Groundwater pollution

1910: 144: 2085: 2489: 2028: 1491: 2746: 2179:("Fracking") wells in the United States has raised concerns regarding its potential risks of contaminating groundwater resources. EPA, along with many other researchers, has been delegated to study the relationship between hydraulic fracturing and drinking water resources. While it is possible to perform hydraulic fracturing without having a relevant impact on groundwater resources if stringent controls and quality management measures are in place, there are a number of cases where groundwater pollution due to improper handling or technical failures was observed. 3067:

into groundwater aquifers which supply drinking water to at least a million residents and used in irrigation for crops in some of the richest farmland in the US. Aquifers are made up of sand and gravel that are separated by thin layers of clay which acts as a sponge that holds onto water and arsenic. When water is pumped intensively, the aquifer compresses and ground sinks which leads to the clay releasing arsenic. Study shows that aquifers contaminated as a result from over pumping, they can recover if withdrawals stop.

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safe distance between a pit latrine or a septic tank and a water source. In any case, such recommendations about the safe distance are mostly ignored by those building pit latrines. In addition, household plots are of a limited size and therefore pit latrines are often built much closer to groundwater wells than what can be regarded as safe. This results in groundwater pollution and household members falling sick when using this groundwater as a source of drinking water.

7633: 1135: 184: 2066:(MCP) appears to be one of a few hazardous, persistent, soluble and mobile (it does not bind with minerals in soils) pesticides able to reach a drinking-water source. In general, more pesticide compounds are being detected as groundwater quality monitoring programs have become more extensive; however, much less monitoring has been conducted in developing countries due to the high analysis costs. 1613:(VOCs) are a dangerous contaminant of groundwater. They are generally introduced to the environment through careless industrial practices. Many of these compounds were not known to be harmful until the late 1960s and it was some time before regular testing of groundwater identified these substances in drinking water sources. 2934:

consumption of water from temporary water sources of unknown quality (mainly shallow wells) has resulted in large numbers of people suffering from water-borne diseases. In Tanzania, 23,900 children under the age of 5 are reported to die each year from dysentery and diarrhoea associated with drinking unsafe water.

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Arsenic removal filters (ARF) are dedicated technologies typically installed to remove arsenic. Many of these technologies require a capital investment and long-term maintenance. Filters in Bangladesh are usually abandoned by the users due to their high cost and complicated maintenance, which is also

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The stratigraphy of the area plays an important role in the transport of pollutants. An area can have layers of sandy soil, fractured bedrock, clay, or hardpan. Areas of karst topography on limestone bedrock are sometimes vulnerable to surface pollution from groundwater. Earthquake faults can also be

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The degree of pathogen removal strongly varies with soil type, aquifer type, distance and other environmental factors. For example, the unsaturated zone becomes "washed" during extended periods of heavy rain, providing hydraulic pathway for the quick pass of pathogens. It is difficult to estimate the

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Intensive pumping in San Joaquin county, California, has resulted in arsenic pollution. San Joaquin county has faced serious intensive pumping which has caused the ground below San Joaquin to sink and in turn damaged infrastructure. This intensive pumping into groundwater has allowed arsenic to move

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It refers to the capture areas around an individual groundwater source, such as a water well or a spring, to especially protect them from pollution. Thus, potential sources of degradable pollutants, such as pathogens, can be located at distances which travel times along the flowpaths are long enough

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Herbicide use can contribute to groundwater contamination through arsenic infiltration. Herbicides contribute to arsenic desorption through mobilization and transportation of the contaminant. Chlorinated herbicides exhibit a lower impact on arsenic desorption than phosphate type herbicides. This can

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spreading. This is because only a fraction of the nitrogen-based fertilizers is converted to produce and other plant matter. The remainder accumulates in the soil or lost as run-off. High application rates of nitrogen-containing fertilizers combined with the high water-solubility of nitrate leads to

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In India the government has proceeded to promote sanitation development in order to combat the rise in ground water contamination in several regions of the country. The effort has proved to show results and has decreased the groundwater pollution and has decreased the chance of sickness for mothers

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Pollutants and contaminants can be removed from ground water by applying various techniques thereby making it safe for use. Ground water treatment (or remediation) techniques span biological, chemical, and physical treatment technologies. Most ground water treatment techniques utilize a combination

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can lead to groundwater pollution. Chemicals can reach into ground water through precipitation and runoff. New landfills are required to be lined with clay or another synthetic material, along with leachate to protect surrounding ground water. However, older landfills do not have these measures and

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While conclusions regarding groundwater pollution as the result to hydraulic fracturing fluid flow is restricted in both space and time, researchers have hypothesized that the potential for systematic stray gas contamination depends mainly on the integrity of the shale oil/gas well structure, along

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Preparation of the vulnerability maps typically involves overlaying several thematic maps of physical factors that have been selected to describe the aquifer vulnerability. The index-based parametric mapping method GOD developed by Foster and Hirata (1988) uses three generally available or readily

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is a highly utilized solvent in the dry cleaning industry because of its cleaning effectiveness and relatively low cost. It has also been used for metal-degreasing operations. Because it is highly volatile, it is more frequently found in groundwater than in surface water. TCE has historically been

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Groundwater pollution can be caused by untreated waste discharge leading to diseases like skin lesions, bloody diarrhea and dermatitis. This is more common in locations having limited wastewater treatment infrastructure, or where there are systematic failures of the on-site sewage disposal system.

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has recently developed the interactive Groundwater Assessment Platform (GAP), where the geogenic risk of contamination in a given area can be estimated using geological, topographical and other environmental data without having to test samples from every single groundwater resource. This tool also

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from an industrial landfill that the neighborhood had been built over and around, which had then infiltrated into the water supply and evaporated in basements to further contaminate the air. Eight hundred families were reimbursed for their homes and moved, after extensive legal battles and media

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formations. While the damage can be obvious, and much more effort is being done to prevent these accidents from occurring so frequently, the lack of data from fracking oil spills continue to leave researchers in the dark. In many of these events, the data acquired from the leakage or spillage is

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Groundwater pollution is a worldwide issue. A study of the groundwater quality of the principal aquifers of the United States conducted between 1991 and 2004, showed that 23% of domestic wells had contaminants at levels greater than human-health benchmarks. Another study suggested that the major

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As a very general guideline it is recommended that the bottom of the pit should be at least 2 m above groundwater level, and a minimum horizontal distance of 30 m between a pit and a water source is normally recommended to limit exposure to microbial contamination.However, no general

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strata due to their high surface area to volume ratio relative to sand-sized particles. Most pumped groundwater travels through sands and gravels with low arsenic concentration. However, during over-pumping, a high vertical gradient pulls water from less-permeable clays, thus promoting arsenic

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Sufficient investment should be given to continue monitoring over the long term. When a problem is found, action should be taken to correct it. Waterborne outbreaks in the United States decreased with the introduction of more stringent monitoring (and treatment) requirements in the early 90s.

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may also reach the aquifer if the effluent is infiltrated or discharged to local surface water bodies. Therefore, those substances that are not removed in conventional sewage treatment plants may reach the groundwater as well. For example, detected concentrations of pharmaceutical residues in

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and children who were mainly affected by this issue. This was something greatly needed as according to the study, over 117,000 children under five die every year due to consuming polluted water. The countries effort has seen success in the more economically developed sections of the country.

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In Tanzania, many residents rely on groundwater sources, mainly from shallow on-site wells, for drinking and other domestic purposes. The cost of the official water supply has resulted in many households relying on private wells rather than Babati's urban water and sanitation facilities. The

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Portable water purification devices or "point-of-use" (POU) water treatment systems and field water disinfection techniques can be used to remove some forms of groundwater pollution prior to drinking, namely any fecal pollution. Many commercial portable water purification systems or chemical

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As the health effects of most toxic chemicals arise after prolonged exposure, risk to health from chemicals is generally lower than that from pathogens. Thus, the quality of the source protection measures is an important component in controlling whether pathogens may be present in the final

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The nutrients, especially nitrates, in fertilizers can cause problems for natural habitats and for human health if they are washed off soil into watercourses or leached through soil into groundwater. The heavy use of nitrogenous fertilizers in cropping systems is the largest contributor to

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from treated wastewater infiltrating into the aquifer are among emerging ground-water contaminants being studied throughout the United States. Popular pharmaceuticals such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, antidepressants, decongestants, tranquilizers, etc. are normally found in treated

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The peri-urban areas of Lusaka, the capital of Zambia, have ground conditions which are strongly karstified and for this reason – together with the increasing population density in these peri-urban areas – pollution of water wells from pit latrines is a major public health threat there.

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Runoff of pesticides may leach into groundwater causing human health problems from contaminated water wells. Pesticide concentrations found in groundwater are typically low, and often the regulatory human health-based limits exceeded are also very low. The organophosphorus insecticide

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Nitrate is the most common chemical contaminant in the world's groundwater and aquifers. In some low-income countries, nitrate levels in groundwater are extremely high, causing significant health problems. It is also stable (it does not degrade) under high oxygen conditions.

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into groundwater, thereby causing groundwater pollution. The excessive use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers (be they synthetic or natural) is particularly damaging, as much of the nitrogen that is not taken up by plants is transformed into nitrate which is easily leached.

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Trace amounts of pharmaceuticals in both groundwater and surface water are far below what is considered dangerous or of concern in most areas, but it could be an increasing problem as population grows and more reclaimed wastewater is utilized for municipal water supplies.

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can play an important role in retarding (and in some cases eliminating) pathogens and so must be considered when assessing aquifer vulnerability. The biological activity is greatest in the top soil layers where the attenuation of pathogens is generally most effective.

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and surface water are complex. Surface water seeps through the soil and becomes groundwater. Conversely, groundwater can also feed surface water sources. For example, many rivers and lakes are fed by groundwater. This means that damage to groundwater aquifers e.g. by

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The migration of metals (and metalloids) in groundwater will be affected by several factors, in particular by chemical reactions which determine the partitioning of contaminants among different phases and species. Thus, the mobility of metals primarily depends on the

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Analytical methods using equations to define groundwater flow and contaminant transport are the most widely used. The WHPA is a semi-analytical groundwater flow simulation program developed by the US EPA for delineating capture zones in a wellhead protection area.

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Groundwater quality monitoring programs have been implemented regularly in many countries around the world. They are important components to understand the hydrogeological system, and for the development of conceptual models and aquifer vulnerability maps.

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Factors controlling the fate and transport of pathogens are quite complex and the interaction among them is not well understood. If the local hydrogeological conditions (which can vary within a space of a few square kilometers) are ignored, simple on-site

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Groundwater quality must be regularly monitored across the aquifer to determine trends. Effective groundwater monitoring should be driven by a specific objective, for example, a specific contaminant of concern. Contaminant levels can be compared to the

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Although non-miscible, both LNAPLs and DNAPLs still have the potential to slowly dissolve into the aqueous (miscible) phase to create a plume and thus become a long-term source of contamination. DNAPLs (chlorinated solvents, heavy PAHs, creosote,

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Liquids leach from the pit and pass the unsaturated soil zone (which is not completely filled with water). Subsequently, these liquids from the pit enter the groundwater where they may lead to groundwater pollution. This is a problem if a nearby

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Though widespread, systematic contamination by hydraulic fracturing has been heavily disputed, one major source of contamination that has the most consensus among researchers of being the most problematic is site-specific accidental spillage of

1686:. As many other synthetic organic compounds, most pesticides have very complex molecular structures. This complexity determines the water solubility, adsorption capacity, and mobility of pesticides in the groundwater system. Thus, some types of 2277:

conducted a model study for a deep shale-gas formation in the North German Basin. They concluded that the probability is small that the rise of fracking fluids through the geological underground to the surface will impact shallow groundwater.

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High concentrations of parameters like salinity, iron, manganese, uranium, radon and chromium, in groundwater, may also be of geogenic origin. This contaminants can be important locally but they are not as widespread as arsenic and fluoride.

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purposes. During the passage in the soil, pathogens can die off or be adsorbed significantly, mostly depending on the travel time between the pit and the well. Most, but not all pathogens die within 50 days of travel through the subsurface.

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and the oxidized species arsenate, the acute toxicity of arsenite being somewhat greater than that of arsenate. Investigations by WHO indicated that 20% of 25,000 boreholes tested in Bangladesh had arsenic concentrations exceeding 50 μg/L.

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entry routes for downward contaminant entry. Water table conditions are of great importance for drinking water supplies, agricultural irrigation, waste disposal (including nuclear waste), wildlife habitat, and other ecological issues.

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statement should be made regarding the minimum lateral separation distances required to prevent contamination of a well from a pit latrine. For example, even 50 m lateral separation distance might not be sufficient in a strongly

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Mukherjee, Abhijit; Duttagupta, Srimanti; Chattopadhyay, Siddhartha; Bhanja, Soumendra Nath; Bhattacharya, Animesh; Chakraborty, Swagata; Sarkar, Soumyajit; Ghosh, Tilottama; Bhattacharya, Jayanta; Sahu, Sohini (October 23, 2019).

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system with a downgradient supply well or spring, while 10 m lateral separation distance is completely sufficient if there is a well developed clay cover layer and the annular space of the groundwater well is well sealed.

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If treatment or remediation of the polluted groundwater is deemed to be too difficult or expensive, then abandoning the use of this aquifer's groundwater and finding an alternative source of water is the only other option.

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On-site sanitation systems can be designed in such a way that groundwater pollution from these sanitation systems is prevented from occurring. Detailed guidelines have been developed to estimate safe distances to protect

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The development of land-use zoning maps has been implemented by several water authorities at different scales around the world. There are two types of zoning maps: aquifer vulnerability maps and source protection maps.

2241:; however, many researchers argue that the permeability of rocks overlying shale formations are too low to allow this to ever happen sufficiently. To ultimately prove this theory, there would have to be traces of toxic 1347:

Contaminants found in groundwater cover a broad range of physical, inorganic chemical, organic chemical, bacteriological, and radioactive parameters. Principally, many of the same pollutants that play a role in surface

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partially purify water of bacteria by simple filtration (adsorption and absorption), dilution, and, in some cases, chemical reactions and biological activity; however, in some cases, the pollutants merely transform to

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The linkages between nitrates in drinking water and blue baby syndrome have been disputed in other studies. The syndrome outbreaks might be due to other factors than elevated nitrate concentrations in drinking water.

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Techniques include boiling, filtration, activated charcoal absorption, chemical disinfection, ultraviolet purification, ozone water disinfection, solar water disinfection, solar distillation, homemade water filters.

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are often close to surface waters and in permeable soils. Closed landfills can still pose a threat to ground water if they are not capped by an impermeable material before closure to prevent leaking of contaminants.

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Despite the EPA's lack of profound widespread evidence, other researchers have made significant observations of rising groundwater contamination in close proximity to major shale oil/gas drilling sites located in

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Deep, confined aquifers are usually considered the safest source of drinking water with respect to pathogens. Pathogens from treated or untreated wastewater can contaminate certain, especially shallow, aquifers.

6368:"Impact of sanitation and socio-economy on groundwater fecal pollution and human health towards achieving sustainable development goals across India from ground-observations and satellite-derived nightlight" 3013:'s standards for drinking water. As a result, individuals who are exposed suffer from diseases that affect their dermal, neurological, reproductive and cognitive functioning, and can even result in cancer. 1913:

A traditional housing compound near Herat, Afghanistan, where a shallow water supply well (foreground) is in close proximity to the pit latrine (behind the white greenhouse) leading to contamination of the

1331:, groundwater quality monitoring, land zoning for groundwater protection, locating on-site sanitation systems correctly and applying legislation. When pollution has occurred, management approaches include 3581: 5060:

Vengosh A, Jackson RB, Warner N, Darrah TH, Kondash A (2014). "A critical review of the risks to water resources from unconventional shale gas development and hydraulic fracturing in the United States".

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DiGiulio DC, Jackson RB (April 2016). "Impact to Underground Sources of Drinking Water and Domestic Wells from Production Well Stimulation and Completion Practices in the Pavillion, Wyoming, Field".

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groundwater pollution problems in Africa, considering the order of importance are: (1) nitrate pollution, (2) pathogenic agents, (3) organic pollution, (4) salinization, and (5) acid mine drainage.

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There is a particular debate among hydrogeologists as to whether aquifer vulnerability should be established in a general (intrinsic) way for all contaminants, or specifically for each pollutant.

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Scientists have developed methods by which hazard maps could be produced for geogenic toxic substances in groundwater. This provides an efficient way of determining which wells should be tested.

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It refers to the intrinsic (or natural) vulnerability of a groundwater system to pollution. Intrinsically, some aquifers are more vulnerable to pollution than other aquifers. Shallow unconfined

4557: 3822: 2141:. Once they reach the aquifer, they will "sink" and eventually accumulate on the top of low-permeability layers. Historically, wood-treating facilities have also release insecticides such as 5526: 2739: 5479: 4733:

Directive 91/676/EEC of 12 December 1991 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources

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Groundwater pollution can also occur from leaking sewers which has been observed for example in Germany. This can also lead to potential cross-contamination of drinking-water supplies.

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Ore mining and metal processing facilities are the primary responsible of the presence of metals in groundwater of anthropogenic origin, including arsenic. The low pH associated with

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Elevated nitrate levels in groundwater can be caused by on-site sanitation, sewage sludge disposal and agricultural activities. It can therefore have an urban or agricultural origin.

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and other noble gas concentration along with the rise of hydrocarbon levels supports the distinction between hydraulic fracturing fugitive gas and naturally occurring "background"

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Several trace metals occur naturally in certain rock formations and can enter in the environment from natural processes such as weathering. However, industrial activities such as

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and surface water, such as seeps and springs, making the water supplies unsafe for humans and wildlife. The movement of the plume, called a plume front, may be analyzed through a

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Integration of Groundwater Management into Transboundary Basin Organizations in Africa: Groundwater Hazards - a Training Manual by AGW-Net, BGR, IWMI, CapNet, ANBO, & IGRAC

3005:. The arsenic levels are up to 4730 μg/L in the groundwater, ~1000 μg/L in irrigation water, and up to 3947 μg/kg in food materials all of which all exceed the 3908:"Council Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption, ANNEX I: PARAMETERS AND PARAMETRIC VALUES, PART B: Chemical parameters" 1197:

can also occur naturally due to the presence of a minor and unwanted constituent, contaminant, or impurity in the groundwater, in which case it is more likely referred to as

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contaminants into soil (located away from a surface water body) may not create point or non-point source pollution but can contaminate the aquifer below, creating a toxic

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or helminth eggs), the first three can be commonly found in polluted groundwater, whereas the relatively large helminth eggs are usually filtered out by the soil matrix.

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Guideline values for horizontal separation distances between on-site sanitation systems and water sources vary widely (e.g. 15 to 100 m horizontal distance between

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are seriously dealing with the nitrate problem related to agricultural development, as a major water supply problem that requires appropriate management and governance.

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epth to groundwater. A further approach developed by EPA, a rating system named "DRASTIC", employs seven hydrogeological factors to develop an index of vulnerability:

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Oil spills associated with underground pipelines and tanks can release benzene and other soluble petroleum hydrocarbons that rapidly percolate down into the aquifer.

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wastewater. This wastewater is discharged from the treatment facility, and often makes its way into the aquifer or source of surface water used for drinking water.

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The simplest form of zoning employs fixed-distance methods where activities are excluded within a uniformly applied specified distance around abstraction points.

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groundwater were in the order of 50 mg/L in several locations in Germany. This is because in conventional sewage treatment plants, micro-pollutants such as

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Institutional and legal issues are critical in determining the success or failure of groundwater protection policies and strategies. In the United States the

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Groundwater pollution can be caused by chemical spills from commercial or industrial operations, chemical spills occurring during transport (e.g. spillage of

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Amini, Manouchehr; Mueller, Kim; Abbaspour, Karim C.; Rosenberg, Thomas; Afyuni, Majid; Møller, Klaus N.; Sarr, Mamadou; Johnson, C. Annette (May 15, 2008).

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Suthar S, Bishnoi P, Singh S, Mutiyar PK, Nema AK, Patil NS (November 2009). "Nitrate contamination in groundwater of some rural areas of Rajasthan, India".

2150: 4901:"Hydraulic Fracturing for Oil and Gas: Impacts from the Hydraulic Fracturing Water Cycle on Drinking Water Resources in the United States (Final Report)" 4858:

Jackson, Robert B.; Vengosh, Avner; Carey, J. William; Davies, Richard J.; Darrah, Thomas H.; O'Sullivan, Francis; Pétron, Gabrielle (October 17, 2014).

4276: 3780: 1885:. Considerably high concentrations of fluoride in groundwater are typically caused by a lack of calcium in the aquifer. Health problems associated with 5262:

Pfunt H, Houben G, Himmelsbach T (2016). "Numerical modeling of fracking fluid migration through fault zones and fractures in the North German Basin".

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Hydraulic Fracturing for Oil and Gas: Impacts from the Hydraulic Fracturing Water Cycle on Drinking Water Resources in the United States (Final Report)

3681:"Assessing the impact of drinking water and sanitation on diarrhoeal disease in low- and middle-income settings: systematic review and meta-regression" 5800:

Amini, Manouchehr; Abbaspour, Karim C.; Berg, Michael; Winkel, Lenny; Hug, Stephan J.; Hoehn, Eduard; Yang, Hong; Johnson, C. Annette (May 15, 2008).

2186:, this may be due to insufficient systematic pre- and post- hydraulic fracturing data on drinking water quality, and the presence of other agents of 2044: 122: 110: 4564: 3831: 3759:

Occurrence and Distribution of Microbiological Contamination and Enteric Viruses in Shallow Ground Water in Baltimore and Harford Counties, Maryland

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The passage of water through the subsurface can provide a reliable natural barrier to contamination but it only works under favorable conditions.

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of deep residual hyper-saline water and hydraulic fracturing fluid, slowly flowing through faults and fractures until finally making contact with

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help to prevent arsenic contamination through choosing herbicides appropriate for different concentrations of arsenic present in certain soils.

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Along with pathogens and nutrients, untreated sewage can also have an important load of heavy metals that may seep into the groundwater system.

126: 106: 6221: 6030: 2512: 2210:, Canada). Within one kilometer of these specific sites, a subset of shallow drinking water consistently showed higher concentration levels of 1087: 118: 2051: 1743: 2543:(WHO) guidelines for drinking-water quality. It is not rare that limits of contaminants are reduced as more medical experience is gained. 6570: 3688: 2812:

Groundwater pollution is much more difficult to abate than surface pollution because groundwater can move great distances through unseen

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In the year 2000, groundwater pollution occurred in the small town of Walkerton, Canada leading to seven deaths in what is known as the

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is not filtered and can be transported as easily as surface water. In fact, this can be aggravated by the human tendency to use natural

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The interaction of groundwater contamination with surface waters is analyzed by use of hydrology transport models. Interactions between

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into the environment, impacting the groundwater resources. PCP is a highly soluble and toxic obsolete pesticide recently listed in the

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with its relative geological location to local fracture systems that could potentially provide flow paths for fugitive gas migration.

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A wide variety of both inorganic and organic pollutants have been found in aquifers underlying commercial and industrial activities.

5180:"Elevated levels of diesel range organic compounds in groundwater near Marcellus gas operations are derived from surface activities" 1435:

with elevated concentrations." Fluoride can especially be released from acidic volcanic rocks and dispersed volcanic ash when water

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Feedlots/animal corrals can also lead to the potential leaching of nitrogen and metals to groundwater. Over application of animal

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was one of the most widely known examples of groundwater pollution. In 1978, residents of the Love Canal neighborhood in upstate

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Singh B, Singh Y, Sekhon GS (1995). "Fertilizer-N use efficiency and nitrate pollution of groundwater in developing countries".

6604: 3261:"Chemical and isotopic constraints on evolution of groundwater salinization in the coastal plain aquifer of Laizhou Bay, China" 2731: 1315:

are complex. For example, many rivers and lakes are fed by groundwater. This means that damage to groundwater aquifers e.g. by

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Poor management practices in manure spreading can introduce both pathogens and nutrients (nitrate) in the groundwater system.

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are only partially removed and the remainder is discharged into surface water, from where it may also reach the groundwater.

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remediating the aquifer by either immobilizing or detoxifying the contaminants while they are still in the aquifer (in-situ)

2948: 2674:. The following criteria have been proposed for safe siting (i.e. deciding on the location) of on-site sanitation systems: 1918:

Groundwater pollution with pathogens and nitrate can also occur from the liquids infiltrating into the ground from on-site

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may occur when fluoride concentrations in groundwater exceed 1.5 mg/L, which is the WHO guideline value since 1984.

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additives are available which can remove pathogens, chlorine, bad taste, odors, and heavy metals like lead and mercury.

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content. This contamination is speculated to be the result of leaky, failing, or improperly installed gas well casings.

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in groundwater is of growing concern as deeper groundwater is being used, "with more than 200 million people at risk of

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Bexfield, Laura M.; Toccalino, Patricia L.; Belitz, Kenneth; Foreman, William T.; Furlong, Edward T. (March 19, 2019).

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Chlorinated solvents such as PCE and TCE have densities higher than water and the non-miscible phase is referred to as

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Tellam JH, Rivett MO, Israfilov RG, Herringshaw LG (2006). Tellam JH, Rivett MO, Israfilov RG, Herringshaw LG (eds.).

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Quality of water from domestic wells in principal aquifers of the United States, 1991-2004: overview of major findings

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The occurrence of fluoride is close related to the abundance and solubility of fluoride-containing minerals such as

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Jiang Y, Zhong W, Yan W, Yan L (November 2019). "Arsenic mobilization from soils in the presence of herbicides".

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Johnson LR, Hiltbold AE (1969). "Arsenic Content of Soil and Crops Following Use of Methanearsonate Herbicides".

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contamination. India covers 79% of the GRB, and thus numerous states have been affected. Affected states include

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because of groundwater contamination with as much as 27 million pounds of TCE. Both PCE and TCE may degrade to

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infrastructures such as pit latrines can cause significant public health risks via contaminated groundwater.

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is the most toxic one. PAHs are generally produced as byproducts by incomplete combustion of organic matter.

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Groundwater quality protection: a guide for water utilities, municipal authorities, and environment agencies

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Trends in groundwater pollution: Loss of groundwater quality & related services - Groundwater Governance

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Many types of solvents may have also been disposed illegally, leaking over time to the groundwater system.

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DRASTIC: A Standardized System For Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogeologic Settings

4859: 2492:

Schematic showing that there is a lower risk of groundwater pollution with greater depth of the water well

2081:

contributes to the solubility of potential toxic metals that can eventually enter the groundwater system.

7503: 5981: 5717: 5455: 4749: 4097:"Hormones and Pharmaceuticals in Groundwater Used As a Source of Drinking Water Across the United States" 3372:

Brindha, K.; Elango, L. (2011). "Fluoride in groundwater: causes, implications and mitigation measures".

2784: 2389:

The burial of corpses and their subsequent degradation may also pose a risk of pollution to groundwater.

2203: 1332: 1214: 752: 503: 2111:

Chlorinated solvents are used in nearly any industrial practice where degreasing removers are required.

7636: 7520: 7464: 6556: 6225: 6113: 6080: 6047: 4732: 3475: 3110: 1909: 1151: 508: 358: 143: 4651:

Jackson LE, Burger M, Cavagnaro TR (2008). "Roots, nitrogen transformations, and ecosystem services".

4589:

Khan MN, Mohammad F (2014). "Eutrophication: Challenges and Solutions". In Ansari AA, Gill SS (eds.).

7051: 6006: 5956: 5713: 5685: 5647: 4836: 4516:. NATO Science Series. Vol. 74. Springer Link, NATO Science Series Volume 74 2006. p. 490. 3625: 3347: 3087: 3049: 3010: 2540: 2516: 1857:

The natural arsenic pollution occurs because aquifer sediments contain organic matter that generates

1710:

disposal, paint and enamel works, etc. can lead to elevated concentrations of toxic metals including

1610: 1367: 883: 848: 808: 461: 428: 278: 2261:. So far, a significant majority of groundwater contamination events are derived from surface-level 7036: 6263:"Contamination of groundwater sources in emerging African towns: the case of Babati town, Tanzania" 5178:

Drollette BD, Hoelzer K, Warner NR, Darrah TH, Karatum O, O'Connor MP, et al. (October 2015).

4818: 3122: 3052:(PG&E) and a multimillion-dollar settlement in 1996. The legal case was dramatized in the film 2424:

themselves, undergo partial decomposition reactions, leading to new hazardous chemicals (including

2409: 2158: 2124: 2093: 2012: 878: 498: 433: 370: 4939: 4900: 4484:

Pharmaceutical residues in urine and potential risks related to usage as fertiliser in agriculture

3090:

as a result of improper and negligent hazardous material handling and disposal practices from the

2758:

Options for remediation of contaminated groundwater can be grouped into the following categories:

2404:

Many chemicals undergo reactive decay or chemical change, especially over long periods of time in

2084: 7211: 7100: 5860: 3679:

Wolf J, Prüss-Ustün A, Cumming O, Bartram J, Bonjour S, Cairncross S, et al. (August 2014).

3260: 2807: 2508: 2502: 2488: 2337:

as well as consequential release of arsenic and possibly other heavy metals. Arsenic is found in

1858: 1336: 1328: 908: 863: 483: 2444:

and groundwater have often been studied and managed as separate resources. Interactions between

2092:

There is an increasing concern over the groundwater pollution by gasoline leaked from petroleum

1808:

is also an example of natural contamination, but is very often intensified by human activities.

7614: 7457: 7329: 6435: 3054: 2866: 2627: 2027: 2020: 1968: 1663:

Other organic pollutants present in groundwater and derived from industrial operations are the

1253: 1046: 533: 6079:

United States. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980.

5859:

Winkel, Lenny; Berg, Michael; Amini, Manouchehr; Hug, Stephan J.; Johnson, C. Annette (2008).

4424:"Combined sewer overflows: an environmental source of hormones and wastewater micropollutants" 7657: 7411: 7406: 7142: 5400: 4666: 4044:

Ward MH, deKok TM, Levallois P, Brender J, Gulis G, Nolan BT, VanDerslice J (November 2005).

2469: 1490: 1233:. Pollution (or contamination) can also occur from naturally occurring contaminants, such as 1016: 724: 636: 333: 114: 82: 33: 4792: 4326: 4197: 4176:

Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals in Shallow Ground Water of Suffolk County, New York, 2002–2005

3410: 2774:

abandoning the use of this aquifer's groundwater and finding an alternative source of water.

1352:

may also be found in polluted groundwater, although their respective importance may differ.

7692: 7605: 7577: 7542: 7469: 7269: 7206: 7024: 6845: 6381: 6312:

Chakraborti D, Singh SK, Rahman MM, Dutta RN, Mukherjee SC, Pati S, Kar PB (January 2018).

6151: 5933: 5874: 5815: 5756: 5409: 5358: 5273: 5264: 5191: 5134: 5072: 4968: 4625: 4437: 4157: 4110: 3998: 3398: 3274: 3265: 3204: 2749:

Sign near Mannheim, Germany, indicating a zone as a dedicated "groundwater protection zone"

2450: 2176: 2170: 1617: 1522: 1316: 1222: 558: 291: 6000: 5345:"Groundwater extraction, land subsidence, and sea-level rise in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam" 4899:

Office, US EPA National Center for Environmental Assessment, Immediate; Ridley, Caroline.

4877: 4825:. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). August 2011. EPA 542-F-11-013. 4482: 3663: 2745: 1377:

arsenic can occur naturally in groundwater, as seen most frequently in Asia, including in

8: 7677: 7600: 7508: 7496: 7386: 7339: 7147: 7070: 6796: 6587: 4237: 4046:"Workgroup report: Drinking-water nitrate and health--recent findings and research needs" 3045: 2870: 2574:

are more at risk of pollution because there are fewer layers to filter out contaminants.

2454: 2417: 2161:) tend to be difficult to manage as they can reside very deep in the groundwater system. 2117: 2112: 2055: 1977: 1805: 1781: 1641: 1494: 1370:(WHO) as the most serious inorganic contaminants in drinking-water on a worldwide basis. 1320: 1246: 893: 838: 803: 729: 656: 606: 601: 586: 243: 61: 6385: 6155: 5878: 5861:"Predicting groundwater arsenic contamination in Southeast Asia from surface parameters" 5819: 5760: 5413: 5362: 5277: 5195: 5138: 5076: 4972: 4629: 4441: 4348: 4114: 4002: 3758: 3402: 3278: 3208: 3189:

Costall, A. R.; Harris, B. D.; Teo, B.; Schaa, R.; Wagner, F. M.; Pigois, J. P. (2020).

7667: 7610: 7595: 7525: 7481: 7371: 6957: 6862: 6617: 6496: 6412: 6372: 6367: 6342: 6313: 6294: 6215: 5504: 5432: 5395: 5371: 5344: 5289: 5238:"Lack of data on fracking spills leaves researchers in the dark on water contamination" 5214: 5179: 5160: 5096: 5037: 4992: 4678: 4535: 4458: 4423: 4399: 4372: 4072: 4045: 4021: 3984: 3960: 3934:"Drinking-water nitrate, methemoglobinemia, and global burden of disease: a discussion" 3933: 3884: 3857: 3715: 3233: 3195: 3190: 2826: 2078: 1577: 1479: 1127: 888: 764: 526: 308: 248: 218: 167: 5904:. Lima, Peru: Pan American Centre for Sanitary Engineering and Environmental Sciences. 4175: 3499: 3470: 2742:, also known as "Superfund", requires remediation of abandoned hazardous waste sites. 1998:

in agriculture may also be included as sources of fecal contamination in groundwater.

1327:

aquifers is an example of such interactions. Prevention methods include: applying the

7662: 7582: 7046: 6952: 6925: 6772: 6722: 6658: 6612: 6417: 6399: 6347: 6298: 6286: 6203: 6193: 6169: 5865: 5841: 5833: 5782: 5774: 5508: 5496: 5437: 5376: 5293: 5219: 5164: 5152: 5088: 5041: 5029: 5012: 4996: 4984: 4919: 4881: 4715: 4670: 4637: 4594: 4539: 4525: 4492: 4463: 4404: 4241: 4231: 4210: 4136: 4128: 4077: 4026: 3965: 3889: 3786: 3733: 3707: 3629: 3553: 3504: 3414: 3238: 3220: 3168: 3158: 3095: 3091: 3080: 3076: 2477: 2413: 2142: 1645: 1581: 1497:

can be spread via a groundwater well which is contaminated with fecal pathogens from

1460: 1269: 776: 699: 692: 646: 513: 303: 298: 208: 21: 6314:"Groundwater Arsenic Contamination in the Ganga River Basin: A Future Health Danger" 6140:"Review of low-cost point-of-use water treatment systems for developing communities" 5577: 5100: 4327:

Guidelines on drinking water protection areas – Part 1: Groundwater protection areas

3719: 2420:

used in the dry cleaning industry. Both of these chemicals, which are thought to be

7532: 7491: 7474: 7361: 7259: 6791: 6695: 6579: 6407: 6389: 6337: 6327: 6276: 6159: 6089: 6056: 5882: 5823: 5764: 5488: 5427: 5417: 5366: 5281: 5209: 5199: 5142: 5125: 5080: 5021: 4976: 4873: 4707: 4682: 4662: 4633: 4517: 4453: 4445: 4394: 4386: 4275:. Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG). Archived from 4269:

Geogenic Contamination Handbook - Addressing Arsenic and Fluoride in Drinking Water

4118: 4067: 4059: 4016: 4006: 3955: 3947: 3907: 3879: 3871: 3697: 3494: 3484: 3406: 3282: 3228: 3212: 3127: 2862: 2838: 2822: 2425: 2379: 2301: 2234: 2207: 2006:

Nitrate can also enter the groundwater via excessive use of fertilizers, including

1897:

allows the user to produce probability risk mapping for both arsenic and fluoride.

1886: 1861:

conditions in the aquifer. These conditions result in the microbial dissolution of

1690:

are more mobile than others so they can more easily reach a drinking-water source.

1475: 1036: 933: 873: 759: 712: 661: 621: 596: 581: 563: 538: 478: 363: 313: 6239: 6097: 6064: 4711: 3726: 3286: 2453:

or over abstraction, could therefore affect the rivers and lakes that rely on it.

1784:

and their metabolites. Inorganic pollutants might include other nutrients such as

1319:

or over abstraction, could therefore affect the rivers and lakes that rely on it.

7549: 7515: 7401: 7381: 7291: 6940: 6906: 6840: 6637: 6622: 5968:

Protecting groundwater for health: Managing the quality of drinking-water sources

3191:"Groundwater Throughflow and Seawater Intrusion in High Quality Coastal Aquifers" 2881:. Physical treatment techniques include, but are not limited to, pump and treat, 2878: 2846: 2735: 2367: 2355: 2333:

in Vietnam have provided evidence that over-pumping of groundwater leads to land

2238: 2153:. PAHs and other semi-VOCs are the common contaminants associated with creosote. 2097: 1349: 1218: 1194: 821: 781: 651: 616: 548: 488: 416: 353: 253: 5743:"Statistical Modeling of Global Geogenic Fluoride Contamination in Groundwaters" 5690:"Protecting Groundwater for Health - Understanding the drinking-water catchment" 2678:

Horizontal distance between the drinking water source and the sanitation system

1854:"Geogenic" refers to naturally occurring as a result from geological processes. 7687: 7590: 7537: 7447: 7366: 7351: 7346: 7298: 7186: 6982: 6930: 6913: 6747: 6394: 6261:

Pantaleo, P. A.; Komakech, H. C.; Mtei, K. M.; Njau, K. N. (December 1, 2018).

5988:. Ada, OK: EPA, National Risk Management Research Laboratory. January 26, 2017. 5521: 5422: 5184:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3216: 2974: 2523: 2429: 2258: 2254: 2242: 2128: 1947: 1672: 1649: 1589: 1432: 1390: 1139: 943: 843: 798: 791: 786: 543: 238: 6164: 6139: 5802:"Statistical Modeling of Global Geogenic Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater" 5492: 5285: 4422:

Phillips PJ, Chalmers AT, Gray JL, Kolpin DW, Foreman WT, Wall GR (May 2012).

3154:

Groundwater: Hydrogeochemistry, Environmental Impacts and Management Practices

1409:. Groundwater in these areas is also contaminated by the use of arsenic-based 7651: 7554: 7391: 7281: 7238: 7019: 6896: 6782: 6732: 6596: 6403: 6290: 6207: 6173: 5837: 5778: 5380: 4885: 4132: 3418: 3224: 3172: 2994: 2966: 2865:. Some chemical treatment techniques include ozone and oxygen gas injection, 2441: 2375: 2187: 2182:

While the EPA has not found significant evidence of a widespread, systematic

2063: 2016: 1995: 1526: 1312: 1301: 1297: 1242: 1198: 1122: 958: 448: 443: 438: 196: 5204: 5025: 4980: 4373:"Pit latrines and their impacts on groundwater quality: a systematic review" 4123: 4096: 1722:. These contaminants have the potential to make their way into groundwater. 1373:

Inorganic arsenic is the most common type of arsenic in soil and water. The

7356: 7314: 7090: 7041: 6977: 6833: 6737: 6421: 6351: 6332: 5845: 5786: 5621: 5500: 5441: 5223: 5156: 5092: 5033: 4988: 4719: 4674: 4467: 4408: 4140: 4081: 4030: 4011: 3969: 3893: 3711: 3508: 3359:

Protecting Groundwater for Health: Managing the Quality oPublishing for WHO

3259:

Han, D.M.; Song, X.F.; Currell, Matthew J.; Yang, J.L.; Xiao, G.Q. (2014).

3242: 2990: 2882: 2874: 2465: 2359: 2330: 2309: 2233:

Furthermore, it is theorized that contamination could also result from the

1793: 1766: 1679: 1657: 1633: 1439:

is low. High levels of fluoride in groundwater is a serious problem in the

1386: 1281: 991: 953: 938: 769: 734: 679: 398: 258: 6187: 6001:"Guidelines for assessing the risk to groundwater from on-site sanitation" 4521: 3665:

How to keep your groundwater drinkable: Safer siting of sanitation systems

3101:

The site is no longer in operation, and is an active hazmat cleanup site.

2270:

often very vague, and thus would lead researchers to lacking conclusions.

1930:, depending on the population density and the hydrogeological conditions. 1576:

Nitrate levels above 10 mg/L (10 ppm) in groundwater can cause "

7452: 7396: 7218: 7196: 7191: 7058: 6935: 6901: 6889: 6777: 6700: 6281: 6262: 6022:

Moore C, Nokes C, Loe B, Close M, Pang L, Smith V, Osbaldiston S (2010).

5659:

Protecting Groundwater for Health: Managing the Quality of Drinking-water

4744: 4333:(Report). Bonn: Deutsche Vereinigung des Gas- und Wasserfaches e.V. 2006. 3875: 3118: 3002: 2962: 2858: 2854: 2682: 2667: 2623: 2578: 2445: 2421: 2405: 2351: 2227: 2105: 1985: 1927: 1923: 1773: 1707: 1668: 1514: 1498: 1308: 1230: 1190: 913: 611: 591: 228: 152: 5602: 4390: 4347:

Nick A, Foppen JW, Kulabako R, Lo D, Samwel M, Wagner F, Wolf L (2012).

2416:(used in industrial metal degreasing and electronics manufacturing) and 7559: 7376: 7334: 7276: 7245: 6884: 6816: 6754: 6727: 6690: 3132: 2850: 2686: 2671: 2334: 2297: 1943: 1935: 1919: 1862: 1749: 1703: 1683: 1506: 1436: 1402: 1394: 1382: 1293: 1261: 1226: 1206: 963: 719: 223: 156: 6364: 5961:"Section 4: Approaches to drinking-water source protection management" 5828: 5801: 5769: 5742: 5562: 5084: 4449: 3702: 3489: 1588:

in the European Union stipulate less than 50 mg/L for nitrate in

7442: 7324: 7132: 7127: 7105: 6994: 6987: 6806: 6801: 6708: 6685: 4793:

ATSDR (US Agency for Toxic Substance & Disease Registry) (2008).

4063: 3951: 3152: 3131:

bacteria. This contamination was due to farm runoff into an adjacent

3084: 2986: 2982: 2845:

of technologies. Some of the biological treatment techniques include

2740:

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

2646:

for the pollutant to be eliminated through filtration or adsorption.

2526:(EU) water policy is the application of the precautionary principle. 2195: 2191: 2121: 1789: 1777: 1770: 1687: 1510: 1505:

The lack of proper sanitation measures, as well as improperly placed

1410: 1374: 1289: 1285: 1202: 1186: 1031: 986: 948: 898: 833: 739: 203: 175: 6548: 5886: 5147: 5120: 7569: 7137: 7063: 7004: 6999: 6947: 6857: 6828: 6821: 6811: 6742: 6716: 6712: 6704: 5932:

Aller L, Bennett T, Lehr JH, Petty RJ, Hackett G (September 1987).

2834: 2734:

protects groundwater by regulating the disposal of solid waste and

2694:

Vertical distance between drinking water well and sanitation system

2290: 2286: 2146: 1973: 1878: 1870: 1719: 1653: 1554: 1550: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1471: 1464: 1456: 1428: 1421: 1238: 1210: 403: 3983:

van Grinsven HJ, Ward MH, Benjamin N, de Kok TM (September 2006).

7437: 7233: 7228: 7174: 7080: 7009: 6852: 6653: 6319:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

3856:

Knobeloch L, Salna B, Hogan A, Postle J, Anderson H (July 2000).

2998: 2958: 2830: 2813: 2571: 2219: 2211: 1894:

Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG)

1866: 1820:

Causes of groundwater pollution include (further details below):

1797: 1785: 1715: 1671:

is the most soluble and mobile PAH found in groundwater, whereas

1629: 1625: 1546: 1530: 1406: 1277: 1257: 183: 6518: 5527:"Guidance on Assessing the Impacts of Cemeteries on Groundwater" 4511: 2957:

which is a sacred body of water for the Hindus is facing severe

2762:

containing the pollutants to prevent them from migrating further

7286: 7251: 7075: 7031: 6879: 6677: 6244:

Drinking Water Requirements for States and Public Water Systems

5955: 5712: 5684: 5646: 3440: 2954: 2712:

Superposition, i.e. the need to consider a larger planning area

2371: 2363: 2305: 2223: 2215: 2040: 2007: 1699: 1637: 1448: 1440: 1417: 1041: 1021: 928: 918: 626: 148: 66: 6513: 5740: 4094: 3982: 3374:

Fluoride properties, applications and environmental management

7319: 7159: 7085: 6872: 3678: 2978: 2970: 2718: 2550:

The community can also help monitor the groundwater quality.

2458: 2275:

Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR)

2266: 1981: 1801: 1731: 1518: 1452: 1444: 1378: 1324: 1051: 996: 388: 6524:

IGRAC, International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre

5575: 5396:"Overpumping leads to California groundwater arsenic threat" 5177: 7264: 7120: 7115: 7095: 6969: 6920: 6764: 6544:

UPGro – Unlocking the Potential of Groundwater for the Poor

6311: 5914: 5607: 5306: 5010:

Ellsworth WL (July 2013). "Injection-induced earthquakes".

4206: 4182: 3765: 3549: 3346: 2817: 2590:

roundwater hydraulic confinement, geological nature of the

2338: 1776:, various chemical compounds found in personal hygiene and 1711: 1621: 1416:

Arsenic in groundwater can also be present where there are

1399:

contamination of groundwater by naturally occurring arsenic

1273: 1026: 273: 268: 233: 5059: 4421: 3352:"Section 1:Managing the Quality of Drinking-water Sources" 64:

to this revision, which may differ significantly from the

7223: 6867: 6247: 5937: 4943: 4857: 4844: 4695: 4301: 4043: 3855: 2556: 6523: 6260: 5799: 5118: 4174:

Benotti MJ, Fisher SC, Terracciano SA (September 2006).

4173: 2408:

reservoirs. A noteworthy class of such chemicals is the

6514:

United States Geological Survey - Office of Groundwater

6046:

United States. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.

4195: 3614: 2472:. The movement of the plume, may be analyzed through a 2265:

routes rather than the subsurface flow from underlying

1727: 1678:

Organic pollutants can also be found in groundwater as

6440:"Overpumping groundwater increases contamination risk" 6434: 5261: 5119:

Howarth RW, Ingraffea A, Engelder T (September 2011).

4650: 3782:

Clearing the waters a focus on water quality solutions

2656: 1804:(Rn) naturally present in some geological formations. 1474:

in groundwater which is used for drinking water, both

1470:

In areas that have naturally occurring high levels of

5931: 5652:"Section 5:Approaches to pollution source management" 5591:(6): 684 – via Maxwell Scientific Organization. 4558:"Wastewater Management - A UN-Water Analytical Brief" 3589:. Global Environmental Facility (GEF). Archived from 3188: 2151:

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

6543: 5624:"Good Practices for Regulating Wastewater Treatment" 5622:

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (2015).

5585:

Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences

4795:"Follow-up Health Consultation: Anniston Army Depot" 4346: 3734:"Bacteria and Their Effects on Ground-Water Quality" 3538: 3468: 3048:

starting in 1952, resulting in a legal case against

2222:

concentrations than normal. An evaluation of higher

1616:

Primary VOC pollutants found in groundwater include

6528: 6029:. Porirua, New Zealand. p. 296. Archived from 5603:"Ground Water and Surface Water: A Single Resource" 5342: 4349:"Sustainable sanitation and groundwater protection" 4152: 4150: 3668:. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance Working Group 11. 3471:"Uptake kinetics of arsenic species in rice plants" 1189:are released to the ground and make their way into 6081: 6048: 6021: 5858: 5576:A.T. Ekubo and J.F.N. Abowei (November 10, 2011). 5393: 4860:"The Environmental Costs and Benefits of Fracking" 3258: 2435: 2120:(ANAD) in the United States was placed on the EPA 2069: 1660:processes and as a metal degreaser, respectively. 6529:IAH, International Association of Hydrogeologists 5312:"Getting up to Speed: Ground Water Contamination" 3858:"Blue babies and nitrate-contaminated well water" 3539:Smith M, Cross K, Paden M, Laben P, eds. (2016). 3007:United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization 2529: 2036:anthropogenic nitrogen in groundwater worldwide. 1980:residues and other micro-pollutants contained in 1849: 1366:Arsenic and fluoride have been recognized by the 1272:. Analysis of groundwater pollution may focus on 7649: 5476: 4613: 4591:Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences and Control 4370: 4147: 3768:. Water-Resources Investigations Report 01-4216. 3027:Water supply and sanitation in the United States 2184:impact on drinking water by hydraulic fracturing 2116:used as a metal cleaning. The military facility 4956: 4837:"Superfund Site: Atlantic Wood Industries, Inc" 4823:Technologies for Cleaning Up Contaminated Sites 4514:Urban Groundwater Management and Sustainability 3756: 3469:Abedin MJ, Feldmann J, Meharg AA (March 2002). 3386: 1509:, can lead to drinking water contaminated with 1241:. Using polluted groundwater causes hazards to 1205:. Groundwater pollution can occur from on-site 6192:. Abdelazim M. Negm. Cham, Switzerland. 2017. 5915:Foster S, Hirata H, Gomes D, D'Elia M (2002). 4551: 4549: 3661: 3615:Fawell J, Bailey K, Chilton J, Dahi E (2006). 3135:that was vulnerable to groundwater pollution. 3121:became contaminated with the highly dangerous 2513:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 2131:(VC), the most toxic chlorinated hydrocarbon. 2043:may also result in groundwater pollution with 1865:in the sediment and, thus, the release of the 1656:. PCE and TCE are industrial solvents used in 6564: 4770: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4196:DeSimone LA, Hamilton PA, Gilliom RJ (2009). 3371: 2461:aquifers is an example of such interactions. 2001: 1904: 1159: 6040: 5899: 5657:. In Schmoll O, Howard G, Chilton G (eds.). 4924:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4829: 4588: 4342: 4340: 4266:EAWAG (2015). Johnson CA, Brezler A (eds.). 4261: 4259: 4257: 3689:Tropical Medicine & International Health 3040:The town of Hinkley, California (U.S.), had 2771:treating the groundwater at its point of use 2565: 1765:Other organic pollutants include a range of 1744:Groundwater contamination by pharmaceuticals 1245:through poisoning or the spread of disease ( 159:in the foreground with pathogens and nitrate 6232: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5668: 4932: 4644: 4546: 4355:. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA). 3976: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3608: 3431: 1958: 1252:The pollutant often produces a contaminant 95: 52: 6571: 6557: 6492:"Walkerton E. coli outbreak declared over" 6220:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5394:Smith R, Knight R, Fendorf S (June 2018). 5114: 5112: 5110: 5055: 5053: 5051: 4865:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 4689: 4359: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 2801: 2496: 2464:A spill or ongoing release of chemical or 1166: 1152: 182: 6411: 6393: 6341: 6331: 6280: 6163: 5827: 5768: 5578:"Aspects of Aquatic Pollution in Nigeria" 5431: 5421: 5370: 5343:Erban LE, Gorelick SM, Zebker HA (2014). 5213: 5203: 5146: 5009: 4819:"A Citizen's Guide to Drycleaner Cleanup" 4607: 4457: 4398: 4337: 4254: 4122: 4071: 4020: 4010: 3959: 3883: 3701: 3542:Spring - managing groundwater sustainably 3498: 3488: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3232: 3009:'s standard for irrigation water and the 2778: 5665: 5595: 5523:Scottish Environmental Protection Agency 4950: 4898: 4667:10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092932 4582: 4555: 4189: 4158:"Emerging Contaminants In Arizona Water" 3931: 3925: 3672: 3642: 3579: 3117:. The water supply which was drawn from 3094:facility, which was located next to the 2922: 2765:removing the pollutants from the aquifer 2744: 2640: 2487: 2083: 2026: 1908: 1489: 142: 47: 5982:"Wellhead Protection Area (WHPA) Model" 5951: 5949: 5947: 5718:"Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality" 5107: 5048: 4773:"Tetrachloroethylene in Drinking Water" 4294: 4229: 3820: 3411:10.2136/sssaj1969.03615995003300020032x 3390:Soil Science Society of America Journal 3150: 2929:Water supply and sanitation in Tanzania 2522:One of the six basic principles of the 2164: 2139:Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPL) 1652:(VC). BTEX are important components of 1355: 1225:(fracking) or from over application of 73: 14: 7650: 6489: 6137: 6118:Water Encyclopedia, Science and Issues 5998: 5807:Environmental Science & Technology 5748:Environmental Science & Technology 5456:"Potential Threats to Our Groundwater" 5064:Environmental Science & Technology 4960:Environmental Science & Technology 4480: 4429:Environmental Science & Technology 4223: 4102:Environmental Science & Technology 3816: 3814: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3293: 2825:. Groundwater that moves through open 2732:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 2557:Land zoning for groundwater protection 2102:Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (LNAPL) 1640:), and chlorinated solvents including 6578: 6552: 5902:Groundwater Pollution Risk Assessment 4878:10.1146/annurev-environ-031113-144051 4745:"PPDB: Pesticide Properties DataBase" 4371:Graham JP, Polizzotto ML (May 2013). 4265: 3031:Water supply and sanitation in Canada 2914:Water supply and sanitation in Zambia 1667:(PAHs). Due to its molecular weight, 138:Ground released seep into groundwater 74:Revision as of 14:52, 26 May 2024 by 44: 25: 6534:Groundwater pollution and sanitation 5944: 5121:"Natural gas: Should fracking stop?" 4737: 4037: 3778: 3772: 3254: 3252: 3184: 3182: 3104: 3070: 2949:Water supply and sanitation in India 2670:sources from pollution from on-site 2586:estimated parameters, the degree of 2281: 1599: 1362:Arsenic contamination of groundwater 1339:, or as a last resort, abandonment. 17: 3811: 3566: 3515: 2657:Locating on-site sanitation systems 2511:, evolved from Principle 15 of the 1780:products, drug pollution involving 394:Radium and radon in the environment 155:in the background is polluting the 135: 104: 6086:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 6053:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 5611:. Denver, CO. 1998. Circular 1139. 4331:Technical rule number W101:2006-06 2052:US Environmental Protection Agency 1946:is used to supply groundwater for 1737: 1342: 136: 7704: 6507: 5966:. In Schmoll I, Howard G (eds.). 5480:Journal of Environmental Sciences 4378:Environmental Health Perspectives 4302:"Groundwater Assessment Platform" 4051:Environmental Health Perspectives 3939:Environmental Health Perspectives 3863:Environmental Health Perspectives 3662:Wolf L, Nick A, Cronin A (2015). 3249: 3179: 2907: 2378:since groundwater is part of the 1541:types that are present in feces ( 1405:in the shallower of two regional 60:. The present address (URL) is a 7632: 7631: 6138:Pooi CK, Ng HY (December 2018). 4617:Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 4489:Hamburg University of Technology 4163:. September 2016. p. 4.3.1. 3757:Banks WS, Battigelli DA (2002). 3376:. Vol. 1. pp. 111–136. 3157:. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 3035: 3020: 2312:. This was eventually traced to 1665:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 1606:VOC contamination of groundwater 1586:Drinking water quality standards 1133: 1121: 6538:Sustainable Sanitation Alliance 6483: 6457: 6428: 6358: 6305: 6254: 6180: 6131: 6106: 6073: 6015: 5992: 5974: 5925: 5908: 5893: 5852: 5793: 5734: 5706: 5640: 5615: 5569: 5561:. July 31, 2012. Archived from 5551: 5515: 5470: 5448: 5387: 5336: 5323:Environmental Protection Agency 5308:Environmental Protection Agency 5300: 5255: 5230: 5171: 5003: 4892: 4851: 4811: 4786: 4764: 4726: 4505: 4474: 4415: 4319: 4233:Groundwater pollution in Africa 4167: 4088: 3900: 3849: 3744:United States Geological Survey 3151:Adelana, Segun Michael (2014). 2436:Interactions with surface water 2324: 2190:that preclude the link between 2070:Commercial and industrial leaks 2047:derived from veterinary drugs. 1836:Commercial and industrial leaks 214:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 6009:Commissioned Report, CR/01/142 5350:Environmental Research Letters 4699:Journal of Hazardous Materials 4654:Annual Review of Plant Biology 3462: 3425: 3380: 3365: 3144: 2888: 2816:. Non-porous aquifers such as 2725: 2530:Groundwater quality monitoring 2125:National Priorities List (NPL) 1850:Naturally-occurring (geogenic) 1824:Naturally-occurring (geogenic) 1769:and other chemical compounds, 1083:Least polluted cities by PM2.5 13: 1: 6536:(documents in library of the 6268:Water Practice and Technology 4712:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.111 4353:Factsheet of Working Group 11 4185:. Open-File Report 2006–1297. 3739:Michigan Water Science Center 3287:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.10.040 3138: 2885:, and dual phase extraction. 2753: 2483: 2392: 1482:can be prevalent and severe. 1463:, and some volcanic islands ( 554:Electrical resistance heating 6597:Pollution / quality 5458:. The Groundwater Foundation 5372:10.1088/1748-9326/9/8/084010 4638:10.1016/0169-7722(95)00067-4 4230:Xu Y, Usher B, eds. (2006). 3042:its groundwater contaminated 2709:Volume of leaking wastewater 2474:hydrological transport model 1485: 1333:point-of-use water treatment 1266:hydrological transport model 264:Persistent organic pollutant 188:Air pollution from a factory 7: 6103:Approved December 11, 1980. 5900:Foster S, Hirata H (1988). 4750:University of Hertfordshire 3932:Fewtrell L (October 2004). 2897: 2785:Portable water purification 2198:extraction and its impact. 1215:wastewater treatment plants 24:of this page, as edited by 10: 7709: 6395:10.1038/s41598-019-50875-w 6114:"Pollution of groundwater" 6070:Approved October 21, 1976. 5423:10.1038/s41467-018-04475-3 4946:. 2016. EPA 600/R-16/236F. 4942:(Report). Washington, DC: 4491:(TUHH), Hamburg, Germany. 3618:Fluoride in drinking-water 3217:10.1038/s41598-020-66516-6 3050:Pacific Gas & Electric 3024: 2946: 2926: 2911: 2805: 2782: 2706:Slope and surface drainage 2700:Groundwater flow direction 2500: 2308:and an alarming number of 2255:hydraulic fracturing fluid 2168: 2002:Fertilizers and pesticides 1967:The treated effluent from 1905:On-site sanitation systems 1833:Fertilizers and pesticides 1827:On-site sanitation systems 1741: 1611:Volatile organic compounds 1603: 1564: 1359: 93: 50: 7683:Water and the environment 7627: 7568: 7433: 7426: 7307: 7168:Types / location 7167: 7158: 6968: 6763: 6676: 6646: 6595: 6586: 6165:10.1038/s41545-018-0011-0 6007:British Geological Survey 5970:. IWA Publishing for WHO. 5957:World Health Organization 5714:World Health Organization 5686:World Health Organization 5648:World Health Organization 5493:10.1016/j.jes.2019.04.025 5286:10.1007/s10040-016-1418-7 3764:(Report). Baltimore, MD: 3348:World Health Organization 3088:groundwater contamination 3011:World Health Organization 2902: 2602:epth to water table, net 2566:Aquifer vulnerability map 2541:World Health Organization 2517:environmental degradation 2094:underground storage tanks 1815: 1760: 1693: 1424:that will leach arsenic. 1368:World Health Organization 1276:characteristics and site 1217:, leaking sewers, petrol 1183:groundwater contamination 809:War and environmental law 429:Health effects from noise 279:Volatile organic compound 147:Groundwater pollution in 5242:StateImpact Pennsylvania 3785:. Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP. 3746:(USGS). January 4, 2017. 3580:Custodio E, ed. (2013). 2942: 2410:chlorinated hydrocarbons 2376:atmospheric contaminants 2345: 2342:release into the water. 2104:, will "float" upon the 2079:acid mine drainage (AMD) 1994:Spreading wastewater or 1959:Sewage and sewage sludge 1830:Sewage and sewage sludge 1213:leachate, effluent from 434:Marine mammals and sonar 96:→‎Point-of-use treatment 53:→‎Point-of-use treatment 5205:10.1073/pnas.1511474112 5026:10.1126/science.1225942 4981:10.1021/acs.est.5b04970 4124:10.1021/acs.est.8b05592 2955:Ganga River Basin (GRB) 2937: 2808:Groundwater remediation 2802:Groundwater remediation 2509:precautionary principle 2503:Precautionary principle 2497:Precautionary principle 2440:Although interrelated, 2374:from airports and even 2045:pharmaceutical residues 1969:sewage treatment plants 1337:groundwater remediation 1329:precautionary principle 909:Freshwater salinization 829:Agricultural wastewater 6436:University of Stanford 6333:10.3390/ijerph15020180 5559:"Groundwater Sampling" 4771:Health Canada (2014). 4181:(Report). Reston, VA: 4012:10.1186/1476-069X-5-26 3432:Ravenscroft P (2007). 2867:chemical precipitation 2779:Point-of-use treatment 2750: 2493: 2329:Satellite data in the 2304:noticed high rates of 2089: 2032: 1915: 1734:state of groundwater. 1523:fecal–oral transmitted 1502: 1304:, in the groundwater. 1128:Environment portal 160: 7673:Hydraulic engineering 6224:) CS1 maint: others ( 5565:on February 11, 2014. 5401:Nature Communications 4522:10.1007/1-4020-5175-1 3596:on September 21, 2018 2923:Babati town, Tanzania 2837:as dumps in areas of 2748: 2641:Source protection map 2501:Further information: 2491: 2356:illegal waste dumping 2273:Researchers from the 2239:groundwater resources 2175:The recent growth of 2169:Further information: 2087: 2030: 1912: 1618:aromatic hydrocarbons 1493: 1179:Groundwater pollution 869:Industrial wastewater 637:Municipal solid waste 559:Soil guideline values 146: 7543:remnant natural area 7180:storage and recovery 6846:habitat conservation 6664:Deforestation (REDD) 6519:UK Groundwater Forum 6282:10.2166/wpt.2018.104 6250:. December 18, 2018. 6036:on January 13, 2015. 5940:. EPA 600/S2-87/035. 5265:Hydrogeology Journal 4843:. Philadelphia, PA: 4570:on November 30, 2016 4238:Taylor & Francis 3990:Environmental Health 3876:10.1289/ehp.00108675 3779:Ross N, ed. (2010). 3266:Journal of Hydrology 3058:, released in 2000. 2594:verlying strata and 2358:, infiltration from 2177:hydraulic fracturing 2171:Hydraulic fracturing 2165:Hydraulic fracturing 1839:Hydraulic fracturing 1782:pharmaceutical drugs 1356:Arsenic and fluoride 1247:water-borne diseases 1223:hydraulic fracturing 1078:Most polluted cities 730:Overhead power lines 151:, Zambia, where the 7497:Earth Overshoot Day 7071:Marine conservation 7052:non-timber products 6386:2019NatSR...915193M 6240:"Ground Water Rule" 6156:2018npjCW...1...11P 5879:2008NatGe...1..536W 5820:2008EnST...42.3669A 5761:2008EnST...42.3662A 5414:2018NatCo...9.2089S 5363:2014ERL.....9h4010E 5278:2016HydJ...24.1343P 5196:2015PNAS..11213184D 5139:2011Natur.477..271H 5077:2014EnST...48.8334V 4973:2016EnST...50.4524D 4847:. October 23, 2018. 4630:1995JCHyd..20..167S 4442:2012EnST...46.5336P 4391:10.1289/ehp.1206028 4115:2019EnST...53.2950B 4003:2006EnvHe...5...26V 3837:on October 13, 2015 3403:1969SSASJ..33..279J 3279:2014JHyd..508...12H 3209:2020NatSR..10.9866C 3046:hexavalent chromium 2871:membrane separation 2618:opography (slope), 2455:Saltwater intrusion 2418:tetrachloroethylene 2235:capillary migration 2118:Anniston Army Depot 2056:European Commission 1806:Saltwater intrusion 1642:tetrachloroethylene 1495:Waterborne diseases 1321:Saltwater intrusion 894:Ocean acidification 804:Unexploded ordnance 725:Advertising clutter 657:Post-consumer waste 602:Foam food container 587:Biodegradable waste 244:Global distillation 111:← Previous revision 7482:Ecosystem services 6605:Ambient standards 6497:The Globe and Mail 6373:Scientific Reports 6246:. Washington, DC: 3624:. Geneva: IWA for 3196:Scientific Reports 2751: 2703:Impermeable layers 2494: 2372:de-icing chemicals 2090: 2033: 1916: 1578:blue baby syndrome 1503: 1480:skeletal fluorosis 1441:Argentinean Pampas 1140:Ecology portal 765:Herbicidal warfare 309:Introduced species 249:Indoor air quality 219:Chlorofluorocarbon 161: 45:14:52, 26 May 2024 7645: 7644: 7623: 7622: 7422: 7421: 7101:genetic resources 7037:genetic resources 6672: 6671: 6580:Natural resources 6469:Los Angeles Times 6199:978-3-319-56124-0 5866:Nature Geoscience 5829:10.1021/es702859e 5770:10.1021/es071958y 5755:(10): 3662–3668. 5085:10.1021/es405118y 5020:(6142): 1225942. 4600:978-94-007-7813-9 4556:UN-Water (2015). 4531:978-1-4020-5175-3 4498:978-3-930400-41-6 4481:Winker M (2009). 4450:10.1021/es3001294 4247:978-0-415-41167-7 3792:978-92-807-3074-6 3703:10.1111/tmi.12331 3559:978-2-8317-1789-0 3490:10.1104/pp.010733 3450:on March 19, 2017 3164:978-1-63321-791-1 3105:Walkerton, Canada 3096:Norco High School 3092:Wyle Laboratories 3081:Trichloroethylene 3077:Norco, California 3071:Norco, California 3062:San Joaquin, U.S. 2823:soil contaminants 2798:quite expensive. 2687:groundwater wells 2478:groundwater model 2414:trichloroethylene 2282:Landfill leachate 2143:pentachlorophenol 1842:Landfill leachate 1748:Trace amounts of 1646:trichloroethylene 1600:Organic compounds 1582:methemoglobinemia 1525:diseases include 1461:East African Rift 1270:groundwater model 1262:groundwater wells 1176: 1175: 1111: 1110: 777:Nuclear holocaust 700:Urban heat island 514:Radioactive waste 299:Biological hazard 209:Air quality index 7700: 7635: 7634: 7586: 7533:Natural heritage 7492:overexploitation 7431: 7430: 7165: 7164: 7111:herbal medicines 7091:FAO Plant Treaty 6631: 6608: 6593: 6592: 6573: 6566: 6559: 6550: 6549: 6502: 6501: 6487: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6461: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6438:(June 5, 2018). 6432: 6426: 6425: 6415: 6397: 6362: 6356: 6355: 6345: 6335: 6309: 6303: 6302: 6284: 6258: 6252: 6251: 6236: 6230: 6229: 6219: 6211: 6184: 6178: 6177: 6167: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6110: 6104: 6087: 6083: 6077: 6071: 6054: 6050: 6044: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6028: 6019: 6013: 6012: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5965: 5953: 5942: 5941: 5929: 5923: 5922: 5912: 5906: 5905: 5897: 5891: 5890: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5831: 5797: 5791: 5790: 5772: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5722: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5694: 5682: 5663: 5662: 5656: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5628: 5619: 5613: 5612: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5582: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5539:on July 12, 2021 5538: 5532:. Archived from 5531: 5519: 5513: 5512: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5435: 5425: 5391: 5385: 5384: 5374: 5340: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5316: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5272:(6): 1343–1358. 5259: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5217: 5207: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5150: 5116: 5105: 5104: 5057: 5046: 5045: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4923: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4799: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4741: 4735: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4624:(3–4): 167–184. 4611: 4605: 4604: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4569: 4563:. Archived from 4562: 4553: 4544: 4543: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4487:(PhD). Hamburg: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4461: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4402: 4368: 4357: 4356: 4344: 4335: 4334: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4281: 4274: 4263: 4252: 4251: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4204: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4180: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4154: 4145: 4144: 4126: 4109:(6): 2950–2960. 4092: 4086: 4085: 4075: 4064:10.1289/ehp.8043 4041: 4035: 4034: 4024: 4014: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3963: 3952:10.1289/ehp.7216 3929: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3887: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3836: 3830:. Archived from 3829: 3821:AGW-Net (2016). 3818: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3795:. Archived from 3776: 3770: 3769: 3763: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3705: 3685: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3659: 3640: 3639: 3623: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3595: 3588: 3577: 3564: 3563: 3547: 3536: 3513: 3512: 3502: 3492: 3476:Plant Physiology 3466: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3449: 3443:. Archived from 3438: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3356: 3344: 3291: 3290: 3256: 3247: 3246: 3236: 3186: 3177: 3176: 3148: 3079:was affected by 2863:phytoremediation 2839:karst topography 2662:drinking-water. 2579:unsaturated zone 2426:dichloroethylene 2380:hydrologic cycle 2314:organic solvents 2208:British Columbia 2108:in the aquifer. 1922:systems such as 1887:dental fluorosis 1422:mine waste dumps 1219:filling stations 1168: 1161: 1154: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1126: 1125: 1057: 1056: 760:Chemical warfare 662:Waste management 622:Industrial waste 597:Electronic waste 582:Advertising mail 564:Phytoremediation 539:Land degradation 479:Depleted uranium 364:Overillumination 314:Invasive species 186: 163: 162: 123:Newer revision → 101: 99: 98: 90: 69: 67:current revision 59: 58: 56: 55: 46: 42: 41: 7708: 7707: 7703: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7698: 7697: 7648: 7647: 7646: 7641: 7619: 7584: 7564: 7550:Systems ecology 7516:Natural capital 7418: 7303: 7292:reclaimed water 7154: 7116:UPOV Convention 6964: 6759: 6668: 6642: 6638:Ozone depletion 6629: 6606: 6582: 6577: 6510: 6505: 6488: 6484: 6474: 6472: 6463: 6462: 6458: 6448: 6446: 6433: 6429: 6363: 6359: 6310: 6306: 6259: 6255: 6238: 6237: 6233: 6213: 6212: 6200: 6186: 6185: 6181: 6144:npj Clean Water 6136: 6132: 6122: 6120: 6112: 6111: 6107: 6085: 6078: 6074: 6052: 6045: 6041: 6033: 6026: 6020: 6016: 5999:ARGOSS (2001). 5997: 5993: 5980: 5979: 5975: 5963: 5954: 5945: 5930: 5926: 5913: 5909: 5898: 5894: 5887:10.1038/ngeo254 5857: 5853: 5814:(10): 3669–75. 5798: 5794: 5739: 5735: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5711: 5707: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5683: 5666: 5654: 5645: 5641: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5620: 5616: 5601: 5600: 5596: 5580: 5574: 5570: 5557: 5556: 5552: 5542: 5540: 5536: 5529: 5525:(SEPA) (2015). 5520: 5516: 5475: 5471: 5461: 5459: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5392: 5388: 5341: 5337: 5327: 5325: 5314: 5305: 5301: 5260: 5256: 5246: 5244: 5236: 5235: 5231: 5190:(43): 13184–9. 5176: 5172: 5148:10.1038/477271a 5133:(7364): 271–5. 5117: 5108: 5071:(15): 8334–48. 5058: 5049: 5008: 5004: 4955: 4951: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4917: 4916: 4909: 4907: 4897: 4893: 4856: 4852: 4835: 4834: 4830: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4791: 4787: 4777: 4775: 4769: 4765: 4755: 4753: 4743: 4742: 4738: 4731: 4727: 4706:(1–3): 189–99. 4694: 4690: 4649: 4645: 4612: 4608: 4601: 4587: 4583: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4560: 4554: 4547: 4532: 4510: 4506: 4499: 4479: 4475: 4436:(10): 5336–43. 4420: 4416: 4369: 4360: 4345: 4338: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4310: 4308: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4285: 4283: 4282:on May 11, 2021 4279: 4272: 4264: 4255: 4248: 4228: 4224: 4217: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4178: 4172: 4168: 4160: 4156: 4155: 4148: 4093: 4089: 4058:(11): 1607–14. 4042: 4038: 3981: 3977: 3930: 3926: 3916: 3914: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3854: 3850: 3840: 3838: 3834: 3827: 3819: 3812: 3802: 3800: 3799:on June 5, 2019 3793: 3777: 3773: 3761: 3755: 3751: 3742:. Lansing, MI: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3683: 3677: 3673: 3660: 3643: 3636: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3578: 3567: 3560: 3545: 3537: 3516: 3467: 3463: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3436: 3430: 3426: 3385: 3381: 3370: 3366: 3354: 3345: 3294: 3257: 3250: 3187: 3180: 3165: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3107: 3073: 3055:Erin Brockovich 3038: 3033: 3023: 2951: 2945: 2940: 2931: 2925: 2916: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2891: 2847:bioaugmentation 2810: 2804: 2787: 2781: 2756: 2736:hazardous waste 2728: 2659: 2643: 2568: 2559: 2532: 2505: 2499: 2486: 2438: 2395: 2348: 2327: 2284: 2243:trihalomethanes 2173: 2167: 2072: 2004: 1961: 1907: 1882: 1852: 1818: 1763: 1750:pharmaceuticals 1746: 1740: 1738:Pharmaceuticals 1696: 1608: 1602: 1567: 1488: 1401:affects 25% of 1364: 1358: 1350:water pollution 1345: 1343:Pollutant types 1195:water pollution 1193:. This type of 1172: 1134: 1132: 1120: 1113: 1112: 1012: 1004: 1003: 977: 969: 968: 904:Pharmaceuticals 884:Nonpoint source 824: 814: 813: 782:Nuclear fallout 755: 745: 744: 715: 705: 704: 695: 685: 684: 675: 667: 666: 652:Packaging waste 617:Hazardous waste 577: 569: 568: 529: 519: 518: 489:Nuclear fallout 484:Nuclear fission 464: 454: 453: 419: 409: 408: 384: 376: 375: 349: 347:Electromagnetic 339: 338: 329: 321: 320: 294: 284: 283: 254:Ozone depletion 199: 189: 139: 134: 133: 132: 131: 130: 115:Latest revision 103: 102: 94: 91: 80: 78: 65: 51: 48: 31: 29: 12: 11: 5: 7706: 7696: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7643: 7642: 7640: 7639: 7628: 7625: 7624: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7617: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7585:(perpetuation) 7580: 7574: 7572: 7566: 7565: 7563: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7546: 7545: 7538:Nature reserve 7535: 7530: 7529: 7528: 7523: 7513: 7512: 7511: 7501: 7500: 7499: 7494: 7484: 7479: 7478: 7477: 7472: 7462: 7461: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7434: 7428: 7424: 7423: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7416: 7415: 7414: 7409: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7343: 7342: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7311: 7309: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7301: 7296: 7295: 7294: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7273: 7272: 7262: 7257: 7256: 7255: 7243: 7242: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7221: 7216: 7215: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7183: 7182: 7171: 7169: 7162: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7152: 7151: 7150: 7145: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7124: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7067: 7066: 7056: 7055: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7029: 7028: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7015:climate change 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6991: 6990: 6983:Bioprospecting 6980: 6974: 6972: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6962: 6961: 6960: 6955: 6945: 6944: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6918: 6917: 6916: 6911: 6910: 6909: 6904: 6894: 6893: 6892: 6887: 6877: 6876: 6875: 6865: 6860: 6850: 6849: 6848: 6838: 6837: 6836: 6826: 6825: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6788: 6787: 6786: 6785: 6769: 6767: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6757: 6752: 6751: 6750: 6745: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6682: 6680: 6674: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6650: 6648: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6640: 6635: 6634: 6633: 6628:Clean Air Act 6620: 6615: 6610: 6601: 6599: 6590: 6584: 6583: 6576: 6575: 6568: 6561: 6553: 6547: 6546: 6541: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6509: 6508:External links 6506: 6504: 6503: 6490:McLaughlin T. 6482: 6456: 6427: 6357: 6304: 6275:(4): 980–990. 6253: 6231: 6198: 6189:The Nile Delta 6179: 6130: 6105: 6094:42 U.S.C. 6072: 6061:42 U.S.C. 6039: 6014: 5991: 5986:Water Research 5973: 5959:(WHO) (2006). 5943: 5924: 5907: 5892: 5851: 5792: 5733: 5716:(WHO) (2011). 5705: 5688:(WHO) (2006). 5664: 5661:. IWA for WHO. 5650:(WHO) (2006). 5639: 5614: 5594: 5568: 5550: 5514: 5469: 5447: 5386: 5335: 5299: 5254: 5229: 5170: 5106: 5047: 5002: 4967:(8): 4524–36. 4949: 4931: 4891: 4872:(1): 327–362. 4850: 4828: 4810: 4785: 4763: 4736: 4725: 4688: 4643: 4606: 4599: 4581: 4545: 4530: 4504: 4497: 4473: 4414: 4358: 4336: 4318: 4293: 4253: 4246: 4222: 4215: 4205:. Reston, VA: 4188: 4166: 4146: 4087: 4036: 3975: 3946:(14): 1371–4. 3924: 3899: 3848: 3810: 3791: 3771: 3749: 3725: 3671: 3641: 3635:978-9241563192 3634: 3607: 3565: 3558: 3514: 3461: 3424: 3397:(2): 279–282. 3379: 3364: 3292: 3248: 3178: 3163: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3106: 3103: 3072: 3069: 3037: 3034: 3022: 3019: 2975:Madhya Pradesh 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2924: 2921: 2909: 2908:Lusaka, Zambia 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2890: 2887: 2806:Main article: 2803: 2800: 2783:Main article: 2780: 2777: 2776: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2755: 2752: 2727: 2724: 2714: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2690: 2658: 2655: 2642: 2639: 2610:quifer media, 2567: 2564: 2558: 2555: 2531: 2528: 2524:European Union 2498: 2495: 2485: 2482: 2437: 2434: 2430:vinyl chloride 2394: 2391: 2347: 2344: 2326: 2323: 2289:from sanitary 2283: 2280: 2259:produced water 2166: 2163: 2129:vinyl chloride 2071: 2068: 2054:(EPA) and the 2003: 2000: 1978:pharmaceutical 1960: 1957: 1948:drinking water 1906: 1903: 1880: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1817: 1814: 1762: 1759: 1742:Main article: 1739: 1736: 1695: 1692: 1673:benzo(a)pyrene 1650:vinyl chloride 1604:Main article: 1601: 1598: 1590:drinking water 1566: 1563: 1537:. Of the four 1487: 1484: 1433:drinking water 1420:operations or 1391:northern India 1360:Main article: 1357: 1354: 1344: 1341: 1185:) occurs when 1174: 1173: 1171: 1170: 1163: 1156: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1130: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1073:Law by country 1070: 1062: 1061: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1002: 1001: 1000: 999: 994: 984: 978: 975: 974: 971: 970: 967: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 944:Surface runoff 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 844:Eutrophication 841: 836: 831: 825: 820: 819: 816: 815: 812: 811: 806: 801: 799:Scorched earth 796: 795: 794: 792:Nuclear winter 789: 787:Nuclear famine 784: 774: 773: 772: 762: 756: 751: 750: 747: 746: 743: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 716: 711: 710: 707: 706: 703: 702: 696: 691: 690: 687: 686: 683: 682: 676: 673: 672: 669: 668: 665: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 578: 575: 574: 571: 570: 567: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 544:Bioremediation 541: 536: 530: 525: 524: 521: 520: 517: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 474:Bioremediation 471: 465: 460: 459: 456: 455: 452: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 424:Transportation 420: 415: 414: 411: 410: 407: 406: 401: 396: 391: 385: 382: 381: 378: 377: 374: 373: 371:Radio spectrum 368: 367: 366: 361: 350: 345: 344: 341: 340: 337: 336: 330: 327: 326: 323: 322: 319: 318: 317: 316: 306: 301: 295: 290: 289: 286: 285: 282: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 239:Global dimming 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 200: 195: 194: 191: 190: 187: 179: 178: 172: 171: 137: 76: 62:permanent link 27: 16: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7705: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7638: 7630: 7629: 7626: 7616: 7615:Non-renewable 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7571: 7567: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7555:Urban ecology 7553: 7551: 7548: 7544: 7541: 7540: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7518: 7517: 7514: 7510: 7507: 7506: 7505: 7502: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7489: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7467: 7466: 7463: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7440: 7439: 7436: 7435: 7432: 7429: 7425: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7387:Privatization 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7341: 7338: 7337: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7306: 7300: 7297: 7293: 7290: 7289: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7282:Surface water 7280: 7278: 7275: 7271: 7268: 7267: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7254: 7253: 7249: 7248: 7247: 7244: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7226: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7181: 7178: 7177: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7157: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7065: 7062: 7061: 7060: 7057: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7033: 7030: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7012: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6971: 6967: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6950: 6949: 6946: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6923: 6922: 6919: 6915: 6912: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6898: 6895: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6881: 6878: 6874: 6871: 6870: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6854: 6851: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6839: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6830: 6827: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6784: 6783:peak farmland 6781: 6780: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6762: 6756: 6753: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6740: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6675: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6639: 6636: 6632: 6626: 6625: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6574: 6569: 6567: 6562: 6560: 6555: 6554: 6551: 6545: 6542: 6539: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6499: 6498: 6493: 6486: 6470: 6466: 6460: 6445: 6444:Stanford News 6441: 6437: 6431: 6423: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6374: 6369: 6361: 6353: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6320: 6315: 6308: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6269: 6264: 6257: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6235: 6227: 6223: 6217: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6195: 6191: 6190: 6183: 6175: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6134: 6119: 6115: 6109: 6102: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6084: 6076: 6069: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6051: 6043: 6032: 6025: 6018: 6010: 6008: 6002: 5995: 5987: 5983: 5977: 5969: 5962: 5958: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5939: 5935: 5928: 5920: 5919: 5911: 5903: 5896: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5873:(8): 536–42. 5872: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5855: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5796: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5749: 5744: 5737: 5719: 5715: 5709: 5691: 5687: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5660: 5653: 5649: 5643: 5625: 5618: 5610: 5609: 5604: 5598: 5590: 5586: 5579: 5572: 5564: 5560: 5554: 5535: 5528: 5524: 5518: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5481: 5473: 5462:September 24, 5457: 5451: 5443: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5402: 5397: 5390: 5382: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5357:(8): 084010. 5356: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5339: 5328:September 30, 5324: 5320: 5313: 5309: 5303: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5266: 5258: 5243: 5239: 5233: 5225: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5174: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5127: 5122: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5065: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5014: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4961: 4953: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4927: 4921: 4906: 4905:cfpub.epa.gov 4902: 4895: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4866: 4861: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4832: 4824: 4820: 4814: 4796: 4789: 4774: 4767: 4752: 4751: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4729: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4700: 4692: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4661:(1): 341–63. 4660: 4656: 4655: 4647: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4618: 4610: 4602: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4566: 4559: 4552: 4550: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4508: 4500: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4485: 4477: 4469: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4430: 4425: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4385:(5): 521–30. 4384: 4380: 4379: 4374: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4341: 4332: 4328: 4322: 4307: 4303: 4297: 4278: 4271: 4270: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4249: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4234: 4226: 4218: 4216:9781411323506 4212: 4208: 4201: 4200: 4192: 4184: 4177: 4170: 4159: 4153: 4151: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4103: 4098: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4052: 4047: 4040: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3991: 3986: 3979: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3940: 3935: 3928: 3913: 3909: 3903: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3864: 3859: 3852: 3833: 3826: 3825: 3817: 3815: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3775: 3767: 3760: 3753: 3745: 3741: 3740: 3735: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3696:(8): 928–42. 3695: 3691: 3690: 3682: 3675: 3667: 3666: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3637: 3631: 3627: 3620: 3619: 3611: 3592: 3585: 3584: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3561: 3555: 3551: 3544: 3543: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3483:(3): 1120–8. 3482: 3478: 3477: 3472: 3465: 3446: 3442: 3435: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3383: 3375: 3368: 3360: 3353: 3349: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3267: 3262: 3255: 3253: 3244: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3197: 3192: 3185: 3183: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3129: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3114: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3068: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3057: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3036:Hinkley, U.S. 3032: 3028: 3021:North America 3018: 3014: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2967:Uttar Pradesh 2964: 2960: 2956: 2950: 2935: 2930: 2920: 2915: 2895: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2879:nanomaterials 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2809: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2759: 2747: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2723: 2720: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2676: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2663: 2654: 2651: 2647: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2625: 2622:mpact on the 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2583: 2580: 2575: 2573: 2563: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2544: 2542: 2536: 2527: 2525: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2490: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2442:surface water 2433: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2343: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2322: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2310:birth defects 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2292: 2288: 2279: 2276: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2263:anthropogenic 2260: 2256: 2250: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2188:contamination 2185: 2180: 2178: 2172: 2162: 2160: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2086: 2082: 2080: 2075: 2067: 2065: 2064:monocrotophos 2059: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2029: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2017:surface water 2014: 2009: 1999: 1997: 1996:sewage sludge 1992: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1945: 1939: 1937: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1911: 1902: 1898: 1895: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1879:fluorite (CaF 1875: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1813: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1794:radionuclides 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1767:organohalides 1758: 1754: 1751: 1745: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1612: 1607: 1597: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1571: 1562: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1363: 1353: 1351: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1313:surface water 1310: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1298:precipitation 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1243:public health 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1199:contamination 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1181:(also called 1180: 1169: 1164: 1162: 1157: 1155: 1150: 1149: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1131: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1008: 1007: 998: 995: 993: 990: 989: 988: 985: 983: 980: 979: 973: 972: 965: 962: 960: 959:Water quality 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 826: 823: 818: 817: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 779: 778: 775: 771: 768: 767: 766: 763: 761: 758: 757: 754: 749: 748: 741: 738: 736: 735:Traffic signs 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 717: 714: 709: 708: 701: 698: 697: 694: 689: 688: 681: 678: 677: 671: 670: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 642:Nanomaterials 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 579: 573: 572: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 531: 528: 523: 522: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 504:Radioactivity 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 466: 463: 458: 457: 450: 449:Soundproofing 447: 445: 444:Noise control 442: 440: 439:Noise barrier 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 421: 418: 413: 412: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 386: 380: 379: 372: 369: 365: 362: 360: 357: 356: 355: 352: 351: 348: 343: 342: 335: 332: 331: 325: 324: 315: 312: 311: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 296: 293: 288: 287: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 201: 198: 193: 192: 185: 181: 180: 177: 174: 173: 169: 165: 164: 158: 154: 150: 145: 141: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 97: 88: 84: 79: 72: 71: 68: 63: 54: 39: 35: 30: 23: 7658:Liquid water 7613: / 7487:Exploitation 7372:Conservation 7315:Desalination 7250: 7201: 7143:conservation 6978:Biodiversity 6926:conservation 6773:Agricultural 6701:Fossil fuels 6495: 6485: 6475:November 13, 6473:. Retrieved 6468: 6459: 6447:. Retrieved 6443: 6430: 6380:(1): 15193. 6377: 6371: 6360: 6323: 6317: 6307: 6272: 6266: 6256: 6243: 6234: 6188: 6182: 6147: 6143: 6133: 6121:. Retrieved 6117: 6108: 6100: 6075: 6067: 6042: 6031:the original 6017: 6004: 5994: 5985: 5976: 5967: 5927: 5917: 5910: 5901: 5895: 5870: 5864: 5854: 5811: 5805: 5795: 5752: 5746: 5736: 5724:. Retrieved 5708: 5696:. Retrieved 5658: 5642: 5630:. Retrieved 5617: 5606: 5597: 5588: 5584: 5571: 5563:the original 5553: 5541:. Retrieved 5534:the original 5517: 5484: 5478: 5472: 5460:. Retrieved 5450: 5405: 5399: 5389: 5354: 5348: 5338: 5326:. Retrieved 5318: 5302: 5269: 5263: 5257: 5245:. Retrieved 5241: 5232: 5187: 5183: 5173: 5130: 5124: 5068: 5062: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4934: 4908:. Retrieved 4904: 4894: 4869: 4863: 4853: 4840: 4831: 4822: 4813: 4801:. Retrieved 4788: 4776:. Retrieved 4766: 4754:. Retrieved 4748: 4739: 4728: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4621: 4615: 4609: 4593:. Springer. 4590: 4584: 4572:. Retrieved 4565:the original 4513: 4507: 4483: 4476: 4433: 4427: 4417: 4382: 4376: 4352: 4330: 4321: 4309:. Retrieved 4305: 4296: 4284:. Retrieved 4277:the original 4268: 4232: 4225: 4198: 4191: 4169: 4106: 4100: 4090: 4055: 4049: 4039: 3994: 3988: 3978: 3943: 3937: 3927: 3917:December 30, 3915:. Retrieved 3911: 3902: 3870:(7): 675–8. 3867: 3861: 3851: 3839:. Retrieved 3832:the original 3823: 3801:. Retrieved 3797:the original 3781: 3774: 3752: 3737: 3728: 3693: 3687: 3674: 3664: 3617: 3610: 3598:. Retrieved 3591:the original 3582: 3541: 3480: 3474: 3464: 3452:. Retrieved 3445:the original 3427: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3373: 3367: 3358: 3270: 3264: 3200: 3194: 3153: 3146: 3126: 3112: 3108: 3100: 3075:The town of 3074: 3065: 3061: 3060: 3053: 3039: 3015: 2991:Chhattisgarh 2952: 2932: 2917: 2892: 2883:air sparging 2875:ion exchange 2843: 2811: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2757: 2729: 2715: 2697:Aquifer type 2664: 2660: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2636: 2629: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2584: 2576: 2569: 2560: 2552: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2533: 2521: 2506: 2466:radionuclide 2463: 2439: 2403: 2399: 2396: 2388: 2384: 2366:operations, 2360:urban runoff 2349: 2331:Mekong Delta 2328: 2325:Over-pumping 2296: 2285: 2272: 2251: 2247: 2232: 2200: 2181: 2174: 2155: 2136: 2133: 2110: 2098:gas stations 2091: 2076: 2073: 2060: 2049: 2038: 2034: 2005: 1993: 1990: 1966: 1962: 1953: 1940: 1932: 1928:septic tanks 1924:pit latrines 1917: 1899: 1891: 1876: 1856: 1853: 1819: 1810: 1774:hydrocarbons 1764: 1755: 1747: 1724: 1697: 1680:insecticides 1677: 1662: 1658:dry cleaning 1634:ethylbenzene 1615: 1609: 1594: 1580:" (acquired 1575: 1572: 1568: 1559: 1504: 1499:pit latrines 1469: 1426: 1415: 1387:Ganges Plain 1381:, India and 1372: 1365: 1346: 1306: 1282:hydrogeology 1251: 1201:rather than 1182: 1178: 1177: 1047:Point source 992:Heavy metals 954:Urban runoff 939:Sulfur water 914:Septic tanks 858: 770:Agent Orange 680:Space debris 534:Agricultural 399:Volcanic ash 259:Particulates 157:shallow well 140: 22:old revision 19: 18: 7693:Lithosphere 7606:Nationalism 7578:Common-pool 7219:Hydrosphere 7212:remediation 7197:Groundwater 6792:Degradation 6098:§ 9601 6065:§ 6901 5408:(1): 2089. 3203:(1): 9866. 3119:groundwater 3003:West Bengal 2963:Uttarakhand 2889:Abandonment 2859:bioslurping 2855:biosparging 2726:Legislation 2683:pit latrine 2668:groundwater 2632:onductivity 2624:vadose zone 2614:oil media, 2446:groundwater 2422:carcinogens 2406:groundwater 2228:hydrocarbon 2106:water table 2019:as well as 1914:groundwater 1863:iron oxides 1708:solid waste 1669:naphthalene 1648:(TCE), and 1624:compounds ( 1513:carried in 1403:water wells 1309:groundwater 1231:agriculture 1227:fertilizers 1191:groundwater 1017:Area source 859:Groundwater 612:Green waste 592:Brown waste 576:Solid waste 334:Information 229:Exhaust gas 153:pit latrine 77:Ozzie10aaaa 28:Ozzie10aaaa 20:This is an 7678:Sanitation 7652:Categories 7601:Extraction 7560:Wilderness 7521:accounting 7504:Management 7470:ecological 7458:tragedy of 7377:Peak water 7362:Efficiency 7335:Sanitation 7277:Stormwater 7270:harvesting 7246:Irrigation 7148:management 7106:gene banks 7047:management 7025:management 6941:resilience 6907:phosphorus 6863:industrial 6841:Management 6817:soundscape 6723:Geothermal 6465:"LA Times" 6326:(2): 180. 5936:(Report). 3139:References 3133:water well 3125:strain of 3111:Walkerton 3025:See also: 2947:See also: 2927:See also: 2912:See also: 2851:bioventing 2754:Management 2738:, and the 2719:karstified 2672:sanitation 2628:hydraulic 2484:Prevention 2393:Mechanisms 2368:road salts 2335:subsidence 2321:coverage. 2298:Love Canal 2145:(PCP) and 2096:(USTs) of 2011:increased 1944:water well 1936:sanitation 1920:sanitation 1704:metallurgy 1688:pesticides 1684:herbicides 1411:pesticides 1395:Bangladesh 1383:Bangladesh 1294:adsorption 1256:within an 1207:sanitation 1187:pollutants 1104:By country 1096:Categories 987:Pollutants 964:Wastewater 934:Stagnation 879:Monitoring 854:Freshwater 720:Air travel 607:Food waste 549:Defecation 359:Ecological 292:Biological 224:Combustion 166:Part of a 7668:Hydrology 7611:Renewable 7596:Depletion 7583:Conflict 7465:Economics 7443:enclosure 7402:Resources 7382:Pollution 7299:Watershed 7202:pollution 7133:Seed bank 7128:Rangeland 7010:Fisheries 6995:Biosphere 6988:biopiracy 6931:fertility 6807:cityscape 6802:Landscape 6709:peak coal 6696:Resources 6647:Emissions 6449:March 16, 6404:2045-2322 6299:115519904 6291:1751-231X 6216:cite book 6208:988609755 6174:2059-7037 6150:(1): 11. 6123:March 21, 5838:0013-936X 5779:0013-936X 5726:March 18, 5698:March 20, 5632:March 19, 5543:March 19, 5509:164716323 5487:: 66–73. 5381:1748-9326 5294:133308889 5165:205067220 5042:206543048 4997:206553782 4886:1543-5938 4841:Superfund 4803:March 18, 4778:March 20, 4756:March 23, 4574:March 22, 4540:140583063 4311:March 22, 4286:March 19, 4133:0013-936X 3997:(1): 26. 3841:March 19, 3803:March 22, 3600:March 18, 3454:March 18, 3419:1435-0661 3273:: 12–27. 3225:2045-2322 3173:915416488 3085:Hydrazine 2987:Rajasthan 2983:Jharkhand 2835:sinkholes 2827:fractures 2606:echarge, 2291:landfills 2204:Marcellus 2196:shale gas 2192:tight oil 2122:Superfund 1859:anaerobic 1790:phosphate 1771:petroleum 1555:helminths 1511:pathogens 1486:Pathogens 1385:. In the 1375:metalloid 1290:diffusion 1286:hydrology 1209:systems, 1203:pollution 1032:Garbology 949:Turbidity 899:Oil spill 849:Firewater 834:Biosolids 740:Vandalism 499:Poisoning 494:Plutonium 469:Actinides 462:Radiation 204:Acid rain 176:Pollution 7663:Aquifers 7637:Category 7570:Resource 7509:adaptive 7407:improved 7367:Conflict 7352:Security 7347:Scarcity 7340:improved 7330:Leaching 7207:recharge 7187:Drinking 7138:Wildlife 7005:Bushmeat 7000:Bushfood 6953:planning 6858:gemstone 6853:Minerals 6834:property 6822:viewshed 6812:seascape 6743:sunlight 6717:peak oil 6713:peak gas 6422:31645651 6352:29360747 5846:18546706 5787:18546705 5501:31471032 5442:29872050 5224:26460018 5157:21921896 5101:22857048 5093:24606408 5034:23846903 4989:27022977 4920:cite web 4910:April 1, 4720:19545944 4675:18444903 4468:22540536 4409:23518813 4306:GAP Maps 4141:30834750 4082:16263519 4031:16989661 3970:15471727 3894:10903623 3720:22903164 3712:24811732 3509:11891266 3243:32555499 3115:outbreak 2898:Examples 2814:aquifers 2572:aquifers 2451:fracking 2412:such as 2354:fuels), 2302:New York 2287:Leachate 2147:creosote 2021:leaching 1974:hormones 1871:arsenite 1796:such as 1778:cosmetic 1720:chromium 1654:gasoline 1620:such as 1551:protozoa 1543:bacteria 1539:pathogen 1535:diarrhea 1472:fluoride 1465:Tenerife 1457:Pakistan 1437:hardness 1429:fluoride 1427:Natural 1407:aquifers 1317:fracking 1239:fluoride 1211:landfill 1088:Treaties 1068:Diseases 924:Shipping 889:Nutrient 839:Diseases 404:Wildfire 87:contribs 38:contribs 7438:Commons 7427:Related 7392:Quality 7308:Aspects 7234:glacial 7175:Aquifer 7081:Pasture 7032:Forests 6958:reserve 6733:Nuclear 6703: ( 6659:Trading 6654:Airshed 6413:6811533 6382:Bibcode 6343:5858255 6152:Bibcode 6101:et seq. 6082:Pub. L. 6068:et seq. 6049:Pub. L. 5875:Bibcode 5816:Bibcode 5757:Bibcode 5433:5988660 5410:Bibcode 5359:Bibcode 5274:Bibcode 5215:4629325 5192:Bibcode 5135:Bibcode 5073:Bibcode 5013:Science 4969:Bibcode 4683:6817866 4626:Bibcode 4459:3352270 4438:Bibcode 4400:3673197 4111:Bibcode 4073:1310926 4022:1586190 3999:Bibcode 3961:1247562 3912:EUR-Lex 3885:1638204 3399:Bibcode 3350:(WHO). 3275:Bibcode 3234:7300005 3205:Bibcode 3128:E. coli 3123:O157:H7 3113:E. Coli 2999:Haryana 2959:arsenic 2831:caverns 2459:coastal 2318:dioxins 2220:propane 2212:methane 1867:arsenic 1800:(U) or 1798:uranium 1786:ammonia 1716:cadmium 1644:(PCE), 1638:xylenes 1630:toluene 1626:benzene 1565:Nitrate 1547:viruses 1531:cholera 1527:typhoid 1521:. 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