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1594:. Each of the provinces had its own laws, customs and political practices. The new policy, imposed from the outside, angered many inhabitants, who viewed their provinces as distinct entities. It and other monarchical acts, such as the creation of bishoprics and promulgation of laws against
1563:
would be the heirs. By streamlining the succession law in all
Seventeen Provinces and declaring that all of them would be inherited by one heir, Charles effectively united the Netherlands as one entity. After Charles' abdication in 1555, the Seventeen Provinces passed to his son,
1666:
237:
ruler; interaction with their ruler was regulated by a strict set of rules describing what the latter could and could not expect. All of the regions mainly depended on trade, manufacturing and the encouragement of the free flow of goods and craftsmen.
198:. Because of this, nowadays not only physically low-altitude areas, but also some hilly or elevated regions are considered part of the Low Countries, including Luxembourg and the south of Belgium. Within the
1270:(or "United Provinces") in the north, the term "Low Countries" continued to be used to refer collectively to the region. The region was temporarily united politically between 1815 and 1839, as the
1647:
1792:
of
Germany. It would also provide the basis for a long-term air and sea campaign against Britain. As much as possible of the border areas in northern France should be occupied. Germany's
1799:
All three countries were occupied from May 1940 until early 1945. During the occupation, their governments were forced into exiled in
Britain. In 1944, they signed the
1686:
1548:). He continued to rule the territories as a multitude of duchies and principalities until the Low Countries were eventually united into one indivisible territory, the
1242:. After the disintegration of Lower Lotharingia, the Low Countries were brought under the rule of various lordships until they came to be in the hands of the
190:
Historically, the regions without access to the sea linked themselves politically and economically to those with access to form various unions of ports and
2076:
1766:
was quickly halted, causing a military stalemate for most of the war. In the end, a total of approximately 56,000 people were killed in the invasion.
2731:
1739:(1815–1830) temporarily united the Low Countries again before it split into the three modern countries of the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg.
1134:
2541:
1229:
393:
In Dutch, and to a lesser extent in
English, the Low Countries colloquially means the Netherlands and Belgium, sometimes the Netherlands and
318:
380:(singular) is the normal Dutch name for the country of the Netherlands. However, in official use, the name of the Dutch kingdom is still
362:
has the same etymology and origin as the name for the region Low
Countries, due to "nether" meaning "low". In the Dutch language itself
1411:. While the further history the Low Countries can be seen as the object of a continual struggle between these two powers, the title of
449:
remained loyal to the
Spanish king. This divide laid the early foundation for the later modern states of Belgium and the Netherlands.
2736:
1161:
2521:
283:
2400:
1853:, a collection of twenty five psalms that originated in the Moselle-Frankish region around the middle of the 9th century.
1399:. Each tried to swallow the region and to merge it with their spheres of influence. Thus, the Low Countries consisted of
2586:
390:(plural). This name derives from the 19th-century origins of the kingdom which originally included present-day Belgium.
290:
2104:"The Elusive Netherlands. The question of national identity in the Early Modern Low Countries on the Eve of the Revolt"
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2006:
1781:. He ordered a conquest of the Low Countries with the shortest possible notice, to forestall the French, and prevent
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1736:
1726:
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1441:. At the height of Burgundian influence, the Low Countries became the political, cultural, and economic centre of
1316:
tribes had entered this Roman region and came to run it increasingly independently. They came to be ruled by the
222:
2340:
1777:'s gaze turned his strategy west toward France, the Low Countries were an easy route around the imposing French
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2703:
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1702:
1653:
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1902:
1446:
1376:, and thereby also came to be referred to as "Lotharingia" or "Lorraine". Apart from the original coastal
870:
2726:
762:
349:. Today the term is typically fitted to modern political boundaries and used in the same way as the term
2658:
Cities of
Commerce: The Institutional Foundations of International Trade in the Low Countries, 1250–1650
1974:"Low Countries – definition of Low Countries by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia"
1553:
381:
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1800:
20:
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1429:
In the 14th and 15th century, separate fiefs came gradually to be ruled by a single family through
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156:
1947:
1559:
The
Pragmatic Sanction transformed the agglomeration of lands into a unified entity, of which the
317:, which were part of their realm but geographically disconnected from the Low Countries. Governor
2160:
1587:
549:
1274:, before this split into the three modern countries of the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg.
429:(1568–1648). The Low Countries were in that war divided in two parts. On one hand, the northern
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1897:
1606:
1424:
1247:
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1996:
1250:. After the reign of the Valois Dukes ended, much of the Low Countries were controlled by the
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1614:
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939:
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426:
1048:
151:, which is singular). Geographically and historically, the area can also include parts of
8:
2469:"Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914–1920"
1907:
1850:
1762:. It led to the German occupation of the two countries. However, the German advance into
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1430:
1347:
1317:
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1556:, while retaining existing customs, laws, and forms of government within the provinces.
221:. The Low Countries were the scene of the early independent trading centres that marked
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1565:
1489:
1377:
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1342:
By the end of the 8th century, the Low
Countries formed a core part of a much expanded
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1087:
816:
776:
632:
438:
314:
2052:
Civilization and
Capitalism, 15th–18th Century, Vol. III: The Perspective of the World
417:
separated in 1830 from the (northern) Netherlands. The new country took its name from
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2002:
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tactics rapidly overpowered the defences of Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg.
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19:
This article is about the region in Europe. For the region in the United States, see
2558:
Regionalism, Economic Integration and Security in Asia: A Political Economy Approach
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1884:
1657:
1618:
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1494:
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218:
1368:, Francia was divided in three parts among his three grandsons. The middle slice,
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2124:
1973:
1917:
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1442:
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After the death of Lothair, the Low Countries were coveted by the rulers of both
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243:
100:
2205:
2025:
The Statesman's Yearbook 2011: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World
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The Pragmatic Sanction is said to be one example of the Habsburg contest with
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1449:, which is the work of artists who were active in the flourishing cities of
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1743:
1524:. Charles V, who inherited the territory in 1506, was named ruler by the
1365:
1351:
1246:. Hence, a large part of the Low Countries came to be referred to as the
1178:
757:
687:
486:
359:
180:
168:
144:
42:
2237:
2181:
Sparks of Reason: Vernacular Rationalism in the Low Countries, 1550–1670
213:, the region contained a militarised frontier and contact point between
1793:
1751:
1673:
1384:, the rest of the Low Countries were within the lowland part of this, "
1212:
234:
191:
140:
70:
2163:. Origin & meaning of Netherlands by Online Etymology Dictionary.
1823:
One of the Low Countries' earliest literary figures is the blind poet
828:
1789:
1785:
1521:
1373:
1263:
1207:
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885:
642:
195:
64:
1998:
Re-imagining Western European Geography in English Renaissance Drama
260:
2669:
The Low Countries: History of the Northern and Southern Netherlands
1560:
1470:
1458:
811:
799:
500:
394:
1838:
and pagan verses. Bernlef is representative of the coexistence of
1187:
272:
Southern part of the Low Countries with bishopry towns and abbeys
50:
1824:
1804:
1755:
1730:
1693:
1634:
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1192:
1096:
493:
414:
351:
203:
172:
164:
136:
132:
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56:
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229:
as one of the most densely populated regions of Western Europe.
183:, the Low Countries were divided into numerous semi-independent
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1835:
1763:
1709:
1595:
1462:
1450:
1313:
1305:
706:
475:
468:
176:
152:
120:
2198:
1238:; more precisely, most of the people were within the Duchy of
202:, the region's political grouping is still referred to as the
79:
1621:
under Spanish service and are therefore sometimes called the
1454:
1321:
964:
230:
225:
of Europe in the 12th century. In that period, they rivalled
2316:
Routledge Revivals: Medieval Germany (2001): An Encyclopedia
301:("the lands over here") for the Low Countries as opposed to
246:
dialects were the main languages used in secular city life.
2651:
The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806
1400:
1043:
214:
411:), is a sports event between Belgium and the Netherlands.
2466:
2402:
Heretic Queen: Queen Elizabeth I and the Wars of Religion
1808:
1477:
were highly sought by the leading classes of all Europe.
2520:
Yapou, Eliezer (1998). "Luxembourg: The Smallest Ally".
1849:
The earliest examples of written literature include the
1633:, what was left of the Spanish Netherlands was ceded to
2460:
1812:
425:
name for the Low Countries, as it was known during the
1598:, stoked resentments, which fired the eruption of the
233:
and councils governed most of the cities along with a
2555:
Park, Jehoon; Pempel, T. J.; Kim, Heungchong (2011).
397:—the Dutch-speaking north of Belgium. For example, a
1860:
1320:, under which dynasty the southern part (below the
372:(plural) is in use for the 16th century domains of
1609:of the seventeen declared their independence from
194:, stretching inland as far as parts of the German
1445:, noted for its crafts and luxury goods, notably
2713:
2620:. Palgrave Essential Histories Series New York:
1415:was coveted in the low countries for centuries.
2685:The Reformation and Revolt in the Low Countries
2660:(Princeton University Press, 2013) 293 pp.
2265:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 683.
1473:, all in present-day Belgium. Musicians of the
2580:
2578:
2055:. University of California Press. p. 98.
1994:
1234:The region politically had its origins in the
2554:
2258:
2079:(in Dutch). Vre.leidenuniv.nl. Archived from
1433:. This process culminated in the rule of the
1230:History of urban centers in the Low Countries
16:Coastal lowland region in northwestern Europe
339:
331:
323:
303:
295:
206:(short for Belgium-Netherlands-Luxembourg).
2575:
2467:Great Britain. War Office (14 April 2018).
1533:
399:
385:
363:
2540:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2341:"History of Luxembourg: Primary Documents"
1403:whose sovereignty resided with either the
1346:and the Merovingians were replaced by the
368:is the modern term for Low Countries, and
131:and consisting today of the three modern "
2101:
1940:
1803:, laying the foundation for the eventual
1758:in what has been come to be known as the
1350:. In 800, the Pope crowned and appointed
1479:
267:
259:
78:
2732:Historical geography of the Netherlands
2680:Early Modern Women in the Low Countries
2588:A literary history of the Low Countries
2584:
2561:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 96.
2048:
2714:
2513:
2398:
2285:
2021:
1516:in the area passed through an heiress—
1501:
337:("lands down here"), which evolved to
2519:
2432:
2292:. Abhinav Publications. p. 131.
2262:Concise Encyclopeida of World History
2238:"Lotharingia / Lorraine (Lothringen)"
1262:up to 1581. Even after the political
606:
2635:J. C. H. Blom and E. Lamberts, eds.
2364:
2312:
2177:
1418:
376:, the historic Low Countries, while
83:The Low Countries as seen from space
2439:. Infobase Publishing. p. 46.
2184:. Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 17.
2001:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 105.
1292:The Low Countries were part of the
1254:. This area was referred to as the
264:The Low Countries from 1556 to 1648
13:
2436:A Brief History of the Netherlands
1613:in 1581, the ten provinces of the
1331:
107:), historically also known as the
14:
2753:
2691:
2077:"1. De landen van herwaarts over"
1807:, an important forerunner of the
1737:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
1727:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
1272:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
309:("the lands over there") for the
2697:
2143:"Low Countries | region, Europe"
1877:
1863:
1720:
1701:
1685:
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256:Terminology of the Low Countries
63:
49:
35:
2737:Historical geography of Belgium
2675:The Cinema of the Low Countries
2591:. Rochester, NY: Camden House.
2548:
2523:Governments in Exile, 1939–1945
2492:
2483:
2426:
2392:
2358:
2333:
2319:. Routledge. pp. 291–295.
2306:
2279:
2252:
2230:
2171:
2153:
1995:Matei-Chesnoiu, Monica (2012).
1788:from threatening the strategic
1656:defending the walls during the
358:The name of the country of the
2618:A History of the Low Countries
2259:Ramirez-Faria, Carlos (2007).
2135:
2117:
2095:
2069:
2042:
2015:
1988:
1966:
1954:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc
1312:. In the 4th and 5th century,
249:
1:
2479:– via Internet Archive.
2286:Chopra, Hardev Singh (1974).
1928:
1828:
1818:
1750:invaded the Low Countries of
1654:Kenau Simonsdochter Hasselaer
1637:and thus became known as the
1631:War of the Spanish Succession
1437:, who were the rulers of the
613:
591:
568:
526:
512:
441:; on the other, the southern
273:
2637:History of the Low Countries
2471:. London H.M. Stationery Off
2289:De Gaulle and European Unity
1933:
1903:Early Netherlandish painting
1447:early Netherlandish painting
1258:, which was also called the
7:
2585:Hermans, Theo, ed. (2009).
2526:. Jerusalem. Archived from
2500:"Directive No. 6 Full Text"
1856:
1742:During the early months of
1680:(Flemish Regiments) in 1579
1571:
1135:Princip. of the Netherlands
10:
2758:
2609:
2368:The Dutch Revolt 1559–1648
1834:, who sang both Christian
1760:German invasion of Belgium
1724:
1575:
1554:Pragmatic Sanction of 1549
1505:
1422:
1335:
1281:
1227:
1179:Kingdom of the Netherlands
1148:Kingdom of the Netherlands
452:
387:Koninkrijk der Nederlanden
382:Kingdom of the Netherlands
321:used both the expressions
289:arose at the Court of the
253:
18:
2663:J. A. Kossmann-Putto and
2216:Columbia University Press
2049:Braudel, Fernand (1992).
2028:. Springer. p. 908.
1801:London Customs Convention
1617:remained occupied by the
1304:. They were inhabited by
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129:Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta
21:South Carolina Lowcountry
1590:that contributed to the
1244:Valois Dukes of Burgundy
1034:United States of Belgium
2433:State, Paul F. (2008).
2147:Encyclopedia Britannica
1952:Encyclopædia Britannica
1543:Lord of the Netherlands
695:Duchy of Lower Lorraine
439:Philip II of Spain
315:Free County of Burgundy
119:region in Northwestern
2405:. St. Martin's Press.
2399:Ronald, Susan (2012).
2313:Jeep, John M. (2017).
2022:Turner, Barry (2010).
1898:Burgundian Netherlands
1805:Benelux Economic Union
1607:Seven United Provinces
1528:and styled himself as
1498:
1425:Burgundian Netherlands
1357:of the re-established
1248:Burgundian Netherlands
918:Burgundian Netherlands
688:Kingdom of Lotharingia
437:rebelled against King
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2742:History of Luxembourg
2624:, 2006. 298 pp.
2211:Columbia Encyclopedia
2129:TheFreeDictionary.com
1846:in this time period.
1692:Siege and capture of
1625:. In 1713, under the
1483:
1475:Franco-Flemish School
1103:French First Republic
431:Federated Netherlands
409:Derby der Lage Landen
271:
263:
82:
2706:at Wikimedia Commons
2489:Frieser 2005, p. 74.
2178:Buys, Ruben (2015).
1639:Austrian Netherlands
1615:Southern Netherlands
1530:Heer der Nederlanden
1508:Habsburg Netherlands
1256:Habsburg Netherlands
1010:Austrian Netherlands
940:Habsburg Netherlands
325:les pays de par deça
305:les pays de par delà
297:les pays de par deçà
293:, who used the term
2530:on 23 October 2012.
1908:Greater Netherlands
1851:Wachtendonck Psalms
1844:Germanic polytheism
1746:(around 1914), the
1623:Spanish Netherlands
1605:After the northern
1582:Spanish Netherlands
1550:Seventeen Provinces
1514:Burgundian holdings
1502:Seventeen Provinces
1431:royal intermarriage
1380:, which was within
1364:After the death of
1348:Carolingian dynasty
1318:Merovingian dynasty
1260:Seventeen Provinces
1111:First French Empire
985:Spanish Netherlands
948:Seventeen Provinces
402:Low Countries derby
2727:Historical regions
2656:Oscar Gelderblom.
2644:Belgium: A History
2622:Palgrave Macmillan
2240:. 5 September 2013
1678:Tercios de Flandes
1566:Philip II of Spain
1499:
1490:Arnolfini Portrait
1378:County of Flanders
1266:of the autonomous
1236:Carolingian empire
1193:Kingdom of Belgium
1088:Kingdom of Holland
633:Carolingian Empire
280:
277: 7th century
266:
123:forming the lower
85:
2702:Media related to
2649:Jonathan Israel.
2365:Limm, P. (2014).
1923:Union of Brussels
1893:Burgundian Circle
1627:Treaty of Utrecht
1552:, covered by the
1439:Duchy of Burgundy
1419:Duchy of Burgundy
1409:Holy Roman Empire
1405:Kingdom of France
1302:Germania Inferior
1288:Germania Inferior
1252:House of Habsburg
1240:Lower Lotharingia
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435:Belgica Foederata
427:Eighty Years' War
311:Duchy of Burgundy
291:Dukes of Burgundy
29:The Low Countries
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1518:Mary of Burgundy
1495:National Gallery
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2348:. Retrieved
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2097:
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2081:the original
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2017:
1997:
1990:
1978:. Retrieved
1968:
1956:. Retrieved
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1779:Maginot Line
1775:Adolf Hitler
1771:World War II
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1600:Dutch Revolt
1592:Dutch Revolt
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1512:In 1477 the
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789:(1183–1430)
563:unpopulated
360:Netherlands
250:Terminology
209:During the
181:Middle Ages
169:East Frisia
167:regions of
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109:Netherlands
43:Netherlands
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2222:1 February
1980:26 January
1958:26 January
1929:References
1832: 800
1819:Literature
1794:Blitzkrieg
1752:Luxembourg
1725:See also:
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1576:See also:
1506:See also:
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1336:See also:
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1228:See also:
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163:) and the
143:, and the
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71:Luxembourg
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2109:1 January
2087:1 January
1934:Citations
1790:Ruhr Area
1786:air power
1561:Habsburgs
1522:Habsburgs
1374:Lothair I
1324:) was re-
1264:secession
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834:County of
817:County of
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646:(511–687)
643:Austrasia
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423:Latinised
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374:Charles V
284:the term
196:Rhineland
155:(such as
149:Nederland
2475:14 April
2345:EuroDocs
2206:"Franks"
1857:See also
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1572:Division
1520:—to the
1497:, London
1493:, 1434,
1471:Brussels
1459:Mechelen
1314:Frankish
1213:Gr D. of
1162:Gr D. L.
1109:part of
1049:R. Liège
891:Duchy of
873:of Liège
871:P.-Bish.
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802:Guelders
800:Duchy of
782:Duchy of
735:century)
733:(11–16th
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395:Flanders
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313:and the
173:Guelders
147:(Dutch:
111:(Dutch:
2610:Sources
1827:, from
1825:Bernlef
1773:, when
1769:During
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1731:Benelux
1708:Map of
1694:Tournai
1676:by the
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1407:or the
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767:Utrecht
748:Holland
729:Freedom
727:Frisian
675:Francia
511:(55 BC–
495:Chamavi
489:nefates
453:History
419:Belgica
415:Belgium
352:Benelux
204:Benelux
137:Belgium
133:Benelux
127:of the
117:lowland
57:Belgium
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2218:. 2013
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2005:
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1783:Allied
1764:France
1710:Ostend
1696:(1581)
1596:heresy
1487:, The
1463:Leuven
1451:Bruges
1306:Belgic
1215:Luxem-
1038:(1790)
893:Luxem-
707:Frisia
698:(959–)
679:(843–)
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550:Batavi
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