1118:
116:
25:
483:
1124:
471:
288:
350:
They were also strongly anti-Japanese. Western powers were sympathetic but provided no support with the exception of foreign private businesses who appreciated their adoption of an anti-communist and anti-union stance in 1923. Wu Peifu had initially invited the
347:, they created a desperate alliance with their former Fengtian enemies but were defeated entirely. The Zhili clique was the only warlord faction to be destroyed as a result of the Northern Expedition.
268:, who had been the only person keeping regional factions from contesting territory throughout China. Unlike other cliques, Zhili was formed by army officers, who felt they had been snubbed by Premier
502:
368:
671:
883:
54:
1183:
897:
1164:
661:
1188:
323:
via bribery. Cao's ambition brought all of his enemies against him and created dissent within the clique. Zhili might have won the
851:
611:
527:
460:
1193:
729:
581:
320:
1098:
401:
319:(1922). In the next two years, the Zhili clique scored successive victories which led to Cao Kun's ascendancy to the
230:
120:
76:
47:
869:
591:
373:
359:'s stranglehold over the railways but found the Communists to be a greater threat and put them down with violence.
547:
438:
1198:
420:
212:
1157:
724:
324:
296:
204:
161:
1014:
691:
316:
315:, which gave nominal assistance against Anhui clique, deteriorated and Wu again brought victory during the
156:
946:
906:
769:
681:
1008:
873:
795:
651:
453:
37:
1150:
821:
811:
41:
33:
1079:
551:
352:
311:, who was considered as one of the greatest strategist in China at the time. Relations with the
755:
751:
631:
58:
976:
932:
601:
356:
1117:
446:
8:
865:
790:
641:
620:
344:
304:
166:
151:
1056:
1051:
917:
702:
571:
537:
517:
281:
130:
1138:
831:
800:
765:
416:
397:
928:
841:
713:
615:
468:
1036:
1004:
956:
942:
312:
284:. Lacking strong bonds, they were more willing to abandon or betray one another.
1134:
1066:
1061:
1046:
901:
893:
861:
478:
272:
regarding appointments and promotions. These officers rallied around
President
242:
1177:
1041:
1021:
336:
273:
184:
394:
Peking
Politics 1918–1923: Factionalism and the Failure of Constitutionalism
994:
989:
733:
482:
332:
328:
277:
249:), which was the clique's base of power. At its height, it also controlled
234:
966:
779:
561:
474:
265:
238:
1071:
378:
340:
269:
1031:
1026:
1123:
308:
291:
Cao Kun, leader of the Zhili clique following Feng
Guozhang's death
339:
managed to hold central China for the next two years. During the
300:
254:
250:
188:
335:. Cao was imprisoned and leadership passed to Wu who along with
470:
413:
Militarism in modern China. The career of Wu P'ei-Fu, 1916–1939
327:(1924) and eventually reunite all of China had it not been for
220:
258:
246:
307:(1920) though the credit belongs to his chief lieutenant,
287:
369:
List of warlords and military cliques in the
Warlord Era
415:. Australian National University Press. p. 349.
299:. After Feng's natural death, leadership passed to
264:The Beiyang Army fragmented following the death of
1133:This article related to the history of China is a
432:Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800–1949)
1175:
46:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
276:, who had to share power with Duan's dominant
1158:
454:
229:) was a military faction that split from the
396:. Center for Chinese Studies. p. 320.
1165:
1151:
898:Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong
461:
447:
381:(an air brigade commander under the Zhili)
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
295:They advocated a softer line during the
286:
1176:
884:Third Red Spears' uprising in Shandong
391:
16:Chinese faction during the Warlord Era
442:
1111:
18:
1184:Warlord cliques in Republican China
410:
13:
582:Constitutional Protection Movement
14:
1210:
1122:
1116:
870:Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum
730:Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising
481:
469:
374:History of the Republic of China
114:
23:
1189:1927 disestablishments in China
801:Nationalist-Communist Civil War
429:
225:
216:
208:
1:
1099:Republic of China (1912–1949)
548:Empire of China (Yuan Shikai)
385:
297:Constitutional Protection War
1137:. You can help Knowledge by
632:Occupation of Outer Mongolia
303:. Cao was victorious in the
237:of the during the country's
7:
1194:Members of the Zhili clique
947:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
682:Washington Naval Conference
362:
10:
1215:
1110:
1009:National Pacification Army
874:Northeast Flag Replacement
780:Zhongshan Warship Incident
477:and warlordism during the
411:Wou, Odorik Y. K. (1978).
1096:
972:
962:
952:
938:
924:
912:
889:
879:
857:
847:
837:
827:
817:
807:
785:
775:
761:
747:
725:Second Zhili–Fengtian War
719:
709:
697:
687:
677:
672:1st National CPC Congress
667:
662:Spirit Soldier rebellions
657:
647:
637:
627:
607:
597:
587:
577:
567:
557:
543:
533:
523:
513:
490:
325:Second Zhili–Fengtian War
180:
175:
162:Second Zhili–Fengtian War
144:
136:
126:
109:
101:
96:
91:
852:Muslim conflict in Gansu
822:Shanghai Commune of 1927
812:Nanking incident of 1927
692:First Zhili–Fengtian War
317:First Zhili–Fengtian War
157:First Zhili–Fengtian War
32:This article includes a
770:Canton–Hong Kong strike
552:National Protection War
392:Nathan, Andrew (1998).
353:Chinese Communist Party
61:more precise citations.
756:May Thirtieth Movement
612:Paris Peace Conference
292:
1199:Chinese history stubs
652:Guangdong–Guangxi War
602:Siberian intervention
357:Communications Clique
331:'s betrayal with the
290:
907:Sino-Soviet conflict
562:Death of Yuan Shikai
866:Huanggutun incident
796:Nanjing–Wuhan Split
791:Northern Expedition
621:May Fourth Movement
345:Northern Expedition
241:. It was named for
213:traditional Chinese
167:Northern Expedition
918:Central Plains War
752:Yunnan–Guangxi War
703:First United Front
572:Manchu Restoration
538:Twenty-One Demands
518:Bai Lang Rebellion
293:
282:Beiyang government
205:simplified Chinese
131:Beiyang government
34:list of references
1146:
1145:
1105:
1104:
1091:
1090:
982:
981:
933:Qinghai–Tibet War
832:Shanghai massacre
766:Anti-Fengtian War
739:
738:
528:Second Revolution
231:Republic of China
194:
193:
121:Republic of China
87:
86:
79:
1206:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1112:
1083:
1080:Communist Party
1075:
929:Sino-Tibetan War
842:July 15 Incident
745:
744:
714:Lincheng Outrage
616:Shandong Problem
592:Golok rebellions
511:
510:
493:
492:
485:
473:
463:
456:
449:
440:
439:
435:
426:
407:
227:
218:
210:
119:
118:
117:
89:
88:
82:
75:
71:
68:
62:
57:this article by
48:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1121:
1115:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1092:
1087:
1081:
1073:
983:
943:Kumul Rebellion
905:
896:
872:
868:
864:
798:
794:
768:
754:
740:
732:
728:
642:Zhili–Anhui War
618:
614:
550:
486:
467:
423:
404:
388:
365:
313:Fengtian clique
305:Zhili–Anhui War
197:
171:
152:Zhili–Anhui War
140:Warlord faction
115:
113:
83:
72:
66:
63:
52:
38:related reading
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1212:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1130:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1077:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1002:
997:
992:
986:
984:
980:
979:
977:War in Ningxia
974:
970:
969:
964:
960:
959:
954:
950:
949:
940:
936:
935:
926:
922:
921:
914:
910:
909:
902:Beijing Revolt
894:Chiang-Gui War
891:
887:
886:
881:
877:
876:
862:Jinan incident
859:
855:
854:
849:
845:
844:
839:
835:
834:
829:
825:
824:
819:
815:
814:
809:
805:
804:
787:
783:
782:
777:
773:
772:
763:
759:
758:
749:
743:
741:
737:
736:
721:
717:
716:
711:
707:
706:
699:
695:
694:
689:
685:
684:
679:
675:
674:
669:
665:
664:
659:
655:
654:
649:
645:
644:
639:
635:
634:
629:
625:
624:
609:
605:
604:
599:
595:
594:
589:
585:
584:
579:
575:
574:
569:
565:
564:
559:
555:
554:
545:
541:
540:
535:
531:
530:
525:
521:
520:
515:
509:
506:
505:
500:
497:
491:
488:
487:
479:Nanjing decade
466:
465:
458:
451:
443:
437:
436:
427:
421:
408:
402:
387:
384:
383:
382:
376:
371:
364:
361:
243:Zhili Province
226:Zhílì xì jūnfá
195:
192:
191:
182:
178:
177:
173:
172:
170:
169:
164:
159:
154:
148:
146:
142:
141:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
111:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
94:
93:
85:
84:
42:external links
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1211:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1100:
1095:
1084:
1078:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
987:
985:
978:
975:
971:
968:
965:
961:
958:
955:
951:
948:
944:
941:
937:
934:
930:
927:
923:
920:
919:
915:
911:
908:
903:
899:
895:
892:
888:
885:
882:
878:
875:
871:
867:
863:
860:
856:
853:
850:
846:
843:
840:
836:
833:
830:
826:
823:
820:
816:
813:
810:
806:
803:
802:
797:
793:
792:
788:
784:
781:
778:
774:
771:
767:
764:
760:
757:
753:
750:
746:
742:
735:
731:
727:
726:
722:
718:
715:
712:
708:
705:
704:
700:
696:
693:
690:
686:
683:
680:
676:
673:
670:
666:
663:
660:
656:
653:
650:
646:
643:
640:
636:
633:
630:
626:
623:
622:
617:
613:
610:
606:
603:
600:
596:
593:
590:
586:
583:
580:
576:
573:
570:
566:
563:
560:
556:
553:
549:
546:
542:
539:
536:
532:
529:
526:
522:
519:
516:
512:
508:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
494:
489:
484:
480:
476:
472:
464:
459:
457:
452:
450:
445:
444:
441:
433:
428:
424:
418:
414:
409:
405:
403:9780892641314
399:
395:
390:
389:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
360:
358:
354:
348:
346:
342:
338:
337:Sun Chuanfang
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
289:
285:
283:
279:
275:
274:Feng Guozhang
271:
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
222:
214:
206:
202:
196:Military unit
190:
186:
185:Feng Guozhang
183:
179:
174:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
132:
129:
125:
122:
112:
108:
104:
100:
95:
90:
81:
78:
70:
60:
56:
50:
49:
43:
39:
35:
30:
21:
20:
1139:expanding it
1132:
1129:
1107:
999:
916:
799:
789:
734:Beijing Coup
723:
701:
619:
431:
430:Gao, James.
412:
393:
349:
333:Beijing Coup
329:Feng Yuxiang
294:
278:Anhui clique
263:
245:(modern-day
235:Beiyang Army
224:
201:Zhili clique
200:
198:
92:Zhili clique
73:
64:
53:Please help
45:
1072:Kuomintang
1057:New Guangxi
1052:Old Guangxi
967:Two-Liu war
957:Han–Liu War
475:Warlord Era
355:to end the
266:Yuan Shikai
239:Warlord Era
145:Engagements
59:introducing
1178:Categories
1015:Zhili Army
422:0708108326
386:References
379:Seo Wal-bo
341:Kuomintang
321:presidency
270:Duan Qirui
176:Commanders
127:Allegiance
1062:Guangdong
1027:Guominjun
939:1931–1935
925:1930–1932
880:1928–1929
848:1927–1930
786:1926–1928
762:1925–1926
698:1923–1927
678:1921–1922
658:1920–1926
648:1920–1921
628:1919–1921
598:1918–1920
588:1917–1929
578:1917–1922
544:1915–1916
514:1911–1914
499:1925–1934
496:1915–1924
181:President
105:1920–1928
1037:Xinjiang
1005:Fengtian
503:Factions
363:See also
309:Wu Peifu
67:May 2024
1067:Guizhou
1047:Sichuan
990:Beiyang
900:(incl.
301:Cao Kun
280:in the
255:Jiangxi
251:Jiangsu
189:Cao Kun
110:Country
55:improve
1042:Yunnan
1022:Shanxi
419:
400:
257:, and
223::
221:pinyin
215::
207::
102:Active
1082:(CCP)
1074:(KMT)
1000:Zhili
995:Anhui
259:Hubei
247:Hebei
217:直隸系軍閥
209:直隶系军阀
40:, or
1135:stub
973:1934
963:1932
953:1932
913:1930
890:1929
858:1928
838:1927
828:1927
818:1927
808:1927
776:1926
748:1925
720:1924
710:1923
688:1922
668:1921
638:1920
608:1919
568:1917
558:1916
534:1915
524:1913
417:ISBN
398:ISBN
199:The
137:Type
343:'s
233:'s
1180::
1032:Ma
1011:)
945:/
931:/
261:.
253:,
219:;
211:;
187:,
97:直系
44:,
36:,
1166:e
1159:t
1152:v
1141:.
1007:(
904:)
462:e
455:t
448:v
434:.
425:.
406:.
203:(
80:)
74:(
69:)
65:(
51:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.