1007:, along with China's most senior naval commanders issued a statement supporting the 1912 constitution and threatened to ignore orders from Beijing if the constitution was not restored, declaring their solidarity with the "National Protection Army" in the southwest, which also claimed to support the constitution. Eventually Feng was able to persuade Duan to relent and the dissident government in the south agreed to dissolve itself when Parliament was reconvened. Nevertheless, the parliament and the country remained as divided as ever between north and south. Duan and the other Beiyang leaders refused to be dictated to by southern parliamentarians, composed mostly of
3093:
539:
527:
2833:
3100:
1191:
began to lose its coherency, as some of its members became affiliated with either the Zhili clique or Zhang Zuolin's
Fengtian faction. Only Zhejiang remained in the hands of the Anhui clique, although it eventually fell in 1924. Shandong was allowed by the Zhili clique to later be taken over by an Anhui warlord under strict conditions of neutrality. Nevertheless, some Anhui clique politicians remained active in government as the Zhili clique and Fengtian faction began to maneuver against each other.
2096:
996:
unpopular president would be easier to manipulate. Duan served under Li as premier, but dominated him—and the rest of the government—and ruled for a time as the effective dictator of northern China, challenged mostly by semi-independent warlords. Neither Duan nor Li ever attempted to submit Li's appointment as president to a parliamentary or general election, indicating Duan's general contempt for constitutional reform.
2084:
559:
971:. Their friendship never recovered, even after Duan was given the premiership, partially because Yuan had shrewdly stripped that office of its powers. Duan served as premier intermittently from 1913 to 1918, under several governments, as part of a series of shaky coalitions (which often collapsed). Yuan's attempt to establish his own dynasty had destroyed the unity of China, and many provinces had achieved
59:
1142:, who opposed Duan. They also engineered the dismissal of Duan's key subordinate Xu Shuzheng on July 4, 1919. In retribution, Duan forced the new president to dismiss both Cao and Wu even though there was no possible way to actually remove them from their posts. He also renamed his army the "National Pacification Army" and mobilized them for war with the Zhili clique and its supporters.
1036:. However, Duan was opposed again by both the president and vice-president, along with most of the parliament. He was impatient to gain parliament's approval through negotiation and resorted to bullying tactics with organized mobs. In response, president Li Yuanhong in May 1917 dismissed Duan as premier after parliament had voted to ask for his resignation.
1289:, built a worship hall within his own home and prayed every morning. Many of his former subordinates frequently came to pray with him. On the first and the 15th days of each month (lunar calendar), Duan would go to temples to participate in various Buddhist events. He supposedly became a vegetarian after the
1047:, mobilized their forces and ended the short-lived restoration attempt. Duan was returned to power while Li Yuanhong, having had enough of Beiyang politics, resigned the presidency. A few days later, on August 14, 1917, China entered the First World War on the side of the Allies. Duan declared war on
1015:
party, backed by southern armies outside
Beiyang control. Duan decided to take action against southern military commanders by reassigning them to other posts and thereby breaking their control. In order to do this he decided to oust the pro-Kuomintang military commander of Hunan; however, his cabinet
1269:
Duan gained a reputation as tough and authoritarian, but without a great love for public office. He was observed to have a "Buddhist inclination", and enjoyed solitude. He delegated great authority to his subordinates, and generally supported their decisions. His chief professional interest was the
958:
as reason, he initiated reforms to purge the military of Duan's followers and raise a new army which was supposed to be more capable than the
Beiyang Army while also being loyal to Yuan himself. As Duan fell sick in late 1914, he was unable to stop the President's plans, and he was thus dismissed as
953:
as minister of war, thereby undermining Yuan's own control over the soldiers. Realizing his growing power, Duan became more independent and gradually challenged the
President over appointments and reforms in the military. As both had volatile tempers, their quarrels became ever more heated, and Yuan
932:
and Hubei provinces. He was further named to Yuan's cabinet as minister of war in 1912, then premier in 1913 while also keeping his position as war minister. Because he had publicly supported the
Emperor's abdication while serving as an envoy of the central government in 1911, Duan's promotions were
1228:
be assembled. Bowing to public pressure, Duan promised a new national assembly in three months; however he could not unilaterally discard the "unequal treaties," since the foreign powers had made official recognition of Duan's regime contingent upon respecting these very treaties. Sun died on March
1190:
and lasted from July 14 to July 18, 1920. Although Duan's army had been equipped and trained by Japan, it succumbed easily to Wu Peifu-led Zhili forces and their allies. His military power shattered, Duan fled to a
Japanese settlement in Tianjin and became an apartment landlord. The Anhui clique
995:
were named. None initially wanted to take the presidency. Duan consulted with other senior military leaders of northern China, calculated that Li was the weakest and least popular of the three and then successfully pressured him to take the presidency, possibly under the rationale that a weak,
983:
In 1916, when Yuan Shikai was on his deathbed, he called several of the most important political and military figures in his government, including Duan, to hear his last political testament. Yuan was only able to say two words: "the
Constitution", which no one was able to interpret. Yuan's 1914
1215:
resulted in the defeat of Wu Peifu and the Zhili clique and forced them to withdraw to the south. The victorious Zhang Zuolin unpredictably named Duan Qirui as the new Chief
Executive of the nation on November 24, 1924. Duan's new government was grudgingly accepted by the Zhili clique because,
1068:
Duan's strategy now was to negotiate financial loans with Japan, in exchange for concessions, to fund a military buildup for the conquest of the south. The political cover for this army was the entry of China into the First World War. With the poor state of the government's credit and
European
896:
province and distinguished himself in combat against the Boxers. Yuan then gave him command over a
Beiyang army division in 1904. In 1906 he was appointed director of the Baoding Staff College, which allowed him to begin recruiting his own clique of loyal junior officers. Yuan arranged for the
1232:
With his clique's military power in a shambles, Duan's government was hopelessly dependent on Feng Yuxiang and Zhang Zuolin. Knowing that those two did not get along, he secretly tried to play one side against the other. On March 18, 1926, a protest march was held against continued foreign
1105:
Nevertheless, Duan still exercised enormous influence in Beijing due to the various military commanders who were still loyal to him. Feng Guozhang was forced to reappoint him to the cabinet as Minister of War, and once again Duan dispatched troops to the south. He also ordered
1285:(Go). He usually won because his opponents feared defeating him, with the exception of his son-in-law, who was also a patron of weiqi and was not afraid of defeating his father-in-law. Duan had four daughters. After Duan's retirement from politics he became a devoted
984:
constitution stipulated that, in the event of the impending death of China's president, the president would place the names of three men to potentially succeed him after his death. After his death, the box would be opened and one of the men named would be elected.
1110:, military ruler of Manchuria, to send troops to Beijing as a ploy to further pressure Feng to restore him to the premiership. However, Wu Peifu once again refused to follow his orders to invade the southern provinces. Faced with the threat from Feng Guozhang,
962:
Having expected to eventually succeed Yuan in the presidency, Duan thus came to oppose Yuan's attempt to declare himself Emperor in late 1915. After several provinces declared independence from Yuan's government, Duan tried to play the intermediary between the
1125:
President Feng Guozhang's term expired on October 10, 1918; in an attempt to placate the south, he agreed not to seek re-election provided Duan also vacate the office of premier on the same day. Duan's position was also weakening as rumours of his
1233:
infringement on Chinese sovereignty and a recent incident in Tianjin involving a Japanese warship. Duan dispatched military police to disperse the protesters, and in the resulting melee 47 protesters were killed and over 200 injured, including
1216:
without an army of his own, Duan was now considered a neutral choice. In addition, instead of "President" Duan was now called the "Chief Executive," implying that the position was temporary and therefore politically weak. Duan Qirui called on
1063:
from China's new allies, such as the cancellation of many of the indemnities and concessions that China had been forced to sign in the past. He also hoped that China could gain international prestige by involving itself in "The Great War".
1093:
After Feng Guozhang had restored him as premier, Duan Qirui quickly began preparations to mobilize troops for conquest of the south. The south responded by forming another rival government against the north and organizing the
709:
and, upon Yuan's death, continued as premier and took effective control of northern China. His tenure was marked by political infighting as well as conflict with southern parliamentarians under the leadership of
1297:
was his favorite food and was served at every meal. Duan also kept a hen farm at home to provide him with eggs, but kept no roosters, as he claimed that without fertilization, the eggs remained vegetarian.
1102:. Wu supported Feng's preference for peaceful reconciliation with the south and refused to fight. Embarrassed by this fiasco, Duan was forced to resign a second time as premier in November 1917.
1175:
to drop three bombs over the Forbidden City, causing the death of an eunuch, but otherwise minor damage. This is the first recorded instance of aerial bombardment by the early-Republican era
1270:
training of soldiers. In government, he favored a cabinet system, in which decisions were made among a small group of powerful men, rather than either the one-man dictatorship favored by
1257:
for protection. Zhang, tired of his double-dealings, refused to restore him after re-capturing Beijing. Most of the Anhui clique had already sided with Zhang. Duan Qirui exiled himself to
3001:
2742:
949:, but the two came to increasingly disagree with each other over various issues as time went on. One of the main problems was that Duan began to amass influence over the
3032:
1167:
in loyal service to the Qing emperor. However, there was extensive opposition across China to return to imperial monarchy, and as a show of force, Duan Qirui ordered a
1032:
had reached a crucial point by 1916–17. Duan saw an opportunity to ingratiate China with the European powers and the US by declaring on the side of the Allies against
501:
2115:
1307:
667:
1130:
began to surface. When the Nishihara Loans were exposed, along with the secret treaty between the Allies and Japan to transfer Shandong to the Japanese, at the
1224:
in the south to restart negotiations towards national reunification. Sun demanded that the "unequal treaties" with foreign powers be repudiated and that a new
1043:, marched his army into Beijing and announced the restoration of the Qing dynasty on July 1, 1917. Outraged, the other Beiyang generals, led by vice-president
2284:
999:
Duan Qirui, in his appointment as Premier, refused to recognize the old 1912 constitution. He was opposed by both President Li Yuanhong and Vice President
2496:
1081:
to pay when these negotiations came to light later on, but in the meantime Duan got the money for his army. This later became part of the reason for the
1138:" on May 4, 1919. Duan's rivals Cao Kun and Wu Peifu of the Zhili clique moved to corner him by organizing an alliance of military leaders, including
3586:
2735:
1098:. Duan dispatched two former subordinates of Feng Guozhang to the south to conquer Hunan, the linchpin of central China; one of these commanders was
325:
3025:
2965:
3576:
3541:
2997:
2728:
1004:
505:
3546:
3018:
2510:
1195:, who had been a protege of Duan, was appointed premier in August 1920. Other Anhui members secretly mediated between Zhang Zuolin and
3092:
3041:
2274:
1122:." He also used the funds from the Nishihara Loans to build up his military forces, employing Japanese officers to train his troops.
1003:, the second most important Beiyang military commander after Duan himself. On June 15, 1917, the admiral of the Chinese First Fleet,
1950:
1896:
1841:
3571:
3566:
2464:
2224:
1225:
2981:
2140:
2073:
1772:
1753:
1664:
1127:
734:
608:
3591:
3581:
2953:
2949:
2941:
2342:
2751:
2194:
2031:
1095:
897:
marriage of his niece, whom he had adopted, to Duan in an effort to consolidate his power and solidify Duan's loyalty.
679:
623:
73:
3099:
2832:
3177:
2759:
2711:
1960:
1906:
1889:
1851:
1815:
1791:
1734:
1711:
928:
by forcing the emperor to abdicate, Duan supported him. For his loyalty Yuan appointed him military governor of both
543:
449:
3367:
3294:
2945:
2937:
2482:
2204:
2004:
1977:
1923:
1868:
1322:
675:
273:
131:
3606:
3561:
2160:
2051:
706:
1069:
wartime expenses making both Western and domestic financing impossible, he secretly negotiated the first of the
802:
786:
1199:, an important leader in the Zhili clique, when the latter decided to revolt against his former allies in the
2977:
2337:
1200:
3596:
2875:
2627:
2304:
2559:
2519:
2382:
2294:
1806:
1176:
3601:
2905:
2895:
2885:
2621:
2486:
2408:
851:), specializing in artillery, and graduated at the top of his class. After graduation, he was sent to
2264:
2066:
1970:
1726:
1160:
954:
eventually started to counter Duan's rise. Using Duan and the Beiyang Army's failure to suppress the
1694:
867:
for two years. After returning to China he was first named as a commissioner to the Beiyang Armory (
733:
and prepared for a conquest of the south. His secret dealings with the Japanese (including the 1918
2929:
2434:
2424:
1238:
842:
749:
in 1919. His position weakened, Duan was eventually ousted from power after his defeat in the 1920
690:
2921:
2692:
2164:
1172:
1077:
province as well as the right to build and run two new Shandong railroads. There would be a high
964:
3471:
3303:
3010:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2973:
2969:
2961:
2925:
2368:
2364:
2244:
1052:
1073:
with Japan on September 29, 1917. In exchange he offered Japan the right to station troops in
2957:
2933:
2917:
2589:
2545:
2214:
1159:
was restored to the Emperor's throne at the Forbidden City by the warlord and Qing loyalist
1118:," Duan attempted to strengthen his position by forming his own political party called the "
693:, Duan studied military science in Germany and became a prominent artillery commander under
3556:
3551:
2059:
1131:
769:. Duan subsequently retired to Tianjin before settling in Shanghai, where he died in 1936.
738:
1134:, Beijing and the rest of the nation exploded in protest in what came to be known as the "
8:
2478:
2403:
2254:
2233:
1187:
1135:
1078:
750:
746:
3158:
2669:
2664:
2530:
2315:
2184:
2150:
2130:
1801:
1682:
1151:
955:
762:
718:
618:
613:
538:
329:
2720:
908:, Duan commanded the loyalist Second Army Corps against the revolutionary army in the
3441:
2444:
2413:
2378:
1811:
1787:
1768:
1749:
1730:
1707:
1670:
1660:
1290:
1242:
1164:
968:
925:
909:
855:
to oversee the construction of artillery fortifications and came to the attention of
766:
663:
603:
381:
674:
who ruled as the effective dictator of northern China in the late 1910s. He was the
3401:
2859:
2541:
2454:
2326:
2228:
1652:
1082:
917:
901:
860:
826:
810:
742:
678:
on four occasions between 1913 and 1918, and from 1924 to 1926 he served as acting
2081:
3486:
3461:
3322:
2847:
2815:
2649:
2617:
2569:
2555:
1250:
1070:
1016:
refused to do so. In spite of this, Duan's right-hand man and Cabinet Secretary,
889:
726:
698:
628:
598:
576:
509:
24:
3506:
3501:
3456:
3298:
3249:
3234:
3228:
2871:
2679:
2674:
2659:
2514:
2506:
2474:
2091:
1168:
1033:
705:, he became minister of war and premier in the Yuan cabinet. He opposed Yuan's
29:
3535:
3476:
3222:
3119:
3060:
2654:
2634:
1048:
1044:
1000:
864:
794:
354:
152:
1656:
1171:
aircraft, piloted by Pan Shizhong (潘世忠) and bombardier Du Yuyuan (杜裕源) from
3511:
3496:
3431:
3421:
3406:
3396:
3391:
3337:
3327:
3189:
3183:
3076:
3065:
2901:
2891:
2881:
2865:
2853:
2803:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2346:
2095:
2014:
1997:
1943:
1879:
1861:
1674:
1317:
1254:
1246:
1212:
1196:
1139:
1119:
1115:
1107:
950:
905:
856:
818:
758:
754:
730:
702:
671:
586:
566:
562:
547:
532:
467:
429:
318:
306:
165:
20:
3481:
3451:
3446:
3352:
3317:
3239:
3211:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3141:
3114:
3055:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2579:
2392:
2174:
2087:
1933:
1916:
1312:
1275:
1271:
1217:
1192:
1029:
1017:
1008:
992:
988:
946:
921:
878:
722:
711:
694:
369:
350:
294:
264:
252:
240:
833:). His father died early and he was raised by his maternal grandmother.
3466:
3411:
3386:
3381:
3357:
3342:
3312:
3261:
3171:
2809:
2684:
1987:
1221:
1055:
and took back Germany's settlement and Austria Hungary's settlement in
1012:
934:
218:
94:
3491:
3426:
3347:
3266:
3244:
3216:
3147:
3081:
2644:
2639:
1784:
Stone of Heaven: Unearthing the Secret History of Imperial Green Jade
1282:
1234:
1040:
822:
393:
364:
206:
98:
1020:, issued orders on his own initiative to launch an attack on Hunan.
852:
3436:
3416:
3278:
3272:
3255:
2043:
2024:
1286:
1099:
1074:
893:
882:
445:
123:
110:
2821:
2791:
1258:
1111:
1056:
683:
3040:
987:
Yuan died on June 6, 1916. When the box was opened, Duan Qirui,
3372:
3332:
3284:
2083:
1294:
1261:
and later moved to Shanghai where he died on November 2, 1936.
913:
874:
765:, but was again deposed after Zhang's victory over Feng in the
558:
1578:
1387:
1385:
877:
military academy. Soon he was able to gain the sponsorship of
929:
778:
425:
421:
58:
1426:
1424:
1382:
1156:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1274:
or the open, consultative form of government proposed by
1746:
Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1800s to 2000
1651:. Vol. 17. Taylor & Francis. pp. 755–756.
1566:
1421:
2750:
1748:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 168–169.
1602:
1549:
1520:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1409:
1397:
1360:
1358:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1498:
1496:
1370:
1619:
1508:
1481:
1355:
1334:
1145:
1590:
1537:
1493:
1281:Duan was also well known as a player and patron of
666:) (March 6, 1865 – November 2, 1936) was a Chinese
1163:in July 1917, and ordering his army to keep their
3533:
2032:Provisional Chief Executive of Republic of China
1293:to repent for his involvements in the massacre.
1781:
1584:
1253:, and deposed Duan, who was forced to flee to
881:, who named him an artillery commander in the
725:on the side of the Allies. He also negotiated
3026:
2736:
2067:
868:
846:
721:, and spearheaded China's involvement in the
3042:Heads of government of the Republic of China
1765:Modern China: A Guide to a Century of Change
1206:
975:independence from Beijing as early as 1915.
753:. He came out of retirement in 1924 to head
737:) later came to light which, along with the
506:Order of the Precious Brilliant Golden Grain
1229:12, 1925, and the negotiations fell apart.
1059:. By entering the war, Duan hoped for some
967:and Yuan, just as Yuan had done during the
3033:
3019:
2743:
2729:
2511:Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong
2074:
2060:
16:Chinese warlord and politician (1865–1936)
1782:Levy, Adrian; Scott-Clark, Cathy (2001).
1762:
1720:
1572:
1415:
1403:
1391:
86:24 November 1924 – 20 April 1926
3587:20th-century Chinese heads of government
1951:Minister of War of the Republic of China
1897:Minister of War of the Republic of China
1842:Minister of War of the Republic of China
680:Chief Executive of the Republic of China
188:14 July 1917 – 22 November 1917
144:23 March 1918 – 10 October 1918
74:Chief Executive of the Republic of China
1810:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
1701:
1646:
1625:
1596:
1487:
1454:
1442:
1364:
1039:At this juncture a monarchist general,
719:another attempt to restore the monarchy
717:In 1917, Duan took part in suppressing
657:
3534:
2497:Third Red Spears' uprising in Shandong
1800:
1725:(2nd ed.). Stanford, California:
1514:
1430:
1349:
1249:again revolted, this time against the
945:Duan rose to power as a close ally of
662:
3577:Republic of China warlords from Anhui
3014:
2724:
2055:
1706:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1186:The conflict came to be known as the
735:Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement
1743:
1613:
1560:
1543:
1531:
1502:
1475:
1376:
1241:. The event came to be known as the
286:19 July 1913 – 31 July 1913
3542:Presidents of the Republic of China
2752:Presidents of the Republic of China
232:26 June 1916 – 23 May 1917
13:
2760:Presidents (Pre-1947 Constitution)
2195:Constitutional Protection Movement
1181:
1096:Constitutional Protection Movement
670:, politician and commander of the
624:Constitutional Protection Movement
14:
3618:
3547:Premiers of the Republic of China
1146:The bombing of the Forbidden City
1128:secret dealings with the Japanese
809:). His grandfather was Duan Pei (
3098:
3091:
2831:
2483:Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum
2343:Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising
2094:
2082:
2005:Premier of the Republic of China
1978:Premier of the Republic of China
1924:Premier of the Republic of China
1869:Premier of the Republic of China
1323:History of the Republic of China
1264:
978:
707:restoration of monarchy in China
676:Premier of the Republic of China
557:
537:
525:
274:Premier of the Republic of China
132:Premier of the Republic of China
57:
2414:Nationalist-Communist Civil War
1088:
836:
1640:
1023:
847:
806:
790:
651:
1:
3572:Chinese people of World War I
3567:People of the 1911 Revolution
2966:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
2712:Republic of China (1912–1949)
2161:Empire of China (Yuan Shikai)
1786:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
1634:
1585:Levy & Scott-Clark (2001)
959:minister of war in May 1915.
912:and succeeded in taking back
888:Duan first saw action in the
772:
729:, with which he built up the
3368:Presidents of Executive Yuan
2245:Occupation of Outer Mongolia
1767:. Harvard University Press.
873:) and then an instructor at
745:to Japan, paved way for the
727:a series of loans with Japan
701:in 1911 and the fall of the
7:
3592:20th-century Chinese people
3582:Members of the Anhui clique
2560:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
2295:Washington Naval Conference
1836:None (Republic established)
1807:The Search for Modern China
1301:
1132:Versailles peace conference
1114:and Wu Peifu's coalescing "
940:
841:In 1885 Duan Qirui entered
493:Military officer, statesman
10:
3623:
2622:National Pacification Army
2487:Northeast Flag Replacement
2393:Zhongshan Warship Incident
2090:and warlordism during the
1763:Hutchings, Graham (2003).
1149:
924:altered the course of the
900:After the outbreak of the
892:, where he served Yuan in
18:
3520:
3366:
3293:
3156:
3130:Premiers of State Council
3129:
3107:
3089:
3048:
2915:
2841:Presidents (1947–present)
2840:
2829:
2758:
2709:
2585:
2575:
2565:
2551:
2537:
2525:
2502:
2492:
2470:
2460:
2450:
2440:
2430:
2420:
2398:
2388:
2374:
2360:
2338:Second Zhili–Fengtian War
2332:
2322:
2310:
2300:
2290:
2285:1st National CPC Congress
2280:
2275:Spirit Soldier rebellions
2270:
2260:
2250:
2240:
2220:
2210:
2200:
2190:
2180:
2170:
2156:
2146:
2136:
2126:
2103:
2040:
2029:
2021:
2011:
2002:
1994:
1984:
1975:
1967:
1957:
1948:
1940:
1930:
1921:
1913:
1903:
1894:
1886:
1876:
1866:
1858:
1848:
1839:
1833:
1828:
1727:Stanford University Press
1207:Return as chief executive
1201:Second Zhili–Fengtian War
869:
830:
814:
646:
636:
592:
582:
572:
553:
520:
515:
497:
489:
481:
473:
463:
455:
435:
408:
403:
399:
387:
375:
346:
335:
324:
312:
300:
290:
279:
271:
258:
246:
236:
225:
212:
200:
192:
181:
171:
159:
148:
137:
130:
117:
104:
90:
79:
72:
68:
56:
47:
40:
2465:Muslim conflict in Gansu
2435:Shanghai Commune of 1927
2425:Nanking incident of 1927
2305:First Zhili–Fengtian War
1649:Science and Football III
1328:
859:, who sent him to study
843:Tianjin Military Academy
691:Tianjin Military Academy
485:Tianjin Military Academy
48:
3250:Vi Kyuin Wellington Koo
2383:Canton–Hong Kong strike
2165:National Protection War
1721:Ch'en, Jerome (1972) .
1702:Bonavia, David (1995).
1657:10.1080/026404199365489
502:Order of Rank and Merit
3607:20th-century Buddhists
3562:Politicians from Hefei
2850:(1948–1949; 1950–1975)
2818:(1928–1931; 1943–1948)
2782:(1916–1917; 1922–1923)
2369:May Thirtieth Movement
2225:Paris Peace Conference
1647:Bangsbo, Jens (1996).
1053:Austria-Hungary Empire
196:Feng Guozhang (acting)
2265:Guangdong–Guangxi War
2215:Siberian intervention
3108:Secretaries of State
2520:Sino-Soviet conflict
2175:Death of Yuan Shikai
1237:, co-founder of the
904:of 1911 against the
821:'s privately raised
739:Treaty of Versailles
382:Position established
3597:Viceroys of Huguang
3049:Premiers of Cabinet
2479:Huanggutun incident
2409:Nanjing–Wuhan Split
2404:Northern Expedition
2234:May Fourth Movement
2035:(acting president)
1802:Spence, Jonathan D.
1744:Gray, Jack (2002).
1616:, pp. 186–187.
1563:, pp. 178–179.
1534:, pp. 174–175.
1478:, pp. 171–172.
1433:, pp. 282–283.
1394:, pp. 160–161.
1379:, pp. 168–169.
1136:May Fourth Movement
1011:'s Guangdong-based
747:May Fourth Movement
2531:Central Plains War
2365:Yunnan–Guangxi War
2316:First United Front
2185:Manchu Restoration
2151:Twenty-One Demands
2131:Bai Lang Rebellion
1829:Political offices
1152:Manchu Restoration
956:Bai Lang Rebellion
763:Beiyang government
689:A graduate of the
655:; Wade–Giles:
619:Manchu Restoration
614:Bai Lang Rebellion
3602:Chinese Buddhists
3529:
3528:
3524:
3442:Chang Chun-hsiung
3008:
3007:
2718:
2717:
2704:
2703:
2595:
2594:
2546:Qinghai–Tibet War
2445:Shanghai massacre
2379:Anti-Fengtian War
2352:
2351:
2141:Second Revolution
2050:
2049:
2041:Succeeded by
2012:Succeeded by
1985:Succeeded by
1958:Succeeded by
1931:Succeeded by
1904:Succeeded by
1877:Succeeded by
1849:Succeeded by
1774:978-0-674-01240-0
1755:978-0-19-870069-2
1666:978-0-419-22160-9
1457:, pp. 43–45.
1445:, pp. 42–43.
1291:March 18 Massacre
1245:. The next month
1243:March 18 Massacre
1226:national assembly
1177:Chinese Air Force
969:Xinhai Revolution
933:supported by the
926:Xinhai Revolution
910:Battle of Yangxia
817:), an officer in
767:Anti-Fengtian War
743:transfer Shandong
699:Xinhai Revolution
640:
639:
609:Second Revolution
604:Xinhai Revolution
544:Republic of China
450:Republic of China
330:Republic of China
3614:
3522:
3402:Chiang Ching-kuo
3102:
3095:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3012:
3011:
2860:Chiang Ching-kuo
2835:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2722:
2721:
2696:
2693:Communist Party
2688:
2542:Sino-Tibetan War
2455:July 15 Incident
2358:
2357:
2327:Lincheng Outrage
2229:Shandong Problem
2205:Golok rebellions
2124:
2123:
2106:
2105:
2098:
2086:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2022:Preceded by
1995:Preceded by
1968:Preceded by
1941:Preceded by
1914:Preceded by
1887:Preceded by
1859:Preceded by
1834:Preceded by
1826:
1825:
1821:
1797:
1778:
1759:
1740:
1717:
1704:China's Warlords
1698:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1678:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1573:Hutchings (2003)
1570:
1564:
1558:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1353:
1347:
1308:List of Warlords
1157:Aisin Gioro Puyi
1083:Shandong Problem
902:Wuchang Uprising
872:
871:
861:military science
850:
849:
832:
816:
808:
792:
697:. Following the
665:
659:
653:
648:
561:
542:
541:
531:
529:
528:
516:Military service
442:
439:November 2, 1936
418:
416:
404:Personal details
390:
378:
360:Himself (acting)
340:
315:
303:
284:
261:
249:
230:
215:
203:
186:
174:
162:
142:
120:
107:
84:
61:
51:
38:
37:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3516:
3487:Chang San-cheng
3462:Liu Chao-shiuan
3370:
3362:
3323:Chiang Kai-shek
3301:
3289:
3152:
3125:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3087:
3044:
3039:
3009:
3004:
2911:
2848:Chiang Kai-shek
2836:
2827:
2816:Chiang Kai-shek
2754:
2749:
2719:
2714:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2686:
2596:
2556:Kumul Rebellion
2518:
2509:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2411:
2407:
2381:
2367:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2255:Zhili–Anhui War
2231:
2227:
2163:
2099:
2080:
2046:
2037:
2034:
2027:
2017:
2008:
2000:
1990:
1981:
1973:
1963:
1954:
1946:
1936:
1927:
1919:
1909:
1900:
1892:
1882:
1873:
1864:
1854:
1845:
1837:
1824:
1818:
1794:
1775:
1756:
1737:
1714:
1690:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1667:
1643:
1637:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1612:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1474:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1356:
1348:
1335:
1331:
1304:
1267:
1251:Fengtian clique
1239:Communist Party
1211:Feng Yuxiang's
1209:
1188:Zhili–Anhui War
1184:
1182:Fall from power
1173:Nanyuan airbase
1154:
1148:
1091:
1079:political price
1071:Nishihara Loans
1067:
1026:
981:
943:
890:Boxer Rebellion
839:
775:
751:Zhili–Anhui War
741:'s decision to
723:First World War
629:Zhili-Anhui War
599:Boxer Rebellion
565:
546:
536:
535:
526:
524:
510:Order of Wen-Hu
508:
504:
464:Political party
444:
440:
420:
414:
412:
388:
376:
368:
363:
361:
359:
357:
353:
341:
336:
326:Minister of War
313:
301:
285:
280:
259:
247:
231:
226:
213:
201:
187:
182:
172:
160:
143:
138:
118:
105:
97:
85:
80:
64:
52:
49:
43:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3620:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3507:Chen Chien-jen
3504:
3502:Su Tseng-chang
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3457:Su Tseng-chang
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3304:Mainland China
3299:Executive Yuan
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3235:Zhang Shaozeng
3232:
3229:Wang Zhengting
3226:
3220:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3038:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3015:
3006:
3005:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2899:
2889:
2879:
2872:Chen Shui-bian
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2764:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2748:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2725:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2590:War in Ningxia
2587:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2515:Beijing Revolt
2507:Chiang-Gui War
2504:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2475:Jinan incident
2472:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2362:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2092:Nanjing decade
2079:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2010:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1983:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1929:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1902:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1875:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1798:
1792:
1779:
1773:
1760:
1754:
1741:
1735:
1723:Yuan Shih-k'ai
1718:
1712:
1699:
1691:|journal=
1665:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1626:Bonavia (1995)
1618:
1601:
1597:Bangsbo (1996)
1589:
1587:, p. 184.
1577:
1575:, p. 346.
1565:
1548:
1546:, p. 177.
1536:
1519:
1517:, p. 288.
1507:
1505:, p. 173.
1492:
1488:Bonavia (1995)
1480:
1459:
1455:Bonavia (1995)
1447:
1443:Bonavia (1995)
1435:
1420:
1418:, p. 161.
1408:
1406:, p. 160.
1396:
1381:
1369:
1365:Bonavia (1995)
1354:
1352:, p. 285.
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1303:
1300:
1266:
1263:
1208:
1205:
1183:
1180:
1169:Caudron Type D
1147:
1144:
1090:
1087:
1034:Central powers
1025:
1022:
980:
977:
942:
939:
838:
835:
774:
771:
649:; pinyin:
645:(Chinese:
638:
637:
634:
633:
632:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
594:
590:
589:
584:
580:
579:
574:
570:
569:
555:
554:Branch/service
551:
550:
522:
518:
517:
513:
512:
499:
495:
494:
491:
487:
486:
483:
479:
478:
475:
471:
470:
465:
461:
460:
457:
453:
452:
443:(aged 71)
437:
433:
432:
410:
406:
405:
401:
400:
397:
396:
391:
385:
384:
379:
373:
372:
348:
344:
343:
333:
332:
322:
321:
316:
310:
309:
304:
298:
297:
292:
288:
287:
277:
276:
269:
268:
262:
256:
255:
250:
244:
243:
238:
234:
233:
223:
222:
216:
210:
209:
204:
198:
197:
194:
190:
189:
179:
178:
175:
169:
168:
163:
157:
156:
150:
146:
145:
135:
134:
128:
127:
121:
115:
114:
108:
102:
101:
92:
88:
87:
77:
76:
70:
69:
66:
65:
62:
54:
53:
45:
44:
41:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3619:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3477:Jiang Yi-huah
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3223:Wang Chonghui
3221:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3159:State Council
3155:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3120:Lu Zhengxiang
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3094:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3061:Lu Zhengxiang
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3036:
3031:
3029:
3024:
3022:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
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2016:
2007:
2006:
1999:
1993:
1989:
1980:
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1972:
1966:
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1817:0-393-02708-2
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1793:9780297645740
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1736:0-8047-0789-8
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1713:0-19-586179-5
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1628:, p. 42.
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1515:Spence (1990)
1511:
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1499:
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1490:, p. 46.
1489:
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1431:Spence (1990)
1427:
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1417:
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1400:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1378:
1373:
1367:, p. 41.
1366:
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1359:
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1350:Spence (1990)
1346:
1344:
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1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1265:Personal life
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
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1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1045:Feng Guozhang
1042:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:Feng Guozhang
997:
994:
990:
985:
979:State Premier
976:
974:
970:
966:
960:
957:
952:
948:
938:
936:
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923:
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862:
858:
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844:
834:
828:
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812:
804:
800:
796:
795:courtesy name
788:
784:
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764:
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748:
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736:
732:
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708:
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696:
692:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
664:
661:, pronounced
660:
658:Tuan Ch'i-jui
654:
644:
635:
630:
627:
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612:
610:
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605:
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419:March 6, 1865
411:
407:
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398:
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386:
383:
380:
374:
371:
366:
356:
355:Lu Zhengxiang
352:
349:
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331:
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323:
320:
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217:
211:
208:
205:
199:
195:
191:
185:
180:
176:
170:
167:
164:
158:
154:
153:Feng Guozhang
151:
147:
141:
136:
133:
129:
125:
122:
116:
112:
109:
103:
100:
96:
93:
89:
83:
78:
75:
71:
67:
60:
55:
46:
39:
36:
32:
31:
26:
22:
3512:Cho Jung-tai
3497:Lai Ching-te
3432:Vincent Siew
3422:Hau Pei-tsun
3407:Sun Yun-suan
3397:Yen Chia-kan
3392:Yu Hung-chun
3338:Wang Jingwei
3328:Chen Mingshu
3190:Gong Xinzhan
3184:Qian Nengxun
3178:Wang Shizhen
3166:
3157:Premiers of
3136:
3077:Xiong Xiling
3070:
3066:Zhao Bingjun
2954:N. Dynasties
2950:S. Dynasties
2906:2024–present
2902:Lai Ching-te
2892:Tsai Ing-wen
2882:Ma Ying-jeou
2866:Lee Teng-hui
2854:Yen Chia-kan
2804:Zhang Zuolin
2797:
2529:
2412:
2402:
2347:Beijing Coup
2336:
2314:
2232:
2030:
2015:Qian Nengxun
2003:
1998:Qian Nengxun
1976:
1961:Wang Shizhen
1949:
1944:Lei Zhenchun
1922:
1907:Wang Shizhen
1895:
1890:Wang Shizhen
1880:Xiong Xiling
1867:
1862:Zhao Bingjun
1852:Wang Shizhen
1840:
1805:
1783:
1764:
1745:
1722:
1703:
1648:
1621:
1592:
1580:
1568:
1539:
1510:
1483:
1450:
1438:
1416:Ch'en (1972)
1411:
1404:Ch'en (1972)
1399:
1392:Ch'en (1972)
1372:
1318:Anhui clique
1280:
1268:
1255:Zhang Zuolin
1247:Feng Yuxiang
1231:
1210:
1197:Feng Yuxiang
1185:
1155:
1140:Zhang Zuolin
1124:
1120:Anhui clique
1116:Zhili clique
1108:Zhang Zuolin
1104:
1092:
1089:Anhui clique
1066:
1061:quid pro quo
1060:
1038:
1027:
998:
986:
982:
972:
961:
951:Beiyang Army
944:
906:Qing dynasty
899:
887:
857:Li Hongzhang
840:
837:Early career
819:Li Hongzhang
798:
782:
776:
759:Feng Yuxiang
755:Zhang Zuolin
731:Anhui clique
716:
703:Qing dynasty
688:
672:Beiyang Army
656:
650:
642:
641:
593:Battles/wars
587:Anhui clique
567:Anhui clique
563:Beiyang Army
548:Anhui clique
533:Qing Dynasty
468:Anhui clique
441:(1936-11-02)
430:Qing Dynasty
389:Succeeded by
362:Xiong Xiling
358:Zhao Bingjun
337:
319:Xiong Xiling
314:Succeeded by
307:Zhao Bingjun
281:
260:Succeeded by
227:
214:Succeeded by
183:
177:Qian Nengxun
173:Succeeded by
166:Qian Nengxun
139:
119:Succeeded by
81:
63:Duan in 1913
35:
28:
21:Chinese name
3557:1936 deaths
3552:1865 births
3482:Mao Chi-kuo
3452:Frank Hsieh
3447:Yu Shyi-kun
3353:Weng Wenhao
3318:T. V. Soong
3240:Gao Lingwei
3212:Liang Shiyi
3206:Yan Huiqing
3201:Sa Zhenbing
3196:Jin Yunpeng
3142:Wu Tingfang
3115:Xu Shichang
3056:Tang Shaoyi
2946:16 Kingdoms
2868:(1988–2000)
2862:(1978–1988)
2856:(1975–1978)
2824:(1931–1943)
2806:(1927–1928)
2800:(1924–1926)
2794:(1923–1924)
2788:(1918–1922)
2786:Xu Shichang
2780:Li Yuanhong
2776:(1912–1916)
2774:Yuan Shikai
2768:Sun Yat-sen
2685:Kuomintang
2670:New Guangxi
2665:Old Guangxi
2580:Two-Liu war
2570:Han–Liu War
2088:Warlord Era
1934:Wu Tingfang
1917:Xu Shichang
1641:Works cited
1614:Gray (2002)
1561:Gray (2002)
1544:Gray (2002)
1532:Gray (2002)
1503:Gray (2002)
1476:Gray (2002)
1377:Gray (2002)
1313:Warlord Era
1276:Sun Yat-sen
1272:Yuan Shikai
1218:Sun Yat-sen
1193:Jin Yunpeng
1030:World War I
1024:World War I
1018:Xu Shuzheng
1009:Sun Yat-sen
993:Xu Shichang
989:Li Yuanhong
947:Yuan Shikai
922:Yuan Shikai
879:Yuan Shikai
825:(Huai Jun,
712:Sun Yat-sen
695:Yuan Shikai
477:4 daughters
456:Nationality
377:Preceded by
370:Xu Shichang
351:Tang Shaoyi
302:Preceded by
295:Yuan Shikai
265:Wu Tingfang
253:Xu Shichang
248:Preceded by
241:Li Yuanhong
202:Preceded by
161:Preceded by
106:Preceded by
25:family name
3536:Categories
3467:Wu Den-yih
3412:Yu Kuo-hwa
3387:Chen Cheng
3382:Yan Xishan
3358:He Yingqin
3343:H. H. Kung
3313:Tan Yankai
3295:Presidents
3262:Xu Shiying
3172:Wang Daxie
3167:Duan Qirui
3137:Duan Qirui
3071:Duan Qirui
2938:3 Kingdoms
2810:Tan Yankai
2798:Duan Qirui
2628:Zhili Army
2038:1924–1926
1988:Wang Daxie
1928:1916–1917
1901:1916–1917
1846:1912–1915
1635:References
1222:Kuomintang
1150:See also:
1028:In Europe
1013:Kuomintang
1005:Li Tingxin
935:Kuomintang
783:Duan Qirui
773:Early life
652:Duàn Qíruì
643:Duan Qirui
521:Allegiance
490:Occupation
415:1865-03-06
219:Wang Daxie
95:Xu Shiying
42:Duan Qirui
3492:Lin Chuan
3472:Sean Chen
3427:Lien Chan
3348:Zhang Qun
3267:Jia Deyao
3245:Sun Baoqi
3217:Zhou Ziqi
3148:Li Jingxi
3082:Sun Baoqi
2896:2016–2024
2886:2008–2016
2876:2000–2008
2675:Guangdong
2640:Guominjun
2552:1931–1935
2538:1930–1932
2493:1928–1929
2461:1927–1930
2399:1926–1928
2375:1925–1926
2311:1923–1927
2291:1921–1922
2271:1920–1926
2261:1920–1921
2241:1919–1921
2211:1918–1920
2201:1917–1929
2191:1917–1922
2157:1915–1916
2127:1911–1914
2112:1925–1934
2109:1915–1924
1971:Zhang Xun
1871:(acting)
1693:ignored (
1683:cite book
1235:Li Dazhao
1213:defection
1161:Zhang Xun
1041:Zhang Xun
823:Huai Army
482:Education
394:Zhou Ziqi
365:Sun Baoqi
342:1912–1915
338:In office
291:President
282:In office
237:President
228:In office
207:Li Jingxi
193:President
184:In office
149:President
140:In office
99:Jia Deyao
82:In office
3437:Tang Fei
3417:Lee Huan
3279:Du Xigui
3273:Hu Weide
3256:Huang Fu
2650:Xinjiang
2618:Fengtian
2116:Factions
2044:Hu Weide
2025:Huang Fu
1804:(1990).
1675:10573330
1302:See also
1287:Buddhist
1220:and the
1100:Wu Peifu
1075:Shandong
973:de facto
941:Politics
920:. After
894:Shandong
883:New Army
777:Born in
583:Commands
474:Children
446:Shanghai
367:(acting)
267:(acting)
221:(acting)
155:(acting)
126:(acting)
124:Hu Weide
113:(acting)
111:Huang Fu
19:In this
3523:*acting
2822:Lin Sen
2792:Cao Kun
2680:Guizhou
2660:Sichuan
2603:Beiyang
2513:(incl.
1259:Tianjin
1112:Cao Kun
1057:Tianjin
1049:Germany
918:Hanyang
865:Germany
827:Chinese
811:Chinese
803:Chinese
799:Zhiquan
793:), his
787:Chinese
684:Beijing
668:warlord
577:General
459:Chinese
347:Premier
328:of the
272:Acting
91:Premier
3373:Taiwan
3333:Sun Fo
3285:Pan Fu
2978:W. Xia
2812:(1928)
2770:(1912)
2655:Yunnan
2635:Shanxi
1814:
1790:
1771:
1752:
1733:
1710:
1673:
1663:
1295:Douchi
1165:queues
965:rebels
914:Hankou
875:Weihai
853:Lüshun
848:天津武備學堂
829::
813::
805::
789::
530:
498:Awards
23:, the
2922:Shang
2695:(CCP)
2687:(KMT)
2613:Zhili
2608:Anhui
2009:1918
1982:1917
1955:1917
1874:1913
1329:Notes
1283:weiqi
930:Hunan
870:北洋军械局
779:Hefei
426:Anhui
422:Hefei
2994:Qing
2990:Ming
2986:Yuan
2974:Song
2970:Liao
2962:Tang
2926:Zhou
2586:1934
2576:1932
2566:1932
2526:1930
2503:1929
2471:1928
2451:1927
2441:1927
2431:1927
2421:1927
2389:1926
2361:1925
2333:1924
2323:1923
2301:1922
2281:1921
2251:1920
2221:1919
2181:1917
2171:1916
2147:1915
2137:1913
1812:ISBN
1788:ISBN
1769:ISBN
1750:ISBN
1731:ISBN
1708:ISBN
1695:help
1671:PMID
1661:ISBN
1051:and
991:and
916:and
797:was
757:and
573:Rank
436:Died
409:Born
30:Duan
3297:of
3002:PRC
2998:ROC
2982:Jīn
2958:Sui
2942:Jìn
2934:Han
2930:Qin
2918:Xia
1653:doi
863:in
791:段啓瑞
781:as
761:'s
682:in
647:段祺瑞
50:段祺瑞
27:is
3538::
3000:/
2996:→
2992:→
2988:→
2984:→
2980:/
2976:/
2972:/
2968:→
2964:→
2960:→
2956:→
2952:/
2948:→
2944:/
2940:→
2936:→
2932:→
2928:→
2924:→
2920:→
2645:Ma
2624:)
2558:/
2544:/
1729:.
1687::
1685:}}
1681:{{
1669:.
1659:.
1604:^
1551:^
1522:^
1495:^
1462:^
1423:^
1384:^
1357:^
1336:^
1278:.
1203:.
1085:.
937:.
885:.
831:淮軍
815:段佩
807:芝泉
714:.
686:.
448:,
428:,
424:,
3375:)
3371:(
3306:)
3302:(
3281:*
3275:*
3269:*
3258:*
3252:*
3231:*
3225:*
3219:*
3208:*
3192:*
3186:*
3180:*
3174:*
3144:*
3122:*
3084:*
3073:*
3034:e
3027:t
3020:v
2908:)
2904:(
2898:)
2894:(
2888:)
2884:(
2878:)
2874:(
2744:e
2737:t
2730:v
2620:(
2517:)
2075:e
2068:t
2061:v
1820:.
1796:.
1777:.
1758:.
1739:.
1716:.
1697:)
1677:.
1655::
1599:.
845:(
801:(
785:(
417:)
413:(
33:.
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