Zoning - Knowledge

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continues to expand in its geographical range through its introduction in other urban centres and use in larger political and geographical boundaries. Regional zoning was the next step in increased geographical size of areas under zoning laws. A major difference between urban zoning and regional zoning was that "regional areas consequently seldom bear direct relationship to arbitrary political boundaries". This form of zoning also included rural areas which was counter-intuitive to the theory that zoning was a result of population density. Finally, zoning also expanded again but back to a political boundary again with state zoning.

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primarily composed of homeowners, it is the narrow interests of homeowners to block development because tax rates are lower in rural areas, and taxation is more likely to fall on the median homeowner. Business interests are unable to counteract the homeowners' interests in rural areas because business interests are weaker and business ownership is rarely controlled by people living outside the community. This translates into rural communities that have a tendency to resist development by using density regulations to make business opportunities less attractive. Density zoning regulations in the U.S increase

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the top, followed by commercial and industrial. Residential and commercial buildings are allowed in industrial zones and residential buildings are allowed in commercial zones. More complex hierarchical systems account for multiple levels within categories, such as multiple types of residential buildings in multifamily residential districts. Hierarchical zoning generally fell out of favor in the United States in the mid-twentieth century, with flat zoning becoming more popular, although many municipalities still incorporate some degree of hierarchy in their zoning ordinances.

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planning priorities also may be challenging and often requires extensive ongoing revision to maintain balance between incentive magnitude and value given to developers. Incentive zoning may be most effective in communities with well-established standards and where demand for both land and for specific amenities is high. However, hidden costs may still offset its benefits. Incentive zoning has also been criticized for increasing traffic, reducing natural light, and offering developers larger rewards than those reaped by the public.

1423:(TODs), and scenic corridors. Residential and commercial zones are further subdivided into subclasses defined by density, commercial zones also allow for residential uses, and industrial zones are subdivided by their intensity and the environmental impact of the uses allowed. Regulations on residential, commercial, and industrial zones may differ between municipalities, so one municipality may permit 4-storey buildings on medium-density residential zones, while another may only permit 2-storey buildings. 1893:. Rather than dividing municipal maps into land use zones, English planning law places all development under the control of local and regional governments, effectively abolishing the ability to develop land by-right. However, existing development allows land use by-right as long as the use does not constitute a change in the type of land use. A property owner must apply to change land use type of any existing building, and such changes must be consistent with the local and regional land use plans. 977: 155:, cultural and socio-economic shifts led to the rapid increase in the enforcement and invention of urban regulations. The shifts were informed by a new scientific rationality, the advent of mass production and complex manufacturing, and the subsequent onset of urbanisation. Industry leaving the home reshaped modern cities. The definition of home was tied to the definition of economy, which caused a much greater mixing of uses within the residential quarters of cities. 6775: 5888: 2107:. He claims a strong relationship exists between an area's allowance of building housing at higher density and racial integration between blacks and whites in the United States. The relationship between segregation and density is explained by Rothwell and Massey as the restrictive density zoning producing higher housing prices in white areas and limiting opportunities for people with modest incomes to leave segregated areas. Between 1980 and 2000, 47: 6767: 875: 761: 5914: 514:

options where a property developer can earn points or credits for limiting environmental impacts, including affordable housing units, or providing public amenities. In addition to the menu and points system, there may be additional discretionary criteria included in the review process. Performance zoning may be applied only to a specific type of development, such as housing, and may be combined with a system of use-based districts.

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state known for low zoning regulations, their GDP would increase by 12 percent due to more productive workers and opportunity. Furthermore, critics note that it impedes the ability of those that wish to provide charitable housing from doing so. For example, in 2022, Gloversville's Free Methodist Church in New York wished to provide 40 beds for the homeless population in -4 degree weather and were inhibited from doing so.

86:), they may combine several compatible activities by use, or in the case of form-based zoning, the differing regulations may govern the density, size and shape of allowed buildings whatever their use. The planning rules for each zone determine whether planning permission for a given development may be granted. Zoning may specify a variety of outright and conditional uses of land. It may indicate the size and dimensions of 128:. The ancient walled city was the predecessor for classifying and regulating land, based on use. Outside the city walls were the undesirable functions, which were usually based on noise and smell. The space between the walls is where unsanitary and dangerous activities occurred such as butchering, waste disposal, and brick-firing. Within the walls were civic and religious places, and where the majority of people lived. 1987: 5901: 518:

Performance zoning balances principles of markets and private property rights with environmental protection goals. However, performance zoning can be extremely difficult to implement due to the complexity of preparing an impact study for each project, and can require the supervising authority to exercise a lot of discretion. Performance zoning has not been adopted widely in the US.

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segregation; desegregation is higher in places with more liberal regulations on zoning, allowing the residents to integrate racially. Metropolitan areas that allowed higher density development moved rapidly toward racial integration than their counterparts with strict density limitations. The greater the allowable density, the lower the level of racial segregation.

1226:(called the Town Planning Code), a national law, guides regional and local planning and outlines procedures for obtaining building permits. Unlike England where planners must use their discretion to allow use or building type changes, private development in France is permitted as long as the developer follows the legally-binding regulations. 1186:, otherwise known as town planning, development control or development management, refers to the part of the planning process that is concerned with the regulation and management of changes to land use and development. Planning and zoning have a great political dimension, with governments often criticized for favouring developers; also 1214:). The provinces empowered the municipalities and regions to control the use of land within their boundaries, letting the municipalities establish their own zoning by-laws. There are provisions for control of land use in unorganized areas of the provinces. Provincial tribunals are the ultimate authority for appeals and reviews. 723:), a quasi-judicial process that enables land uses that, because of their special nature, may be suitable only in certain locations, or when arranged or operated in a particular manner. Uses which might be disallowed under current zoning, such as a school or a community center, can be permitted via conditional-use permits. 411:. In contrast to villages and towns, in which many residents know one another, and low-density outer suburbs that attract few visitors, cities and inner city areas have the problem of maintaining order between strangers. This order is maintained when, throughout the day and evening, there are sufficient people present with 688:. These land-based development rights can, in some jurisdictions, be used, unused, sold, or otherwise transferred by the owner of a parcel. These are typically used to transfer development rights from rural areas (sending sites) to urban areas (receiving sites) with more demand and infrastructure to support development. 703:

change would conflict with the policies and objectives of existing land-use plans. Other factors that may be considered in these cases are the size of the parcel, the zoning categories involved, how adjacent properties are zoned and used, and expected benefits and harms to the landowner, neighbors, and community.

1871:; residential, business, industrial, agricultural, and open space zoning. These five categories are further classified into subcategories. The zoning categories are governed by the Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act enacted in 2016. To change a land use from one zone to another requires a process of 2372:, Lefcoe, George, "The Regulation of Superstores: The Legality of Zoning Ordinances Emerging from the Skirmishes between Wal-Mart and the United Food and Commercial Workers Union" (April 2005). USC Law, Legal Studies Research Paper No. 05-12; and USC Law and Economics Research Paper No. 05-12. Available at 1391:(DHSUD) and previously by the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB), which lays out national zoning guidelines and regulations, and oversees the preparation and implementation of comprehensive land use plans (CLUPs) and zoning ordinances by city and municipal governments under their mandate in the 2111:

occurred faster in areas that did not have strict density regulations than those that did. Rothwell and Massey suggest homeowners and business interests are the two key players in density regulations that emerge from a political economy. They propose that in older states where rural jurisdictions are

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Single-use zoning is used by many municipalities due to its ease of implementation (one set of explicit, prescriptive rules), long-established legal precedent, and familiarity to planners and design professionals. Single-use zoning has been criticized, however, for its lack of flexibility. Separation

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has been introduced. Permitted development rules are largely form-based, but in the absence of zoning, are applied at the national level. Examples include allowing a two-storey extension up to three metres at the rear of a property, extensions up to 50% of the original width at each side, and certain

1859:(URA) through the Master Plan. The Master Plan is a statutory document divided into two sections: the plans and the Written Statement. The plans show the land use zoning allowed across Singapore, while the Written Statement provides a written explanation of the zones available and their allowed uses. 1716:

Some permitted uses are canning plants, rice or corn mills, animal feed mills medicine and pharmaceutical manufacturers, metal and plastic furniture manufacturers, glass factories garments and textile factories, rice mills, flour mills, cigar and cigarette factories, vehicle manufacturers, shipyards,

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Inclusionary zoning refers to policies to increase the number of housing units within a development that are affordable to low and middle-income households. These policies can be mandatory as part of performance zoning or based on voluntary incentives, such as allowing greater density of development.

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Cluster zoning permits residential uses to be clustered more closely together than normally allowed, thereby leaving substantial land area to be devoted to open space. Cluster zoning has been favored for its preservation of open space and reduction in construction and utility costs via consolidation,

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Performance zoning is flexible, logical, and transparent while offering a form of accountability. These qualities are in contrast with the seemingly arbitrary nature of use-based zoning. Performance zoning can also fairly balance a region's environmental and housing needs across local jurisdictions.

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There are a great variety of zoning types, some of which focus on regulating building form and the relation of buildings to the street with mixed uses, known as form-based, others with separating land uses, known as use-based, or a combination thereof. Use-based zoning systems can comprise single-use

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in metropolitan areas by reducing the availability of affordable housing in some jurisdictions; other zoning regulations like school infrastructure regulations and growth controls are also variables associated with higher segregation. With more permissive zoning regulations there are lower levels of

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Single-use zoning takes two forms, flat and hierarchical, also known as cumulative or pyramidal. Under flat zoning, each district is strictly designated for one use. In a simple hierarchical zoning system, districts are organized with residential (the most sensitive and least disruptive category) at

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The plan does not provide specific guidance on what type of buildings will be allowed in a given location, rather it provides general principles for development and goals for the management of urban change. Because planning committees (made up of directly elected local councillors) or in some cases

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Intended primarily for government or civic centers, police and fire stations, government buildings, higher education institutions (college, universities, vocational, technical or trade schools), learning facilities (libraries, training centres), scientific, cultural and academic centres, convention

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and small watercraft manufacturing, printing presses, most electronics factories, medical equipment manufacturing, wooden furniture manufacturing, garments factories, water pumping station, sewage or wastewater treatment plants, and warehouses for non-polluting and non-hazardous products. Areas can

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Environmental activists argue that putting everyday uses out of walking distance of each other leads to an increase in traffic, since people have to own cars in order to live a normal life where their basic human needs are met, and get in their cars and drive to meet their needs throughout the day.

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Pattern zoning is a zoning technique in which a municipality provides licensed, pre-approved building designs, typically with an expedited permitting process. Pattern zoning is used to reduce barriers to housing development, create more affordable housing, reduce burdens on permit-review staff, and

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Floating zones describe a zoning district's characteristics and codify requirements for its establishment, but its location remains unspecified until conditions exist to implement that type of zoning district. When the criteria for implementation of a floating zone are met, the floating zone ceases

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Form-based zoning codes have five main elements: a regulating plan, public standards, building standards, and precise definitions of technical terms. Form-based codes recognize the interrelated nature of all components of land-use planning—zoning, subdivision, and public works—and integrate them to

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Commonly defined single-use districts include: residential, commercial, and industrial. Each category can have a number of sub-categories, for example, within the commercial category there may be separate districts for small retail, large retail, office use, lodging and others, while industrial may

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Some economists claim that zoning laws work against economic efficiency, reduce responsiveness to consumer demands and hinder development in a free economy, as poor zoning restrictions hinder the more efficient usage of a given area. Even without zoning restrictions, a landfill, for example, would

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Contract zoning is a controversial practice in which there is a bilateral agreement between a property owner and a local government to rezone a property in exchange for a commitment from the developer. It typically involves loosening restrictions on how the property can be used. Contract zoning is

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Incentive zoning allows for a high degree of flexibility, but may be complex to administer. The more a proposed development takes advantage of incentive criteria, the more closely it has to be reviewed on a discretionary basis. The initial creation of the incentive structure in order to best serve

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Area designated for use by functional buildings and structures used for utilities, transportation, and other public services. Permitted uses include bus terminals and train stations, ports, airports, power plants, landfills and waste management facilities, weather and climate management stations,

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standard zoning ordinances, the developer negotiates terms with the local government. At best, a PUD provides flexibility to create convenient ways for residents to access commercial and other amenities. In the US, residents of a PUD have an ongoing role in management of the development through a

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The term planned unit development (PUD) can refer either to the regulatory process or to the development itself. A PUD groups multiple compatible land uses within a single unified development. A PUD can be residential, mixed-use, or a larger master-planned community. Rather than being governed by

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Incentive zoning allows property developers to develop land more intensively, such as with greater density or taller buildings, in exchange for providing some public benefits, such as environmental amenities or affordable housing units. The public benefits most often incentivised by US cities are

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Other critics of zoning argue that zoning laws are a disincentive to provide housing which results in an increase in housing costs and a decrease in productive economic output. For example, A 2017 study showed that if all states deregulated their zoning laws only halfway to the level of Texas, a

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Spot zoning is a controversial practice in which a small part of a larger zoning district is rezoned in a way that is not consistent with the community's broader planning process. While a jurisdiction can rezone even a single parcel of land in some cases, spot zoning is often disallowed when the

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Performance zoning, also known as flexible or impact zoning or effects-based planning, was first advocated by Lane Kendig in 1973. It uses performance-based or goal-oriented criteria to establish review parameters for proposed development projects. Performance zoning may use a menu of compliance

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and height (in absolute terms and in relation with adjacent buildings and roads). These controls are intended to allow adequate light and ventilation between buildings and on roads. Instead of single-use zoning, zones are defined by the "most intense" use permitted. Uses of lesser intensity are

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In August 2020, the UK Government published a consultation document called Planning for the Future. The proposals hint at a move toward zoning, with areas given a Growth, Renewal or Protected designation, with the possibility of "sub-areas within each category", although the document does not

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Early zoning practices were subtle and often debated. Some claim the practices started in the 1920s while others suggest the birth of zoning occurred in New York in 1916. Both of these examples for the start of zoning, however, were urban cases. Zoning becomes an increasing legal force as it

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Smart zoning is a broad term that consists of several alternatives to use-based zoning that incorporate information and communication technologies. There are a number of different techniques to accomplish smart zoning. Floating zones, cluster zoning, and planned unit developments (PUDs) are

670:. Overlay zoning has the advantage of providing targeted regulation to address a specific issue, such as a natural hazard, without having to significantly rewrite an existing zoning ordinance. However, development of overlay zoning regulation often requires significant technical expertise. 5091:

Researchers, national and state leaders, and professional and community interest groups argue that regulatory barriers contribute to housing shortages, emphasize that the strictness of land use regulation is correlated with high housing prices, and recommend zoning reform to address the

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elaborate on what the details of these might be. From February to April 2024, they have been running a permitted development consultation with the aim of allowing increased densities, "gentle densification" through the permitted development system, on a national rather than zoned scale.

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Conditional zoning is a legislative process in which site-specific standards and conditions become part of the zoning ordinance at the request of the property owner. The conditions may be more or less restrictive than the standard zoning. Conditional zoning can be considered

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The present zoning scheme used in the Philippines is detailed in the HLURB's Model Zoning Ordinance published in 2014, which outlines 26 basic zone types based on primary usage and building regulations (as defined in the National Building Code), and also includes

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The primary purpose of single-use zoning is to geographically separate uses that are thought to be incompatible. In practice, zoning is also used to prevent new development from interfering with existing uses and/or to preserve the character of a community.

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between conflicting land use zones. Allowed uses are parks and related structures, plant nurseries, agriculture, silviculture and horticulture. No permanent structures are permitted, and any buildings can be only up to a height of 6 meters (20 ft).

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have also been criticized as making work–family balance more difficult to achieve, as greater distances need to be covered in order to integrate the different life domains. These issues are especially acute in the United States, with its high level of

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Fraietta, Philip, Contract & Conditional Zoning Without Romance: A Public Choice Analysis (March 1, 2013). Fordham Law Review, Vol. 81, No. 4, 2013, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2207482 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2207482

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A hybrid zoning code combines two or more approaches, often use-based and form-based zoning. Hybrid zoning can be used to introduce form and design considerations into an existing community's zoning without completely rewriting the zoning ordinance.

1579:, and commercial accommodation (hotels, pension houses, hotel apartments, except motels), and parking buildings permitted. Subdivided into basic R-3 and maximum R-3, with the former having a height limit of three stories and 10 meters (33 ft). 415:. This can be accomplished in successful urban districts that have a great diversity of uses, creating interest and attracting visitors. Jacobs' writings, along with increasing concerns about urban sprawl, are often credited with inspiring the 1728:

Some permitted uses include meat processing plants (except those for ham, bacon, sausages and chicharon) soft drink factories, sugar mills, paper mills, cement factories, chemical plants, steel plants, textile factories, canned fish factories,

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Intended for medium- to high-rise, high-density, and multi-family dwellings such as high-rise residential condominiums. Buildings can be up to 18 stories and a height of 54 meters (177 ft). All uses in R-1 through R-4 zones permitted.

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possible—even as the conventional use-based code exists—or the conventional code may be completely replaced by a smart performance or form-based code, as the city of Miami did in 2019. The incorporation of ICTs to measure metrics such as

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Mandelker, Daniel R., Zoning for Mixed-Use Development (July 14, 2023). 58 Real Property, Trust and Estate Law Journal, Spring 2023, Washington University in St. Louis Legal Studies Research Paper No. 23-07-01, Available at SSRN:

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likely gravitate to cheaper land and not a residential area. Single-use zoning laws can get in the way of creative developments like mixed-use buildings and can even stop harmless activities like yard sales. The Houston example of

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and affordable small-scale commercial properties. In some cases, a municipality purchases design patterns and constructs the properties themselves while in other cases the municipality offers the patterns for private development.

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Fiscal zoning is a controversial practice in which local governments use land use regulation, including zoning, to encourage land uses that generate high tax revenue and exclude uses that place a high demand on public services.

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Form-based or intensity zoning regulates not the type of land use, but the form that land use may take. For instance, form-based zoning in a dense area may insist on low setbacks, high density, and pedestrian accessibility.

212:. What was lacking was a regulatory mechanism to allow the city to develop over time, setting guidelines to developers and private citizens over what could be built where. The first modern zoning systems were applied in the 2640: 1456:

Land intended for agricultural activities, including land cultivation, tree growing, livestock, poultry, fisheries and aquaculture. Subdivided into protection agriculture (agriculture protection zones as designated by the

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factories, oil depots, terminals and refineries, warehouses for highly polluting and hazardous products, and power plants. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of 27 meters (89 ft).

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Beyond distinguishing between urban and non-urban land, most ancient cities further classified land types and uses inside their walls. This was practiced in many regions of the world – for example, in China during the

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in 1836 in order to physically separate the city centre from its suburbs. Low density residential areas surround the park, providing a pleasant walk between work in the city within and the family homes outside.

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The mixing of land uses is common throughout the world. Mixed-use zoning has particular relevance in the United States, where it is proposed as a remedy to the problems caused by widespread single-use zoning.

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All water bodies under the jurisdiction of the municipality, as defined in the Fisheries Code (Republic Act 8550), excluding areas designated as protected areas by the national government. Subdivided into

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Use-based zoning, especially single-use zoning, is by far the most common type of zoning in the US, where it is known as Euclidean zoning, after Euclid, Ohio's role in a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case,

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Intended for low- to medium-rise, medium- to high-density, multi-family dwellings. Buildings can be up to twelve stories and a height of 36 meters (118 ft) All uses in R-1 and R-2 zones, residential

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and residential development in a single area, mixed-use zones have been created within some zoning systems. These still use the basic regulatory mechanisms of zoning, excluding incompatible uses such as

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Mixed-use zoning combines residential, commercial, office, and public uses into a single space. Mixed-use zoning can be vertical, within a single building, or horizontal, involving multiple buildings.

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to minor modifications to individual houses. In order to prevent local authorities from being overwhelmed by high volumes of small-scale applications from individual householders, a separate system of

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Transferable development rights, also known as transfer of development credits and transferable development units, are based on the concept that with land ownership comes the right of use of land, or

193:, cited Adelaide as an example of how green open space could be used to prevent cities from expanding beyond their boundaries and coalescing. His design for an ideal city, published in his 1902 book 738:

controversial and sometimes prohibited because it deviates from the broader planning process and has been considered an illegal bargaining away of the government's police powers to enforce zoning.

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Additional zoning provisions exist that are not their own distinct types of zoning but seek to improve existing varieties through the incorporation of flexible practices and other elements such as

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Kwong, J. W. Y., Lai, L. W. C., Chau, K. W., & Chan, V. N. (2021). A race between urban growth and regulation: An empirical case study on the layout plan. Land Use Policy, 101, Article 105184.

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Area intended for cemeteries or memorial parks, including columbaria, crematoria, and ossuaries. Buildings can be up to a height of 15 meters (49 ft), and site subject to DHUSD regulations.

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hangars, warehouses for polluting and hazardous products, paint stores, and large slaughterhouses. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of 21 meters (69 ft).

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In Canada, land-use control is a provincial responsibility deriving from the constitutional authority over property and civil rights. This authority had been granted to the provinces under the

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be subdivided into heavy manufacturing, light assembly and warehouse uses. Special districts may also be created for purposes like public facilities, recreational amenities, and green space.

1566:, high schools, technical schools, museums, and libraries permitted. Subdivided into basic R-2 and maximum R-2, with the former having a limit of three stories and 10 meters (33 ft). 1309:

Same permitted uses as Category 2 residential zone with addition of theatres, restaurants, stores and other entertainment facilities with more than 10,000 m of floor area and warehouses.

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The main approaches include use-based, form-based, performance and incentive zoning. There are also several additional zoning provisions used in combination with the main approaches.

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Zoning districts are classified into twelve use zones. Each zone determines a building's shape and permitted uses. A building's shape is controlled by zonal restrictions on allowable

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systems can comprise single-use zones, mixed-use zones—where a compatible group of uses are allowed to co-exist —or a combination of both single- and mixed-use zones in one system.

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Rothwell, Jonathan T. and Massey, Douglas S. (2009) "The Effect of Density Zoning on Racial Segregation in U.S. Urban Areas" Urban Affairs Review. Volume 4, Number 6, pp. 779-806

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planning officers themselves (via delegated decisions) have discretion on each application for development or change of use made, the system is considered a 'discretionary' one.

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Knaap, Gerrit-Jan; Meck, Stuart; Moore, Terry; Parker, Robert (2007). "Do we know regulatory barriers when we see them? An exploration using zoning and development indicators".

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An overlay zone is a zoning district that overlaps one or more zoning districts to address a particular concern or feature of that area, such as wetlands, historic buildings or

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Rothwell, Jonathan T. and Massey, Douglas S. (2010) "Density Zoning and Class Segregation in U.S. Metropolitan Areas" Social Science Quarterly. Volume 91, Issue 5, pp.1123-1141

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All uses in R-3, R-4, R-5, C-1 and C-2 zones allowed, with the addition of regional shopping malls. Buildings can be up to 60 stories and a height of 180 meters (590 ft).

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Intended for low-rise, medium-density, multi-family dwellings. Buildings can be up to five stories and a height of 15 meters (49 ft). All uses in R-1 zones, apartments,

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projects undertaken by the Philippine government or the private sector to house underprivileged citizens and the homeless. Allowed uses defined in Batas Pambansa No. 220.

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centres, hospitals and medical centres, places of worship, seminaries or convents, and embassies/consulates. Buildings can be up to a height of 15 meters (49 ft).

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Intended for low-density, neighborhood-scale businesses. All uses in R-1 zones also permitted. Buildings can be up to 3 stories and a height of 10 meters (33 ft).

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Designated for residential with other permitted buildings including shops, offices and hotel buildings with floor areas up to 3,000 m and auto repair shops up to 50 m

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divides land into "zones", each of which has a set of regulations for new development that differs from other zones. Zones may be defined for a single use (e.g.

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rather than allow heritage buildings across the city to be demolished to make way for them, as is often the case in London or New York. The construction of the

4115:, Fordham Law Review, Vol. 76, 2008 Boston Univ. School of Law Working Paper No. 07-12. Downloaded on January 15, 2012, from: Social Science Research Network 1952:

types of outbuildings in the garden, provided that no more than 50% of the land area is built over. These are appropriately sized for a typical three bedroom

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Designated for medium to high-rise residential buildings with hospitals, university buildings and shop buildings with floor areas up to 500 m also permitted.

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An advantage of composite zoning is the ability to create flexible zoning districts for smoother transitions between adjacent properties with different uses.

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Lai, L. W. (2016). “As planning is everything, it is good for something!” A Coasian economic taxonomy of modes of planning. Planning Theory, 15(3), 255-273.

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in 1973 led to an outcry. As a result, two years after its completion the construction of buildings over seven storeys high in the city centre was banned.

2006:. With this power, special laws and regulations have long been made restricting the places where particular types of business can be carried on. In 1904, 1448:, military reserves and civil reserves, and forested urban buffer zones. Production forest includes forestry lands, special use zones, and grazing lands. 612:

create quality housing designs within a certain neighborhood or jurisdiction. Pattern zoning may also be used to promote certain building types such as

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Single-use zoning is where only one kind of use is allowed per zone, or district. It is also known as exclusionary zoning or, in the United States, as

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zones, mixed-use zones - where a compatible group of uses are allowed to co-exist - or a combination of both single and mixed-use zones in one system.

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and water bodies within the municipality's jurisdiction. Local governments may also add overlays identifying special use zones such as areas prone to

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Intended for parks and recreational facilities like playgrounds, resort complexes, sports facilities, memorials/shrines and open spaces serving as

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Euclidean zoning is the most prevalent form of zoning in the United States, and thus is most familiar to planners and design professionals.

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The United Kingdom does not use zoning as a technique for controlling land use. British land use control began its modern phase after the

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telecommunications facilities, and large complexes for other public services. Buildings can be up to a height of 15 meters (49 ft).

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Same as Category 1 residential zone, except karaoke boxes are permitted and there are no longer building size restrictions in this zone.

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Natoli, Salvatore J. (1971) "Zoning and the Development of Urban Land Use Patterns" Economic Geography. Volume 47, Number 2, pp. 171-184

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Whitnall, Gordon (1931) "History of Zoning" Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Volume 155, Part 2, pp.1-14

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Zoning is the most common regulatory urban planning method used by local governments in developed countries. Exceptions include the

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Same as Category 1 Medium and High-rise oriented Residential zone, except shops and office buildings up to 1,500 m are permitted

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permitted in zones where higher intensity uses are permitted but higher intensity uses are not allowed in lower intensity zones.

322: (1926), which established its constitutionality. It has been the dominant system of zoning in North America, especially the 3533:"The Third Place » Montgomery County Needs 'Cookie Cutter' Urban Design to 'bake' a Better Future | MontgomeryPlanning.org" 6326: 6028: 5842: 2056: 1901: 1267:

Designated for low-rise residential buildings with above permitted uses as well as shop buildings with floor area up to 150 m.

843:

with no restriction on particular land use but with other development code shows a combination of private and public planning.

4604: 3481: 1726:

Intended for high-intensity manufacturing or production activities that are usually highly polluting and extremely hazardous.

6338: 6308: 6286: 5232: 3316: 3270: 3162: 3067: 2766: 2510: 2470: 2329: 1412: 5188: 3809: 3782: 6320: 5832: 5124:

Politics, Planning and Housing Supply in Australia, England and Hong Kong (Routledge Research in Planning and Urban Design)

2404: 4207: 3216: 2941: 1342:

Same permitted uses as Commercial zone with addition of factories with some possible danger of environmental degradation.

6362: 6223: 5945: 1440:

Forested areas, subdivided into protection forests and productions forests. Protection forests includes forest reserves,

1046: 5063:"Housing Affordability Crisis and Inequities of Land Use Change: Insights From Cities in the Southern California Region" 4380: 487:

The French planning system is mostly form-based; zones in French cities generally allow many types of uses. The city of

6217: 5857: 5116: 2354: 2230: 1890: 1591:. Buildings can be up to three stories and a height of 10 meters (33 ft) All uses in R-1 and R-2 zones permitted. 1223: 4857: 4419: 3391: 6671: 6018: 5655: 5338: 4765: 3933: 2796: 2538: 1159: 1021: 958: 939: 800: 508: 6393: 2897: 911: 94:

into, or the form and scale of buildings. These guidelines are set in order to guide urban growth and development.

5155:

ZONING 101, originally published in 1993 by the National League of Cities, now available in a Third Edition, 2012.

6464: 1636:

Intended for medium- to high-density business activity complementing or supplementing the city or municipality's

1379:

New Zealand's planning system is grounded in effects-based Performance Zoning under the Resource Management Act.

679: 636:

the form (also known as architectural) component sets standards for building design, such as height and facades;

6739: 6570: 6388: 6378: 5938: 5812: 5792: 5257: 5169:– A searchable database of zoning maps and zoning codes for every county and municipality in the United States. 2143: 896: 782: 5172: 1550:

halls, and local health centers. Buildings can be up to three stories and a height of 10 meters (33 ft).

918: 6507: 6383: 6104: 5918: 1856: 1392: 1050: 629:

Composite zoning is a particular type of hybrid zoning that combines use, form, and site design components:

4047: 3451: 639:

the site design component specifies how buildings are situated on the site, such as setbacks and open space.

469: 6623: 6606: 6560: 6452: 6356: 6252: 5822: 5766: 5371: 1420: 1374: 1074: 667: 633:

the use component establishes how land can be used within a district, as in use-based or functional zoning;

3558:"MRSC - What's Not to Like? – Pre-Approved Plans Offer Faster Permitting, Cheaper Housing, Quality Design" 1079: 6117: 6064: 5771: 5761: 5328: 3822: 2285: 2173: 1981: 1961: 1850: 1320:

Same permitted uses as Quasi-residential zone with addition of auto-repair shops with areas up to 300 m.

1040: 323: 213: 3855: 1546:, local recreational facilities, nurseries and daycares, elementary schools, tutors, places of worship, 925: 6601: 5428: 5318: 4618: 3187: 1932:, which will be granted or refused with reference to the development plan as a material consideration. 1576: 1199: 370: 281: 194: 17: 4509: 527:"mixed-use development, open space conservation, walkability, affordable housing, and public parks." 288:. The boundaries between low density residential, commercial and industrial zones are clearly visible. 6539: 6502: 5376: 5273: 5225: 4839: 2591: 2195: 1637: 350: 4482: 1872: 1258:

Permitted uses within these buildings include small shops, offices and elementary and high schools.

1049:, hence each State or Territory has different zoning rules. Land use zones are generally defined at 6651: 6544: 6522: 6424: 6297: 6023: 5985: 5288: 3583: 1909: 1210:, or land and the improvements constructed thereon that become part of the land itself (in Québec, 907: 593: 4097:

Blöchliger, Hansjörg; Hilber, Christian; Schöni, Olivier; Ehrlich, Maximilian von (7 March 2017).

3013: 6802: 6770: 6729: 6631: 6486: 6471: 6459: 6344: 6013: 6008: 5904: 5570: 5459: 5308: 3677: 1917: 892: 885: 778: 771: 31: 4681: 1838:, heritage/historical sites, tourist accommodation, souvenir shops, and outdoor sports grounds. 6575: 6534: 6527: 6481: 5670: 5630: 5396: 2015: 1353:

Residences and shopping can be constructed but schools, hospitals and hotels are impermissible

1203: 987: 613: 224: 209: 5062: 3049: 1510:

Lands intended for mining. Subdivided into mineral reservations, small-scale mining zones and

6778: 6720: 6565: 6476: 5980: 5731: 5711: 5685: 5675: 5635: 5503: 5464: 5366: 5323: 5313: 5298: 5278: 4246:

Tarnishing the Golden and Empire States: Land-Use Restrictions and the U.S. Economic Slowdown

3994: 2200: 2076: 1948: 1765: 600: 404: 386: 316: 152: 5178: 2812: 6613: 6303: 6275: 6151: 5892: 5645: 5575: 5438: 5381: 5303: 5293: 5283: 5218: 4166: 4075: 3728: 2827: 2121: 2080: 1991: 1773: 1400: 1154: 820: 491:

has used its zoning system to concentrate high-density office buildings in the district of

412: 333:

The application of single-use zoning has led to the distinctive form of many cities in the

271: 190: 148: 1530:

Intended for low-rise, low-density, single-family housing, such as single-detached homes,

484:

define districts based on the community's desired character and intensity of development.

8: 6744: 6517: 6447: 6156: 6099: 5990: 5802: 5625: 5620: 5454: 5359: 5354: 4446: 3950: 2270: 2235: 2220: 2190: 2163: 2158: 1929: 1896:

Development control or planning control is the element of the United Kingdom's system of

1714:

Intended for medium-intensity manufacturing or production activities that are polluting.

854: 652: 186: 175: 113: 5131:

The master plan, with a discussion of the theory of community land planning legislation.

4989:"The Elephant in the Zoning Code: Single Family Zoning in the Housing Supply Discussion" 1331:

Same permitted uses as Neighbourhood commercial zone with addition of public bathhouses

6636: 6618: 6059: 6054: 5852: 5726: 5680: 5660: 5493: 5474: 5416: 5391: 5082: 5043: 5008: 4964: 4939: 4915: 4890: 4318: 3135: 2260: 2255: 2215: 2178: 2108: 2104: 2022: 1609: 1543: 1535: 1307:

Designated primarily residential with introduction of vehicle-related road facilities.

1102: 824: 720: 399:

wrote extensively on the connections between the separation of uses and the failure of

366: 319: 202: 91: 4208:

Fulton, B. (2020, January 12). Houston doesn’t have zoning, but there are workarounds.

1705:

have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of 15 meters (49 ft).

276: 6698: 6596: 6512: 6146: 6089: 6049: 5975: 5756: 5565: 5548: 5508: 5433: 5423: 5401: 5386: 5175:– Links to zoning maps and planning commissions of 50 most populous cities in the US. 5148: 5112: 5086: 5047: 5012: 4969: 4920: 4761: 4646: 4568: 4529: 4525: 4291:"Corruption in land-use issues: A crucial challenge for planning theory and practice" 4274: 4116: 3929: 3312: 3266: 3224: 3158: 3127: 3063: 2847: 2792: 2762: 2613: 2559: 2534: 2506: 2499: 2476: 2466: 2373: 2350: 2325: 2245: 1921: 1531: 1169: 496: 259: 253: 159: 3926:

The TDR Handbook: Designing and Implementing Transfer of Development Rights Programs

2744: 1642:

All uses in R-1, R-2, and C-1 zones allowed, with the addition of wholesale stores,

932: 719:

Conditional zoning should not be confused with conditional-use permits (also called

6646: 6419: 5776: 5751: 5650: 5592: 5553: 5513: 5074: 5035: 5000: 4959: 4951: 4910: 4902: 4560: 4521: 4355: 4310: 4302: 4270:"Zoning Officials Stop Church From Opening 40-Bed Shelter in Sub-Zero Temperatures" 4249: 4178: 3810:

Analysis of Zoning Code Best Practices: City of Salisbury, MD – Zoning Code Rewrite

3304: 3258: 3055: 2960: 2839: 2605: 2183: 2168: 1925: 1539: 1498:, lakes, aquaculture zones, commercial fishing zones, municipal fishing zones, and 1479: 1404: 1235: 685: 298: 79: 5078: 5039: 5004: 3366: 2609: 1690:

Intended for light manufacturing or production activities that are non-polluting.

857:. Empirical effectiveness estimates show some zoning approaches can contribute to 584:

although existing residents may often disapprove due to a reduction in lot sizes.

6797: 6666: 6661: 6084: 6074: 5640: 5587: 3096: 2280: 2138: 2103:

that do not occur elsewhere. Jonathan Rothwell has argued that zoning encourages

2034: 1957: 1760:

Intended primarily for social welfare institutions (orphanages, Boys/Girls Town,

1651: 1128: 1089: 732: 463: 456: 198: 167: 125: 55: 3883: 2010:

established the nation's first land-use restrictions for a portion of the city.

999: 208:

However, these planned or ideal cities were static designs embodied in a single

6754: 6079: 6069: 5867: 5847: 5807: 5746: 5528: 5498: 4548: 2148: 2092: 1559: 1408: 1183: 858: 436: 171: 63: 5145:

Zoned in the USA: The Origins and Implications of American Land-Use Regulation

4591:

Zoned in the USA: The Origins and Implications of American Land-Use Regulation

4564: 3419: 3296: 3250: 2463:

Zoned in the USA: The Origins and Implications of American Land-Use Regulation

6791: 6703: 6688: 6414: 5665: 5597: 5582: 5411: 5189:

Schindler's Land Use Page (Michigan State University Extension Land Use Team)

4955: 4906: 4572: 4533: 4391: 3308: 3262: 3228: 3131: 2851: 2843: 2617: 2563: 2494: 2480: 2100: 2011: 2003: 1953: 828: 400: 334: 221: 179: 83: 38: 4988: 2761:(4th ed.). Chapel Hill, NC, USA: UNC School of Government. p. 34. 2731:

Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co., 272 U.S. 365 (SC November 22, 1926).

492: 477: 6749: 6734: 6580: 6439: 6094: 5961: 5837: 5736: 5721: 5695: 5518: 5484: 4973: 4924: 4341: 4218: 4099:

Local taxation, land use regulation, and land use: A survey of the evidence

3652: 2205: 2072: 1956:

property, but must be applied across a wide variety of housing types, from

1761: 1670:. Buildings can be up to 6 stories and a height of 18 meters (59 ft). 815: 552: 416: 303: 141: 137: 133: 71: 5183: 1855:

The framework for governing land uses in Singapore is administered by the

30:

This article is about the land-use planning practice. For other uses, see

6693: 6683: 6196: 6161: 6131: 5862: 5716: 5538: 5533: 5406: 5241: 4290: 2942:"Londoners back limit on skyscrapers as fears for capital's skyline grow" 2868: 2419:

Baurecht und Bauordnung. Architektur, Staatsmedizin und Umwelt bei Vitruv

2250: 2096: 2007: 1965: 1831: 1785: 1769: 1647: 1491: 1003: 713: 697: 563: 440: 423: 422:

To accommodate the New Urbanist vision of walkable communities combining

408: 396: 346: 217: 4940:"The Effect of Density Zoning on Racial Segregation in U.S. Urban Areas" 4891:"The Effect of Density Zoning on Racial Segregation in U.S. Urban Areas" 4322: 4314: 4306: 3139: 3115: 3014:"Fall Speaker Series: Using the New Performance Zoning with Lane Kendig" 2905: 2556:

Order before zoning : land use regulation in Los Angeles, 1880-1915

6710: 6641: 6176: 6171: 6136: 5817: 5690: 5109:

Town Planning for Australia (Studies in International Planning History)

4586: 2662: 2458: 1835: 1768:, military installations, prisons and other correctional institutions, 1737: 1693: 1416: 1115: 1045:

The legal framework for land use zoning in Australia is established by

899: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 850: 785: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 556: 427: 354: 75: 4695: 4113:

Women's Place: Urban Planning, Housing Design, and Work-Family Balance

3114:

Yannacone, Victor John; Rahenkamp, John; Cerchione, Angelo J. (1976).

2124:) are associated with reduced affordability and are a major factor in 853:

is a challenge for zoning. Some have argued that zoning laws increase

140:(1500 – 500 BC), and in the military camps that spread throughout the 46: 6715: 6181: 6141: 6044: 5184:

Michigan State University Extension Planning & Zoning information

4245: 3754:"South Bend's Infill Plans Include Pre-Approved Multi-Family Designs" 3155:

Arbitrary lines: how zoning broke the American city and how to fix it

1928:

are formed and the public consulted. Subsequent development requires

1809: 1697: 1662: 1588: 1563: 1483: 342: 3846: 2720: 2592:"Zoning Incentives: Exploring a Market-Based Land Use Planning Tool" 874: 760: 58:. Different urban zoning areas are represented by different colours. 6247: 6126: 5797: 5741: 5543: 5469: 5252: 5194:

Zoning Compliance and Zoning Certification - Analysis and Reporting

4421:

CLUP Guidebook – A Guide to Comprehensive Land Use Plan Preparation

4254: 4244:

Herkenhoff, Kyle; Ohanian, Lee; Prescott, Edward (September 2017).

4182: 4120: 3059: 2965: 2377: 2153: 1944: 1905: 1789: 1679:

High-density commercial area forming a city or municipality's CBD.

1643: 1547: 1499: 1487: 1387:

Zoning and land use planning in the Philippines is governed by the

1187: 1141: 575:"to float" and its location is established by a zoning amendment. 163: 87: 27:

Government policy allowing certain uses of land in different places

4549:"Spluma, Zoning and Effective Land Use Management in South Africa" 4020:"A Conditional What? Clarifying Some Confusing Zoning Terminology" 2988: 1362:

Designated for factories. All non-factory uses are impermissible.

6186: 6166: 5198: 2265: 2030: 1940: 1808:

Yard, parks or open spaces intended to serve as a buffer zone or

1731: 1495: 1469:

Intended for integrated farms and processing of harvested crops.

102: 4755: 3452:"Planned Unit Developments: What Real Estate Agents Should Know" 2633:"Zoning Arrived 100 Years Ago. It Changed New York City Forever" 2099:

than other developed countries, and additional problems such as

6201: 6191: 5930: 4633:"Changes to various permitted development rights: consultation" 4195: 2693:"Types of Land Use Zoning | The Geography of Transport Systems" 1986: 1656: 1511: 431: 374: 362: 358: 338: 285: 51: 5210: 4231:"How zoning can restrict, or even prevent, affordable housing" 1318:

Designated for neighbourhood-based daily shopping activities.

6292: 5558: 4593:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 63–71. 4468: 4096: 3823:"Inclusionary Zoning and Mixed-Income Communities | HUD USER" 3097:"Performance Zoning: Shaping Land Development Patterns Today" 2275: 2210: 2120:

Zoning laws that limit the construction of new housing (like

2021:

The constitutionality of zoning ordinances was upheld by the

1792:. Buildings can be up to a height of 15 meters (49 ft). 1776:. Buildings can be up to a height of 15 meters (49 ft). 1667: 488: 473: 106: 4758:

The architecture student's handbook of professional practice

6656: 5523: 5166: 3113: 2240: 1912:(LPAs) in the United Kingdom. Generally they are the local 1830:

Areas dedicated for tourism activity. Allowed uses include

162:

designed before the advent of zoning. A notable example is

6333:

National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association

5179:

New York City Department of City Planning – Zoning History

4427:. Vol. 3. Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board. 2014 3338: 1924:. They each use a discretionary "plan-led system" whereby 1280:

Category 2 Medium and High-rise oriented Residential zone

1272:

Category 1 Medium and High-rise oriented Residential Zone

1120:

Sustainable Planning Act 2009 repealed. Planning Act 2016

4449:. Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board. 26 November 2007 4243: 3506:

Progress, Cydney Baron/Special to the (3 November 2020).

2902:

Planners Web: News & Information for Citizen Planners

2061: 3924:

Nelson, Arthur C.; Pruetz, Rick; Woodruff, Doug (2011).

3849:

Model Transit-Oriented District Overlay Zoning Ordinance

3116:"Impact Zoning: Alternative to Exclusion in the Suburbs" 2405:"Houston Doesn't have zoning, but there are workarounds" 1939:

Planning applications can differ greatly in scale, from

1340:

Designated for light industrial and service facilities.

6264:

Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering

4483:"Ultimate guide to rezoning a property in South Africa" 4388:

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

4134:"The Absurd Primacy of the Automobile in American Life" 3295:

Arif, Hassan; Cole, Roland J.; Cole, Isabel A. (2015),

3249:

Arif, Hassan; Cole, Roland J.; Cole, Isabel A. (2015),

2743:

American Society of Planning Officials. January, 1952.

2391: 2086: 4368:

Australian Urban Planning: New Challenges, New Agendas

4167:"The Choice of the Institutional Framework: A Comment" 2828:"Mixed Use by Default: How the Europeans (Don't) Zone" 2075:, loss of open space, heavy infrastructure costs, and 1538:. Also permitted are home occupations and businesses, 124:

The origins of zoning districts can be traced back to

50:

The Zoning Scheme of the General Spatial Plan for the

4700:

Planetizen - Urban Planning News, Jobs, and Education

3847:

Community Design + Architecture, Inc (29 June 2001).

1389:

Department of Human Settlements and Urban Development

1329:

Designated for banks, cinemas and department stores.

6258:

Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors

5025: 4938:

Rothwell, Jonathan; Massey, Douglas S. (July 2009).

4889:

Rothwell, Jonathan; Massey, Douglas S. (July 2009).

3923: 2533:. S Sonnenschein & Co, reprinted by Dodo Press. 2049: 2002:

rights, state governments may exercise over private

4381:"Introduction to Land use Planning System in Japan" 3704:"Urban infill project targets Kokomo neighborhoods" 3482:"'Pattern zone' enables quality infill development" 3303:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 173–199, 3257:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 173–199, 2425:, Technische Hochschule Darmstadt 1984, S. 259–277. 2029:Among large populated cities in the United States, 5199:Land Policy Institute at Michigan State University 3702:Tribune, George Myers Kokomo (18 September 2018). 3420:"FAQs • What is a Planned Unit Development (PUD)?" 2873:Form-Based Codes Institute at Smart Growth America 2498: 673: 112:Most zoning systems have a procedure for granting 3101:Elisabeth Haub School of Law Faculty Publications 2759:Introduction to Zoning and Development Regulation 2590:Homsy, George C.; Kang, Ki Eun (2 January 2023). 2421:, in: Heiner Knell, Burkhardt Wesenberg (Hrsg.), 2407:. Rice Kinder Institute for Urban Research. 2020. 2091:The United States suffers from greater levels of 1264:Category 2 Exclusively Low-Rise Residential Zone 1253:Category 1 Exclusively Low-Rise Residential Zone 587: 6789: 4746:272 U.S. 365, 71 L.Ed. 303, 47 S.Ct. 114 (1926). 4248:(Report). National Bureau of Economic Research. 3297:"Experiments with Smart Zoning for Smart Cities" 3251:"Experiments with Smart Zoning for Smart Cities" 3157:. Washington Covelo : Island Press. p. 47. 3051:Urban Stormwater Management in the United States 2307:Urban Stormwater Management in the United States 2037:. Rather, land use is regulated by other means. 823:combined with insufficient or poorly maintained 6242:Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors 4288: 3392:"Residents object to cluster development plans" 2928:"How Paris is betting on mixed-use development" 2896:Madden, Mary; Russell, Joel (5 December 2014). 2745:The Special District — A New Zoning Development 1256:Designated for low-rise residential buildings. 1094:Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 403:projects in New York City. She advocated dense 6281:Construction Management Association of America 4937: 4888: 4858:"What to do about the expanding urban prairie" 4585: 4289:Chiodelli, Francesco; Moroni, Stefano (2015). 2747:, Information Report No. 34. Chicago, IL, USA. 750: 476:, looking toward the high density district of 170:, whose city centre, along with the suburb of 6315:National Association of Women in Construction 5946: 5873:List of housing markets by real estate prices 5226: 5207:, Journal of Land Use & Environmental Law 4840:"America's Cities: An 'Urban Crisis' Ignored" 3928:. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. p. 3. 2895: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2524: 2522: 1620:Intended for businesses, trade and services. 984:The examples and perspective in this section 158:Separation between uses is a feature of many 6230:Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association 5067:Journal of the American Planning Association 4875: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4706: 3635:"Metrotrends Demographic Review and Outlook" 3294: 3248: 2597:Journal of the American Planning Association 2453: 2451: 2126:residential segregation in the United States 2027:Village of Euclid, Ohio v. Ambler Realty Co. 309:Village of Euclid, Ohio v. Ambler Realty Co. 242: 174:, is surrounded on all sides by a park, the 3479: 2789:The Death and Life of Great American Cities 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 357:, is surrounded by low density residential 5953: 5939: 5913: 5233: 5219: 4510:"A better zoning system for South Africa?" 4196:Zoning is Theft - Jim Fedako - Mises Daily 4148:"Why Did America Give Up on Mass Transit?" 3909:Transfer of Development Rights: Fact Sheet 2775: 2663:"Zoning - GIS Wiki | The GIS Encyclopedia" 2519: 1869:five (5) zoning categories in South Africa 1006:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 541:information and communication technologies 6270:Civil Engineering Contractors Association 6236:Associated General Contractors of America 5147:(Cornell University Press, 2014) 245 pp. 5122:Gurran, N., Gallent, N. and Chiu, R.L.H. 5060: 4986: 4963: 4914: 4864: 4756:American Institute of Architects (2017). 4724: 4414: 4412: 4253: 3729:"Residential Plans Library | Roanoke, VA" 2958: 2589: 1885:Development control in the United Kingdom 1146:Land Use Planning and Approvals Act 1993 1022:Learn how and when to remove this message 959:Learn how and when to remove this message 801:Learn how and when to remove this message 6677:List of tallest buildings and structures 6351:Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors 5133:New York: Russell Sage foundation, 1938. 4812: 4475: 3780: 3508:"City forges ahead with zoning overhaul" 3505: 2428: 1985: 716:and can be challenged on those grounds. 534: 468: 275: 45: 6327:National Kitchen & Bath Association 5140:New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1940 4785:"Zoning 101 Frequently Asked Questions" 4665:"Ordinance #9774 Residential Districts" 4370:, Allen & Unwin, St Leonards, 2000. 4337:"How Zoning Laws Exacerbate Inequality" 4050:. Institute for Local Government. 2015. 3907:American Farmland Trust. April, 2008. " 3884:"Overlay Zoning | Planning For Hazards" 3701: 2624: 2553: 1818:Utilities, transportation and services 1202:of 1867 and was carried forward in the 14: 6790: 4409: 4373: 4073: 4069: 4067: 4042: 4040: 4024:Coates’ Canons NC Local Government Law 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3977: 3973: 3971: 3955:Coates’ Canons NC Local Government Law 3919: 3917: 3878: 3876: 3805: 3803: 3776: 3774: 3607: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3414: 3412: 3361: 3359: 3290: 3288: 3217:"The Bulk-for-Benefits Deal in Zoning" 3210: 3208: 3076:from the original on 11 September 2014 2986: 2891: 2889: 2863: 2861: 2786: 2739: 2737: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2630: 2528: 2493: 2324:. Toronto: Thomson. pp. 388–390. 2062:Single-use zoning in the United States 2057:Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. 646: 6339:National Tile Contractors Association 6309:National Association of Home Builders 6287:Construction Specifications Institute 5934: 5214: 4198:. Mises.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-19. 4164: 4017: 3948: 3584:"Save the Suburbs with Pattern Zones" 3581: 3475: 3473: 3214: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3094: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 2987:Commission, Chester County Planning. 2898:"An Introduction to Form-Based Codes" 2756: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2344: 2319: 2309:. National Academy of Sciences. 2009. 1891:Town and Country Planning Act of 1947 1696:production, biscuit factories, boat, 706: 502: 136:(1046 – 256 BC), in India during the 6321:National Fire Protection Association 5900: 4579: 4048:"Zoning and Conditional Use Permits" 3610:""Good Design" Is Making Bad Cities" 3301:Smart Cities as Democratic Ecologies 3255:Smart Cities as Democratic Ecologies 3152: 2989:"Chester County Planning Commission" 2825: 2643:from the original on 1 December 2017 2457: 2394:. Bmvbs.de. Retrieved on 2013-07-19. 2087:Social problems in the United States 970: 897:adding citations to reliable sources 868: 783:adding citations to reliable sources 754: 450: 265: 6363:Society of Construction Arbitrators 6224:American Society of Civil Engineers 4815:"Singling Out Single-Family Zoning" 4546: 4507: 4064: 4037: 4004: 3968: 3914: 3873: 3800: 3771: 3480:Steuteville, Robert (12 May 2020). 3437: 3409: 3384: 3356: 3285: 3205: 2886: 2858: 2757:Owens, David W. (15 January 2014). 2734: 2707: 2680: 1222:In France, the Code of Urbanism or 521: 380: 247: 24: 6218:American Institute of Constructors 5858:Undergraduate real estate programs 5101: 3470: 3331: 3242: 3171: 3031: 2961:"Does Paris need new skyscrapers?" 2570: 2547: 2231:Principles of Intelligent Urbanism 1608:Intended for areas designated for 1522:Intended principally for housing. 1174:Planning and Development Act 2005 726: 369:. Some metropolitan areas such as 326:, since its first implementation. 220:zoning ordinances of 1904 and the 25: 6814: 6672:Lists of buildings and structures 5656:Investment rating for real estate 5203:By Bradley C. Karkkainen (1994). 5160: 5153:Stephani, Carl J. and Marilyn C. 4607:. United Kingdom Planning Portal. 4018:Owens, David (13 November 2012). 3978:Widner, Robert C. (Spring 2001). 3783:"The Five Steps to a Hybrid Code" 3215:Lueck, Thomas J. (23 July 1989). 2721:https://ssrn.com/abstract=4510458 2631:Dunlop, David W. (25 July 2016). 2313: 2050:Types in use in the United States 1878: 1650:, broadcasting and film studios, 1160:Planning and Environment Act 1987 661: 606: 578: 569: 509:Performance-based building design 6774: 6773: 6765: 5960: 5912: 5899: 5887: 5886: 5054: 5019: 4980: 4931: 4882: 4850: 4832: 4806: 4777: 4749: 4740: 4682:"Houston Chronicle, 12-10, 2007" 4526:10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.04.007 4171:The Journal of Law and Economics 3678:"Milwaukee's New Home Catalogue" 2959:Laurenson, John (18 June 2013). 1975: 1908:and new building. There are 421 1097:Local Environmental Plans (LEP) 975: 873: 759: 741: 620: 395:Planning and community activist 6766: 5240: 4760:. Hoboken: Wiley. p. 509. 4715: 4688: 4674: 4657: 4639: 4625: 4611: 4597: 4540: 4508:Nel, Verna (1 September 2016). 4501: 4461: 4439: 4360: 4349: 4329: 4282: 4262: 4237: 4223: 4212: 4201: 4189: 4158: 4140: 4126: 4105: 4090: 4054: 3942: 3901: 3840: 3815: 3746: 3721: 3695: 3670: 3645: 3627: 3608:Grabar, Henry (12 April 2021). 3601: 3582:Petty, Matthew (30 July 2018). 3575: 3550: 3525: 3499: 3339:"Miami21: Your City, Your Plan" 3146: 3107: 3095:Nolon, John (16 October 2002). 3088: 3006: 2980: 2952: 2934: 2930:. JLL website. 24 January 2019. 2920: 2819: 2805: 2750: 2725: 2655: 2505:. University of Chicago Press. 1990:Zoning scheme of the center of 1862: 884:needs additional citations for 770:needs additional citations for 680:Transferable development rights 674:Transferable development rights 546: 6740:Sustainability in construction 6571:Modern methods of construction 5813:Graduate real estate education 5258:Tertiary sector of the economy 5205:Zoning: A Reply To The Critics 5061:Garde, Ajay; Song, Qi (2022). 4605:"Permitted Development Rights" 4547:Nel, Verna (22 October 2015). 4469:"URA Master Plan 2008 website" 4390:. January 2003. Archived from 3987:Planning Commissioners Journal 3188:"Property Topics and Concepts" 2832:Journal of Planning Literature 2487: 2411: 2397: 2382: 2363: 2338: 2299: 2144:Agricultural protection zoning 2033:is unique in having no zoning 1382: 1368: 1315:Neighbourhood commercial zone 1206:. The zoning power relates to 691: 588:Planned unit development (PUD) 13: 1: 6508:Building services engineering 5079:10.1080/01944363.2021.1911673 5040:10.1080/10511482.2007.9521619 5005:10.1080/10511482.2018.1506392 3949:Owens, David (9 March 2011). 3781:Strungys, Arista (May 2008). 3371:American Planning Association 3192:American Planning Association 2610:10.1080/01944363.2022.2050935 2322:Planning Canadian Communities 2292: 1857:Urban Redevelopment Authority 1461:) and production agriculture 1421:transit-oriented developments 1393:Local Government Code of 1991 1296:Category 2 residential zone: 864: 284:, Australia, looking towards 6624:Construction equipment theft 6357:Scottish Building Federation 6253:Construction History Society 5767:Real estate investment trust 5372:Extraterrestrial real estate 2826:Hirt, Sonia (12 July 2012). 2465:. Cornell University Press. 2018:to apply city-wide in 1916. 1844: 1480:fishery refuge and sanctuary 1375:Resource Management Act 1991 1288:Category 1 residential zone 1034: 668:transit-oriented development 7: 6065:Chartered Building Surveyor 6029:Water supply and sanitation 5772:Real property administrator 5762:Real estate investment club 4651:Urban Planning: Los Angeles 3653:"Pattern Zoning in Midtown" 2286:Zoning in the United States 2174:Greenspace (disambiguation) 2131: 1982:Zoning in the United States 1851:Urban planning in Singapore 1041:Urban planning in Australia 1002:, discuss the issue on the 751:Effectiveness and Criticism 302:because of a court case in 178:. The park was designed by 10: 6819: 6602:List of building materials 5429:Private equity real estate 4111:Katharine Baird Silbaugh: 2869:"Form-Based Codes Defined" 2554:Kolnick, Kathy A. (2008). 2531:Garden Cities of To-morrow 2349:. Routledge. p. 784. 2071:of uses can contribute to 1979: 1910:Local Planning Authorities 1882: 1848: 1372: 1351:Designated for factories. 1200:British North America Acts 1038: 988:the English-speaking world 730: 695: 677: 650: 591: 550: 506: 454: 384: 269: 251: 195:Garden Cities of To-morrow 119: 36: 29: 6763: 6589: 6553: 6540:Environmental engineering 6503:Architectural engineering 6495: 6438: 6407: 6371: 6210: 6113: 6037: 6001: 5968: 5881: 5785: 5704: 5611: 5483: 5447: 5377:International real estate 5347: 5266: 5248: 4987:Monkkonen, Paavo (2019). 4792:Ohio Department of Health 4619:"Planning for the Future" 4565:10.1007/s12132-015-9265-5 4074:Trager, David G. (1963). 2529:Howard, Ebenezer (1902). 2196:Locally unwanted land use 1898:town and country planning 1638:central business district 1459:Department of Agriculture 1395:(Republic Act No. 7160). 1217: 1193: 377:have several such cores. 361:, characterised by large 243:Main Approaches to Zoning 6545:Geotechnical engineering 6523:Construction engineering 6298:Home Builders Federation 6024:Timeline of architecture 5986:Underground construction 4956:10.1177/1078087409334163 4907:10.1177/1078087409334163 4447:"4.15. Zoning Ordinance" 4295:The Town Planning Review 3854:(Report). Archived from 3512:Claremore Daily Progress 3309:10.1057/9781137377203_12 3263:10.1057/9781137377203_12 2844:10.1177/0885412212451029 2815:. Sustainable City Code. 2423:Vitruv – Kolloquium 1982 2347:Encyclopedia of the City 2040: 2016:first zoning regulations 1229: 1057:to challenge decisions. 594:Planned unit development 349:, in which a very dense 230: 37:Not to be confused with 6730:Real estate development 6632:Construction management 6487:Vernacular architecture 6472:Indigenous architecture 6460:Industrial architecture 6345:Railway Tie Association 5571:Real estate transaction 5460:Real estate development 4860:. Buffalo Rising. 2010. 4813:Infranca, John (2023). 4696:"Zoning Without Zoning" 4487:Glensburg Town Planners 4366:Gleeson B. and Low N., 4233:. PBS. 1 February 2021. 3993:(2): 15. Archived from 3812:. September, 2020. p. 5 3153:Gray, M. Nolan (2022). 2114:residential segregation 1797:Cemetery/memorial park 1646:, malls, supermarkets, 1415:(IPs), heritage zones, 1359:Exclusively industrial 1304:Quasi-residential zone 990:and do not represent a 601:homeowner's association 70:is a method in which a 32:Zoning (disambiguation) 6576:Monocrete construction 6535:Earthquake engineering 6528:Structural engineering 6482:Landscape architecture 6019:Structural engineering 5671:Real estate derivative 5631:Effective gross income 5397:Healthcare real estate 4822:Georgetown Law Journal 4635:. UK Government. 2024. 4621:. HM Government. 2020. 4101:(Report). Paris: OECD. 3980:"Avoiding Spot Zoning" 3888:planningforhazards.com 3537:montgomeryplanning.org 3367:"Cluster Subdivisions" 2993:www.chescoplanning.org 2320:Hodge, Gerald (2014). 1995: 1766:rehabilitation centres 1757:Special institutional 1748:General institutional 1692:Some allowed uses are 1204:Constitution Act, 1982 1051:local government level 1047:States and Territories 814:Single-use zoning and 614:missing middle housing 480: 405:mixed-use developments 371:Minneapolis–Saint Paul 289: 225:1916 Zoning Resolution 59: 6566:Earthbag construction 6477:Interior architecture 5981:Offshore construction 5828:Industry trade groups 5732:Exclusive buyer agent 5686:Real estate valuation 5676:Real estate economics 5636:Gross rent multiplier 5465:Real estate investing 5367:Corporate Real Estate 5028:Housing Policy Debate 4993:Housing Policy Debate 4647:"History of Planning" 4165:Coase, R. H. (1974). 4136:. The Atlantic. 2016. 3951:"Is This Spot Legal?" 2787:Jacobs, Jane (1961). 2345:Caves, R. W. (2004). 2201:Mixed use development 2077:automobile dependency 1989: 1949:permitted development 1781:Parks and recreation 1774:mental health asylums 1133:Development Act 1993 535:Additional Provisions 472: 387:Mixed-use development 279: 180:Colonel William Light 153:Industrial Revolution 49: 6614:Construction bidding 6304:Lighting Association 6276:The Concrete Society 6152:Construction foreman 5646:Highest and best use 5612:Economics, financing 5576:Real estate contract 5470:Real estate flipping 5439:Residential property 5382:Lease administration 5334:United Arab Emirates 5173:Crenex – Zoning Maps 4944:Urban Affairs Review 4895:Urban Affairs Review 4397:on 13 September 2014 3911:." Washington, D.C. 3657:City of Bryan, Texas 3054:. 17 February 2009. 2417:Cornelius Steckner: 2128:by income and race. 2122:single-family zoning 2081:single-family zoning 1992:Tallahassee, Florida 1596:Residential-5 (R-5) 1584:Residential-4 (R-4) 1571:Residential-3 (R-3) 1555:Residential-2 (R-2) 1527:Residential-1 (R-1) 1519:General residential 1069:Land use regulation 1000:improve this section 986:deal primarily with 893:improve this article 779:improve this article 272:Single-family zoning 191:garden city movement 149:Age of Enlightenment 6745:Unfinished building 6518:Coastal engineering 6157:Construction worker 6100:Structural engineer 5991:Tunnel construction 5626:Capitalization rate 5621:Asset-based lending 5455:Property management 5360:Commercial building 5355:Commercial property 5111:, Routledge, 2018, 4844:The Huffington Post 4489:. 12 September 2022 4345:. 23 November 2015. 4307:10.3828/tpr.2015.27 4080:Maryland Law Review 3588:Build a Better Burb 2501:The Human Condition 2271:Variance (land use) 2236:Reverse sensitivity 2221:Planning permission 2191:Inclusionary zoning 2164:Fenceline community 2159:Exclusionary zoning 1962:detached properties 1930:planning permission 1723:Industrial-3 (I-3) 1711:Industrial-2 (I-2) 1687:Industrial-1 (I-1) 1676:Commercial-3 (C-3) 1633:Commercial-2 (C-2) 1625:Commercial-1 (C-1) 1617:General commercial 1605:Socialised housing 1224:Code de l’urbanisme 1190:is very prevalent. 1080:Territory Plan 2008 1066:Planning framework 855:economic inequality 721:special-use permits 653:Inclusionary zoning 647:Inclusionary zoning 353:, often containing 187:Sir Ebenezer Howard 176:Adelaide Park Lands 6637:Construction waste 6619:Construction delay 6060:Building officials 6055:Building estimator 5853:Real estate trends 5757:Real estate broker 5727:Chartered Surveyor 5681:Real estate bubble 5661:Mortgage insurance 5494:Adverse possession 5417:Luxury real estate 5392:Garden real estate 5126:, Routledge, 2016. 4278:. 14 January 2022. 4154:. Bloomberg. 2018. 3758:www.planetizen.com 3682:city.milwaukee.gov 3424:www.greenbaywi.gov 3221:The New York Times 2813:"Mixed-Use Zoning" 2392:BMVBS - Startseite 2261:Subdivision (land) 2256:Statutory planning 2216:Non-conforming use 2179:Open space reserve 2109:racial integration 2105:racial segregation 2023:U.S. Supreme Court 1996: 1762:homes for the aged 1610:socialised housing 1544:cottage industries 1413:indigenous peoples 1184:Statutory planning 1063:State / Territory 707:Conditional zoning 503:Performance zoning 497:Montparnasse Tower 481: 413:eyes on the street 290: 203:the Crystal Palace 144:(31 BC – 476 AD). 60: 6785: 6784: 6628:Construction loan 6597:Building material 6513:Civil engineering 6147:Concrete finisher 6090:Quantity surveyor 6050:Building engineer 5976:Home construction 5928: 5927: 5566:Property abstract 5549:Land registration 5509:Concurrent estate 5434:Real estate owned 5424:Off-plan property 5402:Vacation property 5387:Niche real estate 4076:"Contract Zoning" 3733:www.roanokeva.gov 3458:. 17 January 2024 3396:www.candgnews.com 3318:978-1-137-37719-7 3272:978-1-137-37719-7 3164:978-1-64283-254-9 3069:978-0-309-12539-0 3018:CAROLINA PLANNING 2768:978-1-56011-744-5 2695:. 2 December 2017 2512:978-0-226-02598-8 2472:978-0-8014-5305-2 2331:978-0-17-650982-8 2246:Single-use zoning 2079:. In particular, 2025:in the 1926 case 1926:development plans 1922:unitary authority 1842: 1841: 1805:Buffer/greenbelt 1474:Municipal waters 1405:natural disasters 1366: 1365: 1337:Quasi-industrial 1181: 1180: 1177:Planning Schemes 1164:Planning Schemes 1149:Planning Schemes 1136:Development Plan 1123:Planning Schemes 1032: 1031: 1024: 969: 968: 961: 943: 811: 810: 803: 451:Form-based zoning 266:Single-use zoning 260:functional zoning 254:Functional zoning 189:, founder of the 90:that land may be 74:or other tier of 16:(Redirected from 6810: 6777: 6776: 6769: 6768: 6652:Design–bid–build 6420:Construction law 5955: 5948: 5941: 5932: 5931: 5916: 5915: 5903: 5902: 5890: 5889: 5833:Investment firms 5752:Property manager 5651:Home equity loan 5554:Leasehold estate 5514:Conditional sale 5235: 5228: 5221: 5212: 5211: 5095: 5094: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5023: 5017: 5016: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4967: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4918: 4886: 4880: 4877: 4862: 4861: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4819: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4789: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4753: 4747: 4744: 4738: 4735: 4722: 4719: 4713: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4692: 4686: 4685: 4678: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4426: 4416: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4396: 4385: 4377: 4371: 4364: 4358: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4227: 4221: 4216: 4210: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4130: 4124: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4071: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4044: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4015: 4002: 4001: 4000:on 3 March 2024. 3999: 3984: 3975: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3921: 3912: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3880: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3860: 3853: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3798: 3797: 3787: 3778: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3477: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3448: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3416: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3363: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3292: 3283: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3212: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3184: 3169: 3168: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3120:The Urban Lawyer 3111: 3105: 3104: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3046: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3010: 3004: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2904:. Archived from 2893: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2865: 2856: 2855: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2784: 2773: 2772: 2754: 2748: 2741: 2732: 2729: 2723: 2716: 2705: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2689: 2678: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2587: 2568: 2567: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2526: 2517: 2516: 2504: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2455: 2426: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2401: 2395: 2390: 2386: 2380: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2303: 2184:Urban open space 2169:Form-based codes 1918:district council 1902:local government 1834:, resort areas, 1540:sari-sari stores 1466:Agro-industrial 1426: 1425: 1348:Industrial zone 1326:Commercial zone 1242: 1241: 1236:floor area ratio 1110:Planning Scheme 1084:Land Use Policy 1060: 1059: 1027: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1007: 979: 978: 971: 964: 957: 953: 950: 944: 942: 901: 877: 869: 806: 799: 795: 792: 786: 763: 755: 686:land development 522:Incentive zoning 464:Form-based codes 409:walkable streets 381:Mixed-use zoning 299:Euclidean zoning 248:Use-based zoning 21: 6818: 6817: 6813: 6812: 6811: 6809: 6808: 6807: 6788: 6787: 6786: 6781: 6759: 6667:Interior design 6662:Heavy equipment 6585: 6549: 6491: 6434: 6403: 6367: 6206: 6115: 6109: 6085:Project manager 6075:Civil estimator 6033: 5997: 5964: 5959: 5929: 5924: 5877: 5781: 5700: 5641:Hard money loan 5613: 5607: 5588:Rent regulation 5479: 5443: 5343: 5262: 5244: 5239: 5163: 5136:Bassett, E. M. 5107:Taylor, George 5104: 5102:Further reading 5099: 5098: 5059: 5055: 5024: 5020: 4985: 4981: 4936: 4932: 4887: 4883: 4878: 4865: 4856: 4855: 4851: 4838: 4837: 4833: 4817: 4811: 4807: 4797: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4782: 4778: 4768: 4754: 4750: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4725: 4720: 4716: 4711: 4707: 4694: 4693: 4689: 4680: 4679: 4675: 4667: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4617: 4616: 4612: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4584: 4580: 4545: 4541: 4514:Land Use Policy 4506: 4502: 4492: 4490: 4481: 4480: 4476: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4452: 4450: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4430: 4428: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4410: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4365: 4361: 4354: 4350: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4287: 4283: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4242: 4238: 4229: 4228: 4224: 4217: 4213: 4206: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4163: 4159: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4123:, see page 1825 4110: 4106: 4095: 4091: 4072: 4065: 4059: 4055: 4046: 4045: 4038: 4028: 4026: 4016: 4005: 3997: 3982: 3976: 3969: 3959: 3957: 3947: 3943: 3936: 3922: 3915: 3906: 3902: 3892: 3890: 3882: 3881: 3874: 3864: 3862: 3861:on 3 March 2024 3858: 3851: 3845: 3841: 3831: 3829: 3827:www.huduser.gov 3821: 3820: 3816: 3808: 3801: 3790:Zoning Practice 3785: 3779: 3772: 3762: 3760: 3752: 3751: 3747: 3737: 3735: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3712: 3710: 3700: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3676: 3675: 3671: 3661: 3659: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3618: 3616: 3606: 3602: 3592: 3590: 3580: 3576: 3566: 3564: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3541: 3539: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3516: 3514: 3504: 3500: 3490: 3488: 3478: 3471: 3461: 3459: 3456:www.nar.realtor 3450: 3449: 3438: 3428: 3426: 3418: 3417: 3410: 3400: 3398: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3375: 3373: 3365: 3364: 3357: 3347: 3345: 3343:www.miami21.org 3337: 3336: 3332: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3293: 3286: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3247: 3243: 3233: 3231: 3213: 3206: 3196: 3194: 3186: 3185: 3172: 3165: 3151: 3147: 3112: 3108: 3093: 3089: 3079: 3077: 3070: 3048: 3047: 3032: 3022: 3020: 3012: 3011: 3007: 2997: 2995: 2985: 2981: 2971: 2969: 2957: 2953: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2911: 2909: 2908:on 3 March 2024 2894: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2867: 2866: 2859: 2824: 2820: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2791:. Bodley Head. 2785: 2776: 2769: 2755: 2751: 2742: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2717: 2708: 2698: 2696: 2691: 2690: 2681: 2671: 2669: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2646: 2644: 2629: 2625: 2588: 2571: 2552: 2548: 2541: 2527: 2520: 2513: 2492: 2488: 2473: 2456: 2429: 2416: 2412: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2368: 2364: 2357: 2343: 2339: 2332: 2318: 2314: 2305: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2281:Zoning district 2139:Activity centre 2134: 2089: 2064: 2052: 2043: 1994:, United States 1984: 1978: 1887: 1881: 1865: 1853: 1847: 1666:factories, and 1652:car dealerships 1560:boarding houses 1446:protected areas 1409:ancestral lands 1385: 1377: 1371: 1232: 1220: 1196: 1043: 1037: 1028: 1017: 1011: 1008: 997: 980: 976: 965: 954: 948: 945: 902: 900: 890: 878: 867: 807: 796: 790: 787: 776: 764: 753: 744: 735: 733:Contract zoning 729: 727:Contract zoning 709: 700: 694: 682: 676: 664: 655: 649: 623: 609: 596: 590: 581: 572: 559: 549: 537: 524: 511: 505: 459: 457:Form-based code 453: 389: 383: 280:Aerial view of 274: 268: 256: 250: 245: 233: 199:shopping centre 168:South Australia 147:Throughout the 122: 103:City of Houston 56:North Macedonia 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6816: 6806: 6805: 6803:Urban planning 6800: 6783: 6782: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6757: 6755:Urban planning 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6726: 6725: 6724: 6723: 6713: 6708: 6707: 6706: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6680: 6679: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6610: 6609: 6604: 6593: 6591: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6557: 6555: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6531: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6510: 6505: 6499: 6497: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6468: 6467: 6457: 6456: 6455: 6444: 6442: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6411: 6409: 6405: 6404: 6402: 6401: 6399:United Kingdom 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6375: 6373: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6365: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6318: 6312: 6306: 6301: 6295: 6290: 6284: 6278: 6273: 6267: 6261: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6239: 6233: 6227: 6221: 6214: 6212: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6123: 6121: 6114:Trades workers 6111: 6110: 6108: 6107: 6105:Superintendent 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6080:Clerk of works 6077: 6072: 6070:Civil engineer 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6041: 6039: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5995: 5994: 5993: 5983: 5978: 5972: 5970: 5966: 5965: 5958: 5957: 5950: 5943: 5935: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5922: 5919:List of topics 5909: 5896: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5875: 5870: 5868:Urban planning 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5848:Property cycle 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5808:Gentrification 5805: 5800: 5795: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5747:Moving company 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5708: 5706: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5617: 5615: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5579: 5578: 5568: 5563: 5562: 5561: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5529:Eminent domain 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5499:Chain of title 5496: 5490: 5488: 5487:and regulation 5481: 5480: 5478: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5451: 5449: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5420: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5339:United Kingdom 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5270: 5268: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5238: 5237: 5230: 5223: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5170: 5162: 5161:External links 5159: 5158: 5157: 5151: 5141: 5134: 5129:Bassett, E.M. 5127: 5120: 5117:978-1138372580 5103: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5053: 5034:(4): 711–749. 5018: 4979: 4950:(6): 779–806. 4930: 4901:(6): 779–806. 4881: 4863: 4849: 4831: 4805: 4776: 4766: 4748: 4739: 4723: 4714: 4705: 4687: 4673: 4656: 4638: 4624: 4610: 4596: 4587:Hirt, Sonia A. 4578: 4539: 4500: 4474: 4460: 4438: 4408: 4372: 4359: 4348: 4328: 4301:(4): 437–455. 4281: 4261: 4255:10.3386/w23790 4236: 4222: 4211: 4200: 4188: 4183:10.1086/466803 4177:(2): 493–496. 4157: 4139: 4125: 4104: 4089: 4063: 4053: 4036: 4003: 3967: 3941: 3934: 3913: 3900: 3872: 3839: 3814: 3799: 3770: 3745: 3720: 3708:Kokomo Tribune 3694: 3669: 3644: 3626: 3614:Slate Magazine 3600: 3574: 3549: 3524: 3498: 3469: 3436: 3408: 3383: 3355: 3330: 3317: 3284: 3271: 3241: 3204: 3170: 3163: 3145: 3126:(3): 417–448. 3106: 3087: 3068: 3060:10.17226/12465 3030: 3005: 2979: 2951: 2933: 2919: 2885: 2857: 2838:(4): 375–393. 2818: 2804: 2797: 2774: 2767: 2749: 2733: 2724: 2706: 2679: 2654: 2637:New York Times 2623: 2569: 2546: 2539: 2518: 2511: 2495:Arendt, Hannah 2486: 2471: 2459:Hirt, Sonia A. 2427: 2410: 2396: 2381: 2362: 2356:978-0415862875 2355: 2337: 2330: 2312: 2297: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2187: 2186: 2181: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2149:Context theory 2146: 2141: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2101:urban prairies 2093:deurbanization 2088: 2085: 2063: 2060: 2051: 2048: 2042: 2039: 1980:Main article: 1977: 1974: 1958:small terraces 1900:through which 1883:Main article: 1880: 1879:United Kingdom 1877: 1864: 1861: 1849:Main article: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1828: 1824: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1814: 1806: 1802: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1793: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1758: 1754: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1744: 1724: 1720: 1719: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1677: 1673: 1672: 1644:public markets 1634: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1613: 1606: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1592: 1585: 1581: 1580: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1556: 1552: 1551: 1528: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1515: 1508: 1504: 1503: 1475: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1462: 1454: 1450: 1449: 1442:national parks 1438: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1384: 1381: 1373:Main article: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1338: 1334: 1333: 1327: 1323: 1322: 1316: 1312: 1311: 1305: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1260: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1231: 1228: 1219: 1216: 1195: 1192: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1157: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1138: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1077: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1039:Main article: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1029: 994:of the subject 992:worldwide view 983: 981: 974: 967: 966: 881: 879: 872: 866: 863: 859:housing crisis 841:private zoning 809: 808: 767: 765: 758: 752: 749: 743: 740: 731:Main article: 728: 725: 708: 705: 696:Main article: 693: 690: 678:Main article: 675: 672: 663: 662:Overlay zoning 660: 651:Main article: 648: 645: 641: 640: 637: 634: 622: 619: 608: 607:Pattern zoning 605: 592:Main article: 589: 586: 580: 579:Cluster zoning 577: 571: 570:Floating zones 568: 548: 545: 536: 533: 523: 520: 504: 501: 455:Main article: 452: 449: 437:heavy industry 382: 379: 267: 264: 252:Main article: 249: 246: 244: 241: 232: 229: 172:North Adelaide 160:planned cities 121: 118: 99:United Kingdom 64:urban planning 52:City of Skopje 39:Building codes 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6815: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6780: 6772: 6762: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6722: 6719: 6718: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6700: 6697: 6696: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6689:Megastructure 6687: 6685: 6682: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6588: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6552: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6494: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6461: 6458: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6449: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6437: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6415:Building code 6413: 6412: 6410: 6406: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6376: 6374: 6370: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6352: 6349: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6319: 6316: 6313: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6288: 6285: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6271: 6268: 6265: 6262: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6243: 6240: 6237: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6211:Organizations 6209: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6112: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6036: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6000: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5956: 5951: 5949: 5944: 5942: 5937: 5936: 5933: 5921: 5920: 5910: 5908: 5907: 5897: 5895: 5894: 5884: 5883: 5880: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5703: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5666:Mortgage loan 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5614:and valuation 5610: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5598:Torrens title 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5583:Real property 5581: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5482: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5446: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5412:Golf property 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5389: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5265: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5247: 5243: 5236: 5231: 5229: 5224: 5222: 5217: 5216: 5213: 5206: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5150: 5149:online review 5146: 5143:Hirt, Sonia. 5142: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5128: 5125: 5121: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5105: 5093: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5057: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5022: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4983: 4975: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4934: 4926: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4885: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4859: 4853: 4845: 4841: 4835: 4827: 4823: 4816: 4809: 4793: 4786: 4780: 4773: 4769: 4767:9781118738955 4763: 4759: 4752: 4743: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4718: 4709: 4701: 4697: 4691: 4683: 4677: 4666: 4660: 4652: 4648: 4642: 4634: 4628: 4620: 4614: 4606: 4600: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4504: 4488: 4484: 4478: 4470: 4464: 4448: 4442: 4423: 4422: 4415: 4413: 4393: 4389: 4382: 4376: 4369: 4363: 4357: 4352: 4344: 4343: 4338: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4285: 4277: 4276: 4271: 4265: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4240: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4215: 4209: 4204: 4197: 4192: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4161: 4153: 4152:Bloomberg.com 4149: 4143: 4135: 4129: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4108: 4100: 4093: 4086:(2): 121–155. 4085: 4081: 4077: 4070: 4068: 4057: 4049: 4043: 4041: 4025: 4021: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3981: 3974: 3972: 3956: 3952: 3945: 3937: 3935:9781610911597 3931: 3927: 3920: 3918: 3910: 3904: 3889: 3885: 3879: 3877: 3857: 3850: 3843: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3811: 3806: 3804: 3795: 3791: 3784: 3777: 3775: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3734: 3730: 3724: 3709: 3705: 3698: 3683: 3679: 3673: 3658: 3654: 3648: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3615: 3611: 3604: 3589: 3585: 3578: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3538: 3534: 3528: 3513: 3509: 3502: 3487: 3483: 3476: 3474: 3457: 3453: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3425: 3421: 3415: 3413: 3397: 3393: 3387: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3360: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3320: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3291: 3289: 3274: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3245: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3209: 3193: 3189: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3166: 3160: 3156: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3102: 3098: 3091: 3075: 3071: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3052: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3019: 3015: 3009: 2994: 2990: 2983: 2968: 2967: 2962: 2955: 2947: 2943: 2937: 2929: 2923: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2892: 2890: 2874: 2870: 2864: 2862: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2814: 2808: 2800: 2798:9781847926180 2794: 2790: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2770: 2764: 2760: 2753: 2746: 2740: 2738: 2728: 2722: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2694: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2668: 2664: 2658: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2627: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2598: 2593: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2550: 2542: 2540:9781409950318 2536: 2532: 2525: 2523: 2514: 2508: 2503: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2424: 2420: 2414: 2406: 2400: 2393: 2385: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2358: 2352: 2348: 2341: 2333: 2327: 2323: 2316: 2308: 2302: 2298: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2136: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2068: 2059: 2058: 2047: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2012:New York City 2009: 2005: 2004:real property 2001: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1976:United States 1973: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1954:semi-detached 1950: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1886: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1860: 1858: 1852: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1804: 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