431:, a patron of the then unknown Chiang Kai-shek. When Chen was assassinated, apparently on orders of Yuan Shikai, Zhang took over Chen's role as Chiang's mentor. After Yuan's death in 1916, Sun continued to rely on Zhang, and Zhang offered Chiang Kai-shek substantial financial help, personal advice, and key political backing. On a visit to Zhang's home, Chiang met Ah Feng (Jennie), a friend of Zhu Yimin, Zhang's second wife, and immediately determined to marry her. When Ah Feng's family commissioned a detective report which found that Chiang was not only unemployed but also had a wife and concubine, Zhang reassured them that he would vouch for the young man's good intentions. At their wedding, Zhang delivered a speech wishing the couple happiness and success. Zhang also hit it off with
322:, who was to become one of the most influential dealers of Chinese art. With the financial assistance of $ 300,000 Chinese dollars from his father, the firm was the basis of Zhang's own considerable fortune. Ton-ying remained a family business branching out to New York from its original base in Paris and its source in Shanghai. Because of Zhang’s position in China, the Company was able to source high quality works of art directly, including items from the old Imperial Collection. Although Zhang later dealt extensively on the Shanghai stock exchange, a great deal of his wealth and therefore the financing of the Nationalist (then
330:
263:
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491:, mounted a campaign with the slogan "Down With The Muddle-headed, Old and Feeble Zhang Jingjiang." Zhang remarked to his friend Chen Lifu, "if I were really muddle-headed, old, and feeble, would it be worthwhile to make the effort to knock me down?" A Soviet advisor recalled that Zhang "was able to generate incredible energy in the struggle with the leftists and Communists" even though he could not walk and had to be carried upstairs in his wheelchair. In April 1927, Zhang and the other Four Elders urged Chiang Kai-shek to purge the leftists and initiate the
562:
259:. As a child he suffered from a form of arthritis, which continued to affect him for the rest of his life, and an eye condition which eventually required him to wear dark glasses. Yet he was a sociable child. So self-confident was he that he gave himself the name "Renjie," meaning "outstanding personality." Zhang's grandfather, convinced that Renjie should become an official, purchased the office of "Expectant Daotai" for him. The family arranged a marriage for him with Yao Hui, and the first of his five daughters was born in 1901.
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Reconstruction
Commission. However, in 1931, T. V. Soong took charge of economic development training and limited the powers of Zhang and his commissions. Yet Zhang's ambitious plans to expand the power grid and infrastructure made some progress before the destruction in the Japanese invasion. His pet project, however, the Hangzhou Electric Plant, had to be sold to a private group because low demand and budget shortfalls.
40:
545:
began to practice
Buddhism. In 1937, at the age of fifty-four, in spite of failing health and financial strains, he decided to take his family to live in Hong Kong, then left for Europe. When his brother suggested that he telegraph Chiang Kai-shek to inform him, Zhang snapped "Why should I inform him? He's not my boss! It's none of his business!" Zhang and his family settled in
553:
a telegram of condolence to the family in the United States: "You were my companion in adversity and our friendly feelings were close..." Chiang presided and wrote an inscription in his own calligraphy for Zhang's memorial service: "Deep grief for losing my teacher." He arranged for the
Nationalist Party in Taiwan to send money to Zhang's family for the services in New York.
1439:
541:
state of security in
Zhejiang, "why should he play such an underhanded trick?" Giving the excuse that he needed to travel abroad for his health, Zhang resigned as governor in 1930. He kept his position in the National Reconstruction Commission but found that Chiang did not grant it enough money for its work. Zhang contributed 4,000 yuan of his own.
609:
Nelson and
Laurence Chang's book "The Zhangs from Nanxun" includes a family tree (page 526) which lists the East Branch of the family: descendants of Zhang Baoshan include his sons Zhang Jingjiang and Zhang Bianqun, whose eldest son the scholar Zhang Naiyan was the first Chancellor of the University
544:
It is said that when he heard the news of the
Japanese attack on Shanghai in 1931, he was struck with the strength of the Chinese proverb "the strong making meat of the weak," and became a vegetarian. By the mid-1930s, Zhang had largely retired from politics and pursued his artistic inclinations and
536:
From
November 1928 to January 1930, Zhang was governor of Zhejiang, his and Chiang Kai-shek's home province. Zhang suppressed rural unrest, perhaps to avoid the opposition of landlords and local elites to his projects for building infrastructure for the power industry, as well as heading the National
605:
Zhang was a successful investor and business man and one of his investments was a
European style neighbourhood in Shanghai, Jing'an Villa, which still stands today. It can be found at 1025 Nanjing Xi Lu, in Shanghai's Jing'an district. Built in 1932, it once housed members of the Western and Chinese
552:
Zhang died on 3 September 1950. When his daughter, who was living in Taipei, heard the news, she did not have the courage to inform Chiang Kai-shek directly, fearing the lingering enmity between the two men. Instead, she informed Wu Zhihui, who visited Chiang at 6:00 AM the next morning. Chiang sent
569:
Zhang was the member of an extensive family. His father, Zhang
Baoshan (张宝善 1856-1926), had five children, of whom Jingjiang was the second. He married twice, first to Yao Hui 姚蕙 ( -1918). The marriage produced five daughters: Therese 蕊英 (1901?- 1950); Yvonne 芷英(1902-1975); Suzanne 芸英 (1904- 1998);
478:
of March 1926, Chiang Kai-shek's life was supposedly endangered by a kidnapping plot. Chiang moved to suppress the
Leftists, surprising many who had thought of him as a leftist, threatening a debilitating schism. Zhang counseled Chiang against identifying himself too closely with the right, and may
540:
Zhang's influence on Chiang Kai-shek continued to decline and relations cooled. The Generalissimo placed men who were loyal into the Zhejiang government and undercut Zhang's authority in ways which embarrassed him. "If he wants me to hand in my resignation," Zhang asked after Chiang criticized the
523:
Chiang then asked Zhang to head the National Reconstruction Commission, whose assignment was to control the industrial sector of the economy. The Commission confiscated a number of private mines and power companies, though its influence was soon undercut by the National Economic Council headed by
337:
Li soon introduced Zhang to the doctrines of Anarchism and they began to apply them to analyzing the situation in China. Zhang told friends of the anti-religion and anti-family theories which he had adopted. He also opposed traditional ideas of sex: "It is obvious," he told them, "the reason why
486:
The Four Elders were fiercely anti-Communist. Their anarchist principles led them to see the poor and uneducated as members of the Chinese nation, not members of the working class. They accused the Communists of creating class divisions and promoting class warfare. The radical left wing of the
503:. To intimates Zhang confided "a man of moral integrity should not go back on his word, let alone a state leader!" In the following years, Soong Mei-ling apparently resented Zhang for his loyalty to Jennie. She and the Zhang family did not speak to each other. In 1927, after the success of the
520:. Zhang oversaw the first stage of the removal of more than half of the Imperial Collections to Shanghai in 1933 following the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. It was during this period that many imperial works of art found their way into Western collections, through dealers such as Zhang.
353:, the anti-Manchu revolutionist, giving him the first of many substantial contributions. The two established a code for Sun to use if he needed money: "A" meant send $ 10,000 Chinese dollars, "B" meant send $ 20,000, and so forth. On his return to Paris, Zhang led Wu and Li to join Sun's
282:, who was by then a well-known anti-Manchu revolutionary, Zhang and Li arrived in Paris as part of Sun's delegation on December 17, 1902. Zhang's wife, Yao Hui, accompanied him. Li quickly resigned his official position to study French and biology, but Zhang did not resign until 1905.
338:
society is divided along sexual lines is because of traditional customs.... It's not impossible to reform them." Zhang's interest in anarchism later cooled, however, and he was probably more attracted by its aura of science and iconoclastic social reform than its political side.
400:, who had spent two years in prison for publishing "Society on the Brink of Death" (1892) an anarchist pamphlet. But Zhang, who continued to travel back and forth to China, did not have money enough to finance both Sun Yat-sen and the journal, which ceased publication in 1910.
461:), setting up an internal rivalry between the left and the right wings. Zhang, as a right-wing leader, was elected to the Central Executive Committee (CEC), along with Li Shizeng, Wu Zhihui, and Cai Yuanpei, all from Zhejiang. They became known as the GMD's “Four Elders", or
498:
At this time, a rift opened between Zhang and Chiang Kai-shek which eventually became bitter and lasted until Zhang's death. Zhang had introduced Chiang to his second wife, Jennie, who was a friend of his wife, Yimin, and had felt aggrieved when Chiang abandoned her for
384:, a student from Zhejiang who accompanied Zhang back from China and would help him travel in the years to come. The journal translated radical French thinkers and introduced Chinese students in France to the history of radicalism, especially the anarchist classics of
471:. Chiang Kai-shek built his rise to power and subsequent long political life on his ability to skillfully using this and other groups for a certain time, then shifting his support to opposing factions to keep both friends and enemies off balance.
511:
The four friends from anarchist days of cultural exchange and education in France collaborated on the National Labor University, which revived two abandoned factories and used them for Work–Study. Li Shizeng became chairman of the newly created
442:
507:
and the alliance with the wealthy Soong family, Chiang perhaps was in less need of Zhang's help, and might also have feared Zhang's growing power. Zhang as an anarchist also opposed organized religion, while Chiang converted to Christianity.
411:, which sent worker-students to France. Though he did not take up Sun's offer to be minister of finance, he continued to give financial support to Sun and his party, which became especially important when Sun was forced to flee to Japan as
602:, became one of Chiang Kai-shek's most important political patrons." They go on to recognize that Zhang was a revolutionary who was not afraid to use violence, but that his political rivals did much to darken his reputation.
589:
Nelson and Laurence Chang's history of the Zhang family points out that Western histories portray Zhang Jingjiang as a "menacing figure, a malign influence in the Chinese political scene." They object to Sterling Seagrave's
274:, son of a high Qing official. The two discovered that they shared a dissatisfaction with the state of Chinese politics and society. When in 1902 Li was appointed as attache on the staff of the Minister to France,
1911:
610:
at Nanjing and Chinese Ambassador to Belgium. Zhang Naiyan's daughter Jane Chang emigrated to Lynn, Massachusetts in 1949 with her husband Arthur Yau; their eldest son is poet and critic John Yau.
581:
In 1918, Yao Hui was killed by a falling branch in Riverside Park in New York City. In 1920, Zhang met and married Zhu Yimin (朱逸民 1901-1991 in Shanghai. They had five daughters and two sons.
415:
took control of the new republic. Zhang used his money and charm to make friends in many parts of Shanghai society, including the underworld, and especially among those from Zhejiang province.
240:
Province, where his grandfather was a prosperous salt and silk merchant. Zhang's father, Zhang Baoshan (张宝善, 1856–1926), developed the family business, and married into a family of
528:. Over the next few years, Zhang continued to play a profitable and influential role in Shanghai financial circles, sometimes in conjunction with Soong, sometimes in rivalry.
606:
elite in Shanghai's International Settlement. Its European-inspired architecture stands as a reminder of the interaction between Europe and China, of which Zhang was a part.
1303:
Chinese Art: From the Collection of Tonying & Company, Inc., New York, Sold by Their Order: Public Auction Sale, Wednesday and Thursday, April 14 and 15 at 1:45 P.M
196:, his lifelong friends. He became wealthy trading Chinese artworks in the West and investing on the Shanghai stock exchange. Zhang gave generous financial support to
474:
When Sun died in 1925, Zhang was one of the witnesses to his deathbed Political Will, and was elected to the new State Council which convened in Canton. In the
1831:
2071:
368:
The three anarchists —Zhang, Li, and Wu — established a relationship which lasted for the rest of their lives. In 1908, they started a journal,
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1826:
1571:
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349:(The World), a publishing house for radical social ideas. On a steamship returning from China to Europe in 1906, Zhang met and was entranced by
270:
On a trip to Beijing in 1901 to arrange a suitable posting for himself as "Expectant Daotai," Zhang met the equally well-placed and adventurous
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209:
985:
362:
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594:, for instance, which says that Zhang's disease "crippled one of his feet and thereafter gave him the lurching gait of Shakespeare's
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1932:
1927:
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Schools into Fields and Factories : Anarchists, the Guomindang, and the National Labor University in Shanghai, 1927-1932
278:, Zhang used his family influence to join him and be appointed as "Third Secretary." After stopping over in Shanghai to meet
2014:
1648:
1521:
517:
365:, two of Sun's important lieutenants (in view of his attacks on religion, they allowed him to omit the oath "by heaven").
408:
345:, who was nearly ten years older than Li and Zhang, and a deeper scholar. Backed by Zhang's money, the three formed the
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1389:
1370:
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598:. This sinister millionaire, whom some Westerners referred to as Curio Chang and the French in Shanghai referred to as
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318:, which imported Chinese tea, silk, and art. This was the first of its kind in France, and employed, among others,
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1236:. Cambridge, MA: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University : distributed by Harvard University Press.
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969:
423:
During these years, Zhang did well on the Shanghai stock market and shared his earnings with Sun and the emerging
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54:
435:, another of Chiang's most important advisers and supporters, also from Zhejiang, organizer of the right-wing
1993:
492:
2076:
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1330:. Berkeley, CA: Center for Chinese Studies, Institute of International Studies, University of California.
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357:, the more politically radical of the anti-Manchu groups. Zhang had been sworn into the society by
549:, in New York City. He and Li Shizeng sometimes met to look over the Hudson River and reminisce.
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389:
1210:
Return to the Middle Kingdom: One Family, Three Revolutionaries, and the Birth of Modern China
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315:
262:
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Georgette (荔英 Liying; 1906-1993); Helen (菁英 Jingying 1910-2004). Georgette in 1930 married
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8:
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578:, a medical doctor from Singapore who worked with Chinese army during the war, in 1946.
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149:
1156:
The Zhangs from Nanxun: A One Hundred and Fifty Year Chronicle of a Chinese Family
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1491:
1306:. Catalogue / Parke-Bernet Galleries ;1511. New York, NY: Parke-Bernet Galleries.
1301:
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184:. He studied and worked in France in the early 1900s, where he became an early
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As a boy, Zhang was adventurous and bright; he enjoyed both riding horses and
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broke out, Zhang returned to China. He was one of the organizers of the
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1190:
The Storm Clouds Clear over China: The Memoir of Ch'en Li-Fu, 1900-1993
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Wu Zhihui, Zhang, and Li Shizeng, Leaders of the Xin Shijie Society
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The Shanghai Capitalists and the Nationalist Government, 1927-1937
483:, who had been his friend from their anarchists days in Europe.
467:
380:, funded by Zhang and edited by Wu. Another major contributor was
39:
1093:. Cambridge, MA: East Asian Research Center, Harvard University.
453:
advisors to reorganize the Nationalist Party and incorporate the
326:) cause, came from the profits created by the Ton-ying Company.
1250:
Lloyd Eastman, "Nationalist China during the Nanking Decde," in
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party, led by Wang Jingwei, who set up its own headquarters at
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On a trip to London in 1905, Zhang renewed his friendship with
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Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang
914:
396:. They were especially impressed by their conversations with
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Bulletin of the Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica
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180:, was a political figure and financial entrepreneur in the
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419:
Relations with the Nationalist Party and Chiang Kai-shek
248:
which had extensive contacts among Western businesses.
1138:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 73–77.
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in 1925 and was responsible for the inventory of the
1282:
Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-Shek and the China He Lost
1136:
Biographical Dictionary of Republican China Volume I
1029:
729:
680:
678:
663:
479:
have attempted to reconcile Chiang with the leftist
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285:
1358:
1256:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
1229:
1086:
445:Letter from Sun Yat-sen to Zhang (January 8, 1923)
1572:Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang
675:
255:, memorized classics, and was especially good at
2038:
427:(GMD). His GMD friends from Zhejiang included
1342:"Zhang Renjie and the Hangzhou Electric Plant"
1324:Scalapino, Robert A. and George T. Yu (1961).
296:In Paris he established the Ton-ying Company (
176:; 19 September 1877 − 3 September 1950), born
1515:
899:, p. 29,56, 100-101, 217, 218, 222, 223.
532:Provincial government and declining influence
1179:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
204:. In the 1920s, he, Li, Wu and the educator
2072:Republic of China politicians from Zhejiang
1384:. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
1365:. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
1089:Two Years in Revolutionary China, 1925-1927
1522:
1508:
208:were known as the fiercely anti-Communist
38:
1552:History of the Kuomintang cultural policy
1323:
1187:
827:
759:
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261:
1382:Anarchism and Chinese Political Culture
1254:The Nationalist Era in China, 1927-1949
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1133:
1084:
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856:
839:
771:
735:
669:
630:
266:Nanxun, the Zhang Family Ancestral Home
172:
67:
2039:
2010:List of assets owned by the Kuomintang
1577:2005 Pan–Blue visits to mainland China
1379:
1356:
1310:
1153:Chang, Nelson, Laurence Chang (2010).
1108:Chan, Ming K. and Arif Dirlik (1991).
815:
723:
711:
699:
684:
232:, but his family's ancestral home was
224:Zhang was born September 13, 1877, in
2029: ; By-elections denoted with (b)
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1278:
1227:
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1114:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
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2015:2019 Kuomintang presidential primary
1649:Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang
1339:
1317:Chinese-Art Research into Provenance
1213:. New York, NY: Union Square Press.
1206:
1107:
908:
884:
787:
1085:Akimova, Vera Vladimirovna (1971).
409:Diligent Work-Frugal Study Movement
13:
14:
2103:
2067:People of the Northern Expedition
1399:
1585:
1437:
1425:
1413:
1134:Boorman, Howard L., ed. (1967).
565:Zhang Family Residence in Nanxun
286:Paris, anarchism, and revolution
1361:Sun Yat-Sen, Frustrated Patriot
1300:Parke-Bernet Galleries (1954).
1159:. Palo Alto; Denver: CF Press.
1053:
996:216,220, 291-300, 412, 442, 513
1654:Three Principles of the People
1529:
1327:The Chinese Anarchist Movement
1192:. Stanford, CA: Hoover Press.
556:
310:
301:
219:
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122:Entrepreneur, political figure
58:
1:
2092:Chinese expatriates in France
1994:Presidential Palace (Nanjing)
613:
618:
7:
1557:National Revolutionary Army
200:and was an early patron of
10:
2108:
1644:Five Races Under One Union
1380:Zarrow, Peter Gue (1990).
1357:Wilbur, C. Martin (1976).
1078:
476:Zhongshan Gunboat Incident
289:
127:
2062:Members of the Kuomintang
2023:
2002:
1981:
1920:
1794:
1667:
1621:
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1567:Blue Sky with a White Sun
1547:History of the Kuomintang
1539:
1488:
1479:
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1207:Chen, Yuan–tsung (2008).
574:in Paris. Helen married
314:), with a gallery on the
214:Chinese Nationalist Party
153:
118:
92:
46:
37:
28:
21:
1453:Party political offices
1279:Fenby, Jonathan (2003).
1262:10.1017/CBO9780511572838
1228:Coble, Parks M. (1980).
495:which killed thousands.
29:
16:Chinese political leader
2052:Chinese revolutionaries
2047:Chinese anti-communists
1252:Eastman, Lloyd (1991).
923:, p. 238-242, 263.
188:under the influence of
2025:Notes: Acting leaders
1614:(Flag, emblem creator)
1340:Wang, Shuhuai (2004).
1285:. London: Free Press.
566:
514:Imperial Palace Museum
465:(国民党元老), in Japanese,
446:
390:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
372:(New Century), titled
334:
267:
1334:The Anarchist Library
1311:Pearce, Nick (2004).
818:, p. ?? 202-203.
585:Legacy and reputation
564:
449:In 1923, Sun invited
444:
332:
316:Place de la Madeleine
265:
1921:Leadership elections
1827:Extraordinary (1938)
1188:Ch'en, Lifu (1994).
762:, p. 35, 38-39.
518:Imperial Collections
2077:Tongmenghui members
1629:Chinese unification
1562:Northern Expedition
1313:"Ton-Ying & Co"
842:, p. 213, 225.
660:, pp. 160–161.
505:Northern Expedition
2057:Chinese anarchists
1989:Huguang Guild Hall
1982:Significant venues
1050:, p. 190-191.
950:, p. 259-263.
830:, pp. 49, 62.
648:, p. 156-159.
567:
459:First United Front
455:Chinese communists
447:
405:Revolution of 1911
335:
292:Anarchism in China
268:
68:Chang Ching-chiang
2034:
2033:
1498:
1497:
1489:Succeeded by
1477:
1026:, p. 269-70.
873:233-235, 259, 263
592:The Soong Dynasty
425:Nationalist Party
186:Chinese anarchist
182:Republic of China
126:
125:
74:19 September 1877
2099:
1832:6th (Wang, 1939)
1711:Chiang Ching-kuo
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1458:Preceded by
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911:, p. 55-56.
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887:, p. 72-74.
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806:, p. 48-49.
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750:, p. 48-51.
745:
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727:
726:, p. 76-80.
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714:, p. 40-41.
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633:, p. 73-77.
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202:Chiang Kai-shek
178:Zhang Jingjiang
173:Chang Jen-chieh
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1400:External links
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1063:. Minor Sights
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738:, p. 75.
737:
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724:Zarrow (1990)
720:
713:
712:Wilbur (1976)
708:
702:, p. 75.
701:
700:Zarrow (1990)
696:
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686:
685:Pearce (2004)
681:
679:
672:, p. 74.
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119:Occupation(s)
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112:United States
109:
108:New York City
95:
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64:
56:
49:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
20:
2026:
1778:
1766:
1754:
1742:
1735:
1731:Wu Po-hsiung
1726:Ma Ying-jeou
1716:Lee Teng-hui
1706:Wang Jingwei
1691:Zhang Renjie
1690:
1685:Song Jiaoren
1683:
1602:Song Jiaoren
1480:
1466:
1465:
1381:
1360:
1349:
1345:
1326:
1316:
1302:
1281:
1253:
1231:
1209:
1189:
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1110:
1088:
1065:. Retrieved
1055:
1048:Chang (2010)
1043:
1036:Chang (2010)
1031:
1024:Chang (2010)
1019:
1008:Chang (2010)
1003:
992:Chang (2010)
987:
976:Chang (2010)
971:
960:Chang (2010)
955:
948:Chang (2010)
943:
921:Chang (2010)
916:
904:
897:Coble (1980)
892:
880:
869:Chang (2010)
864:
835:
828:Ch'en (1994)
823:
811:
804:Fenby (2003)
799:
783:
767:
760:Ch'en (1994)
755:
748:Fenby (2003)
743:
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665:
658:Chang (2010)
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626:
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591:
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493:White Terror
485:
481:Wang Jingwei
473:
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462:
448:
422:
402:
373:
367:
346:
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309:
295:
269:
250:
223:
177:
171:
163:Zhāng Rénjié
161:
146:Zhang Renjie
145:
144:
137:
130:Chinese name
66:
30:
23:Zhang Renjie
2087:1950 deaths
2082:1877 births
1912:21st (2021)
1907:20th (2017)
1902:19th (2013)
1897:18th (2009)
1892:17th (2005)
1887:16th (2001)
1882:15th (1997)
1877:14th (1993)
1872:13th (1988)
1867:12th (1981)
1862:11th (1976)
1857:10th (1969)
1780:Lin Rong-te
1679:Sun Yat-sen
1607:Sun Yat-sen
1461:Sun Yat-sen
909:Wang (2004)
885:Chan (1991)
790:, pp.
788:Chen (2008)
596:Richard III
572:Eugene Chen
557:Family life
526:T. V. Soong
413:Yuan Shikai
355:Tongmenghui
351:Sun Yat-sen
324:Tongmenghui
253:calligraphy
246:compradores
220:Early years
210:Four Elders
206:Cai Yuanpei
198:Sun Yat-sen
134:family name
2041:Categories
2027:italicised
1852:9th (1963)
1847:8th (1957)
1842:7th (1952)
1837:6th (1945)
1822:5th (1935)
1817:4th (1931)
1812:3rd (1929)
1807:2nd (1926)
1802:1st (1924)
1774:Wu Den-yih
1744:Wu Den-yih
1612:Lu Haodong
1532:Kuomintang
1486:1925–1926
1473:Kuomintang
1352:(3): 1–56.
1067:4 December
1010:, p.
994:, p.
978:, p.
962:, p.
871:, p.
774:, p.
614:References
429:Chen Qimei
398:Jean Grave
363:Feng Ziyou
347:Shijie she
272:Li Shizeng
190:Li Shizeng
168:Wade–Giles
100:1950-09-03
86:Great Qing
63:Wade–Giles
1721:Lien Chan
1701:Hu Hanmin
1634:Chiangism
1444:Biography
1432:Anarchism
1175:cite book
619:Citations
600:Quasimodo
547:Riverdale
437:CC Clique
433:Chen Lifu
403:When the
382:Chu Minyi
378:Esperanto
370:Xin Shiji
359:Hu Hanmin
343:Wu Zhihui
280:Wu Zhihui
276:Sun Baoqi
194:Wu Zhihui
2003:See also
1968:2020 (b)
1958:2016 (b)
1953:2015 (b)
1938:2007 (b)
1750:Eric Chu
1639:Dang Guo
1622:Ideology
1595:Founders
1012:276, 305
320:C.T. Loo
242:Shanghai
238:Zhejiang
230:Zhejiang
128:In this
82:Zhejiang
1670:Leaders
1540:History
1471:of the
1469:Premier
1406:Portals
1079:Sources
792:177-180
463:Yuanlao
298:Chinese
212:of the
150:Chinese
98: (
55:Chinese
1388:
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392:, and
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306:pinyin
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226:Wuxing
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160::
158:pinyin
152::
132:, the
78:Wuxing
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1420:China
489:Wuhan
468:genrō
244:silk
139:Zhang
1973:2021
1963:2017
1948:2013
1943:2009
1933:2005
1928:2001
1386:ISBN
1367:ISBN
1287:ISBN
1266:ISBN
1238:ISBN
1215:ISBN
1194:ISBN
1181:link
1161:ISBN
1140:ISBN
1116:ISBN
1095:ISBN
1069:2016
361:and
302:通运公司
192:and
93:Died
47:Born
1467:as
1258:doi
964:266
376:in
216:.
154:張人傑
136:is
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