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information on debris in the mesopelagic and deeper layers. Studies that have been done have conducted research through bottom sampling, video observation via remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), and submersibles. They are also mostly limited to one-off projects that do not extend long enough to show significant effects of deep-sea debris over time. Research thus far has shown that debris in the deep-ocean is in fact impacted by anthropogenic activities, and plastic has been frequently observed in the deep-sea, especially in areas off-shore of heavily populated regions, such as the
Mediterranean.
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through the water filtration system and into the ocean, but because of their small size they are likely to escape capture by the preliminary treatment screens on wastewater plants. These beads are harmful to the organisms in the ocean, especially filter feeders, because they can easily ingest the plastic and become sick. The microplastics are such a concern because it is difficult to clean them up due to their size, so humans can try to avoid using these harmful plastics by purchasing products that use environmentally safe exfoliates.
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could be a result of the closing of beaches and lack of movement during the pandemic, so less trash was likely to end up in the ocean. Additional impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic have been seen in Hong Kong, where disposable masks have ended up along the beaches of Soko’s islands. This may be attributed to the increased production of medical products (masks and gloves) during the pandemic, leading to a rise in unconventional disposal of these products.
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1312:, and examine any relationship between the amount and types of persistent industrial marine debris, and the types and numbers of industrial operations nearby. Materials like plastic or foam can break down into smaller particles and may look like small sea creatures to wildlife such as birds, cetaceans, and fish, and they may eat these particles. Indigestible material may accumulate in the gut creating blockages or a false sense of
1164:"Life Below Water". Depending on relevance to the issues and various levels of contribution, some countries have introduced more specified protection policies. Moreover, some non-profits, NGOs, and government organizations are developing programs to collect and remove plastics from the ocean. However, in 2017 the UN estimated that by 2050 there will be more plastic than fish in the oceans if substantial measures are not taken.
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1453:. Plastics that are usually negatively buoyant can sink with the adherence of phytoplankton and the aggregation of other organic particles. Other oceanic processes that affect circulation, such as coastal storms and offshore convection, play a part in transferring large volumes of particles and debris. Submarine topographic features can also augment downwelling currents, leading to the retention of
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submersibles, 3,425 man-made debris items were counted. The two most significant types of debris were macro-plastic, making up 33% of the debris found – 89% of which was single-use – and metal, making up 26%. Plastic debris was found at the bottom of the
Mariana Trench, at a depth of 10,898m, and plastic bags were found entangled in hydrothermal vent and cold seep communities.
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waters of
British Columbia. In 2019 Canada's federal government passed legislation to make it illegal to abandon a vessel but enforcement is hampered because it is often difficult to determine who owns an abandoned boat since owners are not required to have a license – licensing is a provincial government responsibility. The Victoria-based non-profit
1843:, Ocean Voyages Institute is able to accurately track and send cleanup vessels to remove ghostnets. The GPS Tracker technology is being combined with satellite imagery increasing the ability to locate plastic trash and ghostnets in real time via satellite imagery which will greatly increase cleanup capacity and efficiency.
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types of marine particles such as dead biological material (tissue and shells) and some soil particles (blown in by wind and carried to the ocean by rivers). Population density and proximity to urban centers have been considered the main factors that influence the abundance of microplastics in the environment.
1835:, conducted a cleanup utilizing GPS trackers and existing maritime equipment in the North Pacific Subtropical Convergence Zone setting the record for the largest mid-ocean cleanup accomplished in the North Pacific Gyre and removed over 84,000 pounds of polymer nets and consumer plastic trash from the ocean.
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Another issue is that removing marine debris from the ocean can potentially cause more harm than good. Cleaning up microplastics could also accidentally take out plankton, which are the main lower level food group for the marine food chain and over half of the photosynthesis on earth. One of the most
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flotsam by mistake, as it often looks similar to their natural prey. Overall, 1288 marine species are known to ingest plastic debris, with fish making up the largest fraction. Bulky plastic debris may become permanently lodged in the digestive tracts of these animals, blocking the passage of food and
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A Deep-sea Debris database by the Global
Oceanographic Data Center of the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), showing thirty years of photos and samples of marine debris since 1983, was made public in 2017. From the 5,010 dives in the database, using both ROVs and deep-sea
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agreement to control ocean dumping This
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter consisted of twenty two articles addressing expectations of contracting parties. The three annexes defined many compounds, substances, and materials that are unacceptable to
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In May/June 2020, Ocean
Voyages Institute conducted a cleanup expedition in the Gyre and set a new record for the largest mid-ocean cleanup accomplished in the North Pacific Gyre which removed over 170 tons (340,000 pounds) of consumer plastics and ghostnets from the ocean. Utilizing custom designed
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Some studies show that marine debris may be dominant in particular locations. For example, a 2016 study of Aruba found that debris found the windward side of the island was predominantly marine debris from distant sources. In 2013, debris from six beaches in Korea was collected and analyzed: 56%
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Some materials and activities used in industrial activities that do not readily degrade, that persist in the environment, and tend to accumulate over time. The activities can include fishing, boating, and aquaculture industries that harvest or use resources in the marine environment and may lose or
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Joint Group of
Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution estimated that up to 80% of the pollution was land-based, with the remaining 20% originating from catastrophic events or maritime sources. More recent studies have found that more than half of plastic debris found on Korean shores
2004:
is designed to "ensure clean healthy, safe, productive and biologically diverse oceans and seas, by putting in place better systems for delivering sustainable development of marine and coastal environment". In 2019, the EU parliament voted for an EU-wide ban on single-use plastic products such as
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Cleanup of marine debris can be stymied by inadequate collaboration across levels of government, and a patchwork of regulatory authorities (responsibility often differs for the ocean surface, the seabed, and the shore). For example, there are an estimated 1600 abandoned and derelict boats in the
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In Kenya, the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the amount of marine debris found on beaches with around 55% being a pandemic-related trash items. Although the pandemic-related trash has shown up along the beaches of Kenya, it has not made its way into the water. The reduction of litter in the ocean
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Because plastic is so widely used across the planet, microplastics have become widespread in the marine environment. For example, microplastics can be found on sandy beaches and surface waters as well as in the water column and deep sea sediment. Microplastics are also found within the many other
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The 10 largest emitters of oceanic plastic pollution worldwide are, from the most to the least, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Egypt, Malaysia, Nigeria, and
Bangladesh, largely through the rivers Yangtze, Indus, Yellow, Hai, Nile, Ganges, Pearl, Amur, Niger, and the
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Marine debris is found on the floor of the Arctic ocean. Although an increasing number of studies have been focused on plastic debris accumulation on the coasts, in off-shore surface waters, and that ingested by marine organisms that live in the upper levels of the water column, there is limited
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A growing concern regarding plastic pollution in the marine ecosystem is the use of microplastics. Microplastics are beads of plastic less than 5 millimeters wide, and they are commonly found in hand soaps, face cleansers, and other exfoliators. When these products are used, the microplastics go
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Plastic debris from inland states come from two main sources: ordinary litter and materials from open dumps and landfills that blow or wash away to inland waterways and wastewater outflows. The refuse finds its way from inland waterways, rivers, streams and lakes to the ocean. Though ocean and
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On the sea, the removal of artificial debris (i.e. plastics) is still in its infancy. However, some projects have been started which used ships with nets (Ocean
Voyages Institute/Kaisei 2009 & 2010 and New Horizon 2009) to catch some plastics, primarily for research purposes. There is also
2185:. Used plastic with low residual value often does not get recycled and is more likely to leak into the ocean. However, turning these unwanted plastics that would otherwise stay in landfills into refuse-derived fuels allows for further use; they can be used as supplement fuels at power plants
1919:– signed in 1982, but effective in 1994, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea emphasized the importance of protecting the entire ocean and not only specified coastal regions. UNCLOS enforced restrictions on pollution, including a stress on land-based sources.
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It turns out that about 90 percent of all the plastic that reaches the world's oceans gets flushed through just 10 rivers: The
Yangtze, the Indus, Yellow River, Hai River, the Nile, the Ganges, Pearl River, Amur River, the Niger, and the Mekong (in that
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In Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia, 52% of items were generated by recreational use of an urban park, 14% from sewage disposal and only 7% from shipping and fishing activities. Around four-fifths of oceanic debris is from rubbish blown onto the water from
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artifacts placed in the oceans are harmful. Iron and concrete structures typically do little damage to the environment because they generally sink to the bottom and become immobile, and at shallow depths they can even provide scaffolding for
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Wiggin, K. J.; Holland, E. B. (June 2019). "Validation and application of cost and time effective methods for the detection of 3–500 μm sized microplastics in the urban marine and estuarine environments surrounding Long Beach, California".
1913:– a convention designed to minimize pollution of the seas, including dumping, oil and exhaust pollution The original MARPOL convention did not consider dumping from ships, but was revised in 1978 to include restrictions on marine vessels.
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1295:. In a 2014 study using computer models, scientists from the group 5 Gyres, estimated 5.25 trillion pieces of plastic weighing 269,000 tons were dispersed in oceans in similar amount in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
1384:, and other creatures, including the occasional human diver. Acting as designed, the nets restrict movement, causing starvation, laceration and infection, and suffocation in those that need to return to the surface to breathe.
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by human populations. These human-caused collections of plastic and other debris are responsible for ecosystem and environmental problems that affect marine life, contaminate oceans with toxic chemicals, and contribute to
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Woodall, L. C., Sanchez-Vidal, A., Canals, M., Paterson, G. L., Coppock, R., Sleight, V., ... & Thompson, R. C. (2014). The deep sea is a major sink for microplastic debris. Royal Society open science, 1(4), 140317.
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It's estimated that around 48 million tons (48,000 kt) of lost fishing gear is generated each year, not including those that were abandoned or discarded and these may linger in the oceans for a considerable time before
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were disposed of in the Gulf of Mexico and off the coasts of at least 16 states, from New Jersey to Hawaii (although these, of course, do not wash up onshore, and the US is not the only country who has practiced this).
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that have been abandoned, lost, or otherwise discarded in the ocean, lakes, and rivers. These nets, often nearly invisible in the dim light, can be left tangled on a rocky reef or drifting in the open sea. They can
1973:
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1932:, which prohibited the discharge of "garbage, rubbish, ashes or organic refuse" from "any vessel in Australian waters" without prior written permission from the federal government. It also required permission for
1575:. A 2021 study following a 2014 loss of a container carrying printer cartridges calculated that some cartridges had dispersed at an average speed of between 6 cm and 13 cm per second. A 1997 accident of
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Forty-eight plastics manufacturers from 25 countries, are members of the Global Plastic Associations for solutions on Marine Litter, have made the pledge to help prevent marine debris and to encourage recycling.
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power to monitor and regulate the dumping of sewage sludge, industrial waste, radioactive waste and biohazardous materials into the nation's territorial waters. The Act was amended sixteen years later to include
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notes that lack of enforcement means abandoned boats are often left to sink, which increases the cleanup cost and compounds the environmental hazard (due to seepage of fuel, oil, plastics, and other pollutants).
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of marine debris are not usually experienced by the producer. In the 1950s, the importance of government intervention with marine pollution protocol was recognized at the First Conference on the Law of the Sea.
2500:
Jang, Yong Chang; Lee, Jongmyoung; Hong, Sunwook; Lee, Jong Su; Shim, Won Joon; Song, Young Kyoung (6 July 2014). "Sources of plastic marine debris on beaches of Korea: More from the ocean than the land".
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Okuku, Eric; Kiteresi, Linet; Owato, Gilbert; Otieno, Kenneth; Mwalugha, Catherine; Mbuche, Mary; Gwada, Brenda; Nelson, Annette; Chepkemboi, Purity; Achieng, Quinter; Wanjeri, Veronica (January 2021).
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is an artist focusing most of her recent work on educating people about beach trash. Interactive sites like Adrift demonstrate where marine plastic is carried, over time, on the worlds ocean currents.
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Beaumont, Nicola J.; Aanesen, Margrethe; Austen, Melanie C.; Börger, Tobias; Clark, James R.; Cole, Matthew; Hooper, Tara; Lindeque, Penelope K.; Pascoe, Christine; Wyles, Kayleigh J. (1 May 2019).
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discard gear, materials, machinery or solid wastes from industrial processes into the water or onto shorelines. This can include anything as large as a fishing boat or as small as particle from a
4416:"One sunken boat pollutes ocean as much as 480,000 plastic straws, non-profit says: Dead Boat Disposal Society one of several groups working with B.C. gov't to find solution to abandoned vessels"
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strategies to make producers responsible for product management when products and their packaging become waste; encourage reusable product design to minimize negative impacts on the environment.
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plastic straws, cutlery, plates, and drink containers, polystyrene food and drink containers, plastic drink stirrers and plastic carrier bags and cotton buds. The law will take effect in 2021.
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rewards salvors for risking life and property to rescue the property of another from peril. On land the distinction between deliberate and accidental loss led to the concept of a "
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lobster float. In 2003, a study was conducted to identify types, amounts, sources, and effects of persistent industrial marine debris in the coastal waters and along the shores of
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Consumers can help to reduce the amount of plastic entering waterways by reducing usage of single-use plastics, avoiding microbeads, participate in a river or lake beach cleanup.
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pieces. Some of the pieces became valued among collectors who searched the beaches for Lego dragons. It also provided valuable insight in studying marine plastic degradation.
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Chiba, S., Saito, H., Fletcher, R., Yogi, T., Kayo, M., Miyagi, S., ... & Fujikura, K. (2018). Human footprint in the abyss: 30 year records of deep-sea plastic debris.
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collided with a piece of floating debris and sank, costing the life of its pilot. The Ocean cleanup has also created a vessel for cleaning up riverine debris, called
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De-la-Torre, Gabriel E.; Dioses-Salinas, Diana C.; Castro, Jasmin M.; Antay, Rosabel; Fernández, Naomy Y.; Espinoza-Morriberón, D.; Saldaña-Serrano, Miguel (2020).
4960:"Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy"
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Bluebird Marine System's SeaVax which was solar- and wind-powered and had an onboard shredder and cargo hold. The Sea Cleaners' Manta ship is similar in concept.
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quickly, as would natural or organic materials. The largest single type of plastic pollution (~10%) and majority of large plastic in the oceans is discarded and
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1828:. He suggested using platforms with arms to gather the debris, situated inside the current of gyres. The SAS Ocean Phoenix ship is somewhat similar in design.
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1542:(now known as the "Friendly Floatees") went overboard during a storm. The toys have since been found all over the world, providing a better understanding of
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3988:"The impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on marine litter pollution along the Kenyan Coast: A synthesis after 100 days following the first reported case in Kenya"
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1498:. Once waterborne, marine debris becomes mobile. Flotsam can be blown by the wind, or follow the flow of ocean currents, often ending up in the middle of
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1689:. In addition, plastic in the marine environment that contaminates the food chain can have repercussions on the viability of fish and shellfish species.
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Patrício Silva, Ana L.; Prata, Joana C.; Walker, Tony R.; Duarte, Armando C.; Ouyang, Wei; Barcelò, Damià; Rocha-Santos, Teresa (1 February 2021).
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Improve recovery rates for plastic (in 2012, the United States generated 11.46 million tons of plastic waste, of which only 6.7% was recovered
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In efforts to prevent and mediate marine debris and pollutants, laws and policies have been adopted internationally, with the UN including reduced
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3002:"Comparison between manta trawl and in situ pump filtration methods, and guidance for visual identification of microplastics in surface waters"
2716:"Persistent Industrial Marine Debris: The Relationship Between Marine Debris and Coastal Industrial Activity in Charlotte County New Brunswick"
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Craig, R. (2005). "Protecting International Marine Biodiversity: International Treaties and National Systems of Marine Protected Areas".
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Scisciolo, Tobia (2016). "Beach debris on Aruba, Southern Caribbean: Attribution to local land-based and distal marine-based sources".
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Fendall, Lisa S.; Sewell, Mary A. (2009). "Contributing to marine pollution by washing your face: Microplastics in facial cleansers".
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is an organization aimed at reducing plastics pollution in the oceans, and was one of two organizations that recently researched the
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Leous, Justin P.; Parry, Neal B. (2005). "Who is Responsible for Marine Debris? The International Politics of Cleaning Our Oceans".
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Walker, T. R.; Reid, K.; Arnould, J. P. Y.; Croxall, J. P. (1997), "Marine debris surveys at Bird Island, South Georgia 1990–1995",
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3107:"Benthic marine debris in the Bay of Fundy, eastern Canada: Spatial distribution and categorization using seafloor video footage"
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has caused serious negative effects such as discarded fishing nets capturing animals, concentration of plastic debris in massive
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Goodman, Alexa J.; Walker, Tony R.; Brown, Craig J.; Wilson, Brittany R.; Gazzola, Vicki; Sameoto, Jessica A. (1 January 2020).
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Sheavly, S. B.; Register, K. M. (2007). "Marine Debris & Plastics: Environmental Concerns, Sources, Impacts and Solutions".
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Ban the use of cigarette filters and establish a deposit-system for e-cigarettes (similar to the one used for propane canisters)
1437:, metals and some plastics), have been found to spread over the floor of seas and open oceans, where it can become entangled in
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Elsewhere, "trash traps" are installed on small rivers to capture waterborne debris before it reaches the sea. For example,
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There are also projects that stimulate fishing boats to remove any litter they accidentally fish up while fishing for fish.
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efficient and cost effective ways to help reduce the amount of plastic entering our oceans is to not participate in using
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Kuczenski, Brandon; Vargas Poulsen, Camila; Gilman, Eric L.; Musyl, Michael; Geyer, Roland; Wilson, Jono (30 July 2021).
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have been known to use pieces of beach litter as a shell when they cannot find an actual seashell of the size they need.
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Leal Filho, Walter; Salvia, Amanda Lange; Minhas, Aprajita; Paço, Arminda; Dias-Ferreira, Celia (1 November 2021).
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plastics, avoid plastic bottled drinks such as water bottles, use reusable shopping bags, and to buy products with
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A large number of groups and individuals are active in preventing or educating about marine debris. For example,
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1618:, fishing-related debris, approximately 80% plastics, are responsible for the entanglement of large numbers of
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5331:"Municipal Solid Waste Generation, Recycling, and Disposal in the United States: Facts and Figures for 2012"
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1731:. Devices such as these can be used where floating debris presents a danger to navigation. For example, the
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4394:"Speaking Notes for the Honourable Marc Garneau, Minister of Transport for a News Conference on Bill C-64,
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Yong, C (2013). "Sources of plastic marine debris on beaches of Korea: More from the ocean than the land".
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Techniques for collecting and removing marine (or riverine) debris include the use of debris skimmer boats
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Nash, Jennifer; Bosso, Christopher (April 2013). "Extended Producer Responsibility in the United States".
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In the waters of the United States, there have been many observed consequences of pollution including:
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for example promotes the idea of letting dive clubs clean up litter, for example as a diving exercise.
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3477:"Accumulation of marine debris on an intertidal beach in an urban park (Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia)"
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Tharpes, Yvonne L. (1989). "International Environmental Law: Turning the Tide on Marine Pollution".
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At the systems level, there are various ways to reduce the amount of debris entering our waterways:
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4574:"Environmentalists removed more than 40 tons of trash from the Pacific – and it barely made a dent"
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Improve waste transportation to and from sites by utilizing closed container storage and shipping
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Parker, Laura. "With Millions of Tons of Plastic in Oceans, More Scientists Studying Impact."
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Eighty percent of marine debris is plastic. Plastics accumulate because they typically do not
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Marine debris is a widespread problem, not only the result of activities in coastal regions.
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causing death through starvation or infection. Tiny floating plastic particles also resemble
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Mekong, and accounting for "90 percent of all the plastic that reaches the world's oceans."
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The US military used ocean dumping for unused weapons and bombs, including ordinary bombs,
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1936:. The act was passed in response to large amounts of garbage washing up on the beaches of
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operates a number of such traps, known as "trash racks" or "gross pollutant traps" on the
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4776:"Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter"
4470:"Yvan Bourgnon : "Au large, le Manta pourra ramasser 600 m3 de déchets plastiques""
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19:"Ocean dumping" redirects here. For shipping of waste across international borders, see
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6619:
6413:
6285:
6049:
5920:
5847:
5784:
5715:
5695:
5588:
5372:
5262:
5237:
5034:
4860:
4803:
4795:
4726:
4495:
4171:
4158:
4118:"The COVID-19 pandemic and single-use plastic waste in households: A preliminary study"
4117:
4093:
4052:
4028:
3987:
3967:
3865:
3611:
3393:
3219:
3034:
3001:
2982:
2884:
2824:
2526:
2449:
2255:
2227:
1852:
1848:
1619:
1102:, human influence has become an issue as many types of (petrochemical) plastics do not
1006:
767:
643:
405:
187:
127:
97:
44:
4053:"Increased plastic pollution due to COVID-19 pandemic: Challenges and recommendations"
3821:
3707:
1579:
ship off the British coast resulted in loss of cargo container holding 5 million
1271:, landmines and chemical weapons from at least 1919 until 1970. Millions of pounds of
7737:
7667:
7662:
7647:
7438:
7406:
7401:
7381:
7321:
7246:
6949:
6809:
6629:
6538:
6506:
6423:
6376:
6303:
6275:
6044:
6039:
5837:
5628:
5502:
Ghost net remediation program – NASA, NOAA and ATI collaborating to detect ghost nets
5445:
5376:
5368:
5267:
5172:. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 4 November 2013.
4919:
4899:
4878:
4807:
4175:
4163:
4145:
4098:
4080:
4033:
4015:
3971:
3959:
3951:
3869:
3857:
3849:
3568:
3476:
3286:
3223:
3211:
3136:
3039:
2986:
2974:
2927:
2888:
2876:
2868:
2828:
2741:
2641:
2453:
2301:
2281:
2086:
2038:
1985:
1904:
1892:
1876:
1821:
1744:
1736:
1539:
1516:
1490:
655:
578:
571:
525:
392:
182:
177:
87:
4236:. Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board. Archived from
4141:
4011:
3936:
3911:
3615:
3564:
3131:
3106:
2970:
2923:
2864:
2803:"Plastic gear loss estimates from remote observation of industrial fishing activity"
2530:
7721:
7652:
7493:
7463:
7453:
7411:
7386:
7366:
7361:
7201:
7169:
7164:
7144:
7118:
6893:
6794:
6752:
6720:
6614:
6568:
6528:
6435:
6403:
6371:
6356:
6340:
6315:
6100:
6054:
5670:
5562:
5495:
5364:
5257:
5249:
4787:
4153:
4137:
4088:
4072:
4023:
4007:
3941:
3931:
3841:
3703:
3603:
3560:
3491:
3278:
3203:
3155:
3126:
3029:
3021:
2966:
2946:
2919:
2860:
2814:
2518:
2481:
2476:
2441:
2296:
2271:
2268: – Pseudonymous Australian artist who works with trash from oceans and beaches
2114:
2000:
to free inland and coastal waters from human influence. In the United Kingdom, the
1635:
1527:
1288:
1284:
1157:
915:
812:
752:
638:
591:
540:
500:
475:
460:
442:
417:
357:
242:
192:
5110:
1449:
extremely difficult, especially due to the wide area of its dispersal compared to
7823:
7747:
7483:
7478:
7448:
7346:
7331:
7236:
7231:
7191:
6757:
6667:
6633:
6518:
6472:
6398:
6325:
6245:
6148:
6090:
5945:
5765:
5680:
5508:
5084:
4375:"Canadian Coast Guard urges patience as it deals with up to 1,600 derelict boats"
4277:
1949:
1774:
1762:
1715:
1648:
1564:
1229:
1142:
700:
660:
530:
495:
427:
367:
295:
232:
132:
5238:"Managing Marine Plastic Pollution: Policy Initiatives to Address Wayward Waste"
3820:
Santos, Robson G.; Machovsky-Capuska, Gabriel E.; Andrades, Ryan (2 July 2021).
1706:
1433:
Litter, made from diverse materials that are denser than surface water (such as
7935:
7869:
7742:
7416:
7396:
7306:
7266:
7154:
7087:
7070:
6804:
6690:
6647:
6641:
6637:
6482:
6467:
6418:
6408:
6320:
6174:
5930:
5901:
5750:
5613:
3720:
3313:
3025:
3000:
Karlsson, Therese M.; Kärrman, Anna; Rotander, Anna; Hassellöv, Martin (2020).
2372:
2291:
2082:
2078:
2074:
1977:
1887:
1864:
1568:
1531:
1446:
1280:
1261:
1197:
1119:
1103:
1018:
822:
722:
677:
670:
665:
422:
117:
4822:"International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)"
4076:
3607:
2522:
2445:
7904:
7853:
7808:
7468:
7055:
6824:
6511:
6440:
6212:
5960:
5824:
5633:
5583:
4937:
4744:
4259:
4149:
4084:
4019:
3955:
3853:
3172:
2872:
2265:
2241:
2221:
2165:
2152:
2118:
2062:
2047:
1781:
1770:
1752:
1711:
1682:
1576:
1548:
1543:
1535:
1486:
1478:
1471:
1454:
1221:
1177:
1123:
1001:
837:
327:
322:
317:
75:
33:
4452:"Solar-Powered Vacuum Could Suck Up 24,000 Tons of Ocean Plastic Every Year"
3845:
3822:"Plastic ingestion as an evolutionary trap: Toward a holistic understanding"
3282:
3251:
3207:
2947:"Abundance and distribution of microplastics on sandy beaches of Lima, Peru"
7752:
7458:
7336:
7316:
7261:
6845:
6819:
6799:
6623:
6586:
6550:
6186:
6133:
6009:
5965:
5950:
5879:
5760:
5578:
5271:
4634:"Don't Call It A Garbage Patch: The Truth About Cleaning Up Ocean Plastics"
4167:
4102:
4037:
3963:
3861:
3663:. New York-New Jersey Harbor Estuary Program. February 1995. Archived from
3572:
3290:
3215:
3176:
3140:
3043:
2978:
2931:
2880:
2689:"5 Trillion Pieces of Ocean Trash Found, But Fewer Particles Than Expected"
2260:
2137:
2106:
2058:
1910:
1603:
1592:
1499:
1287:
on exposure to sunlight, although they do so only under dry conditions, as
1257:
1241:
870:
832:
817:
648:
613:
558:
277:
137:
28:
4548:"Great Pacific Garbage Patch Cleanup Work Tackled By Sausalito Non-Profit"
3661:"A Summary of the Proposed Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan"
3496:
2324:"Euronews Living | Watch: Italy's answer to the problem with plastic"
7783:
7433:
7271:
7186:
7149:
6782:
6777:
6462:
6457:
6428:
6393:
6366:
5896:
5573:
4292:"Lost fishing gear being recovered from Scapa Flow – The Orcadian Online"
3295:
The 10 top-ranked rivers transport 88–95% of the global load into the sea
1976:, an international treaty controlling marine pollution in the north-east
1868:
1751:. Once debris becomes "beach litter", collection by hand and specialized
1678:
1655:
1345:
1245:
1205:
1196:
Researchers classify debris as either land- or ocean-based; in 1991, the
1130:
792:
490:
470:
107:
5253:
5038:
4864:
4730:
3790:
3159:
2577:"Explosive Beach Objects – Just Another Example Of Massachusetts' Charm"
2342:"Dumped fishing gear is biggest plastic polluter in ocean, finds report"
2089:, and if identifiable, they should be returned to their rightful owner.
1110:
from the fishing industry. Waterborne plastic poses a serious threat to
7838:
7196:
7181:
6959:
6576:
5891:
5884:
5867:
5852:
5745:
5598:
5320:(pp. 1–48, Rep.). (2015). McKinsey Center for Business and Environment.
4799:
3721:
Ron Hess; Denis Rushworth; Michael Hynes; John Peters (2 August 2006).
2110:
1825:
1788:
1686:
1607:
1560:
1553:
1482:
1450:
1361:
1292:
1150:
1095:
842:
598:
102:
5219:"80% Of Ocean Plastic Comes From Land-Based Sources, New Report Finds"
4215:
3946:
3425:"Ship's lost plastic cargo washes up on shores from Florida to Norway"
2819:
2802:
2399:"FEATURE: UN's mission to keep plastics out of oceans and marine life"
2235:
1651:. Ships and subway cars have been deliberately sunk for that purpose.
1184:
7818:
7371:
7110:
6888:
6840:
6814:
6762:
6596:
6558:
6308:
6298:
5970:
5832:
5807:
5755:
5710:
5685:
5623:
5518:
5391:"Cigarette butts are toxic plastic pollution. Should they be banned?"
3450:"How long does it take for plastic to degrade: the Lego bricks study"
2761:
1933:
1373:
1341:
1326:
1305:
1249:
1107:
1091:
910:
865:
827:
777:
712:
618:
82:
52:
5052:
4791:
3252:
Christian Schmidt; Tobias Krauth; Stephan Wagner (11 October 2017).
2944:
2117:, by sponsoring beach cleanup programs along with other activities.
1511:
7341:
7301:
7221:
6533:
6477:
6138:
5987:
5955:
5531:
3631:"New York City to Pay Jersey Town $ 1 Million Over Shore Pollution"
3062:
1766:
1740:
1739:
every month. The Corps has been doing this work since 1942, when a
1588:
1138:
1134:
282:
5190:[Waste becomes state, UNESCO recognizes 'Garbage Patch'].
3912:"Global ecological, social and economic impacts of marine plastic"
2800:
1567:, dropping hundreds of containers, most of which washed up on the
7311:
6494:
5997:
5975:
5862:
5857:
5455:
5318:
Stemming the tide: Land-based strategies for a plastic-free ocean
2546:"Should you cut up six-pack rings so they don't choke sea birds?"
2098:
1900:
1787:
Once a year there is a diving marine debris removal operation in
1673:
1442:
1377:
1357:
1237:
1209:
1115:
1099:
62:
7281:
4615:"Photos: Sailing Cargo Vessel Recovers 67 Tons of Ocean Plastic"
2999:
1820:
Another method to gather artificial litter has been proposed by
7256:
7211:
6898:
6878:
6772:
6447:
5940:
5519:"Skeptoid #132: The Sargasso Sea and the Pacific Garbage Patch"
5428:
United Nations Environment Programme Marine Litter Publications
5415:
4679:. National Geographic Society, 13 June 2014. Web. 3 April 2016.
4050:
3819:
2133:
1937:
1792:
1710:
Skimmer boat used to remove floating debris and trash from the
1369:
1316:
and eventually death from lack of appropriate nutrient intake.
1072:. Floating oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the center of
920:
900:
807:
797:
505:
5434:
UNEP Year Book 2011: Emerging Issues in Our Global Environment
2164:
coastal area cleanups are important, it is crucial to address
7251:
7114:
6908:
6850:
6191:
6123:
6021:
5913:
4879:"Beaches, Fishing Grounds and Sea Routes Protection Act 1932"
2469:"The pileup of plastic debris is more than ugly ocean litter"
2025:. Eighty percent of marine debris reaches the sea via rivers.
1969:
1780:
In lakes or near the coast, manual removal can also be used.
1438:
1434:
1365:
1225:
1204:
A wide variety of man-made objects can become marine debris;
1084:
or tidewrack. Deliberate disposal of wastes at sea is called
1077:
1069:
930:
875:
267:
5776:
5491:
Tiny Plastic Bits Too Small To See Are Destroying The Oceans
4434:"Solar powered SeaVax hoover concept to clean up the oceans"
4354:
2033:, harmful agal blooms, and threatened species. In 1972, the
6883:
6004:
5992:
5908:
5188:"Rifiuti diventano stato, Unesco riconosce 'Garbage Patch'"
3909:
3309:"Almost all plastic in the ocean comes from just 10 rivers"
3308:
2607:"Military Ordinance [sic] Dumped in Gulf of Mexico"
2206:
Seven simple single-use swaps people can make to save trash
1965:
1930:
Beaches, Fishing Grounds and Sea Routes Protection Act 1932
1896:
1580:
1552:
dropped 21 containers (with one notably containing buoyant
1381:
1353:
1264:, in particular, are considered emblematic of the problem.
1217:
1213:
1111:
1073:
905:
152:
147:
112:
7109:
5053:"Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972"
4115:
3885:"Across the Pacific Ocean, plastics, plastics, everywhere"
2202:
1260:
are among the items commonly found to have washed ashore.
5467:
1891:
deposit into the ocean. Examples of such matter include:
1268:
1065:
5461:
5140:
3984:
3685:
3104:
2050:. It is illegal to dispose of any plastic in US waters.
5383:
3368:"How sneakers, toys and hockey gear help ocean science"
1546:. Similar incidents have happened before, such as when
1149:, and increasing concentrations of contaminants in the
4438:
The International Institute of Marine Surveying (IIMS)
3474:
2124:
On 11 April 2013 in order to create awareness, artist
1928:
One of the earliest anti-dumping laws was Australia's
1534:, usually during storms. One spillage occurred in the
1298:
3517:. Algalita Marine Research Foundation. Archived from
2640:. St. Martin's Thomas Dunne Books. pp. 112–128.
1599:
was found to be "ocean-based" and 44% "land-based".
1141:
waste all contribute to this problem. This increased
5481:– US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
5458:– US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
5166:"The garbage patch territory turns into a new state"
2574:
2217:
1485:
of marine debris particles caused by the effects of
1188:
Debris collected from beaches on Tern Island in the
5008:"EU parliament approves ban on single use plastics"
3475:Walker, T.R.; Grant, J.; Archambault, M-C. (2006).
2738:
Abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear
2168:that originates from inland and landlocked states.
7769:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
4190:"Debris collection onsite after Bay Bridge struck"
3171:
2021:warning people to not pollute the local stream by
1685:to consume them and cause them to enter the ocean
1080:, frequently washing aground, when it is known as
4853:The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review
3254:"Export of Plastic Debris by Rivers into the Sea"
1972:respectively, and resulted in the passing of the
1661:
1129:Dumping, container spillages, litter washed into
7902:
5289:"7 Ways To Reduce Ocean Plastic Pollution Today"
4391:
4260:"10 Tips for Divers to Protect the Ocean Planet"
3788:
2109:is another organization, focusing on protecting
1952:government. It was repealed and replaced by the
4920:"Environment Protection (Sea Dumping) Act 1981"
3760:"Crabs With Beach Trash Homes – Okinawa, Japan"
3628:
3181:"Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean"
2423:
1445:, or even become buried under sediment, making
1098:, are also present. With the increasing use of
4689:Wabnitz, Colette; Nichols, Wallace J. (2010).
4688:
4546:Turner, Emily; Steimle, Susie (26 June 2019).
4488:"Methods for collecting plastic litter at sea"
4396:The Wrecked Abandoned or Hazardous Vessels Act
4355:Province of British Columbia (February 2020).
3338:
3306:
2740:. Rome: United Nations Environment Programme.
2499:
1956:, which gave effect to the London Convention.
1722:
7095:
5792:
5547:
5444:Web Archives Plastic debris, pp. 21–34.
4891:
4653:
4545:
4323:"Ghost Fishing UK to be Charges for Cleanups"
3882:
3365:
2901:
2841:
2178:Restrict open waste facilities near waterways
1954:Environment Protection (Sea Dumping) Act 1981
1839:GPS satellite trackers which are deployed by
1038:
16:Human-created solid waste in the sea or ocean
5485:Social & Economic Costs of Marine Debris
4571:
4192:. US Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from
3442:
3006:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
2660:
2635:
2085:, shipwrecked goods should be reported to a
1735:removes 90 tons of "drifting material" from
1692:
5027:Journal of Land Use & Environmental Law
2543:
1964:In 1972 and 1974, conventions were held in
1773:, which flows (during the wet season) into
7102:
7088:
5799:
5785:
5554:
5540:
5462:Marine Research, Education and Restoration
4716:
4529:"Official Launch of Ocean Phoenix Project"
3343:. National Geographic News. Archived from
1464:
1045:
1031:
61:
5346:
5261:
4780:The American Journal of International Law
4656:"Untangling the Problem of Ocean Plastic"
4350:
4348:
4157:
4092:
4027:
3945:
3935:
3542:
3495:
3130:
3033:
2818:
2735:
2480:
2367:
2365:
2363:
5235:
4357:"What We Heard on Marine Debris in B.C."
3504:
3484:Water Quality Research Journal of Canada
2201:
2156:The decomposition times of marine debris
2151:
2012:
1705:
1672:Many animals that live on or in the sea
1629:
1625:
1614:. On the remote sub-Antarctic island of
1510:
1410:Marine plastic pollution § Microplastics
1332:
1183:
1171:
27:
7799:High-level radioactive waste management
6940:Pollutant release and transfer register
5513:
5176:from the original on 11 September 2017.
4850:
4691:"Plastic pollution: An ocean emergency"
4266:from the original on 23 September 2014.
3341:"Lost Sea Cargo: Beach Bounty or Junk?"
3058:"Plastic trash invades arctic seafloor"
2629:
2426:Journal of Polymers and the Environment
7903:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4631:
4594:
4526:
4372:
4345:
4333:from the original on 29 September 2017
3801:from the original on 23 September 2008
3757:
3422:
3262:Environmental Science & Technology
2360:
2321:
1811:
1337:A sea turtle entangled in a ghost net.
1090:. Naturally occurring debris, such as
32:Marine debris washed up on a beach at
7083:
5780:
5535:
5464:– Algalita Marine Research Foundation
5283:
5281:
5024:
4671:
4669:
4302:from the original on 11 December 2017
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3070:from the original on 25 October 2012.
2575:Edgar B. Herwick III (29 July 2015).
2489:from the original on 9 December 2017.
2466:
2379:from the original on 13 February 2009
2071:lost, mislaid, and abandoned property
1795:, run by Ghost Fishing UK, funded by
7814:Sewage regulation and administration
7030:
6271:Electromagnetic radiation and health
5736:Shutdown of thermohaline circulation
5561:
5216:
5121:from the original on 23 January 2009
4982:"Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009"
4527:Poizat, Christophe J. (3 May 2016).
4392:Transport Canada (30 October 2017).
3770:from the original on 14 October 2017
3585:
3512:"Plastic Debris: from Rivers to Sea"
3404:from the original on 9 February 2008
3179:; Wilcox, Chris (12 February 2015).
2136:–Paris in front of Director General
2008:
1858:
7046:
7038:
6129:Radium and radon in the environment
4763:
4705:
4320:
3791:"Plague of Plastic Chokes the Seas"
3629:Alfonso Narvaez (8 December 1987).
3307:Harald Franzen (30 November 2017).
2568:
2556:from the original on 6 October 2008
1299:Persistent industrial marine debris
1283:as many other substances do. They
273:Radium and radon in the environment
13:
5299:from the original on 30 March 2018
5278:
5111:"Can you keep ship-wrecked goods?"
4936:. OSPAR Commission. Archived from
4922:. Federal Register of Legislation.
4881:. Federal Register of Legislation.
4666:
4654:David Helvarg (27 December 2019).
3978:
3891:from the original on 25 April 2016
3789:Kenneth R. Weiss (2 August 2006).
3732:. Rand Corporation. Archived from
3641:from the original on 11 March 2009
3423:Wilson, Jonathan (29 April 2021).
3147:
3074:
2776:"'Ghost fishing' killing seabirds"
2691:. 13 December 2014. Archived from
2617:from the original on 7 August 2015
2599:
2587:from the original on 3 August 2015
2002:Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009
1944:from vessels outside the reach of
1424:
1126:, as well as to boats and coasts.
14:
7952:
5409:
5242:Environmental Health Perspectives
4751:from the original on 9 March 2009
4632:Mandel, Kyla (5 September 2020).
4510:"The Great Pacific Garbage Patch"
4373:Arrais, Pedro (10 October 2021).
3758:Miller, Shawn (19 October 2014).
3394:"Scavengers take washed-up goods"
3374:from the original on 8 April 2008
2713:
2334:
1923:
1606:, medical waste washed ashore in
7864:
7863:
7852:
7794:Extended producer responsibility
7280:
7064:
7054:
7045:
7037:
7029:
7017:
7016:
5609:Environmental impact of shipping
5414:
5369:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00572.x
5340:
5236:Tibbetts, John H. (April 2015).
5091:from the original on 11 May 2009
5065:from the original on 30 May 2008
4719:Journal of International Affairs
4122:Science of the Total Environment
2669:from the original on 16 May 2008
2234:
2220:
2193:Extended Producer Responsibility
1470:This section is an excerpt from
1408:This section is an excerpt from
1402:
1325:This section is an excerpt from
1012:
1000:
7921:Environmental impact of fishing
7352:Mechanical biological treatment
5843:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
5397:. 9 August 2019. Archived from
5323:
5311:
5229:
5217:Chow, Lorraine (29 June 2016).
5210:
5180:
5158:
5133:
5103:
5085:"Ocean Dumping Ban Act of 1988"
5077:
5058:. US Senate. 29 December 2000.
5045:
5018:
5000:
4974:
4952:
4926:
4912:
4885:
4871:
4844:
4814:
4737:
4682:
4647:
4625:
4607:
4588:
4565:
4539:
4520:
4502:
4480:
4462:
4444:
4426:
4408:
4385:
4366:
4314:
4284:
4270:
4252:
4226:
4208:
4182:
4142:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148571
4109:
4044:
4012:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111840
3937:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.022
3903:
3883:Charles Moore (November 2003).
3876:
3813:
3782:
3751:
3714:
3679:
3653:
3622:
3579:
3565:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.039
3536:
3468:
3416:
3386:
3359:
3339:Janice Podsada (19 June 2001).
3332:
3300:
3245:
3165:
3132:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110722
3098:
3050:
2993:
2971:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110877
2938:
2924:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.04.025
2895:
2865:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.060
2835:
2794:
2768:
2754:
2729:
2707:
2681:
2654:
2322:Graham, Rachel (10 July 2019).
2043:Environmental Protection Agency
1959:
1875:Ocean dumping is controlled by
1755:are used to gather the debris.
1391:
1310:Charlotte County, New Brunswick
1162:Sustainable Development Goal 14
93:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
5468:UK Marine Conservation Society
2537:
2493:
2482:10.1146/knowable-120717-211902
2460:
2417:
2391:
2315:
2017:A sign above a storm drain in
1662:Impacts from plastic pollution
962:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
1:
6331:Electrical resistance heating
5806:
5349:Journal of Industrial Ecology
4595:Yerkey, Ryan (24 June 2020).
4572:Michelle Lou (30 June 2019).
3708:10.1016/S0025-326X(96)00053-7
3366:Marsha Walton (28 May 2003).
2308:
2147:
1610:after having been blown from
1530:at sea each year are lost by
1319:
433:Electrical resistance heating
5983:Persistent organic pollutant
5194:(in Italian). Archived from
5087:. US EPA. 21 November 1988.
4057:Chemical Engineering Journal
2661:Alan Weisman (Summer 2007).
2544:Cecil Adams (16 July 1999).
2053:
1638:containing ingested flotsam.
143:Persistent organic pollutant
67:Air pollution from a factory
7:
7931:Oceanographical terminology
7804:History of waste management
6993:Least polluted cities by PM
5619:Fish diseases and parasites
2373:"Facts about marine debris"
2213:
2103:Great Pacific Garbage Patch
2092:
1805:Dead Boats Disposal Society
1723:Coastal and river clean ups
1540:rubber ducks and other toys
1538:in 1992, when thousands of
1502:where currents are weakest.
10:
7957:
7392:fluorescent lamp recycling
6935:Pollution haven hypothesis
6858:Brain health and pollution
6096:Ecological light pollution
5926:Internal combustion engine
5456:NOAA Marine Debris Program
4984:. UK Defra. Archived from
4280:28 September 2017, page 31
3764:Okinawa Nature Photography
3730:Disposal Options for Ships
3026:10.1007/s11356-019-07274-5
1733:US Army Corps of Engineers
1701:
1665:
1506:
1469:
1407:
1395:
1324:
1252:, and various wastes from
1250:lost fishing line and nets
18:
7847:
7761:
7730:
7640:
7492:
7289:
7278:
7125:
7014:
6968:
6917:
6866:
6833:
6738:Nonpoint source pollution
6666:
6658:War and environmental law
6605:
6567:
6549:
6349:
6284:
6221:
6147:
6116:
6081:
6065:
6030:
6017:Volatile organic compound
5823:
5814:
5691:Nonpoint source pollution
5569:
5479:High Seas GhostNet Survey
4898:. NewSouth. p. 230.
4895:Sydney Beaches: A History
4552:sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com
4077:10.1016/j.cej.2020.126683
3992:Marine Pollution Bulletin
3916:Marine Pollution Bulletin
3688:Marine Pollution Bulletin
3608:10.1007/s12601-014-0015-8
3545:Marine Pollution Bulletin
3111:Marine Pollution Bulletin
2951:Marine Pollution Bulletin
2904:Marine Pollution Bulletin
2845:Marine Pollution Bulletin
2760:Esteban, Michelle (2002)
2523:10.1007/s12601-014-0015-8
2446:10.1007/s10924-007-0074-3
2069:may be of relevance when
1990:Water Framework Directive
1799:and Fat Face Foundation.
1693:COVID-19 pandemic impacts
1441:and interfere with other
688:War and environmental law
308:Health effects from noise
158:Volatile organic compound
7774:China's waste import ban
6197:Marine mammals and sonar
6108:Radio spectrum pollution
5726:Plastic pellet pollution
5440:13 February 2012 at the
4695:Marine Turtle Newsletter
2763:Tracking Down Ghost Nets
2287:Plastic-eating organisms
1994:European Union directive
1668:Marine plastic pollution
1496:greenhouse gas emissions
1398:Marine plastic pollution
1167:
313:Marine mammals and sonar
7135:Agricultural wastewater
7043:WikiProject Environment
7001:Most polluted countries
6945:Polluter pays principle
6676:Agricultural wastewater
5594:Cultural eutrophication
5475:– Australian Government
5170:UNESCO Office in Venice
4379:Victoria Times Colonist
4220:FishingForLitter.org.uk
3846:10.1126/science.abh0945
3283:10.1021/acs.est.7b02368
3208:10.1126/science.1260352
1833:Ocean Voyages Institute
1797:World Animal Protection
1753:beach-cleaning machines
1465:Garbage patches (gyres)
788:Freshwater salinization
708:Agricultural wastewater
7859:Environment portal
7537:Bosnia and Herzegovina
7427:water recycling shower
7061:Environment portal
6294:Agricultural pollution
5731:Point source pollution
5293:www.oceanicsociety.org
4934:"The OSPAR Convention"
4892:Caroline Ford (2014).
4619:The Maritime Executive
4597:"Record Haul of Trash"
2736:Macfadyen, G. (2009).
2663:"Polymers Are Forever"
2207:
2157:
2126:Maria Cristina Finucci
2035:United States Congress
2026:
1841:vessels of opportunity
1719:
1639:
1519:
1457:at certain locations.
1338:
1193:
1181:
1147:marine garbage patches
1007:Environment portal
37:
7227:Municipal solid waste
7207:Industrial wastewater
6716:Industrial wastewater
6582:Clutter (advertising)
6490:Municipal solid waste
6336:Soil guideline values
6180:Sustainable transport
6073:Information pollution
5873:Open burning of waste
5473:Harmful Marine Debris
5423:at Wikimedia Commons
4298:. 25 September 2017.
3588:Ocean Science Journal
3497:10.2166/wqrj.2006.029
2636:Alan Weisman (2007).
2503:Ocean Science Journal
2205:
2155:
2016:
1884:The London Convention
1709:
1633:
1626:Environmental impacts
1514:
1336:
1190:French Frigate Shoals
1187:
1176:Debris on beach near
1175:
748:Industrial wastewater
516:Municipal solid waste
438:Soil guideline values
31:
21:Environmental dumping
7422:water heat recycling
7327:Garden waste dumping
6988:Most polluted cities
6681:Biological pollution
6592:Overhead power lines
5741:Silver nanoparticles
5517:(16 December 2008).
5507:7 March 2016 at the
4786:(3): 626–636. 1973.
4402:Government of Canada
4216:"Fishing For Litter"
3723:"Chapter 5: Reefing"
2638:The World Without Us
2467:Weiss, K.R. (2017).
2277:National Cleanup Day
2183:refuse-derived fuels
1982:Barcelona Convention
1612:Fresh Kills Landfill
1526:An estimated 10,000
957:Most polluted cities
609:Overhead power lines
7789:Eco-industrial park
7377:appliance recycling
7297:Anaerobic digestion
7242:Post-consumer waste
7140:Biodegradable waste
7051:WikiProject Ecology
6748:Ocean acidification
6653:Unexploded ordnance
6524:Post-consumer waste
6384:Foam food container
6362:Biodegradable waste
5936:Global distillation
5706:Ocean deoxygenation
5701:Ocean acidification
5442:Library of Congress
5361:2013JInEc..17..175N
5254:10.1289/ehp.123-A90
5117:. 22 January 2007.
4940:on 12 February 2008
4745:"London Convention"
4677:National Geographic
4498:on 24 October 2013.
4458:. 19 February 2016.
4134:2021ScTEn.79348571L
4069:2021ChEnJ.40526683P
4004:2021MarPB.16211840O
3928:2019MarPB.142..189B
3887:. Natural History.
3838:2021Sci...373...56S
3700:1997MarPB..34...61W
3600:2014OSJ....49..151J
3557:2016MarPB.106...49D
3400:. 22 January 2007.
3275:2017EnST...5112246S
3269:(21): 12246–12253.
3200:2015Sci...347..768J
3160:10.1098/rsos.140317
3123:2020MarPB.15010722G
3018:2020ESPR...27.5559K
2963:2020MarPB.15110877D
2916:2009MarPB..58.1225F
2857:2019MarPB.143..152W
2515:2014OSJ....49..151J
2438:2007JPEnv..15..301S
2181:Promote the use of
2130:Garbage Patch State
1812:Mid-ocean clean ups
1620:Antarctic fur seals
1573:World Heritage Site
773:Ocean acidification
683:Unexploded ordnance
604:Advertising clutter
536:Post-consumer waste
481:Foam food container
466:Biodegradable waste
123:Global distillation
7834:Waste minimisation
7779:Cleaner production
7444:Reusable packaging
7357:Mechanical sorting
7160:Construction waste
7071:Ecology portal
6955:Waste minimisation
6930:Industrial ecology
6925:Cleaner production
6743:Nutrient pollution
6620:Herbicidal warfare
6414:Construction waste
6050:Introduced species
5921:Indoor air quality
5848:Chlorofluorocarbon
5696:Nutrient pollution
5589:Aquatic toxicology
5401:on 10 August 2019.
4516:. 6 December 2016.
4327:divemagazine.co.uk
3635:The New York Times
3233:on 22 January 2019
2807:Fish and Fisheries
2714:Smith, Christine.
2695:on 5 February 2015
2665:. Orion magazine.
2611:Maritime Executive
2256:Flotsam and jetsam
2228:Environment portal
2208:
2158:
2027:
1905:radioactive wastes
1853:reusable packaging
1720:
1640:
1634:The remains of an
1520:
1515:The travel of the
1339:
1238:cigarette lighters
1194:
1182:
1019:Ecology portal
644:Herbicidal warfare
188:Introduced species
128:Indoor air quality
98:Chlorofluorocarbon
38:
7898:
7897:
7829:Waste legislation
7738:Sanitation worker
7712:London Convention
7648:Bamako Convention
7439:Resource recovery
7407:textile recycling
7402:plastic recycling
7382:battery recycling
7322:Ecological design
7247:Radioactive waste
7077:
7076:
6950:Pollution control
6630:Nuclear holocaust
6539:Thermal treatment
6507:Plastic pollution
6424:Mercury poisoning
6377:Battery recycling
6276:Radioactive waste
6045:Genetic pollution
6040:Biological hazard
5838:Air quality index
5774:
5773:
5629:Friendly Floatees
5419:Media related to
5145:PlasticAdrift.org
4832:on 4 October 2019
4492:MarineDebris.Info
4422:. 31 August 2019.
4196:on 9 January 2009
3795:Los Angeles Times
3524:on 19 August 2008
3194:(6223): 768–771.
3173:Jambeck, Jenna R.
2820:10.1111/faf.12596
2747:978-92-5-106196-1
2613:. 3 August 2015.
2550:The Straight Dope
2473:Knowable Magazine
2348:. 6 November 2019
2302:World Cleanup Day
2282:Plastic pollution
2087:Receiver of Wreck
2073:is found at sea.
2039:Ocean Dumping Act
2009:United States law
1986:Mediterranean Sea
1946:local governments
1893:mercury compounds
1877:international law
1859:Laws and treaties
1822:The Ocean Cleanup
1745:Chester W. Nimitz
1743:carrying Admiral
1737:San Francisco Bay
1681:, which can lead
1517:Friendly Floatees
1491:plastic pollution
1055:
1054:
990:
989:
656:Nuclear holocaust
579:Urban heat island
393:Radioactive waste
178:Biological hazard
88:Air quality index
7948:
7867:
7866:
7857:
7856:
7722:OSPAR Convention
7653:Basel Convention
7464:Waste collection
7454:Sewage treatment
7412:timber recycling
7387:bottle recycling
7367:Reclaimed lumber
7362:Photodegradation
7284:
7202:Industrial waste
7170:Electronic waste
7165:Demolition waste
7145:Biomedical waste
7119:waste management
7104:
7097:
7090:
7081:
7080:
7069:
7068:
7067:
7059:
7058:
7049:
7048:
7041:
7040:
7033:
7032:
7020:
7019:
6894:Legacy pollution
6753:Oil exploitation
6615:Chemical warfare
6529:Waste management
6436:Industrial waste
6404:Biomedical waste
6372:Electronic waste
6357:Advertising mail
6341:Phytoremediation
6316:Land degradation
6101:Overillumination
6055:Invasive species
5801:
5794:
5787:
5778:
5777:
5671:Invasive species
5563:Marine pollution
5556:
5549:
5542:
5533:
5532:
5528:
5496:Business Insider
5487:– NOAA Economics
5418:
5403:
5402:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5344:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5327:
5321:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5285:
5276:
5275:
5265:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5162:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5096:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5064:
5057:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5022:
5016:
5015:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4930:
4924:
4923:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4828:. Archived from
4818:
4812:
4811:
4772:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4741:
4735:
4734:
4714:
4703:
4702:
4686:
4680:
4673:
4664:
4663:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4494:. Archived from
4484:
4478:
4477:
4476:. 23 April 2018.
4466:
4460:
4459:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4440:. 14 March 2016.
4430:
4424:
4423:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4352:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4288:
4282:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4161:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4096:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4031:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3949:
3939:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3738:
3727:
3718:
3712:
3710:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3523:
3516:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3481:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3429:E&T Magazine
3420:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3323:
3321:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3258:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3232:
3226:. Archived from
3185:
3169:
3163:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3134:
3102:
3096:
3085:
3072:
3071:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3037:
3012:(5): 5559–5571.
2997:
2991:
2990:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2910:(8): 1225–1228.
2899:
2893:
2892:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2822:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2772:
2766:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2484:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2369:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2319:
2297:Waste management
2272:Marine pollution
2244:
2239:
2238:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2115:Santa Monica Bay
2019:Colorado Springs
1998:EU member states
1974:OSPAR Convention
1649:artificial reefs
1201:is ocean-based.
1158:marine pollution
1060:, also known as
1047:
1040:
1033:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1005:
1004:
936:
935:
639:Chemical warfare
541:Waste management
501:Industrial waste
476:Electronic waste
461:Advertising mail
443:Phytoremediation
418:Land degradation
358:Depleted uranium
243:Overillumination
193:Invasive species
65:
55:
40:
39:
7956:
7955:
7951:
7950:
7949:
7947:
7946:
7945:
7941:Water pollution
7926:Ocean pollution
7911:Aquatic ecology
7901:
7900:
7899:
7894:
7870:Category: Waste
7851:
7843:
7824:Waste hierarchy
7757:
7748:Waste collector
7726:
7717:Oslo Convention
7636:
7488:
7484:Waste-to-energy
7479:Waste treatment
7449:Right to repair
7347:Landfill mining
7332:Illegal dumping
7285:
7276:
7237:Packaging waste
7232:Open defecation
7192:Hazardous waste
7121:
7108:
7078:
7073:
7065:
7063:
7053:
7010:
6996:
6964:
6913:
6862:
6829:
6768:Pharmaceuticals
6758:Oil exploration
6662:
6634:Nuclear fallout
6601:
6563:
6545:
6519:Packaging waste
6473:Deep sea mining
6399:Hazardous waste
6345:
6326:Open defecation
6280:
6246:Nuclear fallout
6241:Nuclear fission
6217:
6143:
6112:
6083:Electromagnetic
6077:
6061:
6026:
5946:Ozone depletion
5819:
5810:
5805:
5775:
5770:
5766:Water pollution
5681:Mercury in fish
5565:
5560:
5509:Wayback Machine
5412:
5407:
5406:
5389:
5388:
5384:
5345:
5341:
5333:
5329:
5328:
5324:
5316:
5312:
5302:
5300:
5287:
5286:
5279:
5234:
5230:
5215:
5211:
5201:
5199:
5198:on 14 July 2014
5186:
5185:
5181:
5164:
5163:
5159:
5149:
5147:
5139:
5138:
5134:
5124:
5122:
5109:
5108:
5104:
5094:
5092:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5055:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5023:
5019:
5006:
5005:
5001:
4991:
4989:
4988:on 2 April 2010
4980:
4979:
4975:
4965:
4963:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4943:
4941:
4932:
4931:
4927:
4918:
4917:
4913:
4906:
4890:
4886:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4849:
4845:
4835:
4833:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4792:10.2307/2199200
4774:
4773:
4764:
4754:
4752:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4715:
4706:
4687:
4683:
4674:
4667:
4652:
4648:
4638:
4636:
4630:
4626:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4601:Star Advertiser
4593:
4589:
4579:
4577:
4570:
4566:
4556:
4554:
4544:
4540:
4525:
4521:
4508:
4507:
4503:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4414:
4413:
4409:
4390:
4386:
4371:
4367:
4359:
4353:
4346:
4336:
4334:
4319:
4315:
4305:
4303:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4278:Daily Telegraph
4275:
4271:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4243:
4241:
4240:on 19 July 2008
4232:
4231:
4227:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4199:
4197:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4114:
4110:
4049:
4045:
3983:
3979:
3908:
3904:
3894:
3892:
3881:
3877:
3832:(6550): 56–60.
3818:
3814:
3804:
3802:
3787:
3783:
3773:
3771:
3756:
3752:
3742:
3740:
3739:on 29 June 2007
3736:
3725:
3719:
3715:
3684:
3680:
3670:
3668:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3642:
3627:
3623:
3584:
3580:
3541:
3537:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3479:
3473:
3469:
3459:
3457:
3454:The Fact Source
3448:
3447:
3443:
3433:
3431:
3421:
3417:
3407:
3405:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3377:
3375:
3364:
3360:
3350:
3348:
3347:on 6 April 2008
3337:
3333:
3319:
3317:
3305:
3301:
3256:
3250:
3246:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3183:
3170:
3166:
3152:
3148:
3103:
3099:
3086:
3075:
3056:
3055:
3051:
2998:
2994:
2943:
2939:
2900:
2896:
2840:
2836:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2718:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2634:
2630:
2620:
2618:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2590:
2588:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2542:
2538:
2498:
2494:
2465:
2461:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2405:. 27 April 2017
2397:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2380:
2371:
2370:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2251:Citizen Science
2240:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2216:
2150:
2095:
2056:
2011:
1962:
1950:New South Wales
1926:
1863:The ocean is a
1861:
1814:
1775:Gulf St Vincent
1763:South Australia
1725:
1704:
1695:
1670:
1664:
1628:
1565:English Channel
1563:beached in the
1532:container ships
1509:
1504:
1503:
1489:and increasing
1475:
1467:
1427:
1425:Deep-sea debris
1422:
1421:
1413:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1330:
1322:
1301:
1234:cigarette stubs
1230:plastic bottles
1170:
1143:water pollution
1137:and wind-blown
1120:marine reptiles
1051:
1013:
1011:
999:
992:
991:
891:
883:
882:
856:
848:
847:
783:Pharmaceuticals
763:Nonpoint source
703:
693:
692:
661:Nuclear fallout
634:
624:
623:
594:
584:
583:
574:
564:
563:
554:
546:
545:
531:Packaging waste
496:Hazardous waste
456:
448:
447:
408:
398:
397:
368:Nuclear fallout
363:Nuclear fission
343:
333:
332:
298:
288:
287:
263:
255:
254:
228:
226:Electromagnetic
218:
217:
208:
200:
199:
173:
163:
162:
133:Ozone depletion
78:
68:
53:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7954:
7944:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7896:
7895:
7893:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7861:
7848:
7845:
7844:
7842:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7765:
7763:
7759:
7758:
7756:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7743:Street sweeper
7740:
7734:
7732:
7728:
7727:
7725:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7708:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7671:
7670:
7655:
7650:
7644:
7642:
7638:
7637:
7635:
7634:
7629:
7627:United Kingdom
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7498:
7496:
7490:
7489:
7487:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7430:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7417:tire recycling
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7397:land recycling
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7307:Biodegradation
7304:
7299:
7293:
7291:
7287:
7286:
7279:
7277:
7275:
7274:
7269:
7267:Surface runoff
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7178:
7177:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7155:Chemical waste
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7131:
7129:
7123:
7122:
7107:
7106:
7099:
7092:
7084:
7075:
7074:
7015:
7012:
7011:
7009:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6994:
6990:
6985:
6983:Law by country
6980:
6974:
6972:
6966:
6965:
6963:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6921:
6919:
6915:
6914:
6912:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6870:
6868:
6864:
6863:
6861:
6860:
6855:
6854:
6853:
6848:
6837:
6835:
6831:
6830:
6828:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6805:Surface runoff
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6786:
6785:
6780:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6729:
6728:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6691:Eutrophication
6688:
6683:
6678:
6672:
6670:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6648:Scorched earth
6645:
6642:nuclear winter
6638:nuclear famine
6627:
6617:
6611:
6609:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6573:
6571:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6561:
6555:
6553:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6543:
6542:
6541:
6536:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6515:
6514:
6504:
6499:
6498:
6497:
6487:
6486:
6485:
6483:Uranium mining
6480:
6475:
6470:
6468:Surface mining
6465:
6460:
6450:
6445:
6444:
6443:
6433:
6432:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6419:Lead poisoning
6416:
6411:
6409:Chemical waste
6406:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6380:
6379:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6353:
6351:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6321:Bioremediation
6318:
6313:
6312:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6290:
6288:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6236:Bioremediation
6233:
6227:
6225:
6219:
6218:
6216:
6215:
6210:
6207:
6204:
6201:
6200:
6199:
6189:
6184:
6183:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:Transportation
6153:
6151:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6120:
6118:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6110:
6105:
6104:
6103:
6098:
6087:
6085:
6079:
6078:
6076:
6075:
6069:
6067:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6058:
6057:
6047:
6042:
6036:
6034:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6013:
6012:
6002:
6001:
6000:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5979:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5931:Global dimming
5928:
5923:
5918:
5917:
5916:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5902:Diesel exhaust
5894:
5889:
5888:
5887:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5829:
5827:
5821:
5820:
5815:
5812:
5811:
5804:
5803:
5796:
5789:
5781:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5751:Surface runoff
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5649:North Atlantic
5646:
5641:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5614:Eutrophication
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5559:
5558:
5551:
5544:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5515:Dunning, Brian
5511:
5499:
5488:
5482:
5476:
5470:
5465:
5459:
5453:
5450:978-9280731019
5430:
5411:
5410:External links
5408:
5405:
5404:
5382:
5355:(2): 175–185.
5339:
5322:
5310:
5277:
5228:
5209:
5179:
5157:
5132:
5102:
5076:
5044:
5033:(2): 333–369.
5017:
4999:
4973:
4951:
4925:
4911:
4905:978-1742246840
4904:
4884:
4870:
4859:(3): 579–614.
4843:
4813:
4762:
4736:
4725:(1): 257–269.
4704:
4681:
4665:
4646:
4624:
4606:
4587:
4564:
4538:
4519:
4501:
4479:
4461:
4443:
4425:
4407:
4384:
4365:
4344:
4313:
4296:orcadian.co.uk
4283:
4269:
4251:
4225:
4207:
4181:
4108:
4043:
3977:
3902:
3875:
3812:
3781:
3750:
3713:
3678:
3667:on 24 May 2005
3652:
3621:
3594:(2): 151–162.
3578:
3535:
3503:
3490:(3): 256–262.
3467:
3456:. 19 July 2021
3441:
3415:
3385:
3358:
3331:
3314:Deutsche Welle
3299:
3244:
3164:
3146:
3097:
3073:
3049:
2992:
2937:
2894:
2834:
2793:
2782:. 28 June 2007
2767:
2753:
2746:
2728:
2706:
2680:
2653:
2647:978-0312347291
2646:
2628:
2598:
2567:
2536:
2509:(2): 151–162.
2492:
2459:
2432:(4): 301–305.
2416:
2390:
2359:
2333:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2292:Project Kaisei
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2231:
2215:
2212:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2189:
2186:
2179:
2176:
2149:
2146:
2094:
2091:
2083:United Kingdom
2079:treasure trove
2067:law of the sea
2055:
2052:
2048:medical wastes
2010:
2007:
1978:Atlantic Ocean
1961:
1958:
1925:
1924:Australian law
1922:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1888:United Nations
1867:, so negative
1860:
1857:
1831:In June 2019,
1813:
1810:
1724:
1721:
1703:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1683:filter feeders
1666:Main article:
1663:
1660:
1654:Additionally,
1627:
1624:
1569:Jurassic Coast
1544:ocean currents
1508:
1505:
1487:ocean currents
1476:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1443:sea-floor life
1426:
1423:
1414:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1396:Main article:
1393:
1390:
1331:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1300:
1297:
1262:Six-pack rings
1198:United Nations
1192:over one month
1169:
1166:
1124:marine mammals
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1009:
994:
993:
988:
987:
986:
985:
977:
976:
972:
971:
970:
969:
964:
959:
954:
952:Law by country
949:
941:
940:
934:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
892:
889:
888:
885:
884:
881:
880:
879:
878:
873:
863:
857:
854:
853:
850:
849:
846:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
823:Surface runoff
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
723:Eutrophication
720:
715:
710:
704:
699:
698:
695:
694:
691:
690:
685:
680:
678:Scorched earth
675:
674:
673:
671:Nuclear winter
668:
666:Nuclear famine
663:
653:
652:
651:
641:
635:
630:
629:
626:
625:
622:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
595:
590:
589:
586:
585:
582:
581:
575:
570:
569:
566:
565:
562:
561:
555:
552:
551:
548:
547:
544:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
457:
454:
453:
450:
449:
446:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
423:Bioremediation
420:
415:
409:
404:
403:
400:
399:
396:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
353:Bioremediation
350:
344:
339:
338:
335:
334:
331:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
303:Transportation
299:
294:
293:
290:
289:
286:
285:
280:
275:
270:
264:
261:
260:
257:
256:
253:
252:
250:Radio spectrum
247:
246:
245:
240:
229:
224:
223:
220:
219:
216:
215:
209:
206:
205:
202:
201:
198:
197:
196:
195:
185:
180:
174:
169:
168:
165:
164:
161:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
118:Global dimming
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
79:
74:
73:
70:
69:
66:
58:
57:
49:
48:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7953:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7916:Ecotoxicology
7914:
7912:
7909:
7908:
7906:
7891:
7890:Organizations
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7862:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7849:
7846:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7809:Landfill fire
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7766:
7764:
7760:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7735:
7733:
7729:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7669:
7666:
7665:
7664:
7661:
7660:
7659:
7658:EU directives
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7645:
7643:
7639:
7633:
7632:United States
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7499:
7497:
7495:
7491:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7469:Waste sorting
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7428:
7425:
7423:
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7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
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7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7374:
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7370:
7368:
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7360:
7358:
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7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
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7340:
7338:
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7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
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7300:
7298:
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7288:
7283:
7273:
7270:
7268:
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7260:
7258:
7255:
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7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7217:Marine debris
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
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7180:
7176:
7173:
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7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
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7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
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7130:
7128:
7124:
7120:
7116:
7112:
7105:
7100:
7098:
7093:
7091:
7086:
7085:
7082:
7072:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7044:
7036:
7027:
7023:
7013:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6975:
6973:
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6923:
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6916:
6910:
6907:
6905:
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6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6871:
6869:
6865:
6859:
6856:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6843:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6836:
6832:
6826:
6825:Water quality
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6775:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6727:
6724:
6723:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6673:
6671:
6669:
6665:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6628:
6625:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6608:
6604:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6587:Traffic signs
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6570:
6566:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6552:
6548:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6531:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6513:
6512:Microplastics
6510:
6509:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6502:Nanomaterials
6500:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6491:
6488:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6442:
6441:Lead smelting
6439:
6438:
6437:
6434:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6401:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6352:
6348:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6287:
6283:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6261:Radioactivity
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6228:
6226:
6224:
6220:
6214:
6213:Noise control
6211:
6208:
6205:
6202:
6198:
6195:
6194:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6146:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6115:
6109:
6106:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6093:
6092:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6080:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6064:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6029:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6006:
6003:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5961:Metal working
5959:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5910:
5907:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5881:
5878:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5855:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5813:
5809:
5802:
5797:
5795:
5790:
5788:
5783:
5782:
5779:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5676:Marine debris
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5655:
5654:South Pacific
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5639:Great Pacific
5637:
5636:
5635:
5634:Garbage patch
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5584:Anoxic waters
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5568:
5564:
5557:
5552:
5550:
5545:
5543:
5538:
5537:
5534:
5526:
5525:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5510:
5506:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5489:
5486:
5483:
5480:
5477:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5463:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5421:Marine debris
5417:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5386:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5343:
5332:
5326:
5319:
5314:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5284:
5282:
5273:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5232:
5224:
5220:
5213:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5183:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5161:
5146:
5142:
5136:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5106:
5090:
5086:
5080:
5061:
5054:
5048:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5021:
5013:
5009:
5003:
4987:
4983:
4977:
4961:
4955:
4939:
4935:
4929:
4921:
4915:
4907:
4901:
4897:
4896:
4888:
4880:
4874:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4847:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4817:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4750:
4746:
4740:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4672:
4670:
4661:
4657:
4650:
4635:
4628:
4620:
4616:
4610:
4602:
4598:
4591:
4575:
4568:
4553:
4549:
4542:
4534:
4530:
4523:
4515:
4511:
4505:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4483:
4475:
4474:Libération.fr
4471:
4465:
4457:
4453:
4447:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4421:
4417:
4411:
4403:
4399:
4397:
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4380:
4376:
4369:
4358:
4351:
4349:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4317:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4287:
4281:
4279:
4273:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4239:
4235:
4234:"Trash Racks"
4229:
4221:
4217:
4211:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4112:
4104:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4047:
4039:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3981:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3816:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3785:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3754:
3735:
3731:
3724:
3717:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3625:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3582:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3551:(–2): 49–57.
3550:
3546:
3539:
3520:
3513:
3507:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3455:
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3426:
3419:
3403:
3399:
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3389:
3373:
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3328:
3316:
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3303:
3296:
3292:
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3268:
3264:
3263:
3255:
3248:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3178:
3177:Geyer, Roland
3174:
3168:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3090:
3089:Marine Policy
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
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2948:
2941:
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2921:
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2909:
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2898:
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2870:
2866:
2862:
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2838:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2765:
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2757:
2749:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2717:
2710:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2649:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2314:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2266:Marina DeBris
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2242:Oceans portal
2237:
2232:
2229:
2223:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2166:plastic waste
2161:
2154:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2119:Marina DeBris
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2063:admiralty law
2060:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2041:, giving the
2040:
2036:
2032:
2031:hypoxic zones
2024:
2020:
2015:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1992:of 2000 is a
1991:
1987:
1984:protects the
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1879:, including:
1878:
1873:
1870:
1869:externalities
1866:
1865:global common
1856:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1809:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1782:Project AWARE
1778:
1776:
1772:
1771:Torrens River
1768:
1764:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1699:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1645:
1644:anthropogenic
1637:
1632:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1616:South Georgia
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1577:Tokio Express
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1549:Hansa Carrier
1545:
1541:
1537:
1536:Pacific Ocean
1533:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1513:
1501:
1500:oceanic gyres
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1479:garbage patch
1473:
1472:Garbage patch
1462:
1458:
1456:
1455:microplastics
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1418:
1411:
1403:Microplastics
1399:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1328:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1242:beverage cans
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:medical waste
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1199:
1191:
1186:
1179:
1178:Dar es Salaam
1174:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1087:ocean dumping
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1062:marine litter
1059:
1058:Marine debris
1048:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1010:
1008:
1003:
998:
997:
996:
995:
984:
981:
980:
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869:
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862:
859:
858:
852:
851:
844:
841:
839:
838:Water quality
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
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628:
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615:
614:Traffic signs
612:
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568:
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560:
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532:
529:
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524:
522:
521:Nanomaterials
519:
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383:Radioactivity
381:
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366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
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351:
349:
346:
345:
342:
337:
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329:
328:Soundproofing
326:
324:
323:Noise control
321:
319:
318:Noise barrier
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
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297:
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51:
50:
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42:
41:
35:
34:Sharm el-Naga
30:
26:
22:
7762:Other topics
7753:Waste picker
7680:incineration
7459:Urban mining
7337:Incineration
7317:Durable good
7262:Sharps waste
7222:Mining waste
7216:
6904:Point source
6846:Heavy metals
6820:Urban runoff
6800:Sulfur water
6778:Septic tanks
6725:
6624:Agent Orange
6478:Mining waste
6304:Manure waste
6134:Volcanic ash
6010:Black carbon
5966:Oil refining
5951:Particulates
5880:Construction
5761:Urban runoff
5721:Plastic bags
5675:
5644:Indian Ocean
5579:Anoxic event
5522:
5494:
5433:
5413:
5399:the original
5394:
5385:
5352:
5348:
5342:
5325:
5317:
5313:
5301:. Retrieved
5292:
5248:(4): A90-3.
5245:
5241:
5231:
5222:
5212:
5200:. Retrieved
5196:the original
5191:
5182:
5169:
5160:
5148:. Retrieved
5144:
5135:
5123:. Retrieved
5114:
5105:
5093:. Retrieved
5079:
5067:. Retrieved
5047:
5030:
5026:
5020:
5011:
5002:
4990:. Retrieved
4986:the original
4976:
4964:. Retrieved
4954:
4942:. Retrieved
4938:the original
4928:
4914:
4894:
4887:
4873:
4856:
4852:
4846:
4834:. Retrieved
4830:the original
4825:
4816:
4783:
4779:
4753:. Retrieved
4739:
4722:
4718:
4698:
4694:
4684:
4676:
4659:
4649:
4637:. Retrieved
4627:
4618:
4609:
4600:
4590:
4578:. Retrieved
4567:
4555:. Retrieved
4551:
4541:
4532:
4522:
4513:
4504:
4496:the original
4491:
4482:
4473:
4464:
4455:
4446:
4437:
4428:
4419:
4410:
4401:
4395:
4387:
4378:
4368:
4335:. Retrieved
4326:
4316:
4304:. Retrieved
4295:
4286:
4276:
4272:
4254:
4242:. Retrieved
4238:the original
4228:
4219:
4210:
4198:. Retrieved
4194:the original
4184:
4125:
4121:
4111:
4060:
4056:
4046:
3995:
3991:
3980:
3919:
3915:
3905:
3893:. Retrieved
3878:
3829:
3825:
3815:
3803:. Retrieved
3794:
3784:
3772:. Retrieved
3763:
3753:
3741:. Retrieved
3734:the original
3729:
3716:
3694:(1): 61–65,
3691:
3687:
3681:
3669:. Retrieved
3665:the original
3655:
3643:. Retrieved
3634:
3624:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3526:. Retrieved
3519:the original
3506:
3487:
3483:
3470:
3458:. Retrieved
3453:
3444:
3432:. Retrieved
3428:
3418:
3406:. Retrieved
3397:
3388:
3376:. Retrieved
3361:
3349:. Retrieved
3345:the original
3334:
3325:
3318:. Retrieved
3312:
3302:
3294:
3266:
3260:
3247:
3235:. Retrieved
3228:the original
3191:
3187:
3167:
3149:
3114:
3110:
3100:
3092:
3088:
3061:
3052:
3009:
3005:
2995:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2810:
2806:
2796:
2784:. Retrieved
2779:
2770:
2762:
2756:
2737:
2731:
2719:. Retrieved
2709:
2697:. Retrieved
2693:the original
2683:
2671:. Retrieved
2656:
2637:
2631:
2619:. Retrieved
2610:
2601:
2589:. Retrieved
2580:
2570:
2558:. Retrieved
2549:
2539:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2472:
2462:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2407:. Retrieved
2402:
2393:
2381:. Retrieved
2350:. Retrieved
2346:The Guardian
2345:
2336:
2327:
2317:
2261:Kamilo Beach
2209:
2170:
2162:
2159:
2142:
2138:Irina Bokova
2128:founded the
2123:
2107:Heal the Bay
2096:
2059:Property law
2057:
2028:
1963:
1960:European law
1953:
1929:
1927:
1911:MARPOL 73/78
1874:
1862:
1845:
1837:
1830:
1819:
1815:
1801:
1786:
1779:
1760:
1757:
1728:
1726:
1696:
1671:
1656:hermit crabs
1653:
1641:
1604:Syringe Tide
1602:In the 1987
1601:
1597:
1593:urban runoff
1585:
1558:
1547:
1525:
1521:
1459:
1432:
1428:
1415:
1392:Macroplastic
1387:breaking-up.
1346:fishing nets
1340:
1302:
1285:photodegrade
1278:
1266:
1254:cruise ships
1206:plastic bags
1203:
1195:
1155:
1131:storm drains
1128:
1086:
1085:
1082:beach litter
1081:
1061:
1057:
1056:
926:Point source
871:Heavy metals
833:Urban runoff
818:Sulfur water
793:Septic tanks
649:Agent Orange
559:Space debris
413:Agricultural
278:Volcanic ash
138:Particulates
25:
7784:Downcycling
7731:Occupations
7700:waste water
7597:Switzerland
7587:South Korea
7577:New Zealand
7502:Afghanistan
7474:Waste trade
7434:Repurposing
7272:Toxic waste
7252:Scrap metal
7187:Green waste
7150:Brown waste
7127:Major types
6874:Area source
6783:Pit latrine
6706:Groundwater
6463:Gold mining
6458:Coal mining
6429:Toxic waste
6394:Green waste
6367:Brown waste
6350:Solid waste
5897:Exhaust gas
5574:Algal bloom
5395:Environment
4826:www.imo.org
4580:6 September
4514:Sierra Club
3922:: 189–195.
3320:18 December
2851:: 152–162.
2375:. US NOAA.
2075:Salvage law
2037:passed the
1996:committing
1886:(1972) – a
1749:Interceptor
1679:zooplankton
1362:sea turtles
1246:polystyrene
1096:drift seeds
896:Area source
738:Groundwater
491:Green waste
471:Brown waste
455:Solid waste
213:Information
108:Exhaust gas
7905:Categories
7839:Zero waste
7641:Agreements
7572:Kazakhstan
7527:Bangladesh
7312:Composting
7197:Heat waste
7182:Food waste
7175:by country
7026:by country
7022:Categories
6960:Zero waste
6841:Pollutants
6795:Stagnation
6733:Monitoring
6701:Freshwater
6577:Air travel
6389:Food waste
6309:Pesticides
6299:Herbicides
6203:Industrial
6032:Biological
5892:Demolition
5885:Renovation
5868:Joss paper
5853:Combustion
5746:Stormwater
5599:Cyanotoxin
5202:3 November
5150:3 February
4747:. US EPA.
4244:7 February
4200:7 February
4128:: 148571.
4063:: 126683.
3998:: 111840.
3947:1893/29518
3774:14 October
3117:: 110722.
3095:, 204–212.
2957:: 110877.
2699:25 January
2409:8 December
2309:References
2148:Mitigation
2111:California
2081:". In the
1849:single-use
1826:Boyan Slat
1789:Scapa Flow
1729:(pictured)
1687:food chain
1608:New Jersey
1561:MSC Napoli
1528:containers
1451:shipwrecks
1374:crocodiles
1342:Ghost nets
1320:Ghost nets
1293:photolysis
1281:biodegrade
1180:, Tanzania
1151:food chain
1104:biodegrade
1078:coastlines
983:By country
975:Categories
866:Pollutants
843:Wastewater
813:Stagnation
758:Monitoring
733:Freshwater
599:Air travel
486:Food waste
428:Defecation
238:Ecological
171:Biological
103:Combustion
43:Part of a
7819:Upcycling
7685:landfills
7675:framework
7668:Recycling
7663:batteries
7592:Sri Lanka
7552:Hong Kong
7517:Australia
7494:Countries
7372:Recycling
7290:Processes
7111:Biosolids
6918:Responses
6889:Garbology
6815:Turbidity
6763:Oil spill
6696:Firewater
6597:Vandalism
6559:Satellite
6256:Poisoning
6251:Plutonium
6231:Actinides
6223:Radiation
5971:Wood dust
5833:Acid rain
5808:Pollution
5756:Upwelling
5711:Oil spill
5686:Microbead
5624:Fish kill
5604:Dead zone
5377:154297251
4808:133725566
4321:Crowley.
4176:235660228
4150:0048-9697
4085:1385-8947
4020:0025-326X
3972:109080453
3956:0025-326X
3870:235699697
3854:0036-8075
3460:20 August
3237:28 August
3224:206562155
2987:211112493
2889:150122831
2873:0025-326X
2829:238820992
2813:: 22–33.
2581:WGBH news
2560:11 August
2454:136943560
2054:Ownership
1942:Newcastle
1934:scuttling
1716:Anacostia
1636:albatross
1589:landfills
1559:In 2007,
1327:Ghost net
1306:Styrofoam
1291:inhibits
1135:waterways
1108:lost nets
1092:driftwood
911:Garbology
828:Turbidity
778:Oil spill
728:Firewater
713:Biosolids
619:Vandalism
378:Poisoning
373:Plutonium
348:Actinides
341:Radiation
83:Acid rain
54:Pollution
7880:Journals
7695:vehicles
7617:Thailand
7607:Tanzania
7342:Landfill
7302:Balefill
7006:Treaties
6978:Diseases
6790:Shipping
6686:Diseases
6534:Landfill
6209:Abstract
6206:Military
6139:Wildfire
5988:Smelting
5956:Asbestos
5716:Particle
5524:Skeptoid
5505:Archived
5438:Archived
5303:29 March
5297:Archived
5272:25830293
5223:EcoWatch
5174:Archived
5119:Archived
5115:BBC News
5089:Archived
5060:Archived
5039:42842976
5012:phys.org
4962:. EurLex
4865:40176192
4749:Archived
4731:24358243
4456:EcoWatch
4420:CBC News
4331:Archived
4300:Archived
4264:Archived
4168:34175610
4103:32834764
4038:33248673
3964:31232294
3889:Archived
3862:34210877
3799:Archived
3768:Archived
3639:Archived
3616:85429593
3573:27039956
3402:Archived
3398:BBC News
3372:Archived
3291:29019247
3216:25678662
3141:31733907
3068:Archived
3063:CBS News
3044:31853844
2979:32056653
2932:19481226
2881:31789151
2780:BBC News
2721:22 March
2667:Archived
2621:4 August
2615:Archived
2591:4 August
2585:Archived
2554:Archived
2531:85429593
2487:Archived
2383:10 April
2377:Archived
2214:See also
2093:Activism
2065:and the
1948:and the
1901:cyanides
1767:Adelaide
1741:seaplane
1642:Not all
1556:shoes).
1447:clean-up
1378:seabirds
1358:dolphins
1351:entangle
1314:fullness
1273:ordnance
1258:oil rigs
1210:balloons
1139:landfill
1116:seabirds
967:Treaties
947:Diseases
803:Shipping
768:Nutrient
718:Diseases
283:Wildfire
7547:Georgia
7522:Belgium
7512:Armenia
7507:Albania
7035:Commons
6810:Thermal
6711:Hypoxia
6495:Garbage
6266:Uranium
6117:Natural
6066:Digital
5998:Aerosol
5976:Welding
5863:Biomass
5858:Biofuel
5817:History
5666:Hypoxia
5357:Bibcode
5263:4384192
4992:29 July
4836:23 July
4800:2199200
4159:8799403
4130:Bibcode
4094:7430241
4065:Bibcode
4029:7682337
4000:Bibcode
3924:Bibcode
3895:12 July
3834:Bibcode
3826:Science
3805:1 April
3696:Bibcode
3671:25 June
3645:25 June
3596:Bibcode
3553:Bibcode
3408:8 April
3378:8 April
3370:. CNN.
3351:8 April
3327:order).
3271:Bibcode
3196:Bibcode
3188:Science
3119:Bibcode
3035:7028838
3014:Bibcode
2959:Bibcode
2912:Bibcode
2853:Bibcode
2786:1 April
2583:. PBS.
2511:Bibcode
2434:Bibcode
2403:UN News
2352:9 April
2099:5 Gyres
2023:dumping
1712:Potomac
1702:Removal
1674:consume
1507:Sources
1435:glasses
1370:dugongs
1100:plastic
1076:and on
1068:or the
861:History
743:Hypoxia
572:Thermal
526:Plastic
388:Uranium
262:Natural
207:Digital
183:Genetic
36:, Egypt
7868:
7622:Turkey
7612:Taiwan
7582:Russia
7562:Israel
7532:Brazil
7257:Sewage
7212:Litter
7117:, and
6899:Midden
6879:Debris
6834:Topics
6773:Sewage
6726:debris
6721:Marine
6569:Visual
6453:Mining
6448:Litter
5941:Mining
5448:
5375:
5336:. EPA.
5270:
5260:
5141:"Home"
5125:29 May
5095:29 May
5069:29 May
5037:
4966:29 May
4944:29 May
4902:
4863:
4806:
4798:
4755:29 May
4729:
4701:: 1–4.
4660:Sierra
4639:23 May
4557:23 May
4533:Medium
4174:
4166:
4156:
4148:
4101:
4091:
4083:
4036:
4026:
4018:
3970:
3962:
3954:
3868:
3860:
3852:
3614:
3571:
3528:29 May
3289:
3222:
3214:
3139:
3042:
3032:
2985:
2977:
2930:
2887:
2879:
2871:
2827:
2744:
2673:1 July
2644:
2529:
2452:
2328:living
2191:Adapt
2134:UNESCO
1988:. The
1980:. The
1938:Sydney
1917:UNCLOS
1903:, and
1793:Orkney
1718:rivers
1591:, and
1439:corals
1366:sharks
1122:, and
921:Midden
916:Legacy
901:Debris
855:Topics
808:Sludge
798:Sewage
753:Marine
592:Visual
511:Mining
506:Litter
45:series
7936:Waste
7885:Lists
7875:Index
7602:Syria
7567:Japan
7557:India
7542:Egypt
7115:waste
6970:Lists
6909:Waste
6851:Paint
6668:Water
6551:Space
6192:Sonar
6187:Urban
6165:Water
6149:Noise
6124:Ozone
6091:Light
6022:Waste
5914:Smoke
5373:S2CID
5334:(PDF)
5063:(PDF)
5056:(PDF)
5035:JSTOR
4861:JSTOR
4804:S2CID
4796:JSTOR
4727:JSTOR
4576:. CNN
4360:(PDF)
4337:1 May
4306:1 May
4172:S2CID
3968:S2CID
3866:S2CID
3743:3 May
3737:(PDF)
3726:(PDF)
3612:S2CID
3522:(PDF)
3515:(PDF)
3480:(PDF)
3434:1 May
3257:(PDF)
3231:(PDF)
3220:S2CID
3184:(PDF)
2983:S2CID
2885:S2CID
2825:S2CID
2527:S2CID
2450:S2CID
1970:Paris
1481:is a
1382:crabs
1289:water
1226:glass
1214:buoys
1168:Types
1074:gyres
1070:ocean
939:Lists
931:Waste
876:Paint
701:Water
553:Space
296:Noise
268:Ozone
233:Light
7705:WEEE
7690:RoHS
6884:Dust
6867:Misc
6286:Soil
6175:Rail
6161:Land
6005:Soot
5993:Smog
5909:Haze
5661:GASB
5446:ISBN
5305:2018
5268:PMID
5204:2014
5192:Siti
5152:2015
5127:2008
5097:2008
5071:2008
4994:2008
4968:2008
4946:2008
4900:ISBN
4838:2015
4757:2008
4641:2021
4582:2019
4559:2021
4339:2018
4308:2018
4246:2009
4202:2009
4164:PMID
4146:ISSN
4099:PMID
4081:ISSN
4034:PMID
4016:ISSN
3960:PMID
3952:ISSN
3897:2016
3858:PMID
3850:ISSN
3807:2008
3776:2017
3745:2008
3673:2008
3647:2008
3569:PMID
3530:2008
3462:2021
3436:2021
3410:2008
3380:2008
3353:2008
3322:2018
3287:PMID
3239:2018
3212:PMID
3137:PMID
3040:PMID
2975:PMID
2928:PMID
2877:PMID
2869:ISSN
2788:2008
2742:ISBN
2723:2023
2701:2015
2675:2008
2642:ISBN
2623:2015
2593:2015
2562:2008
2411:2020
2385:2008
2354:2021
1968:and
1966:Oslo
1940:and
1897:lead
1714:and
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