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High-resolution raster grids contain a large number of pixels, and thus consume a large amount of memory. This has led to multiple approaches to compressing the data volume into smaller files. The most common strategy is to look for patterns or trends in the pixel values, then store a parameterized
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Using this approach, the computer contains an area of memory that holds all the data that are to be displayed. The central processor writes data into this region of memory and the video controller collects them from there. The bits of data stored in this block of memory are related to the eventual
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Modern flat-panel displays such as LED monitors still use a raster approach. Each on-screen pixel directly corresponds to a small number of bits in memory. The screen is refreshed simply by scanning through pixels and coloring them according to each set of bits. The refresh procedure, being speed
926:(DPI) or more; determining the most appropriate image resolution for a given printer-resolution can pose difficulties, since printed output may have a greater level of detail than a viewer can discern on a monitor. Typically, a resolution of 150 to 300 PPI works well for 4-color process (
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section at the beginning that contains at least the number of columns, and the pixel datatype (especially the number of bits or bytes per value) so the reader knows where each value ends to start reading the next one. Headers may also include the number of rows,
945:(virtually all home/office inkjet and laser printers), printer DPI and image PPI have a very different meaning, and this can be misleading. Because, through the dithering process, the printer builds a single image pixel out of several printer dots to increase
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This technique is very efficient when there are large areas of identical values, such as a line drawing, but in a photograph where pixels are usually slightly different from their neighbors, the RLE file would be up to twice the size of the original.
949:, the printer's DPI setting must be set far higher than the desired PPI to ensure sufficient color depth without sacrificing image resolution. Thus, for instance, printing an image at 250 PPI may actually require a printer setting of 1200 DPI.
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The number of bits devoted to an individual pixel determines the number of colors that can be assigned to that pixel. For example, if each pixel is represented by 4 bits, then a given pixel can be assigned one of 16 different colors (2^4 =
1075:). When an image is rendered in a raster-based image editor, the image is composed of millions of pixels. At its core, a raster image editor works by manipulating each individual pixel. Most pixel-based image editors work using the
129:
in the top left corner is a raster image. When enlarged, individual pixels appear as squares. Enlarging further, each pixel can be analyzed, with their colors constructed through combination of the values for red, green and
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A single numeric value is then stored for each pixel. For most images, this value is a visible color, but other measurements are possible, even numeric codes for qualitative categories. Each raster grid has a specified
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If people are going to see it on a computer monitor, choose RGB. If you're printing it, use CMYK. (Tip: In Adobe® Photoshop®, you can choose between RGB and CMYK color channels by going to the Image menu and selecting
818:. Examples of fields commonly represented in rasters include: temperature, population density, soil moisture, land cover, surface elevation, etc. Two sampling models are used to derive cell values from the field: in a
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In the example at right, the cells of tessellation A are overlaid on the point pattern B resulting in an array C of quadrant counts representing the number of points in each cell. For purposes of visualization a
671:(raster images converted into vector graphics), by software. In both cases some information is lost, although certain vectorization operations can recreate salient information, as in the case of
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For example, Run length encoding looks for repeated values in the array, and replaces them with the value and the number of times it appears. Thus, the raster above would be represented as:
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Bach, Michael; Meigen, Thomas; Strasburger, Hans (1997). "Raster-scan cathode-ray tubes for vision research – limits of resolution in space, time and intensity, and some solutions".
216:
754:, were common for creating precise drawings, especially on large format paper. However, since then almost all printers create the printed image as a raster grid, including both
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Raster images are created with pixel-based programs or captured with a camera or scanner. They are more common in general such as jpg, gif, png, and are widely used on the web.
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in GIS because the "picture" part of "pixel" is not relevant) represents a square region of geographic space. The value of each cell then represents some measurable (
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them. Raster graphics deal more practically than vector graphics with photographs and photo-realistic images, while vector graphics often serve better for
655:, because the parameterized patterns are only an approximation of the original pixel values, so the latter can only be estimated from the compressed data.
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into cells, each containing a single value. To store the data in a file, the two-dimensional array must be serialized. The most common way to do this is a
728:, but its patent application filed February 5, 1970, was abandoned at the Supreme Court in 1977 over the issue of the patentability of computer software.
388:). Most modern color raster formats represent color using 24 bits (over 16 million distinct colors), with 8 bits (values 0–255) for each
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format, in which the cells along the first (usually top) row are listed left to right, followed immediately by those of the second row, and so on.
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1 3 0 0 1 12 8 0 1 4 3 3 0 2 0 2 1 7 4 1 5 4 2 2 0 3 1 2 2 2 2 3 0 5 1 9 3 3 3 4 5 0 8 0 2 4 3 2 8 4 3 2 2 7 2 3 2 10 1 5 2 1 3 7
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an image to covert raster organization (a relatively costly operation for packed formats with less than a byte per pixel);
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An early scanned display with raster computer graphics was invented in the late 1960s by A. Michael Noll at
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Raster graphics are resolution dependent, meaning they cannot scale up to an arbitrary resolution without
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has been used to color each of the cells in an image D. Here are the numbers as a serial row-major array:
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form of the pattern instead of the original data. Common raster compression algorithms include
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printers. When the source information is vector, rendering specifications and software such as
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with horizontal rasters painted left to right, and the raster lines painted top to bottom.
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1193:"Patent US6469805 – Post raster-image processing controls for digital color image printing"
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raster graphics are employed in video games and are also used in medical imaging such as
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determines the range of color coverage (which is often less than the full range of human
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critical, is often implemented by dedicated circuitry, often as a part of a
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captures 3.2 gigapixels in a single image (6.4 GB raw), over six
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Many raster manipulations map directly onto the mathematical formalisms of
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pattern of pixels that will be used to construct an image on the display.
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1169:"Introduction to Computer Graphics, Section 1.1 -- Painting and Drawing"
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represents a two-dimensional picture as a rectangular matrix or grid of
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However, for printing technologies that perform color mixing through
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Geographic phenomena are commonly represented in a raster format in
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of the Earth's surface. The size of each square pixel, known as the
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of a plane, into a two-dimensional array of squares, each called a
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is now used to refer to a device for drawing musical staff lines.
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To reconstruct the two-dimensional grid, the file must include a
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The fundamental strategy underlying the raster data model is the
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1468:
GIS Fundamentals: A First Text on
Geographic Information Systems
1079:, but some also allow the use of other color models such as the
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1659:
1514:"Photoshop vs. CorelDRAW: Which Is Better for Graphic Editors?"
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918:. Modern computer-monitors typically display about 72 to 130
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structure is based on a (usually rectangular, square-based)
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developed in the 1920s employed rasterization principles.
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are often able to detect and store wavelengths beyond the
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determines the fidelity of the colors represented, and
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Some compression algorithms, such as RLE and LZW, are
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392:(red, green, and blue). The digital sensors used for
902:. This property contrasts with the capabilities of
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1071:, which revolve around editing lines and shapes (
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250:The word "raster" has its origins in the Latin
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1055:, unlike vector-based image editors, such as
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991:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
667:(converted into pixels), and raster images
658:
443:Using a raster to summarize a point pattern
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1576:
1597:
1386:
1011:Learn how and when to remove this message
886:Learn how and when to remove this message
506:parameters for geographic data, or other
344:, is constant across the grid. Raster or
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1470:(3rd ed.). Eider Press. p. 42.
806:, so that each pixel (commonly called a
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2143:Exchangeable image file format (Exif)
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1447:from the original on 16 December 2014
1421:from the original on 22 February 2014
1296:. Gomez Graphics Vector Conversions.
1093:Comparison of raster graphics editors
766:are used to create the raster image.
510:tags, such as those specified in the
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1199:from the original on 5 December 2014
1023:Raster-based image editors, such as
989:adding citations to reliable sources
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868:adding citations to reliable sources
839:
451:or compressed variations, including
328:, the plane is a virtual canvas; in
262:(to scrape). It originates from the
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
16:Image display as a 2D grid of pixels
1548:from the original on 2 January 2019
1493:from the original on August 5, 2011
1371:"Scanned-Display Computer Graphics"
1300:from the original on 5 January 2019
1267:from the original on 2 January 2019
447:Most computer images are stored in
193:industries know raster graphics as
13:
2153:Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP)
1403:from the original on Dec 16, 2023.
242:structure are of central concern.
14:
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2221:Computer graphics data structures
1329:from the original on 16 June 2018
663:Vector images (line work) can be
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1481:Fulton, Wayne (April 10, 2010).
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256:(a rake), which is derived from
238:, where mathematical objects of
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1538:"Print Basics: RGB Versus CMYK"
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1369:Noll, A. Michael (March 1971).
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855:needs additional citations for
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34:needs additional citations for
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792:Geographic information systems
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410:Vera C. Rubin Observatory
330:geographic information systems
162:. Raster images are stored in
1:
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673:optical character recognition
420:range of human color vision.
312:(from "picture element"). In
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1512:Tooker, Logan (2022-02-02).
1263:. Microsoft. 29 March 2017.
1118:Raster graphics file formats
1108:Pixel-art scaling algorithms
746:During the 1970s and 1980s,
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812:qualitative or quantitative
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463:, which are popular on the
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1483:"Color Printer Resolution"
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1417:. Noll.uscannenberg.org.
1375:Communications of the ACM
1051:, revolve around editing
770:Three-dimensional rasters
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900:loss of apparent quality
715:graphics processing unit
659:Raster–vector conversion
408:bitmapped sensor at the
1359:. Accessed 3 Aug. 2020.
1232:10.1163/156856897X00311
449:raster graphics formats
348:may be the result of a
294:A simple raster graphic
1466:Bolstad, Paul (2008).
1325:. FOLDOC. 2002-05-15.
1123:Raster image processor
1113:Raster graphics editor
941:) rather than through
695:mechanical televisions
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320:as projected onto the
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2226:Graphics file formats
1842:PBM / PGM / PPM / PNM
1599:Graphics file formats
1388:10.1145/362566.362567
834:Further information:
800:. The raster grid is
699:Electronic television
685:Electronic television
553:(LZW) (the basis for
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1544:. HP. 12 June 2018.
985:improve this section
864:improve this article
212:in digital systems.
43:improve this article
2158:GIF § Metadata
1487:A few scanning tips
531:run-length encoding
316:, the plane is the
314:digital photography
180:acquisition formats
140:digital photography
1347:Murray, Stephen. "
1294:"Raster vs Vector"
1257:"Types of Bitmaps"
780:Three-dimensional
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1029:Corel Painter
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1025:PaintShop Pro
1015:
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1001:November 2016
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979:
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970:This section
968:
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924:dots per inch
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876:November 2016
869:
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859:
858:
853:This section
851:
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803:georeferenced
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705:displays are
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429:Image storage
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390:color channel
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276:electron beam
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168:dissemination
166:with varying
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99:November 2016
91:
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63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2187:
2175:
1606:
1557:
1550:. Retrieved
1541:
1532:
1521:. Retrieved
1517:
1507:
1495:. Retrieved
1486:
1476:
1467:
1461:
1449:. Retrieved
1435:
1423:. Retrieved
1409:
1378:
1374:
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1352:
1343:
1331:. Retrieved
1317:
1309:
1302:. Retrieved
1276:
1269:. Retrieved
1260:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1201:. Retrieved
1187:
1176:. Retrieved
1173:math.hws.edu
1172:
1163:
1022:
1007:
998:
983:Please help
971:
943:overprinting
932:
930:) printing.
897:
882:
873:
862:Please help
857:verification
854:
823:
819:
807:
801:
795:
786:MRI scanners
779:
748:pen plotters
745:
723:
719:
711:
692:
662:
652:
648:
646:
642:
559:
527:
498:
496:
493:
489:lookup table
485:
480:
473:tessellation
468:
446:
424:Applications
404:; the large
386:color vision
358:pixel format
357:
354:
346:gridded data
345:
341:
337:
326:computer art
322:image sensor
318:visual field
307:
303:
300:tessellation
297:
257:
251:
249:
246:Etymological
233:
198:
194:
184:
143:
133:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1897:Logluv TIFF
1451:30 November
1441:"CHAPTER-1"
1425:30 November
1357:Gale eBooks
1333:30 November
1203:30 November
1128:Raster scan
947:color depth
912:typesetting
518:Compression
469:raster data
382:color space
378:color depth
352:procedure.
264:raster scan
220:Transposing
199:continuous
164:image files
127:smiley face
2210:Categories
2194:Comparison
1523:2024-07-13
1497:August 21,
1178:2024-08-25
1155:References
830:Resolution
764:PostScript
669:vectorized
665:rasterized
514:standard.
475:of the 2D
433:See also:
374:full-color
370:palettized
366:gray-scale
338:resolution
334:projection
286:Data model
228:reflection
176:generation
172:production
69:newspapers
1931:UFO / UFP
1867:PSD / PSB
1780:JPEG 2000
1740:ICO / CUR
1552:1 January
1415:"Patents"
1304:1 January
1271:1 January
1061:CorelDRAW
1037:Paint.NET
972:does not
935:dithering
908:rendering
726:Bell Labs
701:based on
481:row-major
398:astronomy
224:composing
2182:Category
2135:Metadata
2077:Compound
1805:JPEG-HDR
1546:Archived
1491:Archived
1445:Archived
1419:Archived
1401:Archived
1327:Archived
1298:Archived
1265:Archived
1197:Archived
1103:Halftone
1087:See also
1069:Inkscape
939:halftone
750:, using
732:Printing
679:Displays
649:lossless
508:metadata
418:spectral
376:, where
350:gridding
206:line art
195:contones
191:prepress
187:printing
1924:TIFF/IT
1919:TIFF/EP
1800:JPEG XT
1795:JPEG XS
1790:JPEG XR
1785:JPEG XL
1775:JPEG-LS
1397:2210619
1240:9176948
1073:vectors
993:removed
978:sources
914:or for
820:lattice
604:lengths
533:(RLE),
342:support
280:rastrum
253:rastrum
83:scholar
2032:Gerber
1994:Vector
1857:PICtor
1607:Raster
1559:Mode.)
1395:
1238:
1098:Dither
1053:pixels
1047:, and
760:inkjet
693:Early
566:values
499:header
459:, and
435:Bitmap
372:, and
362:binary
270:(CRT)
259:radere
240:matrix
197:(from
178:, and
148:pixels
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2100:MODCA
1760:JBIG2
1650:BSAVE
1393:S2CID
1067:, or
1045:Krita
816:field
782:voxel
776:Voxel
756:laser
653:lossy
477:plane
324:; in
309:pixel
201:tones
156:paper
130:blue.
90:JSTOR
76:books
2125:XAML
2110:PICT
2090:DjVu
2047:PGML
2042:IGES
2037:HVIF
2027:EMF+
1979:CIFF
1941:WebP
1936:WBMP
1914:TIFF
1892:RGBE
1882:QTVR
1827:NRRD
1822:MIFF
1770:JPEG
1755:JBIG
1750:ILBM
1735:ICNS
1730:ICER
1725:HEVC
1720:HDRi
1705:FLIF
1700:FLIC
1695:FITS
1635:AVIF
1625:APNG
1620:ANIM
1554:2019
1499:2011
1453:2014
1427:2014
1335:2014
1306:2019
1278:16).
1273:2019
1236:PMID
1205:2014
1057:Xfig
1049:GIMP
976:any
974:cite
928:CMYK
824:grid
808:cell
758:and
740:and
687:and
545:and
535:JPEG
512:Exif
467:. A
457:JPEG
396:and
304:cell
189:and
185:The
142:, a
138:and
125:The
62:news
2120:SWF
2105:PDF
2095:EPS
2085:CDF
2067:Xar
2062:WMF
2057:VML
2052:SVG
2022:EMF
2017:DXF
2012:CGM
2007:CDR
1984:DNG
1971:Raw
1961:XWD
1956:XPM
1951:XCF
1946:XBM
1909:TGA
1904:SGI
1887:RAS
1877:QOI
1872:PSP
1862:PNG
1852:PGF
1847:PCX
1837:PAM
1832:ORA
1817:MNG
1812:KRA
1765:JNG
1745:ICS
1715:GIF
1710:FPX
1690:EXR
1685:ECW
1680:DPX
1675:DDS
1670:CPT
1665:CPC
1660:CIN
1655:CAL
1645:BPG
1640:BMP
1630:ART
1615:ANI
1518:MUO
1383:doi
1351:".
1228:doi
987:by
866:by
798:GIS
717:.
637:...
599:...
555:GIF
549:),
547:ZIP
543:PNG
461:PNG
453:GIF
406:CCD
340:or
306:or
266:of
134:In
45:by
2212::
2115:PS
2002:AI
1556:.
1540:.
1516:.
1489:.
1485:.
1399:.
1391:.
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1377:.
1373:.
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1275:.
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1248:^
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