interview with Brian Kernighan"
2220:to help avoid the creation of a
2193:Sometimes a representation like
1748:
1737:
1723:Free Unix and Unix-like variants
964:
918:Common Open Software Environment
600:The Unix Programming Environment
310:
50:
41:
5821:Cray Time Sharing System (CTSS)
4678:indicate discontinued systems.
3980:Marshall Kirk McKusick (2006).
3760:
3728:
3670:
3647:
3624:
3601:
3574:
3555:
3537:
3518:
3508:"Inspur K-UX 2.0 certification"
3499:
3480:
3465:
3446:
3416:
3386:
3330:
3197:
3164:
3097:
3071:
3045:
3005:
2983:
2958:
2927:
2909:Dolya, Aleksey (29 July 2003).
2902:
2877:
2843:
2816:
2809:Kernighan, Brian W. Pike, Rob.
2803:
2727:
2308:Comparison of operating systems
1524:high-level programming language
975:needs additional citations for
6558:Time-sharing operating systems
6137:Supercomputer operating system
3811:"The UNIX Time-Sharing System"
3633:"Huawei Conformance Statement"
2823:Fiedler, Ryan (October 1983).
2691:
2658:
2627:
2546:
2507:"The UNIX Time-Sharing System"
2462:
2412:"The UNIX Time-Sharing System"
2396:
2282:, is also popular. The pseudo-
1673:Unix popularized a syntax for
1582:2.0+ subdirectories, and HP's
937:Executable and Linkable Format
479:that is sometimes called the "
468:Early versions of Unix ran on
374:that derive from the original
13:
1:
5773:Time-sharing system evolution
4024: (archived April 2, 2014)
4014: (archived April 8, 2015)
3816:Bell System Technical Journal
3425:"The Open Brand Fee Schedule"
3081:. asymco. 29 September 2010.
2355:
2335:Timeline of operating systems
2312:free and proprietary software
2212:The Open Group requests that
2182:(formerly "Digital UNIX", or
2060:Digital Equipment Corporation
949:
944:Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
542:shared them with colleagues.
6112:Just enough operating system
6097:Distributed operating system
5578:
3255:Holmgren, Steve (May 1975).
2016:." The latter permitted the
1518:, but was soon rewritten in
1152:, for combining object files
887:
7:
6548:Products introduced in 1969
6225:User space and kernel space
5791:Berkeley Timesharing System
5683:The Practice of Programming
4663:Windows Subsystem for Linux
4051:The Unix 1st Edition Manual
2859:. Quantum Press/Doubleday.
2674:. Quantum Press/Doubleday.
2644:The Art of Unix Programming
2559:The Art of Unix Programming
2301:
2039:
1986:Bell Telephone Laboratories
1807:as free software under the
1706:TCP/IP networking protocols
1631:"record-based" file systems
571:inter-process communication
521:
493:inter-process communication
453:sold its rights in Unix to
151:Development started in 1969
10:
6574:
6132:Real-time operating system
2745:. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.".
2043:
1967:
1809:GNU General Public License
1726:
1490:, principal developers of
1472:
953:
898:Common Desktop Environment
656:
652:
270:Varies; some versions are
6553:Operating system families
6467:
6404:
6350:
6328:Multilevel feedback queue
6323:Fixed-priority preemptive
6311:
6246:
6237:
6207:
6154:
6145:
6107:Hobbyist operating system
6102:Embedded operating system
6084:
6038:
5979:
5781:
5768:
5699:
5674:
5638:
5607:
5586:
5530:
5509:
5466:
5445:
5419:
5337:
5291:
5243:
5227:
5206:
5163:
5002:
4946:
4895:
4754:
4671:
4657:Windows Services for UNIX
4612:Microsoft POSIX subsystem
4561:
4460:
4381:
4316:
4200:
4189:
4151:
3924:A Quarter Century of UNIX
2884:Stuart, Brian L. (2009).
2741:; Loukides, Mike (2002).
2419:Communications of the ACM
2317:List of operating systems
2131:Single UNIX Specification
1468:
922:Single UNIX Specification
683:operating system for the
463:Single UNIX Specification
285:
264:
223:
209:
187:
177:
147:
124:
116:
100:
68:
49:
40:
6371:General protection fault
6122:Network operating system
6076:User features comparison
3677:Raymond, Eric S. (ed.).
2967:"The First Port of UNIX"
1926:mainframe manufacturers.
1904:Unix System Laboratories
1839:Red Hat Enterprise Linux
1578:'s volumes evolved into
1276:command-line interpreter
1230:), symbol-table lister (
832:Unix System Laboratories
761:University of Wollongong
579:command-line interpreter
567:hierarchical file system
6117:Mobile operating system
5786:BBN Time-Sharing System
5510:Associated institutions
2720:there were no end users
2018:Network Control Program
1817:GNU Compiler Collection
1758:Console screenshots of
1398: – the
1246:), and debugging tools.
1216:GNU Compiler Collection
1116:Development environment
845:In the 1990s, Unix and
744:also credit Kernighan.
449:). In the early 1990s,
153:First manual published
6220:Loadable kernel module
5357:Unix SUS2008 utilities
5352:Standard Unix programs
4744:command-line interface
3710:Troy, Douglas (1990).
3225:Benet, Manuel (1999).
2085:
2067:
1928:
1717:free software movement
1679:C programming language
1510:
1494:
924:(SUS) administered by
904:
771:during 1977 and 1978.
623:C programming language
538:
516:C programming language
232:Command-line interface
6288:Process control block
6254:Computer multitasking
6092:Disk operating system
5608:Programming languages
5594:Plan 9 from Bell Labs
5446:Programming languages
5432:Plan 9 from Bell Labs
4651:UserLAnd Technologies
3971:Ken Thompson (2019).
3205:"Major Distributions"
3015:(16 September 2014).
2701:(December 14, 2003).
2556:(19 September 2003).
2441:10.1145/361011.361061
2330:Plan 9 from Bell Labs
2274:, treating Unix as a
2222:genericized trademark
2073:
2053:
1923:
1880:A free derivative of
1847:SUSE Linux Enterprise
1819:(and the rest of the
1500:
1482:
956:List of Unix commands
895:
827:. In the late 1980s,
529:
157:in November 1971
6459:Virtual tape library
6051:Forensic engineering
5245:Software development
4646:UNIX System Services
4145:compatibility layers
3827:on November 3, 2010.
3809:(July–August 1978).
3768:"History of Solaris"
3608:Vivian W. Morabito.
2635:Raymond, Eric Steven
2102:Santa Cruz Operation
2046:List of Unix systems
1694:software engineering
984:improve this article
565:for storing data; a
495:mechanism known as "
280:open-source software
130:proprietary software
6468:Supporting concepts
6454:Virtual file system
4373:Other distributions
3954:Computer Chronicles
3944:Computer Chronicles
3823:(6). Archived from
3055:. Apple Developer.
2511:Bell System Tech. J
2022:network connections
1956:userland. However,
1948:, which included a
1835:Linux distributions
1770:(bottom, a popular
1675:regular expressions
1456:, header file, etc.
1410:, and many support
1346:Document formatting
1148: –
1132: –
900:(CDE), part of the
689:several innovations
382:research center by
37:
6391:Segmentation fault
6239:Process management
3585:. The Open Group.
3547:. The Open Group.
3229:. LinuxFocus.org.
3109:IONOS Digitalguide
3041:. Top 500 project.
2965:Reinfelds, Juris.
2776:Ritchie, Dennis M.
2599:Ritchie, Dennis M.
2562:. Addison-Wesley.
2470:Ritchie, Dennis M.
2118:accused Novell of
2086:
2068:
1829:GNU Core Utilities
1764:Linux distribution
1648:Internet protocols
1511:
1495:
1326:, and many others.
905:
728:, which stood for
625:were developed by
621:Both Unix and the
597:summarize this in
557:capabilities in a
539:
35:
6525:
6524:
6381:Memory protection
6352:Memory management
6346:
6345:
6338:Shortest job next
6233:
6232:
6032:Operating systems
5998:
5997:
5762:operating systems
5725:
5724:
5587:Operating systems
5546:
5545:
5420:Operating systems
5379:
5378:
4707:
4706:
4557:
4556:
4141:operating systems
3998:The UNIX Standard
3744:. April 1, 2000.
3741:Bell Laboratories
3721:978-0-201-19827-0
3581:Bonnie Talerico.
3150:978-0-596-00330-2
2895:978-1-4188-3769-3
2752:978-0-596-00330-2
2569:978-0-13-142901-7
2350:Year 2038 problem
2088:In October 1993,
1774:operating system)
1516:assembly language
1060:
1059:
1052:
1034:
786:Donald B. Gillies
749:assembly language
372:operating systems
362:) is a family of
358:; trademarked as
303:
302:
111:assembly language
16:(Redirected from
6565:
6480:Computer network
6244:
6243:
6152:
6151:
6025:
6018:
6011:
6002:
6001:
5987:
5986:
5886:ORVYL and WYLBUR
5752:
5745:
5738:
5729:
5728:
5573:
5566:
5559:
5550:
5549:
5406:
5399:
5392:
5383:
5382:
5367:
5366:
5345:
5344:
4947:User environment
4734:
4727:
4720:
4711:
4710:
4695:
4694:
4683:
4682:
4198:
4197:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4104:
4103:
4077:
4065:
3987:
3976:
3900:with Source Code
3899:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3828:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3772:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3658:. The Open Group
3651:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3635:. The Open Group
3628:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3612:. The Open Group
3605:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3562:The Open Group.
3559:
3553:
3552:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3525:The Open Group.
3522:
3516:
3515:
3506:The Open Group.
3503:
3497:
3496:
3487:The Open Group.
3484:
3478:
3477:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3453:The Open Group.
3450:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3436:
3423:The Open Group.
3420:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3274:
3272:10.17487/RFC0681
3252:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3222:
3213:
3212:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3187:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3140:Unix Power Tools
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3079:"Unix's Revenge"
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3009:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2971:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2940:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2820:
2814:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2783:
2772:
2757:
2756:
2743:Unix Power Tools
2731:
2725:
2724:
2715:
2713:
2707:Joel on Software
2695:
2689:
2688:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2614:
2607:
2601:(January 1993).
2595:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2526:
2517:(6): 1905–1929.
2495:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2434:
2416:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2384:
2370:
2292:Sun Microsystems
2280:third declension
2244:). According to
2242:
2120:slander of title
1946:Sun Microsystems
1782:Richard Stallman
1762:(top, a popular
1752:
1741:
1505:1984, including
1312:System utilities
1055:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1035:
1033:
992:
968:
960:
836:Sun Microsystems
742:Peter G. Neumann
675:were developing
673:General Electric
419:Sun Microsystems
354:
348:
347:
346:
345:
338:
335:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
299:
296:
294:
292:
286:Official website
173:
171:
164:
162:
54:
45:
38:
34:
32:Operating system
21:
6573:
6572:
6568:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6563:
6562:
6528:
6527:
6526:
6521:
6463:
6424:Defragmentation
6409:
6400:
6386:Protection ring
6355:
6342:
6314:
6307:
6229:
6203:
6141:
6080:
6034:
6029:
5999:
5994:
5975:
5777:
5764:
5756:
5726:
5721:
5695:
5670:
5634:
5603:
5582:
5577:
5547:
5542:
5526:
5505:
5462:
5441:
5415:
5410:
5380:
5375:
5333:
5287:
5239:
5223:
5202:
5159:
5003:Text processing
4998:
4942:
4891:
4750:
4738:
4708:
4703:
4667:
4564:
4553:
4456:
4377:
4312:
4192:
4185:
4147:
4131:
4075:
4063:
4022:Wayback Machine
4012:Wayback Machine
3994:
3920:Salus, Peter H.
3894:
3879:
3877:
3869:
3860:
3858:
3850:
3841:
3839:
3837:www.levenez.com
3831:
3793:
3791:Further reading
3788:
3777:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3751:
3749:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3722:
3708:
3704:
3694:
3692:
3684:The Jargon File
3675:
3671:
3661:
3659:
3652:
3648:
3638:
3636:
3629:
3625:
3615:
3613:
3606:
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3592:
3590:
3579:
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3556:
3543:
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3523:
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3504:
3500:
3485:
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3470:
3466:
3451:
3447:
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3432:
3421:
3417:
3407:
3405:
3391:
3387:
3377:
3375:
3366:
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3361:
3351:
3349:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3321:
3319:
3298:
3294:
3284:
3282:
3253:
3246:
3236:
3234:
3223:
3216:
3209:distrowatch.com
3203:
3202:
3198:
3185:
3183:
3172:Ritchie, Dennis
3169:
3165:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3086:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3060:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3021:UBC ECE website
3010:
3006:
2996:
2994:
2993:. Bell-labs.com
2989:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2963:
2959:
2938:
2932:
2928:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2882:
2878:
2867:
2848:
2844:
2834:
2832:
2821:
2817:
2808:
2804:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2773:
2760:
2753:
2737:; Peek, Jerry;
2735:Powers, Shelley
2732:
2728:
2711:
2709:
2703:"Biculturalism"
2696:
2692:
2682:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2596:
2589:
2579:
2577:
2570:
2551:
2547:
2537:
2535:
2496:
2489:
2478:
2467:
2463:
2455:
2432:10.1.1.118.1214
2414:
2401:
2397:
2389:
2382:
2371:
2362:
2358:
2304:
2240:
2048:
2042:
1970:
1940:counterpart to
1867:Slackware Linux
1778:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1731:
1725:
1699:Unix philosophy
1477:
1471:
1196:Other languages
1056:
1045:
1039:
1036:
993:
991:
981:
969:
958:
952:
902:COSE initiative
890:
734:Brian Kernighan
701:Douglas McIlroy
661:
659:History of Unix
655:
591:Brian Kernighan
587:Unix philosophy
524:
481:Unix philosophy
352:
341:
340:
313:
309:
289:
244:X Window System
226:
169:
167:
165:
160:
158:
152:
148:Initial release
87:Douglas McIlroy
83:Brian Kernighan
64:
57:Unix System III
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6571:
6561:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6523:
6522:
6520:
6519:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6510:User interface
6507:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6471:
6469:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6434:File attribute
6431:
6426:
6421:
6415:
6413:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6398:
6396:Virtual memory
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6362:
6360:
6348:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6319:
6317:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6268:Context switch
6265:
6250:
6248:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6211:
6209:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6160:
6158:
6149:
6143:
6142:
6140:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6088:
6086:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6042:
6040:
6036:
6035:
6028:
6027:
6020:
6013:
6005:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5775:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5755:
5754:
5747:
5740:
5732:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5714:
5712:Mark V. Shaney
5709:
5703:
5701:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5693:
5686:
5678:
5676:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5642:
5640:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5611:
5609:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5596:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5583:
5576:
5575:
5568:
5561:
5553:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5534:
5532:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5513:
5511:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5501:Thompson shell
5498:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5470:
5468:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5455:
5449:
5447:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5416:
5409:
5408:
5401:
5394:
5386:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5329:true and false
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5249:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5231:
5229:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5216:
5210:
5208:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5169:
5167:
5165:Shell builtins
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4751:
4748:shell builtins
4737:
4736:
4729:
4722:
4714:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4689:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4601:
4594:
4587:
4580:
4575:
4569:
4567:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4539:
4534:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4513:
4506:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4477:
4472:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4447:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4421:
4416:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4391:
4389:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4324:
4322:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4210:
4208:
4195:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4130:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4072:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4048:
4039:
4030:
4025:
4015:
4005:
4002:The Open Group
3993:
3992:External links
3990:
3989:
3988:
3977:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3951:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3910:
3886:
3867:
3848:
3833:"UNIX History"
3829:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3759:
3727:
3720:
3702:
3669:
3646:
3623:
3600:
3573:
3554:
3536:
3517:
3498:
3479:
3464:
3445:
3415:
3385:
3359:
3342:www.novell.com
3329:
3292:
3244:
3214:
3196:
3163:
3149:
3133:; Jerry Peek;
3131:Shelley Powers
3122:
3111:. May 29, 2020
3096:
3070:
3044:
3030:
3004:
2982:
2957:
2926:
2901:
2894:
2876:
2865:
2851:Brand, Stewart
2842:
2815:
2802:
2758:
2751:
2726:
2690:
2680:
2666:Brand, Stewart
2657:
2626:
2587:
2568:
2545:
2524:10.1.1.112.595
2487:
2461:
2425:(7): 365–375.
2404:Ritchie, D. M.
2395:
2374:McIlroy, M. D.
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2314:
2303:
2300:
2246:Dennis Ritchie
2116:SCO Group Inc.
2098:The Open Group
2041:
2038:
1969:
1966:
1801:Linus Torvalds
1784:announced the
1757:
1756:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1724:
1721:
1507:Dennis Ritchie
1488:Dennis Ritchie
1470:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1457:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1418:Communications
1415:
1393:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1330:User utilities
1327:
1279:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1219:
1193:
1187:
1175:
1153:
1143:
1137:
1127:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1058:
1057:
972:
970:
963:
951:
948:
926:The Open Group
889:
886:
882:mobile devices
769:Interdata 8/32
765:Interdata 7/32
697:Dennis Ritchie
657:Main article:
654:
651:
575:software tools
531:Version 7 Unix
523:
520:
477:modular design
459:The Open Group
390:, and others.
388:Dennis Ritchie
301:
300:
287:
283:
282:
268:
262:
261:
251:SurfaceFlinger
229:
227:user interface
221:
220:
211:
207:
206:
192:
185:
184:
181:
175:
174:
149:
145:
144:
126:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
104:
98:
97:
79:Dennis Ritchie
72:
66:
65:
55:
47:
46:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6570:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6543:1969 software
6541:
6539:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6518:
6515:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6502:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6466:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6412:
6407:
6403:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6376:Memory paging
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6353:
6349:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6316:
6310:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6236:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6215:Device driver
6213:
6212:
6210:
6206:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6156:Architectures
6153:
6150:
6148:
6144:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6083:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6026:
6021:
6019:
6014:
6012:
6007:
6006:
6003:
5991:
5982:
5981:
5978:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5796:Burroughs MCP
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5780:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5767:
5763:
5760:
5753:
5748:
5746:
5741:
5739:
5734:
5733:
5730:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5698:
5692:
5691:
5687:
5685:
5684:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5673:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5637:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5574:
5569:
5567:
5562:
5560:
5555:
5554:
5551:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5529:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5508:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5465:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5444:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5407:
5402:
5400:
5395:
5393:
5388:
5387:
5384:
5372:
5371:
5362:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5340:
5339:
5336:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5292:Miscellaneous
5290:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5242:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5228:Documentation
5226:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5205:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
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5179:
5176:
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5171:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
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5128:
5126:
5123:
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5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
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5068:
5066:
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5041:
5038:
5036:
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5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5001:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
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4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4949:
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4936:
4934:
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4926:
4924:
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4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
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4835:
4833:
4830:
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4825:
4823:
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4815:
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4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4746:programs and
4745:
4742:
4735:
4730:
4728:
4723:
4721:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4700:
4699:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4635:
4634:
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4628:
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4616:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4563:Compatibility
4560:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4531:Research Unix
4528:
4524:
4523:
4522:BlackBerry 10
4519:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4380:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4237:
4236:DragonFly BSD
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4188:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4128:
4123:
4121:
4116:
4114:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3985:
3984:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3932:0-201-54777-5
3929:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3908:1-57398-013-7
3905:
3901:
3897:
3890:
3887:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3857:
3856:UNIXguide.net
3853:
3849:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3803:Ritchie, D.M.
3800:
3799:
3795:
3794:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3763:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3731:
3723:
3717:
3713:
3706:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3673:
3657:
3650:
3634:
3627:
3611:
3604:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3532:
3528:
3521:
3513:
3509:
3502:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3475:
3468:
3460:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3430:
3426:
3419:
3404:. Groklaw.net
3403:
3399:
3395:
3394:Jones, Pamela
3389:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3310:comp.std.unix
3307:
3303:
3296:
3281:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3251:
3249:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3219:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3193:
3181:
3178:. Bell Labs.
3177:
3173:
3167:
3152:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3040:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3013:Thompson, Ken
3008:
2992:
2986:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2937:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2916:Linux Journal
2912:
2905:
2897:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2868:
2866:9780385191661
2862:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2831:. p. 132
2830:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2806:
2787:
2780:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2754:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2739:O'Reilly, Tim
2736:
2730:
2723:
2721:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2699:Spolsky, Joel
2694:
2687:
2683:
2681:9780385191661
2677:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2611:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2554:Raymond, Eric
2549:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2505:(July 1978).
2504:
2500:
2499:Ritchie, D.M.
2494:
2492:
2484:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2388:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2360:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2325:Unix commands
2322:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2111:SCO v. Novell
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2056:license plate
2052:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2014:special files
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1944:developed by
1943:
1939:
1938:free software
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1912:DragonFly BSD
1909:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1825:GNU C library
1822:
1821:GNU toolchain
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1803:released the
1802:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1790:free software
1787:
1783:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1740:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1603:shell scripts
1600:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1574:directories,
1573:
1569:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1537:
1536:Burroughs MCP
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1493:
1492:Research Unix
1489:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1442:Documentation
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1340:, and others.
1339:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1073:magnetic tape
1068:
1066:
1054:
1051:
1043:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1001: –
1000:
996:
995:Find sources:
989:
985:
979:
978:
973:This section
971:
967:
962:
961:
957:
947:
945:
940:
938:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
914:
910:
903:
899:
894:
885:
883:
879:
875:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
843:
841:
837:
833:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
778:
777:Research Unix
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
726:
721:
717:
713:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
660:
650:
648:
644:
639:
635:
630:
628:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
608:client–server
604:
602:
601:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
551:multi-tasking
548:
543:
536:
535:Research Unix
532:
528:
519:
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
473:
471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
356:
344:
337:
307:
298:
288:
284:
281:
277:
274:, others are
273:
269:
267:
263:
259:
256:
252:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
230:
228:
222:
219:
215:
212:
210:Influenced by
208:
205:
201:
197:
193:
190:
186:
182:
180:
176:
156:
150:
146:
143:
139:
135:
131:
128:Historically
127:
123:
119:
115:
112:
108:
105:
103:
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:
71:
67:
62:
59:running on a
58:
53:
48:
44:
39:
30:
19:
6411:file systems
6303:Time-sharing
5945:
5759:Time-sharing
5707:Renée French
5688:
5681:
5675:Publications
5495:Space Travel
5493:
5426:
5413:Ken Thompson
5368:
5346:
4740:
4696:
4684:
4675:
4655:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4596:
4589:
4582:
4541:
4529:
4520:
4508:
4501:
4467:
4449:
4442:
4428:
4411:
4394:
4383:
4382:
4317:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4213:
4202:
4201:
4156:Architecture
4133:
3982:
3975:(Interview).
3923:
3892:
3878:. Retrieved
3874:
3859:. Retrieved
3855:
3840:. Retrieved
3836:
3825:the original
3820:
3814:
3807:Thompson, K.
3781:
3762:
3750:. Retrieved
3739:
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3322:February 21,
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3258:Network Unix
3257:
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2503:Thompson, K.
2482:
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1974:Network Unix
1973:
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1805:Linux kernel
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6184:Multikernel
6174:Microkernel
6071:Usage share
4755:File system
4619:MKS Toolkit
4430:OpenSolaris
3889:Lions, John
3695:November 9,
3662:January 22,
3654:Peng Shen.
3639:January 22,
3631:Peng Shen.
3616:January 21,
3593:December 8,
3378:November 9,
3352:20 December
2835:January 30,
2538:December 9,
2284:Anglo-Saxon
2164:Inspur K-UX
2078:workstation
2006:file system
1934:OpenSolaris
1899:USL v. BSDi
1690:reusability
1552:disk drives
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1222:Other tools
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705:Joe Ossanna
638:file system
472:computers.
397:, AT&T
395:Bell System
272:proprietary
200:microkernel
142:open-source
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6532:Categories
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6315:algorithms
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3089:9 November
2997:August 24,
2813:1984. viii
2650:August 16,
2580:9 February
2356:References
2236:small caps
2180:Tru64 UNIX
2106:copyrights
2094:trademarks
2044:See also:
1871:Arch Linux
1863:Linux Mint
1727:See also:
1686:modularity
1640:PostScript
1615:coroutines
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1436:utilities.
1134:C language
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950:Components
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6273:Interrupt
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3956:(1989). "
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2795:9 January
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2010:mountable
2000:based on
1994:compilers
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1780:In 1983,
1772:Unix-like
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1626:delimited
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380:Bell Labs
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117:OS family
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5639:Software
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5467:Software
5015:basename
4686:Category
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4469:Coherent
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4385:System V
4338:ChromeOS
4293:NeXTSTEP
4278:bridgeOS
4176:Security
3880:April 7,
3775:Archived
3746:Archived
3689:Archived
3587:Archived
3568:Archived
3549:Archived
3531:Archived
3512:Archived
3493:Archived
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3372:Archived
3346:Archived
3231:Archived
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3180:Archived
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2302:See also
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2040:Branding
1936:was the
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1827:and the
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1544:printers
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1396:Graphics
1252:Commands
1184:PWB/UNIX
829:AT&T
801:System V
763:for the
627:AT&T
616:networks
612:Internet
595:Rob Pike
547:portable
522:Overview
512:portable
451:AT&T
399:licensed
376:AT&T
194:Varies;
6490:Live CD
6444:Journal
6408:access,
6406:Storage
6283:Process
6189:vkernel
6056:History
6039:General
5931:TOPS-20
5926:TOPS-10
5881:OpenVMS
5856:Multics
5625:Sawzall
5599:Inferno
5437:Inferno
5120:strings
5040:dirname
4964:logname
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4698:Commons
4676:Italics
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4598:Interix
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4436:Illumos
4424:Solaris
4358:Red Hat
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4069:YouTube
4020:at the
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1962:illumos
1942:Solaris
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491:and an
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465:(SUS).
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248:Android
240:Wayland
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218:Multics
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170:1973-10
168: (
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4348:Fedora
4343:Debian
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1007:·
980:.
815:/
753:C
445:(
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336:/
333:s
330:k
327:ɪ
324:n
318:j
315:ˈ
312:/
308:(
278:/
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107:C
20:)
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