Ma'n dynasty - Knowledge

3203: 2995: 2116:(provincial officials) appointed by Khurram Pasha to administer Mount Lebanon's subdistricts, prompting another government expedition against the Chouf, which returned three cartloads of Druze heads and three hundred women and children as captives. The death of Jamal al-Din Hajji in prison in 1521 and the Ottoman expeditions led the Buhturids to accept Ma'nid precedence over the Druze of southern Mount Lebanon. In 1545 the leading emir of the Druze, Yunus Ma'n, was lured to Damascus and executed by the authorities under unclear circumstances, but suggesting continued insubordination by the Druze under Ma'nid leadership. 3192: 1915: 1797: 2939:

ties between the Harfushes and the Shia chiefs of Safed, he arrested the preeminent chief of the Shia in Jabal Amil, Ali Munkir, and released him after a ransom paid by Yunus al-Harfush. He moved to supervise the collection of taxes in Bilad Bishara in December, prompting the Shia notable families of Ali Saghir, Munkir, Shukr and Daghir to take refuge with Yunus al-Harfush and evade payment. Fakhr al-Din responded by destroying their homes. He then reconciled with the Jabal Amil chiefs and Shia levies thereafter joined his army in his later military campaigns.

1907:. Baaqlin became a major center of the Druze faith, and in the present day is the largest Druze locality in Lebanon. Betts deems it improbable that the Banu Ma'n had been followers of "the Druze religion before coming into its sphere" in Mount Lebanon. Ma'n died in 1148 and was succeeded as head of his clan by his son Mundhir. According to the historian William Harris, the Banu Ma'n retained their lordship of the Chouf, as well as their ties to the descendants of Buhtur and the Banu Shihab, from their establishment in 1120 through the 3160:, a move seen by local Druze as an attempt to assert control. Contemporary historian Istifan al-Duwayhi reports that Korkmaz was killed in act of treachery by the Beylerbey of Damascus in 1662. Ahmad however escaped and eventually emerged victorious in the power struggle among the Druze in 1667, but the Maʿnīs lost control of Safad and retreated to controlling the iltizam of the Shuf mountains and Kisrawan. Ahmad continued as local ruler through his death from natural causes, without heir, in 1697. During the 222: 2276: 2149:. It ended in a decisive government victory, the confiscation of thousands of rifles and the collection of tax arrears, which had been accruing for decades, in the form of currency or property. The most important leader in the Chouf at the time was a Ma'nid emir named Qurqumaz, possibly the son of Yunus, The modern historian Muhammad Adnan Bakhit holds this Yunus was likely the head of the Ma'nids at the time. A Ma'nid chief named Yunus was recorded by the contemporary poet Muhammad ibn Mami al-Rumi ( 2070: 2226: 53: 8436: 2345: 8425: 2772: 7968: 2384: 1903:, who was appointed commander of the Gharb by Damascus in 1147, supported the Ma'nid emir in constructing permanents dwellings for his clan in the Chouf. The Ma'n were joined in the settlement of the Chouf by their north Syrian associates, the Abu Nakad and Talhuq clans. Refugees from nearby areas taken over by the Crusaders migrated to the Chouf and numerous villages were founded, including the Ma'n's headquarter village of 3122: 3031:. On his way back to Mount Lebanon from the abortive Palestine campaign, Fakhr al-Din was notified that the Porte reappointed his sons and allies to Safed, Ajlun and Nablus. The governor of Damascus, Mustafa Pasha, backed by the Harfushes and Sayfas, nonetheless proceeded to launch an expedition against the Ma'ns. Fakhr al-Din routed the Damascene force at Anjar and captured Mustafa Pasha. Fakhr al-Din extracted from the 3039:, his son Mansur over Lajjun Sanjak, and Ali over the southern Beqaa nahiya. The appointments to Gaza, Nablus and Lajjun were not implemented due to the opposition of local powerholders. Fakhr al-Din plundered Baalbek soon after Anjar and captured and destroyed its citadel on 28 March. Yunus al-Harfush was executed in 1625, the same year that Fakhr al-Din gained the governorship of the Baalbek nahiya. 2170:. and possibly the grandson of the above-mentioned Qurqumaz. He had likely been the chieftain of the specific area of the Chouf referred to as "Shuf Ibn Ma'n", a subdistrict mentioned in Ottoman government documents from 1523, 1530, 1543 and 1576. His preeminence among the Ma'nids was possibly the result of the natural deaths or eliminations of the other Ma'nid chiefs. Like his father, Qurqumaz was a 3216:, all confiscated by Kuchuk, including a mulberry and fig orchard, a large residence, three mills, and a mulberry nursery. The residence belonged to Yunus. Its foundations were evidently built upon ruins from the Crusader period. The ruins are in the center of the present-day souk marketplace and are known as Khan Abdo al-Ashqar, Khan al-Askar, or Khan Sour. After a diplomatic mission sent by King 3137:, the son of Yunus and nephew of Fakhr al-Din, had evaded capture and led the Druze opposition to Alam al-Din, defeating him in a battle and forcing his flight to Damascus in 1635. Alam al-Din soon after defeated Mulhim in the Beqaa Valley, but Mulhim finally drove him out of the Chouf in 1636. The people of the Druze Mountain mostly backed him. In 1642 he was appointed by the Ottomans the 2051:, north of the Druze Mountain. The Buhturid emir Jamal al-Din Hajji did not give allegiance to Selim in Damascus and after discarding an Ottoman call to arms in 1518, he was imprisoned. The son of the Ma'nid emir Yunus, Qurqumaz, was summoned and confirmed by Selim in Damascus as the chief of the Chouf in 1517, according to the 17th-century historian and 2059:. Ibn Sibat does not mention any Ma'nid being received by the sultan in Damascus, but noted that the Ma'nid emirs Qurqumaz, Alam al-Din Sulayman and Zayn al-Din were all arrested by Janbirdi al-Ghazali in 1518 and transferred to the custody of Selim, who released them after a heavy fine for supporting the rebellion of the 2333:

forcing his flight. In the course of the fighting, Fakhr al-Din took over the Keserwan. When Janbulad was defeated by the Ottomans, Fakhr al-Din appeased Murad Pasha, who had since become grand vizier, with substantial sums of cash and goods. The high amount is an indicator of the Ma'ns' wealth. Fakhr al-Din was kept as

1663:. The Ma'ns and their Druze coreligionists in the Chouf were continually targeted in punitive campaigns by the Ottomans related to their evasion and defiance of government tax collectors and their stockpiling of illegal firearms, which were often superior to those of the government troops. The particularly destructive 1713:

enemies prompted a major campaign against the Ma'ns. The dynasty lost its territories and forts and Fakhr al-Din escaped to Italy. Within two years, his brother Yunus and son Ali restored Ma'nid power in Sidon-Beirut and Safed, which was consolidated when Fakhr al-Din returned to lead the dynasty in

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there and their alliance with the Harfushes in 1617–1618. Yaziji was killed almost immediately after taking up office in Safed in June 1618, and Ali was restored to the post. Meanwhile, tensions rose between the Ma'ns and their Tanukhid and Abu'l-Lama allies relating to property disputes in Beirut.

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Although the Ma'ns' position was severely weakened, in 1615 political circumstances changed in their favor with Nasuh Pasha being executed, Ahmed Pasha being replaced by a friendly governor, the Sidon Eyalet being dissolved, and troops being withdrawn from Syria to fight on the Iranian front. Yunus

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family after their flight from Akkar in 1528. Qurqumaz's establishment in Baruk instead of his predecessors' apparent seat in Deir al-Qamar may have been related to a conflict with Alam al-Din Sulayman, who may have controlled Deir al-Qamar at the time, or a division of the Chouf between the Ma'nid

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The Ottomans pardoned Fakhr al-Din and he returned to Mount Lebanon, arriving in Acre on 29 September 1618. Upon hearing of his return, the Ma'ns' Druze allies immediately reconciled with Ali and from that point there was no further active Druze opposition to Fakhr al-Din. Uneasy about the growing

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and the spring of Naimeh on the coast south of Beirut. In the course of the fighting, they retook control of Beirut and the Keserwan. Afterward Ali awarded the Ma'ns' Tanukhid allies and relatives the tax farms of Beirut, the Gharb and the Jurd, and the Abu'l-Lama family the tax farm of the Matn.

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of Ajlun and Nablus with local opponents of the Ma'ns. The Porte soon after restored the Ma'ns to Ajlun and Nablus, but not to Safed. The Ma'ns thereupon moved to assume control of Ajlun and Nablus. Fakhr al-Din launched a campaign against the Turabays and Farrukhs in northern Palestine, but was

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to be the "Zayn Ibn Ma'n" mentioned in an Ottoman register as the owner of a dilapidated watermill with two millstones in 1543, while Ibn Tulun's reference to a part of the Chouf as "Shuf Sulayman Ibn Ma'n" in 1523 likely refers to Alam al-Din Sulayman. Neither Zayn nor Sulayman are mentioned by

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of the Ottoman armies in the Levant to suppress Janbulad. Fakhr al-Din may have been motivated by his ambitions of regional autonomy, defense of his territory from Sayfa, or expanding his control to Beirut and Keserwan, both held by Sayfa. The rebel allies besieged Sayfa in Damascus, eventually

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of the Druze Mountain and neighboring, Maronite-populated Kisrawan. He maintained control of the region despite government dismissals and campaigns against him throughout the 1690s for backing Shia rebels. Ma'nid rule came to an end when Ahmad died without male progeny in 1697. The Druze chiefs

5559:), Qurqumaz's father, who Minadoi does not name, had been executed by a governor of Damascus named Mustafa Pasha. According to modern historian Abdul-Rahim Abu-Husayn, Qurqumaz's father may have been the "Yunus Ibn Ma'n" mentioned in an Ottoman tax register as the owner of three farms in 1530. 3103:, had already been captured by Kuchuk. His sons Hasan, Haydar, and Bulak, his brother Yunus and nephew Hamdan ibn Yunus were all executed by Kuckuk during the expedition. Fakhr al-Din was imprisoned in Constantinople and he and his son Mansur were executed in 1635 on the orders of Murad IV. 1898:

in 1110 and during their subsequent raids against the Gharb the Tanukhid emir Adud al-Dawla and most of his kinsmen were slain. Ma'n had found the Chouf abandoned, though there is no evidence of its desolation at the time, according to the historian Robert Brendon Betts. The Tanukhid emir

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for tax arrears and Ma'nid disobedience, and the governor's forces sent back to Damascus four cartloads of Druze heads and religious texts in the aftermath of the campaign. According to Harris, "such brutality entrenched resistance", and in the following year Druze fighters killed

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of all or part of the Chouf. Unlike his Ma'nid predecessors, Fakhr al-Din cooperated with the Ottomans, who, though able to suppress Mount Lebanon's local chiefs with massive force, were unable to pacify the region in the long term without local support. When the veteran general

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in the Jurd sent to collect taxes from southern Mount Lebanon. For the next twenty years, the Druze successfully beat back government attempts to collect taxes and confiscate weapons, while increasing their rifle arsenals. In 1585 the imperial authorities organized a much larger

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commanders arranged the two fortresses' demolition and were rewarded by the authorities. The Ma'ns were stripped of their governorships of Sidon-Beirut, Safed, and Keserwan, but Yunus retained the tax farm of the Chouf from the governor of the newly created

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and Qurqumaz succeeded him as paramount emirs of the Druze in 1658, but were challenged by the Alam al-Dins and other Ottoman-backed Druze from the start. Qurqumaz was killed by the Ottomans in 1662. Ahmad defeated the Alam al-Dins in 1667 and assumed the

5671:) holds that the father of the Qurqumaz who died in 1586 was executed by the Ottomans, but neither provides a date nor the name of the father. The modern researcher Alexander Hourani, citing Ottoman government archives, claims the execution occurred in 5576:. A request to borrow the original portrait was made in 1659 by Abu Nawfal al-Khazen on behalf of Fakhr al-Din's grandnephews Ahmad and Qurqumaz, but there is no indication that the Grand Duke responded and the original's whereabouts are unknown. 2182:

of the Druze, his title of "emir" being used by local historians as a traditional honor rather than an official rank. Qurqumaz had refused to submit to Ibrahim Pasha and escaped the Chouf and died soon after in hiding.{{efn|According to the

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nahiyas. Yusuf was dismissed in 1622 after failing to remit taxes to the Porte, but refused to hand over power to his replacement Umar Kittanji, who in turn requested Fakhr al-Din's military support. Fakhr al-Din complied in return for the

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sanjak. A few months after Yusuf's death in July 1625, Fakhr al-Din launched an assault against Tripoli. He forced out his old ally Sulayman Sayfa from the Safita fortress and was later ceded the fortresses of Krak des Chevaliers and

2198:), Qurqumaz was killed during a government expedition against the Chouf in 1585, precipitated by Qurqumaz's alleged orchestration of an attack the preceding year on a government convoy in Akkar that had been transporting the annual 2119:

Following the death of Yunus, the Druze moved to import from the Venetians long-range muskets superior to those employed by the Ottomans. In 1565 the new arms were put to use by the Druze in an ambush on Ottoman

2305:. With the Druze of Sidon-Beirut and Safed under his authority, he effectively became their paramount chief. Fakhr al-Din may have been appointed to the post to leverage his Druze power base against the Shia. 1883:, the deployment of the Ma'n was part of the wider deployment of Arab military settlers to parts of Mount Lebanon and its environs by the Muslim rulers of Damascus to counter the Crusaders. The emirs of the 1709:. By 1613, he had amassed considerable power but lost his imperial patron, while his illicit takeover of strategic forts, hiring of outlawed musketeers, and government knowledge of his alliance with their 5572:, published in Tuscany in 1787. According to the art historian Hafez Chehab, "it is generally believed" that the engraving was a copy of a painted portrait of Fakhr al-Din originally in the possession of 5705:

Although he is only referred to as 'Sayf al-Din' in the available sources, his given name and those of his father and grandfather being omitted, he is mentioned as the brother of Mundhir and Sitt Nasab.

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who were politically prominent in the 15th–17th centuries. Traditional Lebanese histories date the family's arrival in the Chouf to the 12th century, when they were held to have struggled against the

2031:. The Chouf subdistricts, along with the subdistricts of Gharb, Jurd and Matn were predominantly populated by Druze at the time and collectively referred to as the Druze Mountain. The Ottoman sultan 2001:(an honorific for leading Mamluk officers or officials) suggest the Ma'nid chiefs held military commissions in the Mamluk army. Fakhr al-Din's son Yunus was also called by Ibn Sibat the "emir of the 2844:

stationed in their headquarter village of Deir al-Qamar collaborated with Ahmed Pasha, prompting Yunus to abandon the village for Baakline. Ali Ma'n, meanwhile, was deserted by his bodyguard of

1820:, the "origins of the house of Ma'n remains unclear, what is related about it by the traditional Lebanese historians being without foundation". The traditional account holds that the eponymous 3099:. To smoke them out of their hiding places, Kuckuk started fires around the mountains. Fakhr al-Din consequently surrendered. His sons Mansur and Husayn, the latter of whom was stationed in 7107: 2093:

later chroniclers of the Ma'nids, likely for political reasons related to the chroniclers' association to the Ma'nid line of Qurqumaz. The latter was based in the Chouf village of

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By 1624, Fakhr al-Din and his allies among the Sayfas who defected from Yusuf was in control of most of the Tripoli Eyalet, except for Tripoli city, the Krak des Chevaliers, the

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of Tripoli in 1627, according solely to Duwayhi. By the early 1630s Fakhr al-Din captured many places around Damascus, controlled thirty fortresses, commanded a large army of

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and Ali were appointed to Safed and Sidon-Beirut, respectively, and shortly after both governorships were given to Ali. The Ma'ns then confronted their Druze rivals, namely

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The three Ma'nids likely shared the chieftainship of the Chouf, though the length and nature of the arrangement is not known. Zayn al-Din is assumed by the modern historian

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as the local chief and tax farmer of the Chouf and, in contrast to his Ma'nid predecessors, cultivated close ties with the authorities in Damascus and the imperial capital,

1734:. The imperial government destroyed Ma'nid power in a second expedition in 1633, killing most of the dynasty's members and capturing and executing Fakhr al-Din in 1635. 2833:. Nasuh Pasha appointed Ahmed Pasha, the governor of Damascus, at the head of a large army to suppress Fakhr al-Din. The latter boarded a European ship and escaped to 2979:

and Akkar. Once Fakhr al-Din set out from Ghazir, Yusuf abandoned Tripoli for Akkar. The Emir thereafter sent his Maronite ally Abu Safi Khazen, the brother of his

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Salibi holds that information about the Ma'ns before Fakhr al-Din I is based on unverifiable local tradition. The date of Ma'ns death is sourced by this tradition.

5533: 3305:, patronized a plan to renovate the Ma'nid palace and convert it into a museum. As of 2019, nothing was done in that regard and the ruins have kept on crumbling. 5664:) indicates that a Druze chief named Yunus was executed by the Ottoman governor of Damascus, though no date is provided. The Italian historian Giovanni Minadoi ( 5650:

The historian Abdul-Rahim Abu-Husayn theorizes that this Yunus was "possibly a son" of the preceding Qurqumaz and may have been the father of the next Qurqumaz (

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established since the late 14th century. In 1623 Fakhr al-Din mobilized his forces in Bsharri in support of Yusuf's rebellious nephew Sulayman, who controlled

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and four days later besieging Yusuf and the latter's Druze allies in the Krak des Chevaliers. He then sent a detachment to burn the Sayfas' home village of

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of Damascus, Fakhr al-Din hosted and gave him expensive gifts upon his arrival to Sidon in September 1593. Murad Pasha reciprocated by appointing him the

3164:, Ahmad Ma'n collaborated in a rebellion against the Ottomans which extended beyond his death. Iltizam rights in Chouf and Kisrawan passed to the rising 2823:

in Anatolia, had turned its attention to affairs in the Levant. The authorities had become wary of Fakhr al-Din's expanding territory, his alliance with

1934:, in the words of Salibi. He is also referred to as Fakhr al-Din I to distinguish him from his better known descendant. The Gharb-based Druze chronicler 7806:(2010). "The Making of an Ottoman Harbour Town: Sidon/Saida from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries". In Sluglett, Peter; Weber, Stefan (eds.). 1976:

Yunus ibn Ma'n" as the builder of the mosque in 1493. Fakhr al-Din's construction of a mosque, which were not used by the Druze, and the honorific of

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and Qurqumaz entered into a power struggle with Ottoman-backed Druze leaders. In 1660, the Ottoman Empire moved to reorganize the region, placing the

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as the father of Fakhr al-Din Uthman, also known as 'Fakhr al-Din I'. The date of his death is from the 19th-century historian from Mount Lebanon,

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The aftermath of the campaign and the death of Qurqumaz left the Druze Mountain in an anarchic state marked by internal fighting among the Druze.

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in 1841. The emirate and iltizam of the Ma'ns and Shihabs over much of Mount Lebanon is viewed by historians as an early precursor to present-day

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and Kisrawan until his death in 1706, after which Haydar Shihab, whose mother was a daughter of Ahmad, took his place. His descendants from the

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in 1614. Their Druze and Shia rivals re-emerged as the tax farmers and governors of their home districts in Mount Lebanon and Jabal Amil.

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for their prohibition on the Chouf Druze from cultivating their fields there. Meanwhile, in June/July the Porte had replaced Ali Ma'n as

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Badawi, Ali Khalil (2008). "Tyr - L'histoire d'une Ville". Tyre: Tyre/Sour/Tyr: Municipalité de Tyr / Tyre Municipality / Baladia Sour.

3244: 8126: 2625: 2132: 1664: 3161: 2005:" at the time of his death in 1511–12. The accounts of Ibn Sibat indicate the Ma'n controlled all or parts of the Chouf before the 1993:), who advocated for Druze adoption of traditional Muslim rituals. They may also have represented attempts to gain favor with the 1982:

attached to the name of his father Yunus indicates they were influenced by the major Druze religious reformer, their contemporary

1964:) notes that a certain "Ibn Ma'n" was in the custody of the Mamluk governor of Damascus in 1498–99. An inscription in a mosque in 3252: 2925:

Growing opposition to the Ma'ns by the Shias of Safed Sanjak culminated with their backing of Yaziji's efforts to replace Ali as

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in 1623. Fakhr al-Din is shown as the standing, turbaned figure pointing toward Mustafa Pasha, who is being held to the ground.

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to settle militarized Arab tribesmen in Mount Lebanon as a buffer against the Crusader strongholds along the Levantine coast.

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In 1523, forty-three villages in Shuf Sulayman Ibn Ma'n, including Baruk, were burned by the forces of the Damascus governor

7268:"Problems in the Ottoman Administration in Syria during the 16th and 17th Centuries: The Case of the Sanjak of Sidon-Beirut" 3087:

as governor of Damascus and fitted him with a large army to destroy Ma'nid power. Kuchuk first defeated and killed Ali near

8131: 2634: 1693:, spanning southern Mount Lebanon and the coastal towns of Beirut and Sidon, and in 1602 was additionally appointed to the 5573: 2958:. Fakhr al-Din was compelled by Ottoman pressure to lift the siege, but during the hostilities had gained control of the 7719: 7632: 8106: 7615: 3075:, and, according to a contemporary Ottoman historian, the "only thing left for him to do was to claim the Sultanate". 7461: 7440: 7358: 7256: 2156:) to have been captured and hanged by the Ottomans at an undefined date as a result of unspecified complaints by the 5637:

According to the historian William Harris, Sayf al-Din Abu Bakr was the grandson of Izz al-Din Sadaqa and succeeded

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of Safed with a certain Bustanji Bashi and replaced his brother Husayn and the Ma'n loyalist Mustafa Kethuda as the

8465: 1891:, collaborated with the Ma'nids against the Crusaders and from early on the two families established marital ties. 7952: 2440: 3248: 3168:

through female-line inheritance, thus Ma'n historical and genealogical legacy continues with the Chehab dynasty.

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southeast of Beirut. Hourani argues that he was the grandson of Nasir al-Din Muhammad ibn Sayf al-Din Abu Bakr.

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of the Chouf", according to contemporary sources and, despite the non-use of mosques by the Druze, founded the

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The identity of Qurqumaz's father is not definitively known. According to the historian Giovanni Minadoi (

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In Fakhr al-Din's absence his younger brother Yunus acted as head of the family in the Chouf. The Ma'ns'

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as the spiritual leader of the Druze. Sayf al-Din's father, Izz al-Din's son, is not mentioned by name.

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He is the first member of the Ma'n dynasty "whose historicity is beyond question", according to Salibi.

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where, according to traditional accounts, the Ma'nids established themselves as a bulwark against the

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The View from Istanbul: Lebanon and the Druze Emirate in the Ottoman Chancery Documents, 1546-1711

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Fakhr al-Din lost imperial favor with the death of Murad Pasha in July 1611 and the succession of

3243:. The ownership of the place was transferred at an unspecified point from the Franciscans to the 1158: 3191: 8289: 8267: 8166: 8156: 7992: 7399: 7373: 5496: 3578: 3010:

In August/September 1623 Fakhr al-Din evicted the Harfushes from the southern Beqaa village of

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New Documents on the History of Mount Lebanon and Arabistan in the 10th and 11th Centuries H

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from 1677 depicting Fakhr al-Din's capture of Mustafa Pasha, beylerbey of Damascus, at the

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selected Bashir Shihab, whose mother was Mulhim's daughter, to succeed Ahmad. He held the

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confirmation of the Ma'ns' gpvernorships and the additional appointments of himself over

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Fakhr al-Din moved against the Sayfas in 1619, capturing and looted their stronghold of

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National Association for the Preservation of South Lebanon’s Archaeology and Heritage

3278: 3255:(OETA) was declared on 23 October 1918 and Jabal Amil came under French control, the 2914: 2671: 2648: 2566: 2272:

afforded Fakhr al-Din the space to consolidate and expand his semi-autonomous power.

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in Arabic sources) of Sidon-Beirut in December. The Ottomans' preoccupation with the

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Following the Ottoman conquest, the Chouf was administratively divided into three

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Syria and Bilad al-Sham under Ottoman rule: Essays in Honour of Abdul-Karim Rafeq

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prompted the Ma'nid emir Qurqumaz ibn Yunis to go into hiding in the neighboring

1652: 1582: 1554: 1393: 1363: 1128: 1118: 1028: 1008: 898: 833: 793: 773: 683: 608: 598: 548: 518: 458: 448: 328: 278: 174: 7659:"The muqaddams of Bšarrī: Maronite chieftains of the Northern Lebanon 1382–1621" 5657:), who was the father of Fakhr al-Din II. The Damascene poet Muhammad ibn Mami ( 3091:

in Wadi al-Taym. Fakhr al-Din and his men subsequently took refuge in a cave in

2864:

led by Husayn Yaziji and Husayn Tawil, respectively; with the help of the rival

2341:

of Sidon-Beirut and the Ma'ns' control of Keserwan was recognized by the Porte.

2225: 8439: 8307: 8049: 7714: 7706: 7627: 7623: 4768: 3730: 3323: 3281:(IAF) heavily bombed the market area and partly destroyed the palace. In 2003, 3134: 3112: 3043: 2947: 2820: 2788: 2705: 2591: 2366: 2294: 2275: 2203: 1884: 1845: 1768: 1764: 1738: 1727: 1686: 1651:

in 1516, three chiefs of the Ma'n dynasty were imprisoned for rebellion by the

1648: 1618: 1594: 1468: 1378: 1322: 1098: 988: 918: 618: 187: 138: 105: 87: 7760: 7283: 2750: 2069: 8454: 8404: 8387: 8377: 7997: 7682: 7646: 7619: 5066: 3294: 3213: 3165: 3145: 3116: 2999: 2890: 2745: 2488: 2403: 2286: 2167: 2106: 2040: 2035:, after entering Damascus and receiving the defection of its Mamluk governor 1965: 1919: 1857: 1750: 1637: 1598: 1348: 853: 713: 77: 71: 7674: 7394:

Badawi, Ali Khalil (2018). "Tyre" (4th ed.). Beirut: Al-Athar Magazine.

3141:

of the Chouf, Jurd, Gharb, and Matn, a position he largely held until 1657.

2909:. Ali and Yunus defeated them in four engagements in the Druze Mountain, at 221: 8399: 8227: 8101: 7698: 7654: 7611: 3267: 3153: 3024: 2878: 2853: 2852:

in the Syrian Desert where he evaded Ahmed Pasha. The Ma'nid fortresses of

2313: 2302: 2199: 2142: 1994: 1888: 1849: 1817: 1706: 1694: 1352: 823: 578: 2860:, which the Ottomans sought to dismantle, were controlled by the family's 2819:. By then the Porte, freed up from the wars with Austria and Iran and the 8080: 7932: 7927: 3290: 3260: 3225: 3092: 3036: 2816: 2586: 2552: 2431: 2426: 2321: 1715: 1628:), the first member of the family whose historicity is certain, was the " 1212: 978: 888: 673: 528: 478: 7595: 7553:

Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression

2293:

In July 1602, after his political patron Murad Pasha became a vizier in

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was a stronghold of Fakhr al-Din, guarding his domains from the south.

2344: 1613:. They may have been part of a wider movement by the Muslim rulers of 52: 8350: 8111: 8007: 7947: 7744: 7267: 6443: 5599: 3319: 3067:, appointing his deputies to govern them. Fakhr al-Din was appointed 3056: 2902: 2894: 2611: 2493: 2417: 2137: 2052: 1935: 1900: 1865: 1861: 1841: 1805: 1776: 1722:

and extended Ma'nid dominion and tax farming rights to predominantly

1610: 1483: 1438: 1408: 1333: 1318: 723: 693: 538: 298: 238: 7488: 7424:(PhD). School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 8424: 8239: 6859: 3318:

Genealogical tree of the Ma'n dynasty and their relations with the

2972: 2771: 2184: 2178: 2112: 1731: 1723: 1668: 1614: 1267: 1038: 998: 948: 908: 813: 468: 418: 318: 6763: 3121: 8202: 7957: 7040: 7038: 7036: 3096: 3088: 2869: 2857: 2834: 2454: 2172: 2060: 2032: 1904: 1837: 1833: 1780: 1760: 1702: 1660: 1427: 1337: 1307: 1242: 1078: 1058: 1018: 928: 863: 653: 268: 1879:. According to Salibi's analysis of the 19th-century history of 8217: 8002: 7942: 5690:

was a leading emir of the Tanukh and a tax farmer in the Gharb

5595: 3149: 3100: 3055:

by Yusuf's sons. In September 1626 he captured the fortress of

3052: 3047: 2988: 2951: 2910: 2898: 2849: 2829: 2449: 2317: 2122: 2094: 2074: 2019: 1876: 1828:, a large Arab tribal confederation with branches in the upper 1809: 1502: 1382: 1238: 248: 7033: 7003: 6203: 5986: 5984: 5982: 8234: 8212: 8207: 7900: 7855:"The Ottoman Invasion of the Shūf in 1585: A Reconsideration" 7786:

A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered

6739: 6727: 6655: 6527: 6073: 3028: 2918: 2374: 2309: 2163: 2098: 2039:, who was kept in his post, showed preference to the Turkmen 1997:

Mamluk rulers. The usage of the terms "emir" (commander) and

1953:" who died in August/September 1506. The Damascene historian 1950: 1868: 1853: 1801: 1590: 1472: 1227: 1197: 67: 7350:

The Druzes: A New Study of Their History, Faith, and Society

7220: 7076:

Renaissance Emir: A Druze Warlord at the Court of the Medici

6876: 6874: 6561: 6559: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6515: 6181: 6179: 6164: 6044: 6042: 6040: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5744: 2220: 1930:

The first Ma'nid "whose historicity is beyond question" was

8244: 8197: 7572:"Political Dynamics in the Rise of Fakhr al-Din, 1590-1633" 7473:"Reconstructing the Medici Portrait of Fakhr al-Din Maʾani" 7208: 6898: 6787: 6595: 6583: 6503: 6421: 6419: 6406: 6404: 6389: 6367: 6365: 6326: 6244: 6242: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5979: 5890: 5888: 5886: 3064: 3060: 2906: 2158: 1978: 1922:, which contained an inscription crediting the Ma'nid emir 1872: 1629: 1367: 7174: 7172: 6886: 3224:

the Ma'nid palace in Tyre came under the ownership of the

7432:

The Ottoman Province of Damascus in the Sixteenth Century

7422:

The Ottoman Province of Damascus in the Sixteenth Century

7057: 7055: 7053: 6927: 6925: 6910: 6871: 6823: 6703: 6691: 6667: 6571: 6556: 6539: 6176: 6085: 6037: 6025: 5967: 5931: 5769: 5767: 5741: 7869: 6811: 6775: 6643: 6619: 6607: 6491: 6479: 6467: 6455: 6431: 6416: 6401: 6377: 6362: 6314: 6278: 6266: 6239: 6227: 6152: 6109: 5996: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5883: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5779: 5568:

The engraving was the frontispiece of Giovanni Mariti's

5534:

Vanguard of the Maani Army (Movement of the Druze Jihad)

1726:, northern Mount Lebanon. By 1630 he controlled much of 7196: 7169: 7145: 7133: 6302: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6057: 5943: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5721: 2012: 7184: 7157: 7078:. London: Olive Branch Pr. pp. 66, 104, 156–157. 7050: 6949: 6922: 6847: 6799: 6715: 6679: 6338: 6290: 6254: 5852: 5850: 5820: 5818: 5764: 1871:

emirs of the neighboring Gharb district around modern

7121: 7029:. Beirut: South for Construction. pp. 94, 96–97. 6937: 6835: 6215: 6191: 6140: 6128: 6013: 5912: 5900: 5862: 5837: 5835: 5833: 2237:

Around 1590 Qurqumaz was succeeded by his eldest son

1741:

defeated the family's government-backed Druze rival,

1714:

1618. After a few years, he defeated his major rival

7828:

The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1788

6350: 6054: 5955: 5791: 5718: 5691: 1945:) refers to Fakhr al-Din Uthman as the "emir of the 1568: 5847: 5815: 5803: 5830: 3259:used the palace as a base until the joint British- 2135:and the Sidon-Beirut Sanjak in general led by the 8147:1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus 3212:Fakhr al-Din and his brother owned properties in 3171: 2658:1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus 2308:In 1606, Fakhr al-Din made common cause with the 8452: 7420:Bakhit, Muhammad Adnan Salamah (February 1972). 3231:In the late 18th century, under the rule of the 1689:. In 1593, he was appointed the governor of the 7456:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 2950:and gained the defection of the Sayfa forts of 2355: 7810:. Leiden and Boston: Brill. pp. 179–240. 7020: 7018: 7885: 7309:"Khalidi on Fakhr al-Din: Apology as History" 5688:Mundhir ibn Alam al-Din Sulayman ibn Muhammad 2796: 1530: 7749:International Journal of Middle East Studies 7353:(2nd ed.). Leiden and New York: Brill. 7272:International Journal of Middle East Studies 123:Late 15th century (as attested historically) 36: 7346: 7015: 6996: 6994: 5758: 1852:until being transferred to the area of the 1824:of the Banu Ma'n belonged to a clan of the 7892: 7878: 7720:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 7633:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 7539:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7323: 7306: 7265: 7248:Provincial Leaderships in Syria, 1575-1650 7241: 7226: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6916: 6880: 6865: 6829: 6817: 6793: 6781: 6769: 6757: 6745: 6733: 6709: 6697: 6673: 6661: 6649: 6625: 6613: 6601: 6589: 6577: 6565: 6550: 6533: 6521: 6509: 6497: 6485: 6473: 6461: 6449: 6437: 6425: 6395: 6383: 6371: 6344: 6332: 6320: 6308: 6284: 6272: 6233: 6185: 6170: 6158: 6122: 6103: 6091: 6079: 6048: 6007: 5990: 5937: 5894: 3245:Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Tyre 3095:in the southern Chouf or further south in 2803: 2789: 1856:(also transliterated as Shuf) in southern 1537: 1523: 51: 27:Druze chieftains of southern Mount Lebanon 8127:1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze 7831:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7728:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 343–344. 7641:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 749–751. 7569: 7266:Abu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim (November 1992). 7251:. Beirut: American University of Beirut. 6410: 6248: 5611:He is mentioned in an inscription of the 3275:invasion of southern Lebanon in June 1982 2626:1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze 2221:Control of Sidon-Beirut and Safed sanjaks 2209: 2097:, where he gave refuge to members of the 1968:, a major village in the Chouf, credits " 1665:1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze 1593:chiefs of Arab stock based in the rugged 6991: 3120: 2993: 2343: 2274: 2224: 2068: 1913: 1795: 1749:of the Druze Mountain in 1642. His sons 7570:Olsaretti, Alessandro (December 2008). 7524: 7214: 7202: 7178: 7151: 7139: 7100:"News in brief published on 15/07/2003" 6973: 6966: 6964: 6955: 6931: 6904: 6892: 6853: 6805: 6721: 6685: 6296: 6260: 3253:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 2337:of Safed, his son Ali was appointed as 1887:, an Arab family established in nearby 14: 8453: 7824: 7783: 7742: 7697: 7653: 7610: 7503: 7470: 7428: 7419: 7393: 7367: 7190: 7163: 7127: 7073: 7061: 7044: 6943: 6841: 6637: 6356: 6221: 6209: 6197: 6146: 6134: 6067: 6031: 6019: 5973: 5961: 5949: 5925: 5906: 5877: 5856: 5824: 5809: 5797: 5785: 5773: 5735: 7873: 7802: 7547: 7510:. New York: Oxford University Press. 7449: 7024: 7009: 5841: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5418: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5328: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5220: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5079: 5077: 5064: 5062: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5009: 4951: 4919: 4917: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4828: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4805: 4803: 4794: 4792: 4781: 4779: 4766: 4764: 4753: 4751: 4740: 4738: 4727: 4725: 4714: 4712: 4701: 4699: 4688: 4608: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4576: 4550: 4548: 4498: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4463: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4315: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4139: 4130: 4128: 4117: 4115: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4072: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3914: 3912: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3875: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3125:Genealogical tree of the Ma'n dynasty 2289:, seat of the Ma'n under Fakhr al-Din 2066:emirs in Sidon and the Beqaa Valley. 6961: 5619:, who erroneously calls him "Yusuf". 3363: Dashed lines denote marriages 2013:Early interactions with the Ottomans 1671:, where he died the following year. 215:Historical Arab states and dynasties 5574:Ferdinand II, Grand Duke of Tuscany 3144:Following Mulhim's death, his sons 2893:chief Muhammad ibn Jamal al-Din of 2202:tribute destined for the sultan in 1586: 1558: 37: 24: 7846: 5598:appointed by the Mamluks from the 3357: Italic text denotes females 3083:The imperial government appointed 2328:; the latter had been invested as 1832:valley. Ma'n fought alongside the 1609:alongside their Druze allies, the 135:Ma'n (as cited by local tradition) 120:1120 (as cited by local tradition) 25: 8477: 7745:"The Secret of the House of Ma'n" 3345: Paramount Emir of the Druze 2297:, Fakhr al-Din was appointed the 90:/Kingdom of Jerusalem (1154–1187) 8435: 8434: 8423: 8132:Druze Power Struggle (1658–1667) 7966: 7853:Abu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim (1985). 7576:The International History Review 7324:Abu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim (2004). 7307:Abu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim (1993). 7092: 7067: 6640:, pp. 66–68, 85, 86 note 1. 5699: 5681: 5644: 5631: 5622: 5605: 5588: 5579: 3201: 3190: 3162:Ottoman–Habsburg War (1683–1699) 3152:(districts) of Sidon-Beirut and 2933: 2770: 2635:Druze Power Struggle (1658–1667) 2382: 636:Western dynasties and caliphates 220: 7429:Bakhit, Muhammad Adnan (1982). 7347:Abu-Izzedin, Nejla M. (1993) . 7235: 7110:from the original on 2021-07-09 5562: 5546: 2268:(1578–1590; 1603–1618) and the 8107:Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305) 7743:Salibi, Kamal S. (July 1973). 7588:10.1080/07075332.2008.10416646 7450:Betts, Robert Brendon (1988). 3308: 3172:Architectural works and legacy 3129:The Druze enemy of the Ma'ns, 3106: 2027:, which was a district of the 2007:Ottoman conquest of the Levant 1875:against the Crusader lords of 1864:of Damascus, to reinforce the 1636:in the family's stronghold of 175:Fakhr al-Din (II) ibn Qurqumaz 148:; first historically attested) 139:Fakhr al-Din ibn al-Hajj Yunus 13: 1: 8346:Abu Mohammad Jawad Walieddine 6760:, pp. 120, 123, 149–150. 5712: 5672: 5594:He was the first governor of 1972:Emir Fakhr al-Din Uthman ibn 1896:Crusaders had captured Beirut 1679: 8172:Druze in Mandatory Palestine 7507:Lebanon: A History, 600–2011 6106:, pp. 67 note 3, 69–70. 5666: 5659: 5652: 5554: 5501: 5301: 5120: 5103: 5071: 5056: 4833: 4810: 4786: 4773: 4758: 4745: 4732: 4719: 4706: 4693: 4468: 4443: 4404: 4144: 4022: 3825: 3802: 3735: 3609: 3439: 3023:defeated in a battle at the 2356:Interregnum of Yunus and Ali 2193: 2151: 2126:(fief-holding cavalries) in 1988: 1959: 1940: 1926:for its construction in 1493 1623: 143: 7: 8152:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate 7525:Hourani, Alexander (2010). 6452:, pp. 89, 91, note 87. 5692: 5522: 3336:Family of Ma'n dynasty 2260:(district governor, called 2229:Engraving of a portrait of 1860:in 1120 by Ilghazi's ally, 1816:According to the historian 1745:, in 1636 and regained the 1569: 356:Arab empires and caliphates 158:Ahmed ibn Mulhim ibn Yunus 10: 8482: 7964: 3110: 2971:of the Tripoli nahiyas of 2213: 2133:campaign against the Chouf 1791: 1786: 1737:A surviving son of Yunus, 1559:ٱلْأُسْرَةُ ٱلْمَعْنِيَّةُ 57:Flag of the Ma'nid dynasty 8418: 8336: 8300: 8258: 8190: 8094: 8068: 8037: 8016: 7975: 7907: 7899: 7784:Salibi, Kamal S. (2005). 7761:10.1017/S0020743800031469 7284:10.1017/S002074380002239X 5416: 5414: 5326: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5218: 5216: 5208: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5186: 5128: 5090: 5086: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4949: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4915: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4899: 4897: 4801: 4682: 4680: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4650: 4648: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4606: 4604: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4580: 4574: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4558: 4556: 4546: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4313: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4297: 4275: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4239: 4137: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4082: 4080: 4070: 4068: 4058: 4054: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4042: 3982: 3980: 3966: 3964: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3873: 3871: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3779: 3777: 3759: 3757: 3712: 3710: 3692: 3690: 3653: 3651: 3633: 3631: 3558: 3556: 3481: 3479: 3273:When Israel launched its 3078: 2270:war with Hapsburg Austria 2266:wars against Safavid Iran 2141:(provincial governor) of 1659:, but released by Sultan 202: 168: 154: 129: 114: 62: 50: 32: 7993:Bahā'a ad-Dīn al-Muqtana 7504:Harris, William (2012). 6868:, p. 126, note 139. 6772:, pp. 122–123, 150. 6212:, pp. 117, 120–122. 5539: 3293:, veteran leader of the 2320:against his local rival 2187:patriarch and historian 1848:. He later moved to the 1643:Two years following the 1603:Crusader lords of Beirut 1573:, alternatively spelled 664:Umayyad state of Córdoba 8466:Lebanese noble families 8112:Tanukh (Buhtur) dynasty 8086:Ziyarat Al Nabi Shu'ayb 7825:Winter, Stefan (2010). 7675:10.1163/157005868X00280 7407:Cite magazine requires 7381:Cite magazine requires 7243:Abu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim 7047:, pp. 94, 103–121. 7012:, p. 203, note 38. 6970:Abu Husayn 2004, p. 22. 3266:captured the city from 3184:The Ma'n palace in Tyre 3176: 2612:Tanukh (Buhtur) dynasty 1775:until the expulsion of 1730:and was poised against 8273:Maronite-Druze dualism 8268:Christianity and Druze 8157:Hauran Druze Rebellion 7471:Chehab, Hafez (1994). 7435:. Librairie du Liban. 3264:Syria–Lebanon campaign 3126: 3007: 2897:in the Gharb, and the 2825:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 2756:Christianity and Druze 2667:Hauran Druze Rebellion 2503:Baha al-Din al-Muqtana 2352: 2290: 2234: 2210:Era of Fakhr al-Din II 2090:Abdul-Rahim Abu-Husayn 2085: 2023:(subdistricts) of the 1955:Shams al-Din ibn Tulun 1927: 1813: 1771:continued to hold the 1645:advent of Ottoman rule 8393:List of Israeli Druze 8122:Mount Lebanon Emirate 7983:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 7025:Jaber, Kamel (2005). 6984:Abu-Husayn 2004, pp. 5570:Istoria de Faccardino 5529:Mount Lebanon Emirate 3916:Nasir al-Din Muhammad 3303:Parliament of Lebanon 3124: 2997: 2480:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 2347: 2278: 2228: 2072: 1917: 1800:The mountains of the 1799: 1577:), also known as the 1254:Sultanate of Zanzibar 1169:Mutawakkilite Kingdom 8410:Persecution of Druze 8373:Druze Arabic dialect 8177:Jaysh al-Muwahhideen 7988:Al-Sayyid al-Tanukhi 7074:Gorton, Ted (2014). 6907:, pp. 936, 938. 5639:al-Sayyid al-Tanukhi 5613:Deir al-Qamar Mosque 4006:Alam al-Din Sulayman 3799:Sayf al-Din Abu Bakr 3270:troops in mid-1941. 2741:Persecution of Druze 1984:al-Sayyid al-Tanukhi 1589:), were a family of 82:Kingdom of Jerusalem 8430:Religion portal 8363:Alam al-Din dynasty 7953:Seven Durzi pillars 7217:, pp. 946–947. 7027:Memory of the South 7000:Salibi 2005, p. 66. 6895:, pp. 935–936. 6748:, pp. 119–121. 6736:, pp. 119–120. 6664:, pp. 115–116. 6536:, pp. 101–102. 6082:, pp. 668–669. 6034:, pp. 284–285. 5976:, pp. 280–281. 5788:, pp. 116–117. 4735: 1690 or 1697 3902:Sharaf al-Din Yahya 3731:Fakhr al-Din Uthman 3285:, president of the 3251:British and French 2777:Religion portal 2681:Jaysh al-Muwahhidin 2441:Seven Druze pillars 2037:Janbirdi al-Ghazali 2025:Sidon-Beirut Sanjak 1970:al-Maqarr al-Fakhri 1932:Fakhr al-Din Uthman 1924:Fakhr al-Din Uthman 1691:Sidon-Beirut Sanjak 1657:Janbirdi al-Ghazali 231:Ancient Arab states 8250:Salman the Persian 8182:Qalb Loze massacre 8137:Battle of Ain Dara 8024:Epistles of Wisdom 8008:Muhammad al-Darazī 7517:978-0-19-518-111-1 6524:, pp. 97, 99. 6173:, pp. 69, 71. 3519:missed generations 3222:Cardinal Richelieu 3156:in a newly formed 3127: 3085:Kuchuk Ahmed Pasha 3008: 2887:Muzaffar al-Andari 2686:Qalb Loze massacre 2644:Battle of Ain Dara 2528:Epistles of Wisdom 2353: 2330:commander-in-chief 2291: 2235: 2189:Istifan al-Duwayhi 2086: 2057:Istifan al-Duwayhi 1928: 1814: 1634:Fakhreddine Mosque 1296:Current monarchies 959:Sharifate of Mecca 429:Emirate of Tbilisi 419:Emirate of Armenia 269:Kingdom of Osroene 8448: 8447: 8301:Druze communities 8285:Judaism and Druze 8259:Relationship with 8162:Jabal Druze State 8142:1838 Druze Revolt 8076:Al-Khidr Festival 8055:Khalwat al-Bayada 7976:Important figures 7838:978-0-521-76584-8 7817:978-90-04-18193-9 7795:978-1-86064-912-7 7735:978-90-04-08112-3 7657:(February 1968). 7562:978-0-7864-1375-1 7339:978-1-86064-856-4 7229:, pp. 70–71. 7085:978-1-56656-963-7 6796:, pp. 55–56. 6604:, pp. 44–45. 6592:, pp. 43–44. 6512:, pp. 95–96. 6398:, pp. 24–25. 6335:, pp. 83–84. 5993:, pp. 68–69. 5952:, pp. 88–89. 5776:, pp. 58–59. 5617:Tannus al-Shidyaq 5519: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5511: 5510: 3673:missed generation 3579:Izz al-Din Sadaqa 3279:Israeli Air Force 3158:province of Sidon 2889:of the Jurd, the 2813: 2812: 2751:Religious symbols 2699:Druze communities 2672:Jabal Druze State 2649:1838 Druze Revolt 2558:Shrine of Shu'ayb 2468:Important figures 1949:in the region of 1911:era (1260–1516). 1881:Tannus al-Shidyaq 1597:area of southern 1567: 1547: 1546: 1512: 1511: 1287: 1286: 1279:Tippu Tip's State 1177: 1176: 1149:Emirate of Beihan 881:Arabian Peninsula 872: 871: 627: 626: 411:Eastern dynasties 402: 401: 347: 346: 259:Nabataean Kingdom 249:Kingdom of Lihyan 210: 209: 94:Ayyubid Sultanate 16:(Redirected from 8473: 8438: 8437: 8428: 8427: 8356:Sultan al-Atrash 8223:John the Baptist 8028:Rasa'il al-Hikma 7970: 7894: 7887: 7880: 7871: 7870: 7866: 7842: 7821: 7799: 7780: 7739: 7694: 7650: 7607: 7566: 7544: 7538: 7530: 7521: 7500: 7467: 7446: 7425: 7416: 7410: 7405: 7403: 7395: 7390: 7384: 7379: 7377: 7369: 7364: 7343: 7331: 7320: 7303: 7262: 7230: 7224: 7218: 7212: 7206: 7200: 7194: 7188: 7182: 7176: 7167: 7161: 7155: 7149: 7143: 7137: 7131: 7125: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7115: 7096: 7090: 7089: 7071: 7065: 7059: 7048: 7042: 7031: 7030: 7022: 7013: 7007: 7001: 6998: 6989: 6982: 6971: 6968: 6959: 6953: 6947: 6941: 6935: 6929: 6920: 6914: 6908: 6902: 6896: 6890: 6884: 6878: 6869: 6863: 6857: 6851: 6845: 6839: 6833: 6827: 6821: 6815: 6809: 6803: 6797: 6791: 6785: 6779: 6773: 6767: 6761: 6755: 6749: 6743: 6737: 6731: 6725: 6719: 6713: 6707: 6701: 6695: 6689: 6683: 6677: 6671: 6665: 6659: 6653: 6647: 6641: 6635: 6629: 6623: 6617: 6611: 6605: 6599: 6593: 6587: 6581: 6575: 6569: 6563: 6554: 6548: 6537: 6531: 6525: 6519: 6513: 6507: 6501: 6495: 6489: 6483: 6477: 6471: 6465: 6459: 6453: 6447: 6441: 6435: 6429: 6423: 6414: 6408: 6399: 6393: 6387: 6381: 6375: 6369: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6318: 6312: 6306: 6300: 6294: 6288: 6282: 6276: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6252: 6246: 6237: 6231: 6225: 6219: 6213: 6207: 6201: 6195: 6189: 6183: 6174: 6168: 6162: 6156: 6150: 6144: 6138: 6132: 6126: 6120: 6107: 6101: 6095: 6089: 6083: 6077: 6071: 6065: 6052: 6046: 6035: 6029: 6023: 6017: 6011: 6005: 5994: 5988: 5977: 5971: 5965: 5959: 5953: 5947: 5941: 5935: 5929: 5923: 5910: 5904: 5898: 5892: 5881: 5875: 5860: 5854: 5845: 5839: 5828: 5822: 5813: 5807: 5801: 5795: 5789: 5783: 5777: 5771: 5762: 5759:Abu-Izzedin 1993 5756: 5739: 5733: 5706: 5703: 5697: 5695: 5685: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5670: 5668: 5663: 5661: 5656: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5635: 5629: 5626: 5620: 5609: 5603: 5592: 5586: 5583: 5577: 5566: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5550: 5505: 5503: 5305: 5303: 5124: 5122: 5107: 5105: 5075: 5073: 5060: 5058: 4837: 4835: 4814: 4812: 4790: 4788: 4777: 4775: 4762: 4760: 4749: 4747: 4736: 4734: 4723: 4721: 4710: 4708: 4697: 4695: 4472: 4470: 4447: 4445: 4408: 4406: 4203: 4200: 4148: 4146: 4126: 4125: 1585–1598 4123: 4113: 4112: 1556–1624 4110: 4026: 4024: 3942: 3941: 1518–1528 3939: 3923: 3922: 1519–1567 3920: 3910: 3909: 1516–1518 3907: 3829: 3828: 1511/1512 3827: 3806: 3804: 3739: 3737: 3613: 3611: 3587: 3584: 3443: 3441: 3366: 3365: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3333: 3332: 3314: 3313: 3205: 3194: 3046:nahiya, and the 2998:An engraving by 2805: 2798: 2791: 2775: 2774: 2532:Rasa'il al-Hikma 2386: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2360: 2359: 2197: 2195: 2162:(head judge) of 2155: 2153: 2079:pictured in 2005 1992: 1990: 1963: 1961: 1944: 1942: 1684: 1681: 1627: 1625: 1611:Tanukh Buhturids 1588: 1572: 1562: 1560: 1539: 1532: 1525: 1300: 1299: 1264:Nabahani dynasty 1209:Nabahani dynasty 1194:Makhzumi dynasty 1190: 1189: 885: 884: 640: 639: 439:Emirate of Crete 415: 414: 360: 359: 339:Kingdom of Kinda 289:Kingdom of Hatra 239:Kingdom of Qedar 235: 234: 224: 212: 211: 196: 195: 1633–1658 193: 188:Mulhim ibn Yunus 183: 182: 1591–1633 180: 164: 163: 1658–1697 161: 147: 145: 100:Mamluk Sultanate 55: 40: 39: 30: 29: 21: 8481: 8480: 8476: 8475: 8474: 8472: 8471: 8470: 8451: 8450: 8449: 8444: 8422: 8414: 8383:Jumblatt family 8338: 8332: 8323:Jordanian Druze 8296: 8280:Islam and Druze 8261:other religions 8260: 8254: 8186: 8090: 8064: 8033: 8012: 7971: 7962: 7903: 7898: 7852: 7849: 7847:Further reading 7839: 7818: 7796: 7788:. I.B. Tauris. 7736: 7707:Bosworth, C. E. 7563: 7532: 7531: 7518: 7489:10.2307/1523213 7464: 7443: 7409:|magazine= 7408: 7406: 7397: 7396: 7383:|magazine= 7382: 7380: 7371: 7370: 7361: 7340: 7332:. I.B. Tauris. 7259: 7238: 7233: 7227:Abu-Husayn 1985 7225: 7221: 7213: 7209: 7201: 7197: 7189: 7185: 7177: 7170: 7162: 7158: 7150: 7146: 7138: 7134: 7126: 7122: 7113: 7111: 7098: 7097: 7093: 7086: 7072: 7068: 7060: 7051: 7043: 7034: 7023: 7016: 7008: 7004: 6999: 6992: 6983: 6974: 6969: 6962: 6954: 6950: 6942: 6938: 6930: 6923: 6917:Abu-Husayn 1985 6915: 6911: 6903: 6899: 6891: 6887: 6881:Abu-Husayn 1985 6879: 6872: 6866:Abu-Husayn 1985 6864: 6860: 6852: 6848: 6840: 6836: 6830:Abu-Husayn 1985 6828: 6824: 6818:Abu-Husayn 1985 6816: 6812: 6804: 6800: 6794:Abu-Husayn 1985 6792: 6788: 6782:Abu-Husayn 1985 6780: 6776: 6770:Abu-Husayn 1985 6768: 6764: 6758:Abu-Husayn 1985 6756: 6752: 6746:Abu-Husayn 1985 6744: 6740: 6734:Abu-Husayn 1985 6732: 6728: 6720: 6716: 6710:Abu-Husayn 1985 6708: 6704: 6698:Abu-Husayn 1985 6696: 6692: 6684: 6680: 6674:Abu-Husayn 1985 6672: 6668: 6662:Abu-Husayn 1985 6660: 6656: 6650:Abu-Husayn 1985 6648: 6644: 6636: 6632: 6626:Abu-Husayn 1985 6624: 6620: 6614:Abu-Husayn 1985 6612: 6608: 6602:Abu-Husayn 1985 6600: 6596: 6590:Abu-Husayn 1985 6588: 6584: 6578:Abu-Husayn 1985 6576: 6572: 6566:Abu-Husayn 1985 6564: 6557: 6551:Abu-Husayn 1985 6549: 6540: 6534:Abu-Husayn 1985 6532: 6528: 6522:Abu-Husayn 1985 6520: 6516: 6510:Abu-Husayn 1985 6508: 6504: 6498:Abu-Husayn 1985 6496: 6492: 6486:Abu-Husayn 1985 6484: 6480: 6474:Abu-Husayn 1985 6472: 6468: 6462:Abu-Husayn 1985 6460: 6456: 6450:Abu-Husayn 1985 6448: 6444: 6438:Abu-Husayn 1985 6436: 6432: 6426:Abu-Husayn 1985 6424: 6417: 6409: 6402: 6396:Abu-Husayn 1985 6394: 6390: 6384:Abu-Husayn 1985 6382: 6378: 6372:Abu-Husayn 1985 6370: 6363: 6355: 6351: 6345:Abu-Husayn 1985 6343: 6339: 6333:Abu-Husayn 1985 6331: 6327: 6321:Abu-Husayn 1985 6319: 6315: 6309:Abu-Husayn 1993 6307: 6303: 6295: 6291: 6285:Abu-Husayn 1985 6283: 6279: 6273:Abu-Husayn 1985 6271: 6267: 6259: 6255: 6247: 6240: 6234:Abu-Husayn 1985 6232: 6228: 6220: 6216: 6208: 6204: 6196: 6192: 6186:Abu-Husayn 1992 6184: 6177: 6171:Abu-Husayn 1985 6169: 6165: 6159:Abu-Husayn 1985 6157: 6153: 6145: 6141: 6133: 6129: 6123:Abu-Husayn 1985 6121: 6110: 6104:Abu-Husayn 1985 6102: 6098: 6092:Abu-Husayn 1992 6090: 6086: 6080:Abu-Husayn 1992 6078: 6074: 6066: 6055: 6049:Abu-Husayn 1992 6047: 6038: 6030: 6026: 6018: 6014: 6008:Abu-Husayn 1985 6006: 5997: 5991:Abu-Husayn 1985 5989: 5980: 5972: 5968: 5960: 5956: 5948: 5944: 5938:Abu-Husayn 1992 5936: 5932: 5924: 5913: 5905: 5901: 5895:Abu-Husayn 1985 5893: 5884: 5876: 5863: 5855: 5848: 5840: 5831: 5823: 5816: 5808: 5804: 5796: 5792: 5784: 5780: 5772: 5765: 5757: 5742: 5734: 5719: 5715: 5710: 5709: 5704: 5700: 5686: 5682: 5675: 5665: 5658: 5651: 5649: 5645: 5636: 5632: 5627: 5623: 5610: 5606: 5593: 5589: 5584: 5580: 5567: 5563: 5553: 5551: 5547: 5542: 5525: 5520: 5500: 5300: 5119: 5102: 5070: 5055: 4832: 4809: 4785: 4772: 4757: 4744: 4731: 4718: 4705: 4692: 4467: 4442: 4403: 4400:Fakhr al-Din II 4201: 4143: 4124: 4111: 4021: 3940: 3921: 3908: 3824: 3801: 3734: 3608: 3585: 3438: 3364: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3327: 3311: 3210: 3209: 3208: 3207: 3206: 3197: 3196: 3195: 3186: 3185: 3179: 3174: 3131:Ali Alam al-Din 3119: 3111:Main articles: 3109: 3081: 3004:Battle of Anjar 2936: 2866:Harfush dynasty 2809: 2769: 2762: 2761: 2760: 2735: 2727: 2726: 2725: 2721:Jordanian Druze 2700: 2692: 2691: 2690: 2676: 2662: 2653: 2639: 2630: 2621: 2606: 2598: 2597: 2596: 2581: 2573: 2572: 2571: 2562: 2547: 2539: 2538: 2537: 2522: 2514: 2513: 2512: 2498: 2484: 2469: 2461: 2460: 2459: 2445: 2436: 2422: 2408: 2394: 2373: 2372: 2364: 2363: 2358: 2239:Fakhr al-Din II 2231:Fakhr al-Din II 2223: 2218: 2216:Fakhr al-Din II 2212: 2192: 2150: 2083:Fakhr al-Din II 2073:The village of 2029:Damascus Eyalet 2015: 1987: 1958: 1939: 1830:Euphrates River 1794: 1789: 1743:Ali Alam al-Din 1697:, spanning the 1682: 1676:Fakhr al-Din II 1653:Damascus Eyalet 1622: 1587:ٱلْمَعْنِيُّونَ 1543: 1514: 1513: 1297: 1289: 1288: 1224:Mahdali dynasty 1187: 1179: 1178: 1119:Muscat and Oman 889:Imamate of Oman 882: 874: 873: 637: 629: 628: 412: 404: 403: 357: 349: 348: 279:Emesene Dynasty 232: 194: 181: 162: 142: 74:, part of the: 58: 46: 34: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8479: 8469: 8468: 8463: 8446: 8445: 8443: 8442: 8432: 8419: 8416: 8415: 8413: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8396: 8395: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8359: 8358: 8351:Al-Atrash clan 8348: 8342: 8340: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8330: 8328:Druze diaspora 8325: 8320: 8315: 8313:Lebanese Druze 8310: 8304: 8302: 8298: 8297: 8295: 8294: 8293: 8292: 8282: 8277: 8276: 8275: 8264: 8262: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8231: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8194: 8192: 8188: 8187: 8185: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8098: 8096: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8072: 8070: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8050:Jabal al-Druze 8047: 8041: 8039: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8031: 8020: 8018: 8014: 8013: 8011: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7979: 7977: 7973: 7972: 7965: 7963: 7961: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7911: 7909: 7905: 7904: 7897: 7896: 7889: 7882: 7874: 7868: 7867: 7848: 7845: 7844: 7843: 7837: 7822: 7816: 7800: 7794: 7781: 7755:(3): 272–287. 7740: 7734: 7711:van Donzel, E. 7695: 7651: 7616:"Fakhr al-Dīn" 7608: 7582:(4): 709–740. 7567: 7561: 7545: 7522: 7516: 7501: 7468: 7462: 7447: 7441: 7426: 7417: 7391: 7365: 7359: 7344: 7338: 7321: 7304: 7278:(4): 665–675. 7263: 7257: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7231: 7219: 7207: 7205:, p. 919. 7195: 7193:, p. 108. 7183: 7181:, p. 946. 7168: 7166:, p. 280. 7156: 7154:, p. 945. 7144: 7142:, p. 917. 7132: 7120: 7106:. 2003-07-15. 7104:THE DAILY STAR 7091: 7084: 7066: 7064:, p. 103. 7049: 7032: 7014: 7002: 6990: 6972: 6960: 6958:, p. 939. 6948: 6946:, p. 108. 6936: 6934:, p. 938. 6921: 6919:, p. 127. 6909: 6897: 6885: 6883:, p. 126. 6870: 6858: 6856:, p. 934. 6846: 6844:, p. 103. 6834: 6832:, p. 125. 6822: 6810: 6808:, p. 930. 6798: 6786: 6774: 6762: 6750: 6738: 6726: 6724:, p. 928. 6714: 6712:, p. 118. 6702: 6700:, p. 117. 6690: 6688:, p. 933. 6678: 6676:, p. 114. 6666: 6654: 6642: 6630: 6618: 6606: 6594: 6582: 6580:, p. 109. 6570: 6568:, p. 102. 6555: 6553:, p. 106. 6538: 6526: 6514: 6502: 6490: 6478: 6466: 6454: 6442: 6430: 6415: 6413:, p. 729. 6411:Olsaretti 2008 6400: 6388: 6376: 6361: 6349: 6337: 6325: 6313: 6301: 6299:, p. 923. 6289: 6277: 6265: 6263:, p. 922. 6253: 6251:, p. 728. 6249:Olsaretti 2008 6238: 6226: 6224:, p. 191. 6214: 6202: 6200:, p. 749. 6190: 6188:, p. 670. 6175: 6163: 6151: 6149:, p. 165. 6139: 6137:, p. 164. 6127: 6108: 6096: 6094:, p. 669. 6084: 6072: 6053: 6051:, p. 668. 6036: 6024: 6022:, p. 284. 6012: 5995: 5978: 5966: 5954: 5942: 5940:, p. 666. 5930: 5928:, p. 278. 5911: 5909:, p. 123. 5899: 5882: 5880:, p. 277. 5861: 5846: 5829: 5814: 5802: 5800:, p. 117. 5790: 5778: 5763: 5761:, p. 179. 5740: 5738:, p. 343. 5716: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5698: 5680: 5643: 5630: 5621: 5604: 5600:Tanukh dynasty 5587: 5578: 5561: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5536: 5531: 5524: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5506: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5327: 5325: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5125: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5078: 5076: 5063: 5061: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4838: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4793: 4791: 4780: 4778: 4765: 4763: 4752: 4750: 4739: 4737: 4726: 4724: 4713: 4711: 4700: 4698: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4334: 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3944: 3943: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3913: 3911: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3740: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3614: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3521: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3444: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3329: 3328: 3317: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3220:of France and 3200: 3199: 3198: 3189: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3182: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3108: 3105: 3080: 3077: 3059:, followed by 2935: 2932: 2821:Jelali revolts 2811: 2810: 2808: 2807: 2800: 2793: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2780: 2779: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2734:Related topics 2733: 2732: 2729: 2728: 2724: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2711:Lebanese Druze 2708: 2702: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2688: 2683: 2677: 2675: 2674: 2669: 2663: 2661: 2660: 2654: 2652: 2651: 2646: 2640: 2638: 2637: 2631: 2629: 2628: 2622: 2620: 2619: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2594: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2579: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2569: 2563: 2561: 2560: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2535: 2524: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2510: 2505: 2499: 2497: 2496: 2491: 2485: 2483: 2482: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2467: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2457: 2452: 2446: 2444: 2443: 2437: 2435: 2434: 2429: 2423: 2421: 2420: 2415: 2409: 2407: 2406: 2396: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2388: 2387: 2379: 2378: 2357: 2354: 2295:Constantinople 2250:was appointed 2222: 2219: 2214:Main article: 2211: 2208: 2204:Constantinople 2014: 2011: 1918:The mosque of 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1769:Shihab dynasty 1765:Druze Mountain 1728:Tripoli Eyalet 1705:, and port of 1687:Constantinople 1619:Fakhr al-Din I 1545: 1544: 1542: 1541: 1534: 1527: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1510: 1509: 1506: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1360: 1359: 1356: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1323:Ras al Khaymah 1315: 1314: 1311: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1285: 1284: 1281: 1275: 1274: 1271: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1239:Mazrui dynasty 1235: 1234: 1231: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1165: 1164: 1161: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1135: 1134: 1131: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1035: 1034: 1031: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1005: 1004: 1001: 995: 994: 991: 985: 984: 981: 975: 974: 971: 965: 964: 961: 955: 954: 951: 945: 944: 941: 935: 934: 931: 925: 924: 921: 915: 914: 911: 905: 904: 901: 895: 894: 891: 883: 880: 879: 876: 875: 870: 869: 866: 860: 859: 856: 850: 849: 846: 840: 839: 836: 830: 829: 826: 820: 819: 816: 810: 809: 806: 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127: 126: 125: 124: 121: 116: 112: 111: 110: 109: 106:Ottoman Empire 103: 97: 91: 88:Zengid Emirate 85: 64: 60: 59: 56: 48: 47: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8478: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8458: 8456: 8441: 8433: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8420: 8417: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8405:Mowafaq Tarif 8403: 8401: 8398: 8394: 8391: 8390: 8389: 8388:List of Druze 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8378:Druze cuisine 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8357: 8354: 8353: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8343: 8341: 8335: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8318:Israeli Druze 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8299: 8291: 8290:Druze Zionism 8288: 8287: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8274: 8271: 8270: 8269: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8257: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8215: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8195: 8193: 8189: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8093: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8073: 8071: 8067: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8042: 8040: 8036: 8029: 8025: 8022: 8021: 8019: 8015: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7998:Hamza ibn Ali 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7980: 7978: 7974: 7969: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7938:Reincarnation 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7923:Ahl at-Tawhīd 7920: 7916: 7915:Al-Muwahhidūn 7913: 7912: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7895: 7890: 7888: 7883: 7881: 7876: 7875: 7872: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7851: 7850: 7840: 7834: 7830: 7829: 7823: 7819: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7791: 7787: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7741: 7737: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7721: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7634: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7568: 7564: 7558: 7555:. McFarland. 7554: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7536: 7528: 7523: 7519: 7513: 7509: 7508: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7469: 7465: 7463:0-300-04100-4 7459: 7455: 7454: 7448: 7444: 7442:9780866853224 7438: 7434: 7433: 7427: 7423: 7418: 7414: 7401: 7400:cite magazine 7392: 7388: 7375: 7374:cite magazine 7366: 7362: 7360:90-04-09705-8 7356: 7352: 7351: 7345: 7341: 7335: 7330: 7329: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7264: 7260: 7258:9780815660729 7254: 7250: 7249: 7244: 7240: 7239: 7228: 7223: 7216: 7211: 7204: 7199: 7192: 7187: 7180: 7175: 7173: 7165: 7160: 7153: 7148: 7141: 7136: 7130:, p. 77. 7129: 7124: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7095: 7087: 7081: 7077: 7070: 7063: 7058: 7056: 7054: 7046: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7028: 7021: 7019: 7011: 7006: 6997: 6995: 6987: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6967: 6965: 6957: 6952: 6945: 6940: 6933: 6928: 6926: 6918: 6913: 6906: 6901: 6894: 6889: 6882: 6877: 6875: 6867: 6862: 6855: 6850: 6843: 6838: 6831: 6826: 6820:, p. 56. 6819: 6814: 6807: 6802: 6795: 6790: 6784:, p. 54. 6783: 6778: 6771: 6766: 6759: 6754: 6747: 6742: 6735: 6730: 6723: 6718: 6711: 6706: 6699: 6694: 6687: 6682: 6675: 6670: 6663: 6658: 6652:, p. 51. 6651: 6646: 6639: 6634: 6628:, p. 50. 6627: 6622: 6616:, p. 45. 6615: 6610: 6603: 6598: 6591: 6586: 6579: 6574: 6567: 6562: 6560: 6552: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6535: 6530: 6523: 6518: 6511: 6506: 6500:, p. 95. 6499: 6494: 6488:, p. 94. 6487: 6482: 6476:, p. 93. 6475: 6470: 6464:, p. 91. 6463: 6458: 6451: 6446: 6440:, p. 89. 6439: 6434: 6428:, p. 87. 6427: 6422: 6420: 6412: 6407: 6405: 6397: 6392: 6386:, p. 26. 6385: 6380: 6374:, p. 85. 6373: 6368: 6366: 6359:, p. 51. 6358: 6353: 6346: 6341: 6334: 6329: 6323:, p. 83. 6322: 6317: 6310: 6305: 6298: 6293: 6287:, p. 84. 6286: 6281: 6275:, p. 81. 6274: 6269: 6262: 6257: 6250: 6245: 6243: 6236:, p. 80. 6235: 6230: 6223: 6218: 6211: 6206: 6199: 6194: 6187: 6182: 6180: 6172: 6167: 6161:, p. 71. 6160: 6155: 6148: 6143: 6136: 6131: 6125:, p. 70. 6124: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6105: 6100: 6093: 6088: 6081: 6076: 6070:, p. 91. 6069: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6050: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6033: 6028: 6021: 6016: 6010:, p. 69. 6009: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5992: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5975: 5970: 5964:, p. 89. 5963: 5958: 5951: 5946: 5939: 5934: 5927: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5908: 5903: 5897:, p. 67. 5896: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5879: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5859:, p. 78. 5858: 5853: 5851: 5844:, p. 71. 5843: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5827:, p. 59. 5826: 5821: 5819: 5812:, p. 58. 5811: 5806: 5799: 5794: 5787: 5782: 5775: 5770: 5768: 5760: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5737: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5717: 5702: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5647: 5640: 5634: 5625: 5618: 5614: 5608: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5582: 5575: 5571: 5565: 5549: 5545: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5508: 5499: 5498: 5423: 5421: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5335: 5331: 5324: 5299: 5249: 5246: 5226: 5224: 5223: 5206: 5190: 5188: 5184: 5182: 5133: 5130: 5127: 5118: 5117: 5101: 5088: 5084: 5083: 5069: 5068: 5054: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4989: 4987: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4967: 4965: 4957: 4955: 4954: 4947: 4933: 4931: 4923: 4921: 4913: 4903: 4901: 4895: 4893: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4840: 4831: 4826: 4824: 4808: 4799: 4797: 4784: 4771: 4770: 4756: 4743: 4730: 4717: 4704: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4678: 4676: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4654: 4652: 4646: 4644: 4634: 4632: 4624: 4622: 4614: 4612: 4611: 4572: 4562: 4560: 4554: 4552: 4544: 4524: 4522: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4491: 4487: 4466: 4461: 4459: 4441: 4402: 4401: 4376: 4373: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4321: 4319: 4318: 4311: 4301: 4299: 4295: 4293: 4273: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4235: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4206: 4197: 4142: 4135: 4134: 4120: 4107: 4106: 4097: 4094: 4086: 4084: 4078: 4076: 4075: 4056: 4052: 4050: 4040: 4038: 4031: 4029: 4020: 4007: 3989: 3987: 3947: 3945: 3936: 3917: 3904: 3903: 3892: 3889: 3881: 3879: 3878: 3855: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3843: 3834: 3832: 3823: 3800: 3786: 3784: 3744: 3742: 3733: 3732: 3697: 3695: 3674: 3660: 3658: 3618: 3616: 3607: 3605: 3581: 3580: 3565: 3563: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3488: 3486: 3448: 3446: 3437: 3405: 3403: 3367: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3315: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3295:Amal Movement 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3237:Ali al-Saghir 3234: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3204: 3193: 3169: 3167: 3166:Shihab family 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3005: 3001: 3000:Olfert Dapper 2996: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2934:Peak of power 2931: 2928: 2923: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2882: 2880: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2806: 2801: 2799: 2794: 2792: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2767: 2766: 2765: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2746:List of Druze 2744: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2731: 2730: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2716:Israeli Druze 2714: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2703: 2696: 2695: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2602: 2601: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2577: 2576: 2568: 2565: 2564: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2543: 2542: 2533: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2518: 2517: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2500: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2489:Hamza ibn Ali 2487: 2486: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2472: 2465: 2464: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2413:Reincarnation 2411: 2410: 2405: 2404:Ahl at-Tawhid 2401: 2400:Al-Muwahhidun 2398: 2397: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2376: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2288: 2287:Deir al-Qamar 2284: 2283: 2277: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2232: 2227: 2217: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2180: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2168:Sublime Porte 2165: 2161: 2160: 2148: 2147:Ibrahim Pasha 2144: 2140: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2125: 2124: 2117: 2115: 2114: 2108: 2107:Khurram Pasha 2103: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2065: 2064:Banu al-Hansh 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1985: 1981: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1966:Deir al-Qamar 1956: 1952: 1948: 1937: 1933: 1925: 1921: 1920:Deir al-Qamar 1916: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1858:Mount Lebanon 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1677: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1649:Syrian region 1646: 1641: 1639: 1638:Deir al-Qamar 1635: 1631: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1599:Mount Lebanon 1596: 1592: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1565: 1556: 1552: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1521: 1520: 1518: 1517: 1507: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1414: 1413:Umm al-Quwain 1410: 1407: 1406: 1402: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1387: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1372: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1327: 1324: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1293: 1292: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1247: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1183: 1182: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1002: 1000: 997: 996: 992: 990: 987: 986: 982: 980: 977: 976: 972: 970: 967: 966: 962: 960: 957: 956: 952: 950: 947: 946: 942: 940: 937: 936: 932: 930: 927: 926: 922: 920: 917: 916: 912: 910: 907: 906: 902: 900: 897: 896: 892: 890: 887: 886: 878: 877: 867: 865: 862: 861: 857: 855: 852: 851: 847: 845: 842: 841: 837: 835: 832: 831: 827: 825: 822: 821: 817: 815: 812: 811: 807: 805: 802: 801: 797: 795: 792: 791: 787: 785: 782: 781: 777: 775: 772: 771: 767: 765: 762: 761: 757: 755: 752: 751: 747: 745: 742: 741: 737: 735: 732: 731: 727: 725: 722: 721: 717: 715: 714:Muslim Sicily 712: 711: 707: 705: 702: 701: 697: 695: 692: 691: 687: 685: 682: 681: 677: 675: 672: 671: 667: 665: 662: 661: 657: 655: 652: 651: 647: 645: 642: 641: 633: 632: 622: 620: 617: 616: 612: 610: 607: 606: 602: 600: 597: 596: 592: 590: 587: 586: 582: 580: 577: 576: 572: 570: 567: 566: 562: 560: 557: 556: 552: 550: 547: 546: 542: 540: 537: 536: 532: 530: 527: 526: 522: 520: 517: 516: 512: 510: 507: 506: 502: 500: 497: 496: 492: 490: 487: 486: 482: 480: 477: 476: 472: 470: 467: 466: 462: 460: 457: 456: 452: 450: 447: 446: 442: 440: 437: 436: 432: 430: 427: 426: 422: 420: 417: 416: 408: 407: 397: 395: 392: 391: 387: 385: 382: 381: 377: 375: 372: 371: 367: 365: 362: 361: 353: 352: 343:450 AD–550 AD 342: 340: 337: 336: 332: 330: 327: 326: 322: 320: 317: 316: 312: 310: 307: 306: 302: 300: 297: 296: 292: 290: 287: 286: 283:64 BC–300s AD 282: 280: 277: 276: 273:132 BC–244 AD 272: 270: 267: 266: 263:400 BC–106 AD 262: 260: 257: 256: 253:600 BC–100 BC 252: 250: 247: 246: 243:800 BC–300 BC 242: 240: 237: 236: 228: 227: 223: 219: 218: 214: 213: 205: 201: 189: 186: 176: 173: 172: 171: 167: 157: 153: 140: 137: 134: 133: 132: 128: 122: 119: 118: 117: 113: 107: 104: 101: 98: 95: 92: 89: 86: 83: 79: 78:Burid Emirate 76: 75: 73: 72:Mount Lebanon 69: 65: 61: 54: 49: 44: 31: 19: 8461:Ma'n dynasty 8400:Majid Arslan 8308:Syrian Druze 8228:Saint George 8167:Mountain War 8117:Ma'n dynasty 8116: 8102:Wadi al-Taym 8060:Nabi Shu'ayb 8045:Druze Khalwa 8027: 7862: 7858: 7827: 7807: 7785: 7752: 7748: 7725: 7718: 7669:(1): 63–86. 7666: 7662: 7638: 7631: 7579: 7575: 7552: 7526: 7506: 7480: 7476: 7452: 7431: 7421: 7349: 7327: 7316: 7312: 7275: 7271: 7247: 7236:Bibliography 7222: 7215:Hourani 2010 7210: 7203:Hourani 2010 7198: 7186: 7179:Hourani 2010 7159: 7152:Hourani 2010 7147: 7140:Hourani 2010 7135: 7123: 7112:. 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After the 3240: 3230: 3211: 3143: 3138: 3128: 3089:Khan Hasbaya 3082: 3072: 3068: 3041: 3032: 3019: 3015: 3009: 2984: 2980: 2968: 2941: 2937: 2926: 2924: 2883: 2879:Sidon Eyalet 2873: 2861: 2854:Shaqif Arnun 2845: 2841: 2839: 2828: 2814: 2706:Syrian Druze 2617:Ma'n dynasty 2616: 2531: 2349:Shaqif Arnun 2338: 2334: 2314:Ali Janbulad 2307: 2298: 2292: 2280: 2261: 2255: 2251: 2242: 2236: 2177: 2171: 2157: 2136: 2121: 2118: 2111: 2104: 2102:chieftains. 2087: 2078: 2018: 2016: 2002: 1998: 1995:Sunni Muslim 1977: 1973: 1969: 1946: 1929: 1893: 1889:Wadi al-Taym 1850:Beqaa Valley 1844:in northern 1840:against the 1818:Kamal Salibi 1815: 1772: 1755: 1746: 1736: 1695:Safed Sanjak 1673: 1642: 1578: 1574: 1551:Ma'n dynasty 1550: 1548: 1508:1921–present 1493:1900–present 1478:1868–present 1463:1833–present 1448:1810–present 1433:1783–present 1418:1775–present 1403:1761–present 1388:1752–present 1373:1749–present 1358:1744–present 1353:Saudi Arabia 1343:1727–present 1328:1727–present 1313:1631–present 588: 323:300s–500s AD 42: 33:Ma'n dynasty 8081:Eid Al Adha 8038:Holy places 7933:Esotericism 7928:Divine call 7715:Pellat, Ch. 7628:Schacht, J. 7624:Pellat, Ch. 7483:: 117–124. 7191:Bakhit 1972 7164:Salibi 1973 7128:Harris 2012 7062:Badawi 2008 7045:Badawi 2018 6944:Harris 2012 6842:Harris 2012 6638:Salibi 1968 6357:Winter 2010 6222:Bakhit 1972 6210:Chehab 1994 6198:Salibi 1965 6147:Bakhit 1982 6135:Bakhit 1982 6068:Harris 2012 6032:Salibi 1973 6020:Salibi 1973 5974:Salibi 1973 5962:Harris 2012 5950:Harris 2012 5926:Salibi 1973 5907:Salibi 2005 5878:Salibi 1973 5857:Harris 2012 5825:Harris 2012 5810:Harris 2012 5798:Salibi 2005 5786:Salibi 2005 5774:Harris 2012 5736:Salibi 1991 5676: 1556 5669: 1618 5662: 1579 5655: 1586 5557: 1618 5504: 1732 5304: 1680 5123: 1705 5106: 1662 5074: 1697 5059: 1662 4836: 1633 4813: 1633 4789: 1633 4776: 1658 4761: 1633 4748: 1633 4722: 1633 4709: 1635 4696: 1633 4471: 1633 4446: 1633 4407: 1635 4202: 1574 4147: 1586 4119:Sayf al-Din 3805: 1492 3738: 1506 3612: 1470 3309:Family tree 3291:Nabih Berri 3283:Randa Berri 3261:Free French 3257:French Army 3226:Franciscans 3135:Mulhim Ma'n 3113:Mulhim Ma'n 3107:Later emirs 3037:Gaza Sanjak 3020:sanjak-beys 2837:, Tuscany. 2817:Nasuh Pasha 2587:Eid al-Adha 2553:Mount Druze 2546:Holy places 2432:Divine Call 2427:Esotericism 2322:Yusuf Sayfa 2248:Murad Pasha 2196: 1704 2154: 1579 1991: 1479 1962: 1546 1943: 1520 1885:Banu Shihab 1739:Mulhim Ma'n 1716:Yusuf Sayfa 1683: 1590 1626: 1506 1213:Pate Island 1186:East Africa 979:Sulaymanids 919:Ukhaidhirds 704:Sulaymanids 674:Muhallabids 579:Munqidhites 479:Shirvanshah 333:300s–602 AD 303:196–1100 AD 293:100s–241 AD 203:Dissolution 155:Final ruler 146: 1506 108:(1517–1697) 102:(1260–1517) 96:(1187–1260) 84:(1120–1154) 38:بَنُو مَعْن 18:Ma'ans 8455:Categories 8368:Amin Tarif 7724:Volume VI: 7699:Salibi, K. 7655:Salibi, K. 7637:Volume II: 7612:Salibi, K. 7114:2021-07-06 7010:Weber 2010 5842:Betts 1988 5713:References 4133:Sitt Nasab 3218:Louis XIII 3117:Ahmad Ma'n 3025:Awja River 3016:sanjak-bey 3012:Qabb Ilyas 2956:Smar Jbeil 2944:Hisn Akkar 2927:sanjak-bey 2508:Al-Tanukhi 2339:sanjak-bey 2335:sanjak-bey 2299:sanjak-bey 2257:sanjak-bey 2055:patriarch 2041:Assaf clan 1822:progenitor 1699:Jabal Amil 1678:, emerged 1499:Hashemites 1454:Al Maktoum 1424:Al Khalifa 1109:Upper Yafa 1099:Ya'arubids 939:Qarmatians 824:Sumadihids 313:220–638 AD 309:Ghassanids 8069:Holy days 7948:Theophany 7859:Al-Abhath 7804:Weber, S. 7777:163020137 7683:0570-5398 7647:495469475 7620:Lewis, B. 7604:153677447 7549:Nisan, M. 7535:cite book 7529:. Beirut. 7453:The Druze 7313:Al-Abhath 7300:159670509 3326:dynasties 3235:governor 3069:beylerbey 3057:Salamiyah 3033:beylerbey 2985:muqaddams 2903:Chbaniyeh 2895:Choueifat 2580:Holy days 2494:Al-Darazi 2418:Theophany 2262:amir liwa 2252:beylerbey 2138:beylerbey 2009:in 1516. 1999:al-Maqarr 1936:Ibn Sibat 1862:Toghtekin 1842:Crusaders 1806:Crusaders 1777:Bashir II 1674:His son, 1655:governor 1570:Banū Maʿn 1564:romanized 1484:Al Sharqi 1439:Al Nuaimi 1409:Al Mualla 1398:Abu Dhabi 1394:Al Nahyan 1334:Al Qasimi 1319:Al Qasimi 1283:1860–1887 1273:1858–1895 1258:1856–1964 1248:1746–1828 1233:1277–1495 1218:1203–1894 1173:1926–1970 1163:1906–1934 1153:1903–1967 1143:1858–1967 1139:Qu'aitids 1133:1836–1921 1129:Rashidids 1123:1820–1970 1113:1800–1967 1103:1624–1742 1093:1597–1872 1083:1463–1521 1073:1454–1526 1063:1395–1967 1059:Kathirids 1053:1305–1487 1049:Jarwanids 1043:1253–1320 1033:1229–1454 1023:1159–1174 1013:1154–1624 1009:Nabhanids 1003:1083–1174 993:1076–1253 983:1063–1174 973:1047–1138 969:Sulayhids 868:1837–1969 864:Senussids 858:1554–1659 848:1230–1492 838:1049–1078 828:1041–1091 818:1039–1110 808:1031–1091 804:Jawharids 798:1027–1063 794:Muzaynids 788:1026–1057 784:Hammudids 778:1023–1062 774:Yahsubids 768:1023–1091 758:1020–1086 748:1013–1039 738:1012–1051 728:1004–1412 694:Aghlabids 623:1697–1842 613:1517–1865 603:1480–1677 593:1517–1697 583:1025–1157 573:1024–1080 569:Mirdasids 559:Numayrids 539:Jarrahids 529:Mazyadids 509:Hamdanids 499:Hashimids 459:Habbarids 449:Dulafids 299:Tanukhids 43:Banū Maʿn 8440:Category 8339:Features 8240:Muhammad 8191:Prophets 7919:Mowahhid 7865:: 13–21. 7726:Mahk–Mid 7717:(eds.). 7701:(1991). 7630:(eds.). 7614:(1965). 7596:40213728 7551:(2002). 7477:Muqarnas 7245:(1985). 7108:Archived 5523:See also 5323:daughter 5116:Bashir I 5053:Qurqumaz 4796:daughter 4141:Qurqumaz 3935:Qurqumaz 3139:multazim 2981:mudabbir 2973:Dinniyeh 2915:Ain Dara 2367:a series 2365:Part of 2243:muqaddam 2200:Egyptian 2185:Maronite 2179:muqaddam 2173:multazim 2128:Ain Dara 2113:subashis 2053:Maronite 2045:Keserwan 1866:Tanukhid 1732:Damascus 1724:Maronite 1669:Kisrawan 1615:Damascus 1607:of Sidon 1488:Fujairah 1469:Al Thani 1379:Al Sabah 1268:Wituland 1203:896–1279 1159:Idrisids 1089:Qasimids 1069:Tahirids 1039:Usfurids 1029:Rasulids 999:Zurayids 963:968–1925 949:Wajihids 943:899–1077 933:897–1962 923:865–1066 909:Yufirids 903:819–1138 899:Ziyadids 893:751–1970 834:Tahirids 764:Abbadids 744:Tujibids 718:831–1091 684:Idrisids 668:756–1031 648:710–1019 644:Salihids 609:Harfushs 599:Turabays 563:990–1081 553:990–1096 549:Uqaylids 543:970–1107 533:961–1150 523:955–1071 519:Rawadids 513:890–1004 503:869–1075 483:861–1538 469:Kaysites 463:854–1011 433:736–1122 398:909–1171 394:Fatimids 388:750–1258 384:Abbasids 374:Umayyads 364:Rashidun 329:Lakhmids 319:Salihids 8203:Abraham 8095:History 7958:Walayah 7908:Beliefs 7691:4056124 7663:Arabica 7497:1523213 7319:: 3–15. 5332:fl.1693 4105:Mundhir 3604:Al-Hajj 3301:of the 3299:Speaker 3233:Metwali 3150:sanjaks 3097:Jezzine 3073:sekbans 2977:Bsharri 2969:iltizam 2964:Batroun 2905:in the 2899:Sawwafs 2870:Baalbek 2862:sekbans 2858:Subayba 2846:sekbans 2842:sekbans 2835:Livorno 2830:sekbans 2605:History 2567:Khalwat 2475:Shu'ayb 2455:Walayah 2393:Beliefs 2326:Tripoli 2310:Kurdish 2241:as the 2166:to the 2061:Bedouin 2049:Tripoli 2033:Selim I 2020:nahiyas 1979:al-Hajj 1974:al-Hajj 1905:Baaqlin 1838:Ilghazi 1836:leader 1834:Artuqid 1812:in 1120 1792:Origins 1787:History 1781:Lebanon 1773:iltizam 1761:iltizam 1756:iltizam 1747:iltizam 1720:Tripoli 1703:Galilee 1661:Selim I 1647:in the 1579:Ma'nids 1566:: 1428:Bahrain 1364:Al Said 1349:Al Saud 1338:Sharjah 1308:Morocco 1304:'Alawis 1243:Mombasa 1079:Jabrids 1019:Mahdids 989:Uyunids 953:926–965 929:Rassids 913:847–997 854:Saadids 844:Nasrids 754:Amirids 734:Bakrids 724:Kanzids 708:814–922 698:800–909 688:788–974 678:771–793 658:745-757 619:Shihabs 589:Ma'nids 493:864–928 489:Alavids 473:860–964 453:840–897 443:824–961 423:654–884 378:661–750 368:632–661 169:Members 130:Founder 115:Founded 63:Country 8218:Elijah 8003:Shuaib 7943:Taqiya 7835: 7814: 7792: 7775: 7769:162160 7767: 7732: 7713:& 7703:"Maʿn" 7689: 7681: 7645: 7626:& 7602: 7594: 7559: 7514: 7495: 7460: 7439: 7357: 7336: 7298: 7292:164441 7290: 7255: 7082: 5693:nahiya 5596:Beirut 5497:Haydar 5298:Mulhim 5100:Mansur 5082:Fa'iza 4830:Husayn 4783:Hamdan 4769:Mulhim 4755:Haydar 4729:Husayn 4703:Mansur 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3324:Shihab 3320:Tanukh 3277:, the 3101:Marqab 3079:Demise 3053:Marqab 3048:Jableh 2989:Safita 2960:Byblos 2952:Byblos 2911:Ighmid 2891:Arslan 2874:sekban 2872:, the 2850:Mafraq 2592:Ziyara 2450:Taqiya 2318:Aleppo 2312:rebel 2123:sipahi 2043:, the 2003:Ashwaf 1947:Ashwaf 1909:Mamluk 1901:Buhtur 1877:Beirut 1826:Rabi'a 1810:Beirut 1711:Tuscan 1583:Arabic 1555:Arabic 1503:Jordan 1383:Kuwait 814:Hudids 8337:Other 8235:Moses 8213:Khidr 8208:Jesus 8017:Texts 7901:Druze 7773:S2CID 7765:JSTOR 7705:. 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In 7600:S2CID 7592:JSTOR 7493:JSTOR 7296:S2CID 7288:JSTOR 5540:Notes 5067:Ahmad 4807:Qasim 4742:Buluk 4716:Hasan 4486:Ahmad 4440:Yunus 4196:Qasim 4019:Yunus 3822:Yunus 3606:Yunus 3268:Vichy 3249:joint 3154:Safed 3146:Ahmad 3044:Koura 3029:Ramla 3027:near 2948:Akkar 2919:Abeih 2521:Texts 2375:Druze 2303:Safed 2282:saray 2164:Sidon 2143:Egypt 2099:Sayfa 2095:Baruk 2075:Baruk 1951:Sidon 1869:Druze 1854:Chouf 1846:Syria 1802:Chouf 1751:Ahmad 1595:Chouf 1591:Druze 1575:Ma'an 1473:Qatar 1458:Dubai 1443:Ajman 1228:Kilwa 1198:Shewa 68:Chouf 8245:Noah 8198:Adam 7833:ISBN 7812:ISBN 7790:ISBN 7730:ISBN 7679:ISSN 7643:OCLC 7557:ISBN 7541:link 7512:ISBN 7458:ISBN 7437:ISBN 7413:help 7387:help 7355:ISBN 7334:ISBN 7253:ISBN 7080:ISBN 6988:–23. 5330:Musa 3436:Ma'n 3322:and 3297:and 3241:khan 3214:Tyre 3177:Tyre 3115:and 3093:Niha 3065:Homs 3063:and 3061:Hama 2962:and 2954:and 2907:Matn 2856:and 2369:on 2279:The 2159:qadi 1894:The 1873:Aley 1707:Acre 1630:emir 1605:and 1549:The 1368:Oman 206:1697 66:The 7757:doi 7671:doi 7639:C–G 7584:doi 7485:doi 7280:doi 4690:Ali 4465:Ali 4199:fl. 4122:fl. 4109:fl. 3938:fl. 3919:fl. 3906:fl. 3583:fl. 2901:of 2868:of 2848:in 2324:of 2316:of 2301:of 2285:in 1808:of 1763:of 1718:of 1581:; ( 192:fl. 179:fl. 160:fl. 70:in 8457:: 7863:32 7861:. 7857:. 7771:. 7763:. 7751:. 7747:. 7722:. 7709:; 7685:. 7677:. 7667:15 7665:. 7661:. 7635:. 7622:; 7598:. 7590:. 7580:30 7578:. 7574:. 7537:}} 7533:{{ 7491:. 7481:11 7479:. 7475:. 7404:: 7402:}} 7398:{{ 7378:: 7376:}} 7372:{{ 7317:41 7315:. 7311:. 7294:. 7286:. 7276:24 7274:. 7270:. 7171:^ 7102:. 7052:^ 7035:^ 7017:^ 6993:^ 6986:22 6975:^ 6963:^ 6924:^ 6873:^ 6558:^ 6541:^ 6418:^ 6403:^ 6364:^ 6241:^ 6178:^ 6111:^ 6056:^ 6039:^ 5998:^ 5981:^ 5914:^ 5885:^ 5864:^ 5849:^ 5832:^ 5817:^ 5766:^ 5743:^ 5720:^ 5673:c. 5667:d. 5660:d. 5653:d. 5555:d. 5502:d. 5302:d. 5121:d. 5104:d. 5072:d. 5057:d. 4834:d. 4811:d. 4787:d. 4774:d. 4759:d. 4746:d. 4733:d. 4720:d. 4707:d. 4694:d. 4469:d. 4444:d. 4405:d. 4145:d. 4023:d. 3826:d. 3803:d. 3736:d. 3610:d. 3440:d. 3228:. 2975:, 2917:, 2913:, 2194:d. 2152:d. 2145:, 1989:d. 1960:d. 1941:d. 1783:. 1701:, 1680:c. 1640:. 1624:d. 1585:: 1561:, 1557:: 144:d. 8030:) 8026:( 7921:- 7917:/ 7893:e 7886:t 7879:v 7841:. 7820:. 7798:. 7779:. 7759:: 7753:4 7738:. 7693:. 7673:: 7649:. 7606:. 7586:: 7565:. 7543:) 7520:. 7499:. 7487:: 7466:. 7445:. 7415:) 7411:( 7389:) 7385:( 7363:. 7342:. 7302:. 7282:: 7261:. 7117:. 7088:. 6347:. 5678:. 5602:. 2804:e 2797:t 2790:v 2534:) 2530:( 2402:- 2233:. 2191:( 2077:( 1986:( 1957:( 1938:( 1621:( 1553:( 1538:e 1531:t 1524:v 1505:) 1501:( 1490:) 1486:( 1475:) 1471:( 1460:) 1456:( 1445:) 1441:( 1430:) 1426:( 1415:) 1411:( 1400:) 1396:( 1385:) 1381:( 1370:) 1366:( 1355:) 1351:( 1340:) 1336:( 1325:) 1321:( 1310:) 1306:( 1270:) 1266:( 1245:) 1241:( 1230:) 1226:( 1215:) 1211:( 1200:) 1196:( 190:( 184:) 177:( 141:( 80:/ 45:) 41:( 20:)

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