Republic of China (1912–1949)

5120:. During the Second Revolution in 1913, as the president of the republic, Yuan Shikai used the Beiyang Army to defeat provincial forces opposed to him and to extend his control over north China and other provinces as far south as the Yangtze River. This also led to the expansion of the size of the Beiyang Army, and an effort was made by Yuan to reduce provincial armies in areas he controlled, though they were not completely disbanded. Yuan ended the Qing practice of frequently rotating officers among command positions in the Beiyang divisions, which led to the subordinates developing personal loyalty to their commanders, whose units became their power base. He maintained control over the Beiyang Army by providing the division commanders with the patronage of the presidency, and had them keep each other in check. Yuan was unable to completely reorganize the fragmented command structure of China's military to be more of a bureaucratic institution under the direct control of the central government. After Yuan's death in 1916, the Beiyang Army split among different factions led by his generals that rivaled each other. Though they continued to control the central government in Beijing, they were unable to take over the south. The southern warlords had their own armies but they were also divided by conflicts among themselves. Despite the breakdown of centralized leadership, some military schools established during the Qing dynasty continued to function during the warlord era, including the 3166: 377: 3411: 5078:

and do liaison work. Able-bodied men from 20 to 25 were required to serve in the military for 3 years before becoming reservists which they would remain as until they were 45. Those being exempt from serving in the military were: only sons, high school graduates and above, students who were in high school or above, could not meet physical standards, "suffered from incurable diseases" and had special governmental appointments. One could also get a deferment if they were civil servants, "could not recover from any disease within months", teachers, "those who were not clear of suspicion for criminal offenses" or where half the sons in a given family were active duty soldiers. Those barred from military service were people who were serving a life sentence or "deprived of political rights".

2372: 368: 2631:(except by old-line Communists)." He also stated that, "Lloyd Eastman has called the Blue Shirts, whose members admired European fascism and were influenced by it, a Chinese fascist organization. This is probably an exaggeration. The Blue Shirts certainly exhibited some of the characteristics of fascism, as did many nationalist organizations around the world, but it is not clear that the group possessed the full qualities of an intrinsic fascist movement....The Blue Shirts probably had some affinity with and for fascism, a common feature of nationalisms in crisis during the 1930s, but it is doubtful that they represented any clear-cut Asian variant of fascism." 1169: 5335: 1282: 2785: 5101: 108: 2701:. Campaigns were mounted and laws passed to promote the rights of women. In the 1931 Civil Code, women were given equal inheritance rights, banned forced marriage and gave women the right to control their own money and initiate divorce. No nationally unified women's movement could organize until China was unified under the Kuomintang Government in Nanjing in 1928; women's suffrage was finally included in the new Constitution of 1936, although the constitution was not implemented until 1947. Addressing social problems, especially in remote villages, was aided by improved communications. The 5534: 1238: 154: 5150: 149: 1187: 1151: 3392: 1220: 5548: 5229: 1594: 1252: 115: 2686:

which officially disbanded by 1938, something Payne also mentions as "possibly because of competition with the KMT itself." Some have also noted that in contrast to older historians from decades ago, Chiang's efforts have been increasingly seen by newer Western and Chinese historians alike as an arguably necessary if austere part of the complicated nation-building process in China during his time, especially given the wide range of both domestic and foreign challenges it faced on many different concurrent fronts.

2411:". Sun Yat-sen had been actively promoting revolution from his bases in exile. He then returned and on 29 December, Sun Yat-sen was elected president by the Nanjing assembly, which consisted of representatives from seventeen provinces. On 1 January 1912, he was officially inaugurated and pledged "to overthrow the despotic government led by the Manchu, consolidate the Republic of China and plan for the welfare of the people". Sun's new government lacked military strength. As a compromise, he negotiated with 5503:

filmmaking.Upscale movie theaters in China had and contracts which required them to exclusively show Hollywood films, and thus as of the later 1920s, Hollywood films accounted for 90% of screen time in Chinese theaters. After the Japanese invasion of China in 1937, a large number filmmakers left to join the War of Resistance, with many going to the Nationalist-controlled hinterlands to join the Nationalist film studios Central Motion Picture Studio or China Motion Picture Studio. A smaller number went to

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promoted. When the war with Japan broke out, the majority of the Chinese fleet was used during the Battle of Shanghai to slow down the Japanese advance along the Yangtze River. Many ships were sunk by Japanese aircraft or were sunk deliberately by the Chinese to use as blockships in the Yangtze. By 1939 most of the Chinese navy had been destroyed, with one estimate claiming that over 100 of the navy's 120 ships in 1937 had been sunk. Some Chinese warships (notably the cruisers

2582: 5137:. After the success of the Northern Expedition the National Revolutionary Army was seen as China's national army, despite warlords still controlling parts of the country. During the next decade the army was increased in size from 250,000 to around two million, organized into 200 divisions. In the 1930s a small number of these divisions received training from German instructors, as well as modern uniforms and weapons, as part of the process of creating a professional army. The 3058:. The Communists were well established in the north and northeast. Although the Kuomintang had an advantage in numbers of men and weapons, controlled a much larger territory and population than their adversaries, and enjoyed considerable international support, they were exhausted by the long war with Japan and in-fighting among various generals. They were also losing the propaganda war to the Communists, with a population weary of Kuomintang corruption and yearning for peace. 3198:

This Constitution was promulgated on 25 December 1946 and came into effect on 25 December 1947. Under it, the Central Government was divided into the presidency and the five yuans, each responsible for a part of the government. None was responsible to the other except for certain obligations such as the president appointing the head of the Executive Yuan. Ultimately, the president and the yuans reported to the National Assembly, which represented the will of the citizens.

5458:. In one anti-guerilla sweep in 1942, the Japanese killed up to 200,000 civilians in a month. The war was estimated to have killed between 20 and 25 million Chinese, and destroyed all that Chiang had built up in the preceding decade. Development of industries was severely hampered after the war by devastating civil conflict as well as the inflow of cheap American goods. By 1946, Chinese industries operated at 20% capacity and had 25% of the output of pre-war China. 3030: 2867: 12445: 330: 12457: 2888:. The Communists expanded their influence wherever opportunities presented themselves through mass organizations, administrative reforms and the land- and tax-reform measures favoring the peasants and, the spread of their organizational network, while the Kuomintang attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence. Meanwhile, northern China was infiltrated politically by Japanese politicians in Manchukuo using facilities such as the 12469: 2978:

Japanese-occupied areas and of reconstructing the nation from the ravages of a protracted war were staggering. The economy deteriorated, sapped by the military demands of foreign war and internal strife, by spiraling inflation, and by Nationalist profiteering, speculation, and hoarding. Starvation came in the wake of the war, and millions were rendered homeless by floods and unsettled conditions in many parts of the country.

5398: 12518: 246: 5924:諸君知中華民國之意義乎？何以不曰「中華共和國」，而必曰「中華民國」？此「民」字之意義，為僕研究十餘年之結果而得之者。歐美之共和國，創建遠在吾國之前。二十世紀之國，當含有創制之精神，不當自謂能效法於十八九世紀成法，而引為自足。共和政體為代表政體，世界各國，隸於此旗幟之下者，如希臘，則有貴族奴隸之堦級，直可稱之曰「專制共和」。如美國則已有十四省，樹直接民權之規模，而瑞士則全乎直接民權制度也。雖吾人今既易專制而成代議政體，然何可故步自封，落於人後。故今後國民當奮振全神於世界，發現一光芒萬丈之奇采，俾更進而底於直接民權之域。代議政體旗幟之下，吾民所享者，祇一種代議權。若底於直接民權，則有創制權、廢止權、退官權。但此種民權，不宜以廣漠之省境施行之，故當以縣為單位。地方財政完全由地方處理之，而分任中央之政費。其餘各種實業，則懲美國托拉斯之弊，而歸諸中央。如是數年，必有一莊嚴燦爛之中華民國發現於東大陸，駕諸世界共和國之上矣。 9211: 5434:

peaked at 28.8 billion, before falling to 21.3 billion by 1934 and recovering to 23.7 billion by 1935. By 1930, foreign investment in China totaled 3.5 billion, with Japan leading (1.4 billion) followed by the United Kingdom (1 billion). By 1948, however, the capital investment had halted and dropped to only 3 billion, with the US and Britain being the leading investors.

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by the fall of dynastic rule. The Republic of China maintained the increase of western cultural influence in the country. Chinese intellectuals of the time were not unified in their opinions on the cultural changes occurring in the newly-founded state. Some took progressive stances and advocated for Art Reform, while more conservative intellectuals believed China should maintain older Chinese traditions.

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were under-strength and the troops were poorly trained. Many of these divisions were still more loyal to warlords than to Chiang Kai-shek. The U.S. also provided military assistance to China, planning to equip 30 divisions, but the prioritization of the European theater and the logistical difficulties of getting the supplies to China prevented these plans from being fully carried out.

333: 3138:, and short-lived. The number of acts passed by the government was few and included the formal abdication of the Qing dynasty and some economic initiatives. The parliament's authority soon became nominal: violations of the Constitution by Yuan were met with half-hearted motions of censure. Kuomintang members of parliament who gave up their membership in the KMT were offered 1,000 5244:

significant efforts were made during this period to grow the navy because of China being in a state of general disarray. Sometimes warlords did use maritime forces but mainly as a way of supporting land combat. When Sun Yat-sen established his constitutional protection government in Guangzhou in 1917, some of his early support came from the Chinese navy, represented by admirals

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Nanjing decade the length of the highway network grew from 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) to 109,000 kilometres (68,000 mi) while growth was also seen in navigable waterways. In the early 1930s, a Sichuan warlord named Liu Xiang was strongly committed toward creating an entirely Chinese navigation company and eliminating foreign-owned companies in the Yangtze River basin.

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through its National Congress and Central Executive Committee, would exercise sovereign power during the period of "political tutelage", that the KMT's Political Council would guide and superintend the Nationalist Government in the execution of important national affairs, and that the Political Council has the power to interpret or amend the Organic Law.

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to hold parts of the Chinese coast, especially that closest to Taiwan failed and rather than returning and reconquering – by the late 1950s the only presence the ROC had in mainland China was in the remote areas of western China's wilderness were a small number of KMT loyalists held out fighting a guerilla campaign that was gradually worn down.

271: 250: 249: 210: 272: 251: 253: 7238:, p. 5) "Nationalist disunity, political instability, civil strife, the communist challenge, the autocracy of Chiang Kai-shek, the ascendancy of the military, the escalating Japanese threat, and the "crisis of democracy" in Italy, Germany, Poland, and Spain, all contributed to a freezing of democracy by the Nationalist leadership." 213: 1773:" with the Chinese Communist Party. CCP members joined the KMT and the two parties cooperated to build a revolutionary base in Canton. Sun planned to use this base to launch a military campaign northwards and reunify the rest of China. Sun's death in 1925 precipitated a power struggle that eventually resulted in the rise of General 3371:(UNSC). Though multiple objections were raised that the seat belonged to the lawful government of China, which had to many become the PRC even arguably prior to the official conclusion of the Chinese Civil War, the ROC retained the permanent seat reserved for China on the UNSC until 1971 when it was supplanted by the PRC. 212: 5474:

communists' promise to redistribute land gained them support among the large rural population. In 1949, the communists captured Beijing and later Nanjing. The People's Republic of China was proclaimed on 1 October 1949. The Republic of China relocated to Taiwan where Japan had laid an educational groundwork.

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The relocation to Taiwan was initially intended to be a regrouping as the KMT had not actually been wholly defeated in the rest of China in 1949 and was initially able to hold onto pockets of Chinese territory on the mainland. After losing Hainan in 1950, most KMT holdouts were soon overrun, attempts

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Chinese industries grew considerably from 1928 to 1931. While the economy was hit by the Japanese occupation of Manchuria in 1931 and the Great Depression from 1931 to 1935, industrial output recovered to their earlier peak by 1936. This is reflected by the trends in Chinese GDP. In 1932, China's GDP

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The Republic of China Air Force during the Second-Sino Japanese War was outmatched by the Japanese aviation forces. Foreign advisors from Germany, France, Italy and the United Kingdom came to China in the 1930s; while foreign aircraft were also imported from a variety of countries. With the beginning

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The ROC Marine Corps was created from the former Naval Guard Corps, and consisted of two marine brigades, which were used during the war against Japan in several provinces before the corps was disbanded in 1946. In 1947, a reorganized Republic of China Marine Corps was created by the commander of the

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with the goal of reunifying China under the Kuomintang, with Soviet advisors and equipment. To avoid the problems of warlord armies, the NRA was under the political and ideological control of a party, the KMT, and included party representatives in its ranks. After Sun's death in 1925, Chiang Kai-shek

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Under the new constitution the first elections for the National Assembly occurred in January 1948, and the assembly was summoned to meet in March 1948. It elected the president of the republic on 21 March 1948, formally bringing an end to the KMT party rule started in 1928, although the president was

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Shortly after the Second Sino-Japanese War, a long-delayed constitutional convention was summoned to meet in Nanjing in May 1946. Amidst heated debate, this convention adopted many constitutional amendments demanded by several parties, including the KMT and the Communist Party, into the Constitution.

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that preceded the republic had experienced instability throughout the 19th century and suffered from both internal rebellion and foreign imperialism. A program of institutional reform proved too little and too late. Only the lack of an alternative regime prolonged the monarchy's existence until 1912.

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Basic literacy came to most of the school-aged populace by the end of the Japanese tenure on Taiwan. School attendance for Taiwanese children rose steadily throughout the Japanese era, from 3.8 percent in 1904 to 13.1 percent in 1917; 25.1 percent in 1920; 41.5 percent in 1935; 57.6 percent in 1940;

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Prior to the fall of the Qing dynasty, interaction and trade with western countries was more common in China than it had been in previous times. This led to greater cultural influence from the west in China. The culture of China and daily life within the country was disrupted from its previous state

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in Beijing experienced constant changes in leadership, and this political instability led to stagnation in economic development until Chinese reunification in 1928 under the Kuomintang. After this reunification, China entered a period of relative stability—despite ongoing isolated military conflicts

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Military conscription was practiced in the Republic of China starting in March 1936 after a 1933 law was passed. All males between 18 and 45 were required to register for as citizen-soldiers where they would learn how to use weapons, build fortifications, execute basic orders, conduct reconnaissance

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as well as the Control Yuan. The Chairman of the National Government was to be the head-of-state and commander-in-chief of the National Revolutionary Army. Chiang Kai-shek was appointed as the first chairman, a position he would retain until 1931. The Organic Law also stipulated that the Kuomintang,

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During the Chinese Civil War both the Nationalists and Communists carried out mass atrocities, with millions of non-combatants killed by both sides. Benjamin Valentino has estimated atrocities in the civil war resulted in the death of between 1.8 million and 3.5 million people between 1927

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in imitation of them, in an effort to counter the growth of Mao's communism as well as resist both Western and Japanese imperialism. According to Stanley Payne, however, Chiang's KMT was "normally classified as a multi-class populist or 'nation-building' party but not a fitting candidate for fascism

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One effect of the war with Japan was a massive increase in government control of industries. In 1936, government-owned industries were only 15% of GDP. However, the ROC government took control of many industries to fight the war. In 1938, the ROC established a commission for industries and mines to

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In September 1932, the Central Aviation School was founded with the help of an American mission led by John Jouett, and its graduates included the majority of Chinese pilot officers by 1937. On his recommendation, the ROCAF was restructured, with a Ministry of Aviation equal to that of the Military

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planes, arriving in early 1930. The Chinese Air Force expanded from the first 12 Corsair planes in 1930 to a size of eight squadrons, with seven of bomber-observation planes and one of pursuit planes, in 1931, with a total of 40 to 50 aircraft. Several American pilots became advisors to China's air

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In 1945, Chiang revived plans to create a modern Chinese Navy and asked the United States for assistance. The Nationalists received over 100 ships from the U.S. and its allied countries, as well as some captured Axis ships. Before the end of 1945 a navy training center was established in Qingdao by

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The Republic of China's Navy during between 1911 and 1949 was primarily composed of ships from the Qing Dynasty or ships obtained from foreign countries. As most threats to the Republic were on land from the warlords and the Communists there was no interest in developing any maritime strategies. No

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In January 1949, Beiping was taken by the Communists without a fight, and its name changed back to Beijing. Following the capture of Nanjing on 23 April, major cities passed from Kuomintang to Communist control with minimal resistance, through November. In most cases the surrounding countryside and

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In January 1946, through the mediation of the United States, a military truce between the Kuomintang and the Communists was arranged, but battles soon resumed. Public opinion of the administrative incompetence of the Nationalist government was incited by the Communists during the nationwide student

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of the 1880s, and subsequent laws, enacted by the United States Congress to restrict Chinese immigration into the United States were repealed. The wartime policy of the United States was meant to help China become a strong ally and a stabilizing force in postwar East Asia. During the war, China was

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Still other historians have noted that Chiang and the KMT's exact ideology itself was very complex and oscillated over time, with different factions of his government cooperating with both the Soviets and Germans as they saw fit, and that Chiang eventually became disillusioned with the Blue Shirts,

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China's infrastructure would grow dramatically during this period. The railroad network length grew from 9,600 kilometres (6,000 mi) in 1912 to 25,000 kilometres (16,000 mi) by 1945. The Shanxi warlord Yan Xishan was known for his strong commitment toward developing railroads. During the

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in 1938, the Chinese Army tried to avoid direct large scale fighting with the Japanese. Chiang also wanted to preserve his army instead of engaging in ground operations, despite pressure from the American leadership to go on the offensive. It was not until early 1944 when Chiang agreed to launch a

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in May 1949, whilst a few hundred thousand Nationalist troops and two million refugees, predominantly from the government and business community, fled from mainland China to Taiwan. There remained in China itself only isolated pockets of resistance. On 7 December 1949, Chiang proclaimed Taipei the

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Reformers and critics pushed for democracy and human rights, but the task seemed difficult if not impossible. The nation was at war and divided between Communists and Nationalists. Corruption and lack of direction hindered reforms. Chiang told the State Council: "Our organization becomes worse and

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and the following retreat. Half of the officers that graduated from the Central Military Academy were killed in the first few months of fighting. By 1941, the Chinese Nationalist Army had 3.8 million troops in 246 front-line divisions and 70 reserve divisions, though the majority of the divisions

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with China from the past. Within a few months a new agreement was signed between the United States and the Republic of China for the stationing of American troops in China as part of the common war effort against Japan. The United States sought unsuccessfully to reconcile the rival Kuomintang and

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compared with 12 million in 1928. Other imports saw even more increases. In 1932, 15 million bushels of grain were imported compared with 900,000 in 1928. This increased competition lead to a massive decline in Chinese agricultural prices and thus the income of rural farmers. In 1932,

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Belatedly, the Republic of China government sought to enlist popular support through internal reforms. However, the effort was in vain, because of rampant government corruption and the accompanying political and economic chaos. By late 1948 the Kuomintang position was bleak. The demoralized and

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was placed under the control of the ROC. In the meantime, the KMT renewed its struggle with the communists. However, the corruption and hyperinflation as a result of trying to fight the civil war, resulted in mass unrest throughout the Republic and sympathy for the communists. In addition, the

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Beginning in 1929, the Nationalist government started expanding its air power to improve its position over warlords and the Communists. The ROC Air Force was formally established in April 1929, and that month the aviation department of the Ministry of War was separated as the National Aviation

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in February 1945—dismantled and removed more than half the industrial equipment left there by the Japanese. Although the Chinese had not been present at Yalta, they had been consulted and had agreed to have the Soviets enter the war, in the belief that the Soviet Union would deal only with the

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In February 1928, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 2nd Kuomintang National Congress, held in Nanjing, passed the Reorganization of the Nationalist Government Act. This act stipulated that the Nationalist Government was to be directed and regulated under the Central Executive Committee of the

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Chiang Kai-shek announced in 1928 that it was his intention to build a large navy for China, but this goal was undermined by financial problems and other difficulties. Many senior officers did not have modern naval training, and newer officers that were educated in Western countries were not

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Kuomintang, with the Committee of the Nationalist Government being elected by the KMT Central Committee. Under the Nationalist Government were seven ministries—Interior, Foreign Affairs, Finance, Transport, Justice, Agriculture and Mines, and Commerce, in addition to institutions such as the

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like Shanghai and Hong Kong. Chinese-made short melodrama and comedy films began emerging in 1913. Chinese film production developed significantly in the 1920s.Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, filmmaking in China was largely done by film studios and there was comparatively little small scale

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into northern China and the coastal provinces. Chinese fury against Japan was predictable, but anger was also directed against Chiang and the Nanjing government, which at the time was more preoccupied with anti-Communist extermination campaigns than with resisting the Japanese invaders. The

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under Chiang Kai-shek, the ROC continued to be destabilized by the Chinese Civil War, revolts by the KMT's warlord allies, and steady territorial encroachments by Japan. Although heavily damaged by the purge, the CCP gradually rebuilt its strength by focusing on organizing peasants in the

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In 1945, after the end of the war, the Nationalist Government moved back to Nanjing. The Republic of China emerged from the war nominally a great military power but actually a nation economically prostrate and on the verge of all-out civil war. The problems of rehabilitating the formerly

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During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the armed forces of the CCP were nominally incorporated into the National Revolutionary Army, while remaining under separate command, but broke away to form the People's Liberation Army shortly after the end of the war. With the promulgation of the

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on behalf of Puyi, ending several millennia of monarchical rule. In 1913, elections were held for provincial assemblies, which would then chose delegates for a new National Assembly. The Kuomintang emerged as the formal political party that replaced the revolutionary organization

3296:. The Republic of China was able to maintain most of these diplomatic ties, at least initially following the retreat to Taiwan. Chiang Kai-shek had vowed to quickly return and "liberate" the mainland, an assurance that became a cornerstone of the ROC's post 1949 foreign policy. 1856:

began to gain upper hand in 1948 over a larger and better-armed National Revolutionary Army due to better military tactics and internal corruption of the ROC leadership. In 1949, the ROC repeatedly moved its capital to avoid the Communist advance—first to Guangzhou, followed by

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of the 1930s, in which an overproduction of agricultural goods lead to falling prices for China as well as an increase in foreign imports (as agricultural goods produced in western countries were "dumped" in China). In 1931, Chinese imports of rice amounted to 21 million

3313:. It was hoped by the government that participating in the Olympic Games this could give more legitimacy to the country in the eyes of the international community and "sports could also cultivate modern citizens and a strong nation". The Republic of China sent athletes to the 6093: 3350:

for the League of Nations being a non-permanent member of the League Council from: 1921–1923, 1926–1928, 1931–1932, 1934, and 1936. Although the ROC lobbied to be a permanent member of the League Council it never became one. At the League of Nations, China wanted to see the

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The Republic of China was a member of the League of Nations and participated until it was dissolved. Those in the country's foreign relations were among the most stable of those working in the government in terms of composition. The ROC was a non-permanent member of the

2615:; and finally a constitutional democracy. In 1930, after seizing power and reunifying China by force, the "tutelage" phase started with the promulgation of a provisional constitution. In an attempt to distant themselves from the Soviets, the Chinese government sought 269: 3026:. Thereafter, the Chinese Civil War became more widespread; battles raged not only for territories but also for the allegiance of sections of the population. The United States aided the Nationalists with massive economic loans and weapons but no combat support. 376: 2539:. At the same time, other violent conflicts were taking place in China: in the South, where the CCP had superior numbers, Nationalist supporters were being massacred. Such events eventually led to the Chinese Civil War between the Nationalists and Communists. 7247: 3133:

Sun Yat-sen was the provisional president. Delegates from the provinces sent to confirm the government's authority formed the first parliament in 1913. The power of this government was limited, with generals controlling both the central and northern

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had been established by Sun Yat-sen with Soviet assistance to provide officers for the KMT army, and in 1928 it was moved to Nanjing to become the Central Military Academy, where its size and training program was expanded by the Germans. But these

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Yuan was elected president of the ROC in 1913. He ruled by military power and ignored the republican institutions established by his predecessor, threatening to execute Senate members who disagreed with his decisions. He soon dissolved the ruling

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and the flagship defected to the Communists. This was followed in April by a mutiny of the entire fleet along the Yangtze, which was led by its commander to the other side. Because of this, 23 April 1949 is considered the founding date of the

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of 1930 by bombing cities, directing artillery, and observing warlord army defensive positions, and is credited with helping bring about a faster victory for Chiang Kai-shek's government. It had less success against the Japanese during the

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at the end of World War II in 1945, which led to Taiwan being placed under Chinese administration. In the aftermath of World War II, civil war resumed between the areas liberated by the KMT and those liberated by the CCP. The CCP's

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states. Increasingly unpopular and deserted by his supporters, Yuan abdicated in 1916 and died of natural causes shortly thereafter. China then declined into a period of warlordism. Sun, having been forced into exile, returned to

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Sun Yat-sen created a new government in 1917 as an alternative to the Beiyang, but he did not have the military power to control the southern warlords. Therefore, the National Revolutionary Army was established by Sun in 1924 in

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Meanwhile, the Beiyang government struggled to hold onto power, and an open and wide-ranging debate evolved regarding how China should confront the West. In 1919, a student protest against the government's weak response to the

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When Yuan died, the parliament of 1913 was reconvened to give legitimacy to a new government. However, the real power passed to military leaders, leading to the warlord period. The impotent government still had its use; when

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in early 1947 and during another national protest against monetary reforms later that year. The United States—realizing that no American efforts short of large-scale armed intervention could stop the coming war—withdrew Gen.

328: 5186:. The Japanese advanced rapidly in central and southeast China, as the Chinese Army still suffered from a lack of supplies, and by the start of 1945 they captured several U.S. air bases and created a direct connection to 287: 2605: 245: 2499:

in Beijing, having re-established the KMT in October 1919. Sun's dream was to unify China by launching an expedition against the north. However, he lacked the military support and funding to turn it into a reality.

8893: 211: 5264:, who became the commander of the ROC Navy in 1932 and remained in that position until after the war with Japan. During the 1930s he organized the Chinese navy into the Central, Northeast, and Guangdong Fleets. 7258: 5210:, which retreated to Taiwan in 1949 after their defeat in the Chinese Civil War. Units which surrendered and remained in mainland China were either disbanded or incorporated into the People's Liberation Army. 208: 2449:

in 1915. The new ruler of China tried to increase centralization by abolishing the provincial system; however, this move angered the gentry along with the provincial governors, who were usually military men.

7686:"China's Representation in the United Nations", by Khurshid Hyder – Pakistan Horizon; Vol. 24, No. 4, The Great Powers and Asia (Fourth Quarter, 1971), pp. 75–79, Pakistan Institute of International Affairs 288: 3410: 2859:, with its capital in Nanjing, which proclaimed itself the legitimate "Republic of China" in opposition to Chiang Kai-shek's government, although its claims were significantly hampered due to its being a 2436:

led the Kuomintang Party to electoral victories by fashioning his party's program to appeal to the gentry, landowners, and merchants. Song was assassinated on 20 March 1913, at the behest of Yuan Shikai.

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during World War II, the United States became increasingly involved in Chinese affairs. As an ally, it embarked in late 1941 on a program of massive military and financial aid to the hard-pressed

1869:. In October 1949, the CCP established the PRC. Remnants of the ROC government would hang on in mainland China until late 1951. The KMT dominated ROC politics for 72 years and ruled the island of 230: 2036:'), and which he thought would allow more checks and balances by the people. Later on 20 October 1923, at a national conference for youths in Guangzhou, to explain the core idea behind 2880:

The United Front between the Kuomintang and the CCP had salutary effects for the beleaguered CCP, despite Japan's steady territorial gains in northern China, the coastal regions and the rich

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After the 1930 mutiny ended, Chiang accepted the suggestion of Wang Ching-wei, Yen Hsi-shan, and Feng Yü-hsiang that a provisional constitution for the political tutelage period be drafted.

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began with a Japanese invasion of China, and the resulting warfare laid waste to China. Most of the prosperous east coast was occupied by the Japanese, who committed atrocities such as the

10237: 6532: 5143: 10874: 3380: 11560: 7695:

National Institute for Compilation and Translation of the Republic of China (Taiwan): Geography Textbook for Junior High School Volume 1 (1993 version): Lesson 10: pp. 47–49.

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of the war they began to rely most heavily on the United States and Soviet Union for advisors. The low amount of planes being domestically produced would prove to be a hindrance.

3202:

a member of the KMT. These elections, though praised by at least one US observer, were poorly received by the Communist Party, which would soon start an open, armed insurrection.

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and the CCP. However, he soon dismissed his Soviet advisers, being convinced that they wanted to get rid of the KMT and take control. Chiang decided to purge the Communists,

5379:

When the war with Japan broke out in July 1937, much of the ROC Air Force was destroyed during the fighting in central China by December of that year. From 1938 to 1940 the

2933:

Kuomintang government. However, the Soviet presence in northeast China enabled the Communists to arm themselves with equipment surrendered by the withdrawing Japanese army.

5978: 5711: 2019:) with the limiting and authoritarianism-prone Euro-American models of representative republicanism. What he strived for was a more grass-roots model, which he termed 1444: 1013: 5417:

In the early years of the Republic of China, the economy remained unstable as the country was marked by constant warfare between different regional warlord factions. The

11022: 6794: 3391: 1622: 5190:. In early 1945, Chinese and Allied troops in Burma succeeded in opening a land route to India, allowing more equipment to be sent to the Chinese, which they used to 5376:. Additional planes were purchased, and factories were also opened in China. As of 1936, the Chinese Air Force had 645 aircraft, and multiple factories and schools. 3001:

against a possible Soviet incursion, and logistic support was given to Kuomintang forces in north and northeast China. To further this end, on 30 September 1945 the

2847:

during which Japan suffered extensive casualties in both its army and navy. Nanjing fell in December 1937, which was followed by mass murders and rapes known as the

229: 12549: 5113: 3368: 3117: 2586: 10130: 5307:, becoming the flagship of the ROCN. In February 1949, as Chinese Communist forces advanced to the Yangtze River from the north, a mutiny of sailors occurred on 5798: 13189: 11626: 6024: 3220:

Before the Nationalist government was ousted from the mainland, the Republic of China had diplomatic relations with 59 countries, including Australia, Canada,

3101: 2705:

was one of many that took advantage of the new freedom to raise social consciousness. The Nationalist government published a draft constitution on 5 May 1936.

1347: 875: 569: 5157:

When the war between Japan and China broke out in 1937, Chiang Kai-shek deployed his best divisions to central China, where they took heavy losses during the

1989:), and distribute land equally among the people." On 15 July 1916, in his welcoming speech to the Cantonese delegates in Shanghai, Sun explained why the term 12718: 10474: 10169: 2284:

in China. From its founding until 1949, the republic was based on mainland China. Central authority waxed and waned in response to warlordism (1915–1928), a

2445:(KMT) party, banned "secret organizations" (which implicitly included the KMT), and ignored the provisional constitution. Ultimately, Yuan declared himself 11163: 6316: 5911: 5571: 2424: 1707: 6003: 5108:

The Republic of China's military initially consisted of the decentralized forces of the former Qing dynasty, with the most modern and organized being the

2593:

Chiang Kai-shek pushed the CCP into the interior and established a government, with Nanjing as its capital, in 1927. By 1928, Chiang's army overthrew the

13184: 12930: 10277: 6146: 6124: 3337:

but no athletes won any medals. For 1928 a single athlete was sent. Although athletes were sent to the 1924 games they did not participate in the games.

5260:

to defect to the National Revolutionary Army and became the head of the revolutionary navy on the Yangtze River. One of Admiral Yang's subordinates was

3173:

With the promulgation of the Organic Law of the Nationalist Government in October 1928, the government was reorganized into five different branches, or

10202: 10088: 9215: 8514: 6587: 5284:. The building of a Chinese navy was no longer a priority during the rest of the war, and in 1940 Chiang Kai-shek disbanded the Ministry of the Navy. 10093: 6040:

Lee, Junghwan (June 2013). "The History of Konghwa 共和 in Early Modern East Asia and Its Implications in the Constitution of the Republic of Korea".

5522:

and more successfully established a censorship apparatus directed against unwelcome cultural products, especially left-wing artists and their works.

2946: 2419:, promising Yuan the presidency of the republic if he were to remove the Qing emperor by force. Yuan agreed to the deal. On 12 February 1912, regent 1688: 1000: 10152: 7711: 5351: 5253: 1916: 724: 7462: 2512:, whose demonstrations were against the danger of spreading Western influence replacing Chinese culture. It was in this intellectual climate that 381:

Land controlled by the Republic of China (late 1945) shown in dark green; land claimed (until early 1946) but not controlled shown in light green.

2168: 1900: 1738:

forced him to back down. When Yuan died in 1916, the country fragmented between the various local commanders of the Beiyang Army. This began the

17: 6524: 6063: 5940: 11831: 8643: 2243:), because from the Chinese government's perspective the ROC ceased to exist in 1949. In Taiwan, these years are called the "Mainland period" ( 1615: 7538: 7521: 1928: 10698: 7458:

Qin Xin. Taiwan army published new book uncovering secrets of Chiang Kai-shek: Plan to retake the mainland. 28 June 2006. China News Agency.

7443: 5028: 2792:

Few Chinese had any illusions about Japanese desires on China. Hungry for raw materials and pressed by a growing population, Japan initiated

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Chung, Chien (2003). "A review of the ROC's military reform: A case study of the Taiwanese Navy". In Martin Edmonds; Michal M. Tsai (eds.).

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did much of the fighting against the Japanese, along with the remnants of the ROCAF. The Soviets sent 885 planes to China over those years.

3165: 2732:, provincial military leaders, or warlord coalitions. Nationalist rule was strongest in the eastern regions around the capital Nanjing. The 2023: 1281: 12256: 10356: 9593: 9317: 6007: 2924:

In August 1945, with American help, Nationalist troops moved to take the Japanese surrender in North China. The Soviet Union—encouraged to

2804:

in 1932. The loss of Manchuria, and its potential for industrial development and war industries, was a blow to the Kuomintang economy. The

1540: 2432:, and at the 1913 elections, it won the largest share of seats in both houses of the National Assembly and in some provincial assemblies. 11360: 9603: 9203: 8614: 7648: 7582: 6234: 5850:[Yearbook of the 94th Year of the Republic of China: Chapter 1 General Introduction, Chapter 2 Land Section, 2 Mainland Region]. 5171: 3142:. Yuan maintained power locally by sending generals to be provincial governors or by obtaining the allegiance of those already in power. 2610: 661: 7305: 7194: 6831: 6755: 6726: 6687: 6426: 6330: 5821: 13164: 12944: 11685: 11340: 9933: 2889: 1722:. Yuan quickly became authoritarian and used his military power to control the administration, which consequently became known as the " 5847: 12708: 9312: 6177: 5566: 5447:

agricultural prices were at 41 percent of 1921 levels. By 1934, rural incomes had fallen to 57 percent of 1931 levels in some areas.

2855:, then removed in an epic retreat to Chongqing, the seat of government until 1945. In 1940, the Japanese set up the collaborationist 2098:" (from 1928 to 1949) used the name "Republic of China" as their official name. In Chinese, the official name was often shortened to 1608: 766: 2744:

in 1934 led to more power for the central government, but there continued to be foot-dragging and even outright defiance, as in the

13174: 12008: 11988: 10272: 10257: 10157: 10014: 9972: 2320: 1932: 280: 5576: 107: 12013: 11631: 11465: 11241: 5462:

supervise and control firms, as well as instilling price controls. By 1942, 70% of Chinese industry was owned by the government.

5392: 5194:

in southeast China by May. They were planning an offensive to retake control of a port in southern China when Japan surrendered.

1847:

devastated China, leading to enormous loss of life and material destruction. The war between China and Japan continued until the

361: 238: 8235: 5970: 5635:

The Republic of China was proclaimed in Nanjing on 1 January, and its capital was moved to Beijing on March 10 of the same year.

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countryside. Warlords who resented Chiang's attempts to take away their autonomy and incorporate their military units into the

6502: 5133:

led the Nationalist Army in its first campaign against less organized warlord forces from 1926 to 1928, becoming known as the

2604:

Sun Yat-sen envisioned three phases for the KMT rebuilding of China – military rule and violent reunification;

1967:; 'Chinese People's State') as the country's official Chinese name. The name was derived from the language of the 13169: 12574: 12507: 12426: 11938: 11756: 11555: 10879: 10267: 9329: 9307: 8930: 8911: 8882: 8814: 8706: 8687: 8668: 8059: 7386: 7361: 7204: 7177: 7029: 7002: 6975: 6720: 5831: 5199: 3123: 2885: 2694: 2266: 1392: 987: 811: 9071: 8854: 8742: 6788: 1781:. Thanks to strategic alliances with warlords and help from Soviet military advisors, Chiang was able to lead a successful " 12048: 11766: 11690: 11335: 10514: 10247: 9744: 4458: 4202: 3546: 3083: 1874: 1459: 1415: 5124:, which graduated the majority of officers that served in warlord armies and many that later became Nationalist officers. 12776: 11843: 11643: 11638: 11519: 11497: 11430: 10242: 9613: 9362: 6965: 5519: 5009: 3572: 3095: 3002: 2950: 2752:

worse... many staff members just sit at their desks and gaze into space, others read newspapers and still others sleep."

1399: 587: 562: 12628: 11663: 11616: 10142: 9977: 9357: 7786: 6941: 4362: 3150:

began, several Western powers and Japan wanted China to declare war on Germany, to liquidate German holdings in China.

3135: 2884:

River valley in central China. After 1940, conflicts between the Kuomintang and Communists became more frequent in the

2332: 1758: 201: 7054:"Redefining the Moral and Legal Roles of the State in Everyday Life - The New Life Movement in China in the Mid-1930s" 6060:"Exploring Chinese History :: Database Catalog :: Biographical Database :: Republican Era- (1912–1949)" 11848: 11584: 11426: 11295: 9987: 9964: 9928: 9784: 9779: 9181: 9065: 9044: 9021: 8979: 8795: 8637: 8587: 8547: 8456: 8118: 7744: 7674: 7642: 7336: 7299: 7102: 6877: 6681: 6475: 6374: 6307: 6273: 6228: 6187: 5895: 5792: 5674: 3300: 3130:, which state that " shall be a democratic republic of the people, to be governed by the people and for the people." 3062:

small towns had come under Communist influence long before the cities. Finally, on 1 October 1949, Communists led by

1314: 12916: 12638: 11893: 11746: 11621: 11538: 11254: 10955: 10950: 10725: 10262: 9918: 9324: 7615: 7440:

Chiang Kai-shek's chief bodyguard published a book revealing the 62-year history of "counterattacking the mainland"

5606:

between 1919 and 1921. After World War II, the Nationalist government officially recognized the sovereignty of the

5561: 5313: 2272:

A republic was formally established on 1 January 1912 following the Xinhai Revolution, which itself began with the

2260: 1271: 9161: 5182:

to China, though it was unsuccessful. It took place around the same time as Japan's largest offensive since 1941,

2835:

Chinese resistance stiffened after 7 July 1937, when a clash occurred between Chinese and Japanese troops outside

2347:. Meanwhile, the CCP took over all of mainland China and founded the People's Republic of China (PRC) in Beijing. 12594: 12485: 10945: 10693: 10437: 10366: 9923: 9651: 9618: 9491: 9299: 2918: 1908: 1896: 1731: 1174: 7776: 5919: 2650: 13179: 12276: 11599: 11470: 11002: 10642: 9002: 8953: 8771: 8736: 5740: 5607: 5515: 5223: 5203: 3221: 3127: 3033:

The Nationalists' retreat to Taipei: after the Nationalists lost Nanjing they next moved to Guangzhou, then to

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with the intention of defeating the Beiyang warlords and unifying the country. Chiang received the help of the

2236: 1834: 1377: 1111: 650: 634: 602: 163: 7019: 6931: 6154: 6116: 2622:

According to Lloyd Eastman, Chiang Kai-shek was influenced by European fascist movements, and he launched the

2147:; 'people's country'; "republic") in 1912, as well as its similar semantic formation to 12771: 11998: 11883: 11816: 11668: 11421: 11278: 10125: 10115: 9913: 9908: 3364: 3067: 2745: 2702: 2446: 2228: 974: 134: 8256: 7669:

Cook, Chris Cook. Stevenson, John. (2005). The Routledge Companion to World History Since 1914. Routledge.

13061: 12738: 12043: 11913: 11781: 11125: 11120: 10532: 9845: 9791: 9759: 9586: 7092: 6579: 2925: 2616: 2281: 1948: 1881: 1119: 261: 221: 8478:"Warlords at Work: Four Crucial Realms and Four Dynamics of State Building in Republican China, 1916–1937" 7557: 5359:

force and fought in battles against the Japanese or warlords. The Nationalist Air Force had a role in the

2331:

of mainland China in 1949, after the Chinese Civil War, left the ruling Kuomintang with control over only

2157:; 'emperor's country'; "empire"), may have influenced the choice of the Korean term 1742:

defined by decentralized conflicts between rival cliques. The most powerful of these cliques, notably the

12993: 12953: 12816: 12728: 11838: 11741: 11475: 11450: 11234: 11032: 10910: 10895: 10502: 10459: 10395: 10378: 10252: 9774: 9521: 9284: 8661:

Charting America's Cold War Waters in East Asia: Sovereignty, Local Interests, and International Security

7172:. Critical issues in world and international history. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 132. 5373: 5329: 5091: 3215: 3055: 3051: 2843:. This skirmish led to open, although undeclared, warfare between China and Japan. Shanghai fell after a 2825: 2816:

importance of "internal unity before external danger" was forcefully brought home in December 1936, when

2717: 2495:

in the south in 1917 and 1922, with the help of warlords, and set up successive rival governments to the

2077: 1912: 1853: 1826: 1714:, the ROC's founder and provisional president, served only briefly before handing over the presidency to 1464: 367: 74: 7778:

The Body and Military Masculinity in Late Qing and Early Republican China: The Art of Governing Soldiers

7705: 1919:. Covering 11.4 million square kilometres (4.4 million square miles) of claimed territory, it 13055: 12920: 12842: 12334: 12286: 11918: 11868: 11855: 11761: 11604: 11330: 10547: 10427: 10183: 10137: 10120: 10103: 9850: 9814: 9661: 9236: 7459: 6528: 4791: 4537: 3211: 2968: 2954: 2767: 2560: 1790: 1778: 1696: 1580: 1504: 1489: 1484: 1454: 1192: 1105: 124: 6497: 6315:

Cite error: The named reference ":Laikwan" was defined multiple times with different content (see the

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revised. The ROC thought that by being in the League they could improve their international standing.

3305:

The ROC did try to participate in a variety of entities for the international community including the

3122:

The first Republic of China national government was established on 1 January 1912, in Nanjing, with a

1785:" from 1926 to 1928. By 1927, Chiang felt secure enough to end the alliance with the Soviet Union and 13194: 12698: 12500: 12266: 12239: 12234: 11594: 11440: 11401: 11150: 10742: 10566: 10447: 10400: 10344: 9809: 9754: 9481: 9367: 9294: 8579: 8539: 7248:

Treaty between the United States and China for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China

6299: 5944: 5054: 2536: 2473: 2328: 1980: 1806: 1575: 1078: 172: 8627: 12868: 12858: 12002: 11928: 11751: 11678: 11460: 11455: 11406: 11108: 10737: 10683: 10608: 10284: 10219: 10061: 10044: 10022: 9855: 9830: 9769: 9671: 9424: 9339: 8906:(in Chinese). Taipei: History and Politics Compilation Office of the Ministry of National Defense. 7119: 5691: 5451: 5316:. At the end of the war the rest of the ROCN moved Nationalist troops from the mainland to Taiwan. 5276: 5270: 5233: 5202:

in 1947 and the formal end of the KMT party-state, the National Revolutionary Army was renamed the

5138: 5121: 4675: 4565: 3401: 2870: 2775: 2761: 2387:

In 1912, after over two thousand years of dynastic rule, a republic was established to replace the

2366: 2285: 1838: 1801:-based government led by Chiang Kai-shek, who after the Northern Expedition ruled the country as a 1382: 1209: 958: 9441: 7439: 6992: 5100: 1765:. Sun was finally able to take Guangzhou with the help of weapons, funding, and advisors from the 13126: 12598: 12374: 12199: 11933: 11826: 11550: 11445: 11416: 11411: 11158: 10940: 10656: 10542: 10537: 10442: 10417: 10361: 10195: 10147: 9982: 9903: 9898: 9840: 9764: 9749: 9608: 9389: 9091: 8787: 6366: 4955: 4621: 2874: 2483: 1735: 1680: 1514: 1026: 9563: 8111:

Heretics in Revolutionary China: The Ideas and Identities of Two Cantonese Socialists, 1917–1928

7634:

Resolutions and Statements of the United Nations Security Council: (1946–1989); a Thematic Guide

7424: 5887: 5878: 4991:

Taiwan was only under ROC control after the surrender of Japan. Government suspended since 2018.

2928:

to hasten the end of the war and allowed a Soviet sphere of influence there as agreed to at the

1837:. They continued a series of smaller territorial encroachments until 1937, when they launched a 12802: 12798: 12678: 12261: 12224: 12030: 11809: 11711: 11706: 11572: 11320: 11227: 11113: 10920: 10754: 10710: 10688: 10385: 9835: 9739: 9546: 9289: 5603: 5581: 5511: 5380: 5281: 5219: 5207: 5095: 5021: 5017: 3113: 2958: 2903:. In January 1943, both the United States and the United Kingdom led the way in revising their 2900: 2568: 2554: 2420: 2403:

against the Qing government, on 10 October 1911, which is now celebrated annually as the ROC's

2324: 2095: 2046:; 'people's country'), he pithily compared the phrase "Empire of China" ( 1904: 1810: 1794: 1509: 1469: 928: 581: 8618:. (New York: Columbia University Press, 4 vols, 1967–1971). 600 articles. Available online at 8448: 8142: 8051: 7632: 7540:

To Play or Not to Play: A Historic Overview of the Olympic Movement in China From 1894 to 1984

7523:

To Play or Not to Play: A Historic Overview of the Olympic Movement in China From 1894 to 1984

7402: 6867: 6467: 6461: 6218: 5069:, who continued possessing their titles in the Republic of China from the previous dynasties. 13023: 12979: 12648: 12419: 12384: 11898: 11804: 11799: 11776: 11577: 11435: 11355: 11350: 11103: 11098: 11053: 10989: 10900: 10603: 10552: 10490: 10212: 10049: 10037: 10027: 9796: 9429: 9229: 7289: 6823: 6749: 6710: 6671: 6422: 5334: 4462: 3233: 2994: 2909: 2808:, established at the end of World War I, was unable to act in the face of Japanese defiance. 2067: 1878: 1439: 647: 621: 8440: 8079: 5149: 12493: 12379: 12354: 12251: 11545: 11283: 10829: 10777: 10637: 10432: 10407: 10334: 10329: 10164: 10056: 10032: 9890: 9372: 8261: 8240: 5855: 5191: 5066: 4735: 3334: 3330: 3322: 3314: 2505: 1562: 1434: 1068: 153: 5498:

were introduced to China in 1896. They were introduced through foreign film exhibitors in

2784: 2084: 148: 8: 12912: 12837: 12688: 12667: 12309: 12271: 12246: 12110: 12082: 11721: 11716: 11567: 11384: 11325: 11315: 11130: 10975: 10869: 10864: 10834: 10792: 10715: 10678: 10598: 10583: 10412: 10373: 10080: 9694: 9598: 9349: 5615: 5249: 5134: 5062: 3756: 3433: 2908:

Communists, to make for a more effective anti-Japanese war effort. In December 1943, the

2856: 2812: 2771: 2623: 2528: 2509: 2469: 2344: 1782: 1679:

from 1927 until its relocation to Taiwan on 7 December 1949, following its defeat by the

1479: 1362: 1309: 1302: 915: 611: 35: 2708:

Continual wars plagued the government. Those in the western border regions included the

13103: 13098: 12964: 12749: 12618: 12584: 12564: 12389: 12344: 12177: 12090: 11908: 11878: 11524: 11502: 11017: 11012: 10997: 10849: 10817: 10812: 10705: 10627: 10615: 10524: 10190: 10110: 10098: 10066: 9721: 9716: 9634: 9334: 9133: 9124:

Xu, Guangqiu (1997). "Americans and Chinese Nationalist Military Aviation, 1929–1949".

9118: 9108: 8991: 8942: 8835: 7502: 7150: 7142: 7073: 6905: 5611: 5466: 5418: 5360: 5355: 5292:. The new navy was mainly used to transport troops and patrol the coastline during the 5158: 4258: 3169:

Nationalist government of Nanjing, which nominally ruled over all of China during 1930s

3105: 3006: 2982: 2844: 2733: 2594: 2564: 2496: 2465: 2362: 2305: 2091: 1924: 1848: 1830: 1770: 1723: 1567: 1494: 1352: 888: 640: 575: 504: 486: 481: 3416:

Map of the first-level administrative divisions of the Republic of China in law (1945)

12878: 12847: 12812: 12473: 12456: 12394: 12324: 12301: 12204: 12182: 12172: 12145: 12140: 11969: 11923: 11860: 11821: 11791: 11654: 11507: 11300: 11267: 11076: 11068: 10782: 10649: 10620: 10578: 10507: 10464: 10422: 10289: 10229: 10001: 9938: 9800: 9581: 9551: 9377: 9177: 9061: 9040: 9033: 9017: 8998: 8975: 8949: 8926: 8907: 8878: 8810: 8791: 8767: 8760: 8732: 8702: 8683: 8664: 8633: 8583: 8543: 8452: 8441: 8114: 8055: 8044: 7782: 7740: 7670: 7638: 7382: 7357: 7332: 7295: 7200: 7173: 7154: 7098: 7053: 7025: 6998: 6971: 6937: 6873: 6866:

Chen, Lifu; Myers, Ramon Hawley (1994). Chang, Hsu-hsin; Myers, Ramon Hawley (eds.).

6716: 6677: 6471: 6370: 6360: 6303: 6269: 6224: 6183: 5891: 5827: 5695: 5687: 5365: 5293: 5183: 4072: 3347: 3306: 2942: 2840: 2829: 2805: 2689:

Several major government institutions were founded during this period, including the

2627: 2576: 2477: 2289: 2204: 2194: 1888: 1786: 1684: 1557: 1550: 1372: 1367: 1297: 1292: 1090: 1084: 945: 902: 539: 8680:

Defending Taiwan: The Future Vision of Taiwan's Defence Policy and Military Strategy

7077: 6393: 2217:('people's country') as an equivalent to "republic" in other languages. 12975: 12888: 12760: 12662: 12399: 12319: 12115: 12038: 11993: 11980: 11888: 11873: 11611: 11194: 11187: 11086: 11081: 11007: 10935: 10854: 10769: 10759: 10730: 10666: 10661: 10495: 10469: 10454: 10339: 10317: 10301: 10207: 9656: 9646: 9486: 9279: 9264: 9256: 8619: 8489: 7494: 7134: 7065: 6492: 6265: 5504: 5455: 5438: 5228: 5187: 5044: 4703: 4647: 4511: 3652: 3249: 3190: 3182: 3023: 2972: 2929: 2904: 2848: 2713: 2400: 2388: 2356: 2273: 2227:

In China today, the period from 1912 to 1949 is often called the "Republican Era" (

2221: 2033: 1899:

seat) where it maintained until 1971, when the PRC took over its membership in the

1535: 1429: 1386: 841: 524: 519: 514: 466: 451: 61: 12515: 8718:

The Penguin History of Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850–2008

2327:; and Taiwan was placed under the Republic of China's administrative control. The 13083: 13051: 13003: 12989: 12449: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12339: 12291: 12229: 12187: 12150: 12135: 12125: 12120: 12100: 12065: 12060: 11736: 11673: 11310: 10802: 10797: 10720: 10671: 10632: 10296: 9878: 9684: 9571: 9165: 9098: 9055: 8867: 8858: 8851: 8726: 8536:

Cinematic Guerillas: Propaganda, Projectionists, and Audiences in Socialist China

8285: 7734: 7619: 7483:"In Pursuit of Equality and Respect: China's Diplomacy and the League of Nations" 7466: 7447: 5660:

as its temporary capital on 7 December 1949. Chengdu was captured on 27 December.

5623: 5495: 5470: 5297: 5166: 4819: 4763: 4716: 4593: 4310: 3518: 3466: 3281: 3253: 3018: 2986: 2817: 2709: 2690: 2572: 2520: 2316: 2297: 1972: 1802: 1774: 1747: 1668: 1648: 1342: 862: 696: 637: 509: 496: 476: 471: 8972:

The Rise and Fall of an Officer Corps: The Republic of China Military, 1942–1955

8728:

In Search of Chinese Democracy: Civil Opposition in Nationalist China, 1929–1949

6396:(Report). Stanford Program on International and Cross-Cultural Education. 2004. 2516:

thought began to spread. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was founded in 1921.

114: 13113: 13108: 13093: 12948: 12940: 12908: 12525: 12409: 12349: 12328: 12281: 12130: 12105: 11903: 11726: 11533: 11203: 11135: 11058: 10905: 10859: 10844: 10839: 10822: 10807: 10593: 9948: 9943: 9873: 9459: 8993:

China in Disintegration : The Republican Era in Chinese History, 1912–1949

7270: 7259:

Sino-British Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China

5599: 5518:." It sought (mostly unsuccessfully) to attract cultural workers to create new 5354:

as its head. He started a program of buying American aircraft, with the first,

5175: 5049:

The Republic of China retained hereditary nobility like the Han Chinese nobles

5013: 4945:

The province was abolished in 1950 and incorporated into Heilongjiang province.

4934: 4922: 4858: 4429: 3718: 3352: 3285: 3225: 3178: 2990: 2914: 2821: 2779: 2598: 2548: 2408: 2293: 1944: 1892: 1821: 1660: 1644: 9057:

China at War: Triumph and Tragedy in the Emergence of the New China, 1937–1952

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represented a small part of the total KMT army, numbering about 40 divisions.

630:

provisional government under a military dictatorship (1925–1928, Nationalist)

13158: 13088: 13068: 12461: 12414: 12314: 12192: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12095: 12055: 11589: 11345: 11305: 11168: 10915: 10749: 10588: 10390: 9711: 9699: 9541: 9402: 7498: 7381:. Cornell Studies in Security Affairs. Cornell University Press. p. 88. 7193:

Edwards, Louise; Milwertz, Cecilia Nathansen (2006). Hershatter, Gail (ed.).

5553: 5338: 5261: 5257: 5245: 5050: 4877: 3785: 3310: 3289: 3186: 3139: 2296:(1927–1937), when most of China came under the control of the authoritarian, 2173: 2056:; 'Chinese Emperor's Country') to "Republic of China" ( 1976: 1598: 627: 8891: 8287:

Icarus in China : Western Aviation and the Chinese Air Force, 1931–1941

8148: 5409: 13046: 13041: 13036: 12780: 12529: 11208: 11093: 10965: 10930: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9516: 9511: 9501: 9419: 9414: 6258: 5539: 5499: 5402: 5109: 5087: 4980: 4902: 4890: 3626: 3397: 3277: 3237: 3159: 2860: 2725: 2721: 2581: 2532: 2433: 2416: 2404: 2392: 2371: 2312: 2277: 1844: 1766: 1743: 1719: 1656: 1156: 826: 9199: 8606:

For works on specific people and events, please see the relevant articles.

8493: 7607:

Stephen Schlesinger, "FDR's five policemen: creating the United Nations."

7069: 13013: 12826: 12608: 12521: 12070: 10787: 9704: 9689: 9496: 9454: 9449: 9397: 8699:

The Making of the Modern Chinese Navy: Special Historical Characteristics

8519: 5117: 4445: 4217: 3533: 3326: 3147: 3109: 3071: 2896: 2866: 2487: 2459: 2429: 2412: 1968: 1954: 1739: 1715: 1711: 1692: 1357: 835: 820: 785: 743: 684: 305: 9137: 7612: 7506: 7482: 7146: 6381:

the city of Taipei became the temporary capital of the Republic of China

3029: 13118: 11771: 10960: 9868: 9679: 9407: 9158: 6869:

The storm clouds clear over China: the memoir of Chʻen Li-fu, 1900–1993

5179: 4272: 4008: 3904: 3063: 2741: 2729: 2524: 2442: 2301: 1999:; 'people's country') was chosen over the Japanese-derived 1664: 1474: 1449: 797: 755: 708: 608: 8477: 6909: 6897: 13078: 13073: 10970: 10925: 9863: 9804: 8576:

Revolutionary Becomings: Documentary Media in Twentieth-Century China

6669: 5649: 5645: 5427: 5289: 5129: 4748: 4688: 3930: 3916: 3852: 3771: 3640: 3261: 3241: 3034: 2801: 2492: 1971:'s 1905 party manifesto, which proclaimed that the four goals of the 1858: 1762: 423: 9035:

The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-Shek and the Struggle for Modern China

3054:

proved to be no match for the Communists' motivated and disciplined

12404: 11731: 11045: 11038: 10351: 7379:

Final solutions: mass killing and genocide in the twentieth century

6967:

The Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China

5423: 5001: 4846: 4776: 4578: 4190: 4164: 4124: 4060: 4034: 4020: 3878: 3744: 3560: 3293: 3273: 3245: 3079:

and 1949, including deaths from forced conscription and massacres.

2824:

and forced to ally with the Communists against the Japanese in the

1672: 441: 11219: 7698: 6994:

A Place In The Sun: Marxism And Fascism In China's Long Revolution

5514:, the ROC launched a cultural campaign promoting the "Arts of the 5397: 2724:

remained under the semi-autonomous rule of local warlords such as

617:

Federal presidential republic under a chief executive (1924–1926)

9474: 9469: 9464: 9221: 8807:

The Northern Expedition: China's National Revolution of 1926–1928

8333: 5715: 5653: 4959: 4804: 4660: 4496: 4376: 4336: 4298: 4284: 4230: 4150: 4112: 4086: 4046: 3994: 3982: 3968: 3942: 3864: 3838: 3826: 3800: 3692: 3666: 3613: 3480: 3229: 3042: 3038: 2998: 2881: 2836: 2597:

and unified the entire nation, at least nominally, beginning the

2513: 2335:. With the loss of the mainland, the ROC government retreated to 1862: 1798: 1751: 1691:(PRC) on 1 October 1949, while the ROC retains control over the " 1676: 1652: 932: 547: 399: 393: 9153:

Yu, George T. "The 1911 Revolution: Past, Present, and Future",

8875:

The Power of the Gun: The Emergence of Modern Chinese Warlordism

5852:

Government Information Office, Executive Yuan, Republic of China

2993:

were handed over from Japan to China. After the end of the war,

2917:, which was a precursor to China having a permanent seat on the 2224:

known at the time as "the Republic of China" or simply "China".

1757:

Meanwhile, the nationalist KMT under Sun's leadership attempted

12517: 11250: 11140: 9210: 9117:(Columbia University Press, 1976), a major scholarly biography 7736:

The Soldier Image and State-Building in Modern China, 1924–1945

7680: 5748: 5719: 5657: 5619: 5443: 5016:

before 1946, and for a short time under the Beiyang government

4873: 4606: 4550: 4409: 4395: 4350: 4324: 4245: 4176: 4098: 3956: 3586: 3440: 3269: 3265: 3257: 2964: 2340: 2336: 2171:(founded in 1919 within the Republic of China), which replaced 2130: 1870: 1866: 1706:, who had reigned as the Xuantong Emperor of the Qing dynasty, 1245: 86: 31: 7965: 7963: 7935: 7933: 7896: 7894: 7758: 7756: 7094:

Chiang Kai Shek - China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost

1797:

in Nanjing. China was then nominally reunified in 1928 by the

9252: 8900:

The Development History of the Republic of China Marine Corps

5710:

The state did not cease to exist in 1949. The government was

4918: 4906: 4880:

retained by the ROC. Provincial government suspended in 2019.

4862: 4842: 4720: 4477: 4138: 3890: 3812: 3730: 3704: 3678: 3598: 3506: 3492: 3381:

Administrative divisions of the Republic of China (1912–1949)

3318: 3010: 2936: 2852: 1829:

repeatedly led devastating uprisings, most significantly the

1227: 413: 9039:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 8842:

Political Leaders of Modern China: A Biographical Dictionary

8193: 8191: 8161: 8159: 8157: 7403:"The Republic of China Yearbook 2008 / Chapter 4 Government" 5754:

Qūchú dálǔ, huīfù Zhōnghuá, chuànglì mínguó, píngjūn dì quán

2304:

party (KMT). Neither the Nanjing government nor the earlier

8944:

A Bitter Revolution: China's Struggle with the Modern World

8023: 7960: 7930: 7918: 7906: 7891: 7867: 7753: 6670:

Meyer, Kathryn; James H Wittebols; Terry Parssinen (2002).

5058: 5005: 2797: 2066:; 'Chinese People's Country') in the form of a 1703: 1072: 7843: 7831: 7807: 7795: 3425:

Provinces and Equivalents of the Republic of China (1945)

1789:

from the KMT. In 1928, the last major independent warlord

8215: 8188: 8178: 8176: 8174: 8154: 8132: 8130: 7950: 7948: 7739:. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 54, 57–59, 122. 6223:. City University Of Hong Kong Press. 2007. p. 116. 2665: 2508:, considered unfair by Chinese intellectuals, led to the 2292:(1927–1949), with central authority strongest during the 11956: 8011: 7999: 7987: 6525:"Sun Yat Sen elected president of new Republic of China" 3118:

Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China

3005:, charged with maintaining security in the areas of the 2661: 2251:), since it was when the ROC was based on the mainland. 1769:. As a condition of Soviet support, the KMT formed the " 1702:

The ROC was formally declared on 1 January 1912, before

8832:

Historical Dictionary of Revolutionary China, 1839–1976

8389: 8387: 6822:

Kucha, Glenn; Llewellyn, Jennifer (12 September 2019).

6602: 6264:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 6220:

China, Fiver thousand years of History and Civilization

34:. For the Japanese puppet state from 1940 to 1945, see 8321: 8309: 8297: 8203: 8171: 8127: 8080:"The History of the Twenty-First-Century Chinese Navy" 7945: 7879: 7855: 7819: 7120:"The New Life Movement in Jiangxi Province, 1934–1938" 6417: 6415: 6179:

Languages of the World: Cataloging Issues and Problems

3102:

Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)

2796:

in September 1931, and established the former emperor

2755: 2482:

Yuan's changes to government caused many provinces to

2333:

Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands

2308:

succeeded in consolidating governance in rural China.

30:

For the Republic of China after its 1949 retreat, see

8892:

Ministry of Defense of the Republic of China (2010).

8766:. London: Arnold; New York: Oxford University Press. 8046:

Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 1946–1950

7058:

Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review

3082:

For the history of Republic of China after 1949, see

2070:: an emperor's country is ruled by only one emperor ( 80: 68: 8443:

A short history of Taiwan: the case for independence

8384: 7975: 5823:

China's Unequal Treaties: Narrating National History

5797:. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. 5677:

after 1949, until publication was suspended in 1998.

5644:

From 23 April 1949, the government was evacuated to

5529: 3309:

along with its successor the United Nations and the

1730:). Yuan even attempted to replace the Republic with 8731:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 8438: 8098:– via U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. 6747: 6412: 6394:

Introduction to Sovereignty: A Case Study of Taiwan

6323: 5280:) were later refloated and put into service by the 5239:

was the Chinese navy's flagship in the early 1930s.

27:

Republic of China prior to its relocation to Taiwan

9032: 8990: 8941: 8759: 8345: 8043: 7329:A Chronology of Conflict and Resolution, 1945–1985 6751:A History of the Chinese Communist Party 1921–1949 6715:. Research & Education Assoc. pp. 59–61. 6257: 5951: 5430:, in 1931—a period known as the "Nanjing Decade". 2276:on 10 October 1911, successfully overthrowing the 8920: 8625: 8339: 8149:Ministry of Defense of the Republic of China 2010 6353: 5886:. Vol. 1. Chinese University Press. p. 2913:one of the Big Four Allies, and later one of the 1809:as the representative legitimate from China. The 13156: 9016:. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History. 7768: 5572:History of China–United States relations to 1948 5372:and Navy Ministries being established under the 1805:under the Kuomintang, and subsequently received 1754:to assert claims to govern the entire Republic. 9105:Restless Empire: China and the World since 1750 8629:A short history of Nationalist China, 1919–1949 7287: 7192: 6702: 6459: 5437:However, the rural economy was hit hard by the 2169:Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 1901:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 1820:While there was relative prosperity during the 1027:ROC loses the last major holding outside Taiwan 7426:The Nationalist Revolution in China, 1923–1928 7024:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 337. 6936:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 337. 6898:"Fascism in Kuomintang China: The Blue Shirts" 6821: 6781: 6580:"The abdication decree of Emperor Puyi (1912)" 5794:The Evolution of a Taiwanese National Identity 2947:Proclamation of the People's Republic of China 1049:11,364,389 km (4,387,815 sq mi) 1001:Proclamation of the People's Republic of China 13190:States and territories disestablished in 1949 12501: 11493: 11235: 10888: 9237: 8948:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 7405:. Government Information Office, Taiwan. 2008 6817: 6815: 6296:One and All: The Logic of Chinese Sovereignty 5870: 5025:officially recognized Mongolia's independence 2660:. Consider transferring direct quotations to 2198: 2081: 2071: 1616: 1057:9,665,354 km (3,731,814 sq mi) 354: 320:National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China 312: 53: 8877:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 6793:(in Chinese). Taiwan Ministry of Education. 6708: 6676:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 54–56. 5008:. As the successor of the Qing dynasty, the 3400:map of the Republic of China in 1914, after 3075:temporary capital of the Republic of China. 2788:China had been at war with Japan since 1931. 2697:. In 1932, China sent its first team to the 2542: 2383:) with flags representing the early republic 2208: 2188: 2178: 2162: 1761:to establish a rival national government in 8615:Biographical Dictionary of Republican China 8265:. Washington, DC: Headquarters Marine Corps 7774: 7429:. Cambridge University Press, 1983, p. 190. 6289: 6287: 6285: 5706: 5704: 5320:Navy using select personnel from the Army. 3374: 13185:States and territories established in 1912 12945:Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong 12508: 12494: 11242: 11228: 9244: 9230: 8923:Wing to Wing: Air Combat in China, 1943–45 8825:China's Wars: Rousing the Dragon 1894–1949 7167: 6812: 6331:"Taiwan Timeline – Retreat to Taiwan" 6035: 6033: 5422:and in the face of Japanese aggression in 5206:, with the bulk of its forces forming the 3367:, the Republic of China was entitled to a 2937:1945–1949: Defeat in the Chinese Civil War 2863:controlling limited amounts of territory. 1623: 1609: 375: 8969: 8921:Molesworth, Carl; Moseley, Steve (1990). 8569: 8567: 8565: 8563: 8561: 8559: 8233: 8029: 7969: 7939: 7924: 7912: 7900: 7873: 7762: 7376: 7277:. New York Review of Books, 16 July 1998. 6970:. Harvard University Press. p. 108. 6865: 6620:Jonathan Fenby, "The silencing of Song." 3369:permanent seat on the UN Security Council 2453: 2300:military dictatorship of the nationalist 1953:The Republic of China's first president, 1689:proclaimed the People's Republic of China 8974:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 8809:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 8254: 8227: 7546:(Report). University of Texas at Austin. 7481:Kaufman, Alison Adcock (November 2014). 7117: 6904:(49). Cambridge University Press: 1–31. 6754:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 22–23. 6282: 5701: 5408: 5396: 5341:bomber with Chinese Nationalist insignia 5333: 5227: 5148: 5099: 4488: 4420: 4387: 3458: 3164: 3028: 2865: 2811:The Japanese began to push south of the 2783: 2580: 2370: 1915:of 541 million in 1949, it was the 1873:for around 54 years until they lost the 281:National Anthem of the Republic of China 8778:. In the series "Inventing the Nation." 8696: 8221: 8165: 7630: 7480: 7395: 6895: 6293: 6213: 6211: 6175: 6030: 3017:protest against the mishandling of the 2213:) are unique in the choice of the term 239:China Heroically Stands in the Universe 14: 13157: 12931:Third Red Spears' uprising in Shandong 10179:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 9171: 9011: 8872: 8804: 8556: 8475: 8293:(Thesis). Western Carolina University. 8136: 8041: 8017: 8005: 7993: 7981: 7954: 7885: 7861: 7849: 7837: 7825: 7813: 7801: 7351: 7326: 7320: 7291:Post-Conflict Development in East Asia 6990: 6963: 6608: 6484: 5957: 5934: 5932: 5876: 5790: 5296:. In 1948, the former British cruiser 5031:due to pressure from the Soviet Union. 2851:. The national capital was briefly at 2350: 2319:surrendered control of Taiwan and its 2280:and ending over two thousand years of 2118:; 'People's Country'), or 2076:), a people's country is ruled by all 620:Federal presidential republic under a 12489: 11955: 11757:Opinion polling on Taiwanese identity 11492: 11379: 11265: 11223: 9225: 8715: 8677: 8283: 8197: 8050:. Stanford University Press. p. 7476: 7474: 7090: 7017: 6929: 6776: 6657: 6645: 6633: 6447: 6066:from the original on 8 September 2020 5577:Vice Premier of the Republic of China 5567:Economic history of China (1912–1949) 5200:Constitution of the Republic of China 5029:1945 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship 2651:too many or overly lengthy quotations 2399:The Chinese Republic grew out of the 2267:Timeline of Republic of China history 1935:, 14 leagues, and 4 special banners. 1887:The ROC was a founding member of the 1393:Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War 11767:Special non-state-to-state relations 8849:A History of the Modern Chinese Army 8724: 8658: 8573: 8527: 8209: 8182: 8108: 8077: 7589:from the original on 12 January 2017 7583:"1945: The San Francisco Conference" 7526:. The University of Texas at Austin. 7269: 7235: 6853: 6712:Essentials of Modern Chinese History 6535:from the original on 1 December 2022 6429:from the original on 19 October 2016 6208: 5996: 5840: 5819: 5801:from the original on 14 January 2018 5791:Dreyer, June Teufel (17 July 2003). 5303:was gifted to China and was renamed 3340: 3205: 2633: 11249: 10875:Major Historical and Cultural Sites 8781: 8255:Braitsch, Fred G. (February 1953). 7558:"Republic of China at the Olympics" 7196:Women and Gender in Chinese Studies 7051: 6566: 6555:The Penguin History of Modern China 6314: 6255: 6039: 5929: 5848:"中華民國九十四年年鑑：第一篇總論第二章土地第二節大陸地區" 5401:Boat traffic and development along 5393:Economic history of China (1912–49) 5010:Government of the Republic of China 3096:Government of the Republic of China 2951:Republic of China retreat to Taiwan 2756:1937–1945: Second Sino-Japanese War 563:Government of the Republic of China 24: 12629:Constitutional Protection Movement 10013: 9251: 9204:Chinese Revolutionary Destinations 9157:, 31#10 (1991), pp. 895–904, 9123: 8745:from the original on 10 April 2023 8646:from the original on 10 April 2023 8533: 8351: 8327: 8315: 8303: 8113:. Germany: Brill. pp. 71–74. 7732: 7651:from the original on 10 April 2023 7536: 7519: 7471: 7308:from the original on 10 April 2023 7199:. Münster: LIT Verlag. p. 5. 6834:from the original on 10 April 2023 6758:from the original on 10 April 2023 6729:from the original on 10 April 2023 6690:from the original on 10 April 2023 6590:from the original on 10 April 2023 6505:from the original on 21 March 2022 6400:from the original on 29 April 2011 6237:from the original on 10 April 2023 6196:from the original on 10 April 2023 6017: 5963: 3454:Modern equivalent (if applicable) 3024:George Marshall's American mission 2981:On 25 October 1945, following the 868:10 October 1911 – 12 February 1912 605:(1912–1914, 1916–1923, 1926–1927) 459:Recognised national languages 202:Song of Five Races Under One Union 25: 13206: 10170:Political Consultative Conference 9192: 9074:from the original on 2 April 2023 9060:. London: Profile Books Limited. 7714:from the original on 4 March 2016 7637:. Dordrecht: Brill. p. 251. 6807:民國十六年，國民政府宣言定為首都，今以臺北市為我國中央政府所在地。 6341:from the original on 24 June 2009 6127:from the original on 14 June 2021 6096:from the original on 14 June 2021 5673:capital on maps published by the 5656:in the Mainland before declaring 5477: 5413:A 10 Custom Gold Units bill, 1930 3358: 3301:Republic of China at the Olympics 2519:After Sun's death in March 1925, 2108:; 'Middle Country'), 1750:, at times used their control of 1112:Kunlun to Changbai Standard Times 12917:Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum 12777:Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising 12528: 12516: 12467: 12455: 12444: 12443: 11686:List of administrative divisions 10956:Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty 10951:Four Masters of the Ming dynasty 9209: 9198: 8964:The Republic of China, 1912–1949 8507: 8469: 8432: 8423: 8414: 8405: 8396: 8375: 8366: 8357: 8277: 8248: 8236:"Republic of China Marine Corps" 8102: 8071: 8035: 7726: 7219: 6797:from the original on 17 May 2021 6490: 6423:"The Chinese Revolution of 1911" 5669:Nanjing was still marked as the 5546: 5532: 5104:Beiyang Army troops in the 1920s 3409: 3390: 3084:History of Taiwan (1945–present) 2886:areas not under Japanese control 2638: 2537:massacring thousands in Shanghai 2261:History of the Republic of China 2094:" (from 1912 to 1928), and the " 1592: 1280: 1250: 1246:Republic of China (1949–present) 1236: 1218: 1185: 1167: 1149: 614:republic (1914–1916, 1923-1924) 366: 326: 285: 266: 243: 226: 206: 152: 147: 113: 106: 13175:1949 disestablishments in China 12848:Nationalist-Communist Civil War 12468: 10946:Four Paragons of the Early Tang 10143:Political parties and movements 9507:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 9492:Northern and Southern dynasties 9115:Sun Yat-sen, frustrated patriot 9088:China and Japan: Facing History 8476:Paulès, Xavier (January 2022). 8234:Hao-Chang, Yu (November 1966). 7689: 7663: 7631:Wellens, Karel C., ed. (1990). 7624: 7601: 7575: 7550: 7530: 7513: 7452: 7432: 7417: 7377:Valentino, Benjamin A. (2005). 7370: 7345: 7281: 7263: 7252: 7241: 7228: 7213: 7186: 7161: 7111: 7084: 7045: 7011: 6984: 6957: 6923: 6889: 6859: 6846: 6770: 6741: 6663: 6651: 6639: 6627: 6614: 6572: 6560: 6547: 6517: 6453: 6441: 6386: 6249: 6169: 6139: 6114: 6108: 6078: 6052: 5991:抑吾人更有进者，民国与世界各国政府人民之交际，此后必益求辑睦。 5981:from the original on 6 May 2021 5904: 5759: 5734: 4994: 4985: 4973: 4964: 4948: 4939: 4927: 4911: 4895: 4883: 4867: 4851: 4835: 3428: 2919:United Nations Security Council 2800:as head of the puppet state of 2265:For a chronological guide, see 2009:). He associated the label 1985:), establish a people's state ( 1909:International Olympic Committee 1647:. It was established after the 975:Admission to the United Nations 8827:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013). 8663:. Cambridge University Press. 8612:Boorman, Howard, et al., eds., 8447:. Praeger Publishers. p. 8284:Lance, John Alexander (2014). 7781:. Lexington Books. p. 2. 7021:A History of Fascism 1914–1945 6933:A History of Fascism 1914–1945 6709:Pak, Edwin; Wah Leung (2005). 5938: 5813: 5784: 5753: 5744: 5725: 5680: 5663: 5638: 5629: 5593: 5516:Three Principles of the People 5224:Republic of China Marine Corps 5204:Republic of China Armed Forces 3128:Three Principles of the People 2997:were used to hold Beijing and 2738:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 2248: 2244: 2240: 2232: 2214: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2029: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1964: 1959: 1903:. It was also a member of the 603:Federal parliamentary republic 406:, 1912, 1927–1937, 1946–1949; 355: 313: 54: 13: 1: 13165:Republic of China (1912–1949) 13146:Republic of China (1912–1949) 12595:Empire of China (Yuan Shikai) 11380: 11279:Timeline of Taiwanese history 9216:Republic of China (1912–1949) 8865:China at War: An Encyclopedia 8340:Molesworth & Moseley 1990 7775:Schillinger, Nicolas (2016). 7331:. New York: Greenwood Press. 7170:Women and China's Revolutions 6362:China: U.S. policy since 1945 5820:Wang, Dong (1 October 2005). 5772: 5350:Administration, with General 5314:People's Liberation Army Navy 4389:Special Administrative Region 3365:Charter of the United Nations 3089: 2703:Rural Reconstruction Movement 1929:special administrative region 1917:world's most populous country 1875:presidential election in 2000 362:Seal of the Republic of China 13170:1912 establishments in China 12679:Occupation of Outer Mongolia 12044:Taiwanese indigenous peoples 11782:Taiwan independence movement 10248:Ministry of National Defense 9587:Chinese Communist Revolution 9206:travel guide from Wikivoyage 8758:Harrison, Henrietta (2001). 8515:"Modern China, 1912–Present" 8439:Gary Marvin Davison (2003). 7707:1945年「外モンゴル独立公民投票」をめぐる中モ外交交渉 6748:Guillermaz, Jacques (1972). 5916:Sun Yat-Sen Studies Database 5777: 5562:China–Soviet Union relations 5323: 5004:and the Russian republic of 2828:, an event now known as the 2740:in 1931, and the Red Army's 1949:China and the United Nations 1882:Democratic Progressive Party 1813:can also be referred as the 1197:Japanese Taiwan & Penghu 1014:Government retreat to Taipei 988:Adoption of the Constitution 876:Proclamation of the Republic 262:Song to the Auspicious Cloud 222:Song to the Auspicious Cloud 7: 12994:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 12729:Washington Naval Conference 11939:Water supply and sanitation 11266: 10911:Flowers of the Four Seasons 10896:Four Treasures of the Study 10515:Water supply and sanitation 10243:Central Military Commission 10238:Outline of military history 9988:Province-level subdivisions 9176:. Oxford University Press. 8989:Sheridan, James E. (1975). 8782:Hsü, Immanuel C.Y. (1970). 8725:Fung, Edmund S. K. (2000). 8244:. Marine Corps Association. 7356:. Transactions Publishers. 7352:Rummel, Rudolph J. (1994). 7118:Ferlanti, Federica (2010). 7097:. Oxford University Press. 6260:Taiwan: A Political History 6176:Joachim, Martin D. (1993). 5731:Left hand drive until 1946. 5608:Mongolian People's Republic 5525: 5374:Military Affairs Commission 5330:Republic of China Air Force 5174:against Japanese forces in 5092:National Revolutionary Army 5072: 5038: 3216:Foreign relations of Taiwan 3162:, and the General Academy. 3070:. Chiang Kai-shek declared 3052:National Revolutionary Army 2718:Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang 2589:during the "Nanjing Decade" 2078:four hundred million people 1827:National Revolutionary Army 1465:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1019:7 December 1949 (relocated) 81: 69: 18:Republic of China (1912–49) 10: 13211: 13056:National Pacification Army 12921:Northeast Flag Replacement 12827:Zhongshan Warship Incident 12524:and warlordism during the 12257:Inventions and discoveries 11762:Political status of Taiwan 11331:Taiwan under Japanese rule 10184:Primary stage of socialism 10126:National People's Congress 9594:People's Republic of China 8873:McCord, Edward A. (1993). 8805:Jordan, Donald A. (1976). 8701:. New York: Anthem Press. 8697:Elleman, Bruce A. (2019). 8626:Botjer, George F. (1979). 8600: 8066:last major GMD stronghold. 6529:United Press International 6460:Fairbank; Goldman (1972). 6425:. US Department of State. 6121:National Taiwan University 6086:"民國時期（1911–1949）的目錄與學者數據庫" 5486: 5390: 5386: 5327: 5217: 5085: 5042: 4970:Now part of Inner Mongolia 3378: 3298: 3212:Foreign relations of China 3209: 3099: 3093: 3081: 3068:People's Republic of China 3045:before arriving in Taipei. 2969:Political status of Taiwan 2962: 2955:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 2940: 2768:Marco Polo Bridge Incident 2765: 2759: 2587:Chinese warlord coalitions 2561:Northeast Flag Replacement 2558: 2552: 2546: 2527:. In 1926, Chiang led the 2463: 2457: 2360: 2354: 2264: 2258: 2254: 1942: 1697:political status of Taiwan 1675:") while headquartered in 1505:Sunflower Student Movement 1490:Third Taiwan Strait Crisis 1485:Wild Lily student movement 1455:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 1232:People's Republic of China 29: 13143: 13019: 13009: 12999: 12985: 12971: 12959: 12936: 12926: 12904: 12894: 12884: 12874: 12864: 12854: 12832: 12822: 12808: 12794: 12772:Second Zhili–Fengtian War 12766: 12756: 12744: 12734: 12724: 12719:1st National CPC Congress 12714: 12709:Spirit Soldier rebellions 12704: 12694: 12684: 12674: 12654: 12644: 12634: 12624: 12614: 12604: 12590: 12580: 12570: 12560: 12537: 12439: 12300: 12217: 12081: 12029: 12022: 11979: 11951: 11790: 11699: 11652: 11517: 11488: 11394: 11375: 11274: 11261: 11181: 11149: 11067: 10988: 10768: 10574: 10565: 10523: 10483: 10325: 10316: 10228: 10079: 10009: 10000: 9963: 9934:UNESCO Biosphere Reserves 9889: 9823: 9732: 9670: 9642: 9633: 9562: 9440: 9388: 9348: 9272: 9263: 9113:Wilbur, Clarence Martin. 9054:van de Ven, Hans (2017). 8580:Columbia University Press 8540:Columbia University Press 8503:– via Project MUSE. 8464:and 71.3 percent in 1943. 8078:Cole, Bernard D. (2014). 7749:– via Google Books. 7423:Wilbur, Clarence Martin. 7294:. Routledge. p. 71. 7168:Hershatter, Gail (2019). 7139:10.1017/S0026749X0999028X 7080:– via ResearchGate. 6991:Gregor, A. James (2019). 6624:(March 2013) 63#3 pp 5–7. 6300:Stanford University Press 5836:– via Google Books. 5722:, where it remains today. 5256:led some elements of the 5000:Now part of the State of 3404:declared its independence 2895:After its entry into the 2890:Manchukuo Imperial Palace 2543:1927–1937: Nanjing decade 2523:became the leader of the 2474:Shanghai massacre of 1927 2209: 2199: 2189: 2179: 2163: 2082: 2072: 1807:international recognition 1400:Constitutional government 1128: 1118: 1100: 1061: 1053: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1023: 1010: 997: 984: 971: 955: 942: 925: 912: 899: 885: 872: 859: 855: 847: 832: 817: 807: 803: 791: 779: 775: 765: 761: 749: 739:• 1912–1916 (first) 737: 733: 723: 719: 702: 690: 674: 670: 660: 588:Constitutional government 556: 546: 533: 495: 457: 447: 437: 386: 374: 349: 187: 102: 97: 45: 12899:Muslim conflict in Gansu 12869:Shanghai Commune of 1927 12859:Nanking incident of 1927 12739:First Zhili–Fengtian War 11752:One Country on Each Side 11664:Administrative divisions 11109:Catholic Church in China 10253:People's Liberation Army 10220:One country, two systems 9126:Journal of Asian History 9012:Sherry, Mark D. (1996). 8997:. New York: Free Press. 8970:Setzekorn, Eric (2018). 8784:The Rise of Modern China 8716:Fenby, Jonathan (2009). 8084:Naval War College Review 7706: 7499:10.1177/0097700413502616 7327:Jessup, John E. (1989). 7288:Brendan M. Howe (2016). 7221: 7091:Fenby, Jonathan (2008). 6997:. Taylor & Francis. 6806: 6789: 6147:"民国时期期刊全文数据库(1911～1949)" 5882: 5692:Second Sino-Japanese War 5675:Ministry of the Interior 5622:was taken over from the 5587: 5452:Second Sino-Japanese War 5139:Whampoa Military Academy 5122:Baoding Military Academy 3375:Administrative divisions 3056:People's Liberation Army 2985:, the administration of 2871:Chinese Nationalist Army 2794:the seizure of Manchuria 2776:New Fourth Army incident 2762:Second Sino-Japanese War 2658:summarize the quotations 2367:China during World War I 1854:People's Liberation Army 1833:. In 1931, the Japanese 1815:Second Republic of China 1732:his own imperial dynasty 1643:) began as a country in 1383:Second Sino-Japanese War 959:Second Sino-Japanese War 751:• 1948–1954 (last) 704:• 1949–1950 (last) 12817:Canton–Hong Kong strike 12599:National Protection War 11934:Uniform Invoice lottery 11849:State-owned enterprises 11622:Office of the President 10941:Four Pillars of Destiny 10726:Regional discrimination 10148:Chinese Communist Party 9164:2 February 2021 at the 8823:Jowett, Philip. (2013) 8788:Oxford University Press 8659:Chen, Kuan-Jen (2024). 8632:. Putnam. p. 180. 8482:Twentieth-Century China 8420:Sun Jian, pp. 1237–1240 8372:Sun Jian, pp. 1059–1071 8257:"Marines of Free China" 7618:4 November 2021 at the 7446:21 October 2008 at the 7275:Looking for the Sheriff 7018:Payne, Stanley (2021). 6930:Payne, Stanley (2021). 6896:Eastman, Lloyd (2021). 6872:. Hoover. p. 102. 6498:Encyclopædia Britannica 6367:Congressional Quarterly 5943:. 黄花岗杂志. Archived from 5213: 5112:, before it split into 5081: 4634:Beijing (while capital) 2875:1938 Yellow River flood 2617:assistance from Germany 2311:In 1945, at the end of 2137:The choice of the term 1938: 1728:First Republic of China 1681:Chinese Communist Party 1515:2017 Summer Universiade 1081:(1930–1948 in mainland) 901:• Admitted to the 448:Official languages 264:" (Modified; 1921–1928) 12803:May Thirtieth Movement 12659:Paris Peace Conference 11894:Semiconductor industry 11712:Cross-Strait relations 11669:Special municipalities 11321:Taiwan under Qing rule 10694:Science and technology 10367:Special economic zones 9619:persecution of Uyghurs 9547:Century of humiliation 8840:Leung, Edwin Pak-wah. 8830:Leung, Edwin Pak-wah. 8363:Sun Jian, pp. 613–614 6294:Laikwan, Pang (2024). 5745:驅除韃虜, 恢復中華, 創立民國, 平均地權 5610:in January 1946. With 5582:Project National Glory 5414: 5406: 5381:Soviet Volunteer Group 5342: 5282:Imperial Japanese Navy 5240: 5220:Republic of China Navy 5208:Republic of China Army 5192:stop Japanese advances 5154: 5105: 5096:Republic of China Army 5022:Nationalist government 4490:Special Municipalities 3170: 3114:Nationalist government 3046: 2959:Cross-Strait Relations 2910:Chinese Exclusion Acts 2901:Nationalist Government 2877: 2789: 2590: 2569:Encirclement Campaigns 2555:Nationalist government 2454:1916–1927: Warlord Era 2421:Empress Dowager Longyu 2384: 2096:Nationalist government 2034:direct people's rights 1979:rulers, revive China ( 1933:special municipalities 1905:Universal Postal Union 1811:Nationalist government 1795:Nationalist government 1663:. It was ruled by the 1651:, which overthrew the 1470:Project National Glory 1430:Retrocession of Taiwan 1378:Nationalist Government 929:Nationalist government 651:parliamentary republic 582:Nationalist government 570:Provisional government 13180:20th century in China 12699:Guangdong–Guangxi War 12649:Siberian intervention 11777:Taiwanese nationalism 11296:Early Chinese contact 10901:Four Great Inventions 10285:People's Armed Police 9109:Online free to borrow 8966:(Polity Press, 2023). 8940:Mitter, Rana (2004). 8863:Li, Xiaobing. (2012) 8857:10 April 2023 at the 8847:Li, Xiaobing. (2007) 8836:online free to borrow 8682:. London: Routledge. 8494:10.1353/tcc.2022.0008 8429:Sun Jian, pp. 617–618 8402:Sun Jian, pp. 615–616 7224:(in Chinese). 联经出版公司. 7220:Jing, Zhiren (荆知仁). 7070:10.1353/ach.2013.0022 5922:on 9 September 2024. 5412: 5400: 5337: 5231: 5152: 5144:German-trained forces 5103: 3168: 3032: 2995:United States Marines 2941:Further information: 2869: 2787: 2695:Central Bank of China 2584: 2553:Further information: 2415:the commander of the 2374: 2361:Further information: 2339:and the KMT declared 1879:Taiwanese nationalist 1787:purged the Communists 1710:on 12 February 1912. 1087:(1948–1949; mainland) 643:republic (1928–1947) 624:(1927–1928, Beiyang) 622:military dictatorship 12954:Sino-Soviet conflict 12609:Death of Yuan Shikai 11289:archaeological sites 10880:World Heritage Sites 10408:Foreign aid received 10116:Environmental policy 9914:Environmental policy 9909:Environmental issues 9218:at Wikimedia Commons 9172:Wright, Tim (2018). 9097:9 March 2021 at the 9031:Taylor, Jay (2009). 8262:Leatherneck Magazine 8241:Marine Corps Gazette 8109:Zhao, Xuduo (2023). 8042:Westad, Odd (2003). 7611:11.3 (1994): 88-93. 7609:World Policy Journal 7127:Modern Asian Studies 7052:Liu, Wennan (2013). 6964:Taylor, Jay (2009). 6824:"The Nanjing Decade" 6531:. 29 December 1911. 6182:. Psychology Press. 5880:Zhongguo jin dai shi 5180:overland supply line 5067:Chiefdom of Yongning 3335:1948 Summer Olympics 3331:1936 Summer Olympics 3323:1932 Summer Olympics 3315:1924 Summer Olympics 3019:Shen Chong rape case 3013:, arrived in China. 2873:soldiers during the 2506:Treaty of Versailles 2484:declare independence 2290:full-scale civil war 1718:, the leader of the 1699:remains in dispute. 1435:February 28 Incident 951:1927–1936, 1945–1949 781:• 1912 (first) 676:• 1912 (first, 12913:Huanggutun incident 12843:Nanjing–Wuhan Split 12838:Northern Expedition 12668:May Fourth Movement 12427:Tourist attractions 11884:Maritime industries 11817:Automotive industry 11722:Chinese nationalism 11717:Chinese unification 11561:Additional Articles 11326:Republic of Formosa 11316:Kingdom of Tungning 11126:History of religion 11121:Freedom of religion 10976:Four Pests campaign 10921:Four Classic Novels 10533:Automotive industry 10413:Foreign aid program 10104:Pro-democratisation 9599:Cultural Revolution 8574:Qian, Ying (2024). 8393:Sun Jian, page 1089 8330:, pp. 163–165. 8318:, pp. 160–161. 8306:, pp. 156–159. 8200:, pp. 114–115. 7852:, pp. 247–250. 7840:, pp. 207–208. 7816:, pp. 173–174. 7804:, pp. 177–178. 7465:14 May 2008 at the 7354:Death by Government 6902:The China Quarterly 6466:. Crowell. p. 6256:Roy, Denny (2004). 5947:on 23 October 2016. 5826:. Lexington Books. 5688:provisional capital 5252:. In 1926, Admiral 5135:Northern Expedition 5118:attacked each other 5063:Chiefdom of Mangshi 5061:chiefdoms like the 4933:Now mostly part of 3426: 3003:1st Marine Division 2857:Wang Jingwei regime 2826:Second United Front 2772:Second United Front 2529:Northern Expedition 2510:May Fourth movement 2470:Northern Expedition 2379:) and Sun Yat-sen ( 2351:1912–1916: Founding 2345:provisional capital 2288:(1937–1945), and a 2237:traditional Chinese 2220:The country was in 1975:were "to expel the 1839:full-scale invasion 1822:following ten years 1783:Northern Expedition 1363:Northern Expedition 1093:(1946–1949; Taiwan) 916:Northern Expedition 793:• 1949 (last) 36:Wang Jingwei regime 12965:Central Plains War 12799:Yunnan–Guangxi War 12750:First United Front 12619:Manchu Restoration 12585:Twenty-One Demands 12565:Bai Lang Rebellion 12091:Formosan languages 11914:Telecommunications 11747:North–South divide 11691:Metropolitan areas 11033:Population history 11013:Internal migration 10628:Harmonious Society 10503:Telecommunications 10460:Standard of living 10379:Online advertising 10131:Standing Committee 9103:Westad, Odd Arne. 8720:. London: Penguin. 7585:. United Nations. 7442:13 November 2006. 6660:, pp. 136–138 6636:, pp. 123–125 6569:, pp. 472–474 6090:Harvard University 5602:was brought under 5512:Nanjing government 5467:surrender of Japan 5419:Beiyang government 5415: 5407: 5361:Central Plains War 5343: 5241: 5159:Battle of Shanghai 5155: 5153:NRA troops in 1944 5106: 3424: 3333:in Berlin and the 3171: 3136:provinces of China 3106:Beiyang government 3047: 3007:Shandong Peninsula 2983:surrender of Japan 2878: 2845:three-month battle 2790: 2734:Central Plains War 2606:political tutelage 2595:Beiyang government 2591: 2565:Central Plains War 2497:Beiyang government 2466:First United Front 2385: 2363:Beiyang government 2329:communist takeover 2306:Beiyang government 2229:simplified Chinese 2092:Beiyang government 1973:Chinese revolution 1849:surrender of Japan 1831:Central Plains War 1791:pledged allegiance 1771:First United Front 1724:Beiyang government 1659:and ended China's 1510:2015 Ma–Xi meeting 1495:Anti-Secession Law 1353:Beiyang Government 889:Beiyang government 576:Beiyang government 505:Chinese characters 13152: 13151: 13138: 13137: 13029: 13028: 12980:Qinghai–Tibet War 12879:Shanghai massacre 12813:Anti-Fengtian War 12786: 12785: 12575:Second Revolution 12483: 12482: 12435: 12434: 12213: 12212: 12183:Taiwanese Hokkien 11947: 11946: 11742:Foreign relations 11655:Regions of Taiwan 11639:Political parties 11627:Secretary-General 11484: 11483: 11431:Protected species 11371: 11370: 11341:Retreat to Taiwan 11336:Republic of China 11301:Kingdom of Middag 11217: 11216: 11177: 11176: 10984: 10983: 10561: 10560: 10548:Shipping industry 10312: 10311: 10278:Strategic Support 10153:General Secretary 10138:National security 10121:Foreign relations 10075: 10074: 9996: 9995: 9959: 9958: 9662:Natural disasters 9629: 9628: 9582:Chinese Civil War 9577:Republic of China 9552:Taiping Rebellion 9425:Spring and Autumn 9330:Foreign relations 9214:Media related to 8932:978-0-517-57568-0 8913:978-986-02-0593-0 8884:978-0-520-08128-4 8816:978-0-8248-8086-6 8786:(1995 ed.). 8708:978-1-78527-102-1 8689:978-1-136-87541-0 8670:978-1-009-41875-1 8411:Sun Jian, p. 1319 8381:Sun Jian, p. 1353 8224:, pp. 47–50. 8212:, pp. 47–49. 8185:, pp. 39–40. 8168:, pp. 43–46. 8151:, pp. 29–33. 8061:978-0-8047-4484-3 8032:, pp. 84–85. 8020:, pp. 22–24. 8008:, pp. 15–21. 7996:, pp. 10–12. 7972:, pp. 46–49. 7942:, pp. 39–42. 7927:, pp. 35–36. 7915:, pp. 31–33. 7903:, pp. 29–30. 7876:, pp. 27–28. 7765:, pp. 18–21. 7537:An, Kang (2020). 7520:An, Kang (2020). 7388:978-0-8014-7273-2 7363:978-1-56000-145-4 7206:978-3-825-89304-0 7179:978-1-442-21568-9 7031:978-0-299-14874-4 7004:978-0-429-98319-1 6977:978-0-674-03338-2 6722:978-0-87891-458-6 6611:, pp. 92–93. 5877:計秋楓; 朱慶葆 (2001). 5833:978-0-7391-5297-3 5612:Japan's surrender 5469:in World War II, 5366:Shanghai Incident 5294:Chinese Civil War 5184:Operation Ichi-Go 5055:Celestial Masters 4831: 4830: 4736:Jiang'an District 3341:League of Nations 3307:League of Nations 3206:Foreign relations 2943:Chinese Civil War 2841:Marco Polo Bridge 2820:was kidnapped by 2806:League of Nations 2720:. Large areas of 2683: 2682: 2628:New Life Movement 2478:Nanchang Uprising 2425:abdication decree 2407:, also known as " 2286:Japanese invasion 2205:Republic of Korea 2195:Republic of China 1889:League of Nations 1835:invaded Manchuria 1685:Chinese Civil War 1637:Republic of China 1633: 1632: 1599:Taiwan portal 1500:100th anniversary 1373:Chinese Civil War 1368:Shanghai massacre 1348:Provisional Gov't 1274:Republic of China 1266: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1202: 1201: 1091:Old Taiwan dollar 1079:Customs gold unit 946:Chinese Civil War 903:League of Nations 863:Xinhai Revolution 812:National Assembly 692:• 1948-1949 540:Religion in China 341: 296: 273: 254: 231: 214: 47:Republic of China 16:(Redirected from 13202: 13195:Former republics 13130: 13127:Communist Party 13122: 12976:Sino-Tibetan War 12889:July 15 Incident 12792: 12791: 12761:Lincheng Outrage 12663:Shandong Problem 12639:Golok rebellions 12558: 12557: 12540: 12539: 12532: 12520: 12510: 12503: 12496: 12487: 12486: 12471: 12470: 12459: 12447: 12446: 12335:Cultural history 12287:Waste management 12039:Taiwanese people 12027: 12026: 11981:National symbols 11960:National Symbols 11953: 11952: 11869:Economic history 11864: 11856:Defense industry 11700:Political issues 11605:Military history 11490: 11489: 11377: 11376: 11263: 11262: 11244: 11237: 11230: 11221: 11220: 11197: 11190: 11087:Tibetan Buddhism 11082:Chinese Buddhism 10936:Four Holy Beasts 10886: 10885: 10738:Social relations 10667:Standard Chinese 10662:Chinese language 10572: 10571: 10357:Economic history 10323: 10322: 10302:Maritime Militia 10011: 10010: 10007: 10006: 9978:Border crossings 9973:Baseline islands 9668: 9667: 9640: 9639: 9604:Tiananmen Square 9487:Sixteen Kingdoms 9295:Military history 9270: 9269: 9246: 9239: 9232: 9223: 9222: 9213: 9202: 9187: 9141: 9083: 9081: 9079: 9050: 9038: 9027: 9008: 8996: 8985: 8962:Paulès, Xavier, 8959: 8947: 8936: 8917: 8905: 8888: 8820: 8801: 8777: 8765: 8754: 8752: 8750: 8721: 8712: 8693: 8674: 8655: 8653: 8651: 8620:Internet Archive 8594: 8593: 8578:. New York, NY: 8571: 8554: 8553: 8534:Li, Jie (2023). 8531: 8525: 8524: 8511: 8505: 8504: 8502: 8500: 8473: 8467: 8466: 8446: 8436: 8430: 8427: 8421: 8418: 8412: 8409: 8403: 8400: 8394: 8391: 8382: 8379: 8373: 8370: 8364: 8361: 8355: 8349: 8343: 8337: 8331: 8325: 8319: 8313: 8307: 8301: 8295: 8294: 8292: 8281: 8275: 8274: 8272: 8270: 8252: 8246: 8245: 8231: 8225: 8219: 8213: 8207: 8201: 8195: 8186: 8180: 8169: 8163: 8152: 8146: 8140: 8134: 8125: 8124: 8106: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8095: 8075: 8069: 8068: 8049: 8039: 8033: 8027: 8021: 8015: 8009: 8003: 7997: 7991: 7985: 7979: 7973: 7967: 7958: 7952: 7943: 7937: 7928: 7922: 7916: 7910: 7904: 7898: 7889: 7883: 7877: 7871: 7865: 7859: 7853: 7847: 7841: 7835: 7829: 7823: 7817: 7811: 7805: 7799: 7793: 7792: 7772: 7766: 7760: 7751: 7750: 7733:Xu, Yan (2019). 7730: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7719: 7702: 7696: 7693: 7687: 7684: 7678: 7667: 7661: 7660: 7658: 7656: 7628: 7622: 7605: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7579: 7573: 7572: 7570: 7568: 7554: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7534: 7528: 7527: 7517: 7511: 7510: 7478: 7469: 7456: 7450: 7436: 7430: 7421: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7399: 7393: 7392: 7374: 7368: 7367: 7349: 7343: 7342: 7324: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7313: 7285: 7279: 7278: 7267: 7261: 7256: 7250: 7245: 7239: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7217: 7211: 7210: 7190: 7184: 7183: 7165: 7159: 7158: 7124: 7115: 7109: 7108: 7088: 7082: 7081: 7049: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7015: 7009: 7008: 6988: 6982: 6981: 6961: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6927: 6921: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6863: 6857: 6850: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6839: 6819: 6810: 6809: 6804: 6802: 6785: 6779: 6774: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6763: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6706: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6667: 6661: 6655: 6649: 6643: 6637: 6631: 6625: 6618: 6612: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6584:alphahistory.com 6576: 6570: 6564: 6558: 6553:Jonathan Fenby, 6551: 6545: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6521: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6488: 6482: 6481: 6457: 6451: 6450:, pp. 89–94 6445: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6419: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6390: 6384: 6383: 6357: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6327: 6321: 6320: 6313: 6298:. Stanford, CA: 6291: 6280: 6279: 6263: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6215: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6173: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6153:. Archived from 6143: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6112: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6082: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6037: 6028: 6021: 6015: 6013: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5988: 5986: 5971:"中华民国临时大总统对外宣言书" 5967: 5961: 5955: 5949: 5948: 5936: 5927: 5926: 5918:. Archived from 5908: 5902: 5901: 5874: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5858:on 29 March 2012 5854:. Archived from 5844: 5838: 5837: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5788: 5767: 5763: 5757: 5755: 5746: 5738: 5732: 5729: 5723: 5708: 5699: 5684: 5678: 5667: 5661: 5642: 5636: 5633: 5627: 5626:in October 1945. 5597: 5556: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5542: 5537: 5536: 5535: 5520:propaganda works 5456:Nanjing massacre 5439:Great Depression 5405:, Shanghai, 1920 5188:French Indochina 5045:Chinese nobility 5032: 4998: 4992: 4989: 4983: 4977: 4971: 4968: 4962: 4952: 4946: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4925: 4921:, Liaoning, and 4915: 4909: 4899: 4893: 4887: 4881: 4871: 4865: 4855: 4849: 4839: 4792:Weiyang District 4704:Yuzhong District 4648:Xicheng District 4566:Nangang District 4538:Huangpu District 4512:Qinhuai District 3427: 3423: 3413: 3394: 3353:unequal treaties 3191:Examination Yuan 3183:Legislative Yuan 3009:and the eastern 2973:One-China policy 2930:Yalta Conference 2926:invade Manchuria 2905:unequal treaties 2849:Nanjing Massacre 2746:Fujian Rebellion 2714:Sino-Tibetan War 2678: 2675: 2669: 2642: 2641: 2634: 2614: 2447:Emperor of China 2401:Wuchang Uprising 2357:Wuchang Uprising 2274:Wuchang uprising 2250: 2246: 2242: 2234: 2216: 2212: 2211: 2202: 2201: 2192: 2191: 2182: 2181: 2166: 2165: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2089: 2088: 2075: 2074: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2031: 2026: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1966: 1961: 1931:, 2 regions, 12 1923:consisted of 35 1897:Security Council 1865:, and lastly to 1779:KMT chairmanship 1748:Fengtian cliques 1661:imperial history 1625: 1618: 1611: 1597: 1596: 1595: 1581:the Taiwan issue 1445:Exodus to Taiwan 1418: 1387:Nanjing Massacre 1331: 1284: 1268: 1267: 1254: 1253: 1240: 1239: 1222: 1221: 1206: 1205: 1189: 1188: 1171: 1170: 1153: 1152: 1146: 1145: 1130: 1129: 1109: 993:25 December 1947 967: 966:2 September 1945 842:Legislative Yuan 525:Uyghur alphabets 520:Tibetan alphabet 515:Mongolian script 460: 452:Standard Chinese 379: 370: 358: 357: 343: 342: 316: 315: 298: 297: 275: 274: 256: 255: 233: 232: 216: 215: 177: 168: 156: 151: 139: 130: 117: 110: 84: 72: 65: 57: 56: 43: 42: 21: 13210: 13209: 13205: 13204: 13203: 13201: 13200: 13199: 13155: 13154: 13153: 13148: 13139: 13134: 13128: 13120: 13030: 12990:Kumul Rebellion 12952: 12943: 12919: 12915: 12911: 12845: 12841: 12815: 12801: 12787: 12779: 12775: 12689:Zhili–Anhui War 12665: 12661: 12597: 12533: 12514: 12484: 12479: 12431: 12296: 12267:Public holidays 12240:Sex trafficking 12235:Organized crime 12209: 12077: 12018: 11975: 11974: 11943: 11862: 11786: 11737:De-Sinicization 11695: 11657: 11648: 11595:Law enforcement 11527: 11522: 11513: 11512: 11480: 11427:Endemic species 11390: 11389: 11367: 11361:Mandarin policy 11311:Spanish Formosa 11270: 11257: 11248: 11218: 11213: 11200: 11193: 11186: 11173: 11145: 11063: 11023:Life expectancy 10980: 10884: 10764: 10684:Public holidays 10672:Written Chinese 10657:Intellectualism 10609:Sex trafficking 10557: 10519: 10479: 10308: 10224: 10071: 10062:Nationality law 10045:Law enforcement 10023:Judicial system 9992: 9955: 9929:Nature reserves 9919:Protected areas 9885: 9856:Water resources 9819: 9728: 9666: 9625: 9609:Economic reform 9572:1911 Revolution 9558: 9522:Jin (1115–1234) 9436: 9384: 9344: 9259: 9250: 9195: 9190: 9184: 9174:Chinese Studies 9166:Wayback Machine 9144: 9099:Wayback Machine 9086:Vogel, Ezra F. 9077: 9075: 9068: 9053: 9047: 9030: 9024: 9014:China Defensive 9005: 8988: 8982: 8956: 8939: 8933: 8925:. Orion Books. 8914: 8903: 8885: 8859:Wayback Machine 8817: 8798: 8774: 8757: 8748: 8746: 8739: 8709: 8690: 8671: 8649: 8647: 8640: 8603: 8598: 8597: 8590: 8572: 8557: 8550: 8532: 8528: 8513: 8512: 8508: 8498: 8496: 8474: 8470: 8459: 8437: 8433: 8428: 8424: 8419: 8415: 8410: 8406: 8401: 8397: 8392: 8385: 8380: 8376: 8371: 8367: 8362: 8358: 8350: 8346: 8342:, pp. 3–6. 8338: 8334: 8326: 8322: 8314: 8310: 8302: 8298: 8290: 8282: 8278: 8268: 8266: 8253: 8249: 8232: 8228: 8220: 8216: 8208: 8204: 8196: 8189: 8181: 8172: 8164: 8155: 8147: 8143: 8135: 8128: 8121: 8107: 8103: 8093: 8091: 8076: 8072: 8062: 8040: 8036: 8028: 8024: 8016: 8012: 8004: 8000: 7992: 7988: 7980: 7976: 7968: 7961: 7957:, pp. 3–4. 7953: 7946: 7938: 7931: 7923: 7919: 7911: 7907: 7899: 7892: 7884: 7880: 7872: 7868: 7860: 7856: 7848: 7844: 7836: 7832: 7824: 7820: 7812: 7808: 7800: 7796: 7789: 7773: 7769: 7761: 7754: 7747: 7731: 7727: 7717: 7715: 7710:(in Japanese). 7708: 7704: 7703: 7699: 7694: 7690: 7685: 7681: 7668: 7664: 7654: 7652: 7645: 7629: 7625: 7620:Wayback Machine 7606: 7602: 7592: 7590: 7581: 7580: 7576: 7566: 7564: 7556: 7555: 7551: 7543: 7535: 7531: 7518: 7514: 7479: 7472: 7467:Wayback Machine 7457: 7453: 7448:Wayback Machine 7437: 7433: 7422: 7418: 7408: 7406: 7401: 7400: 7396: 7389: 7375: 7371: 7364: 7350: 7346: 7339: 7325: 7321: 7311: 7309: 7302: 7286: 7282: 7271:Urquhart, Brian 7268: 7264: 7257: 7253: 7246: 7242: 7233: 7229: 7223: 7218: 7214: 7207: 7191: 7187: 7180: 7166: 7162: 7122: 7116: 7112: 7105: 7089: 7085: 7050: 7046: 7036: 7034: 7032: 7016: 7012: 7005: 6989: 6985: 6978: 6962: 6958: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6928: 6924: 6914: 6912: 6894: 6890: 6880: 6864: 6860: 6851: 6847: 6837: 6835: 6820: 6813: 6808: 6800: 6798: 6791: 6787: 6786: 6782: 6775: 6771: 6761: 6759: 6746: 6742: 6732: 6730: 6723: 6707: 6703: 6693: 6691: 6684: 6668: 6664: 6656: 6652: 6644: 6640: 6632: 6628: 6619: 6615: 6607: 6603: 6593: 6591: 6586:. 4 June 2013. 6578: 6577: 6573: 6565: 6561: 6552: 6548: 6538: 6536: 6523: 6522: 6518: 6508: 6506: 6489: 6485: 6478: 6458: 6454: 6446: 6442: 6432: 6430: 6421: 6420: 6413: 6403: 6401: 6392: 6391: 6387: 6377: 6359: 6358: 6354: 6344: 6342: 6329: 6328: 6324: 6310: 6292: 6283: 6276: 6254: 6250: 6240: 6238: 6231: 6217: 6216: 6209: 6199: 6197: 6190: 6174: 6170: 6160: 6158: 6145: 6144: 6140: 6130: 6128: 6113: 6109: 6099: 6097: 6084: 6083: 6079: 6069: 6067: 6058: 6057: 6053: 6038: 6031: 6022: 6018: 6011: 6004:被西方誉成为的“民国黄金十年” 6001: 5997: 5984: 5982: 5969: 5968: 5964: 5956: 5952: 5937: 5930: 5910: 5909: 5905: 5898: 5884: 5875: 5871: 5861: 5859: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5834: 5818: 5814: 5804: 5802: 5789: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5764: 5760: 5739: 5735: 5730: 5726: 5709: 5702: 5696:fall of Nanjing 5685: 5681: 5668: 5664: 5643: 5639: 5634: 5630: 5624:Japanese Empire 5598: 5594: 5590: 5552: 5547: 5545: 5538: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5496:Motion pictures 5489: 5480: 5471:Japanese Taiwan 5395: 5389: 5332: 5326: 5226: 5218:Main articles: 5216: 5172:major offensive 5167:Battle of Wuhan 5098: 5086:Main articles: 5084: 5075: 5047: 5041: 5036: 5035: 4999: 4995: 4990: 4986: 4978: 4974: 4969: 4965: 4953: 4949: 4944: 4940: 4932: 4928: 4916: 4912: 4900: 4896: 4888: 4884: 4872: 4868: 4856: 4852: 4840: 4836: 4820:Shinan District 4764:Yuexiu District 4676:Heping District 4622:Xigang District 4594:Shenhe District 4428:Mongolia Area ( 3435: 3422: 3421: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3405: 3395: 3383: 3377: 3361: 3343: 3303: 3218: 3208: 3120: 3098: 3092: 3087: 2975: 2961: 2939: 2818:Chiang Kai-shek 2782: 2764: 2758: 2710:Kumul Rebellion 2691:Academia Sinica 2679: 2673: 2670: 2664:or excerpts to 2655: 2643: 2639: 2608: 2579: 2573:Mukden Incident 2557: 2551: 2545: 2521:Chiang Kai-shek 2480: 2462: 2456: 2369: 2359: 2353: 2317:Empire of Japan 2270: 2263: 2257: 2063:Zhōnghuá Mínguó 1960:Zhōnghuá Mínguó 1951: 1941: 1895:(including its 1803:one-party state 1775:Chiang Kai-shek 1669:one-party state 1649:1911 Revolution 1629: 1593: 1591: 1586: 1585: 1572: 1553: 1547: 1543: 1531: 1530: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1343:1911 Revolution 1337: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1319: 1273: 1251: 1237: 1231: 1219: 1213: 1196: 1186: 1179:Empire of China 1178: 1168: 1160: 1150: 1104: 1096: 1029: 1016: 1003: 990: 980:24 October 1945 977: 965: 961: 948: 935: 918: 908:10 January 1920 905: 892: 878: 865: 838: 823: 794: 782: 752: 740: 705: 697:Chiang Kai-shek 693: 681: 656: 599: 598: 593: 529: 510:Manchu alphabet 497:Official script 491: 458: 433: 382: 365: 359: 353: 345: 344: 327: 323: 317: 311: 302: 299: 286: 276: 267: 257: 244: 234: 227: 217: 207: 197: 196: 183: 182: 181: 180: 175: 166: 164:National Emblem 157: 144: 143: 142: 137: 128: 127: 118: 111: 93: 92: 82:Zhōnghuá Mínguó 70:Chunghwa Minkuo 59: 48: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13208: 13198: 13197: 13192: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13150: 13149: 13144: 13141: 13140: 13136: 13135: 13133: 13132: 13124: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13096: 13091: 13086: 13081: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13065: 13064: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13033: 13031: 13027: 13026: 13024:War in Ningxia 13021: 13017: 13016: 13011: 13007: 13006: 13001: 12997: 12996: 12987: 12983: 12982: 12973: 12969: 12968: 12961: 12957: 12956: 12949:Beijing Revolt 12941:Chiang-Gui War 12938: 12934: 12933: 12928: 12924: 12923: 12909:Jinan incident 12906: 12902: 12901: 12896: 12892: 12891: 12886: 12882: 12881: 12876: 12872: 12871: 12866: 12862: 12861: 12856: 12852: 12851: 12834: 12830: 12829: 12824: 12820: 12819: 12810: 12806: 12805: 12796: 12790: 12788: 12784: 12783: 12768: 12764: 12763: 12758: 12754: 12753: 12746: 12742: 12741: 12736: 12732: 12731: 12726: 12722: 12721: 12716: 12712: 12711: 12706: 12702: 12701: 12696: 12692: 12691: 12686: 12682: 12681: 12676: 12672: 12671: 12656: 12652: 12651: 12646: 12642: 12641: 12636: 12632: 12631: 12626: 12622: 12621: 12616: 12612: 12611: 12606: 12602: 12601: 12592: 12588: 12587: 12582: 12578: 12577: 12572: 12568: 12567: 12562: 12556: 12553: 12552: 12547: 12544: 12538: 12535: 12534: 12526:Nanjing decade 12513: 12512: 12505: 12498: 12490: 12481: 12480: 12478: 12477: 12465: 12453: 12440: 12437: 12436: 12433: 12432: 12430: 12429: 12424: 12423: 12422: 12412: 12410:Taiwanese wave 12407: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12350:Glove puppetry 12347: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12306: 12304: 12298: 12297: 12295: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12282:Taiwan studies 12279: 12274: 12269: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12243: 12242: 12237: 12227: 12221: 12219: 12215: 12214: 12211: 12210: 12208: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12196: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12170: 12169: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12087: 12085: 12079: 12078: 12076: 12075: 12074: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12053: 12052: 12051: 12041: 12035: 12033: 12024: 12020: 12019: 12017: 12016: 12011: 12006: 11996: 11991: 11985: 11983: 11977: 11976: 11973: 11972: 11967: 11964: 11961: 11957: 11949: 11948: 11945: 11944: 11942: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11929:Transportation 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11904:Taiwan Miracle 11901: 11899:Stock exchange 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11858: 11853: 11852: 11851: 11846: 11836: 11835: 11834: 11829: 11819: 11814: 11813: 11812: 11807: 11796: 11794: 11788: 11787: 11785: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11727:Chinese Taipei 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11703: 11701: 11697: 11696: 11694: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11682: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11660: 11658: 11653: 11650: 11649: 11647: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11635: 11634: 11632:Vice President 11629: 11624: 11614: 11609: 11608: 11607: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11581: 11580: 11570: 11565: 11564: 11563: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11542: 11541: 11530: 11528: 11518: 11515: 11514: 11511: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11494: 11486: 11485: 11482: 11481: 11479: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11456:National parks 11453: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11398: 11396: 11392: 11391: 11388: 11387: 11381: 11373: 11372: 11369: 11368: 11366: 11365: 11364: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11292: 11291: 11281: 11275: 11272: 11271: 11259: 11258: 11247: 11246: 11239: 11232: 11224: 11215: 11214: 11212: 11211: 11206: 11199: 11198: 11191: 11183: 11182: 11179: 11178: 11175: 11174: 11172: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11155: 11153: 11147: 11146: 11144: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11117: 11116: 11111: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11090: 11089: 11084: 11073: 11071: 11065: 11064: 11062: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11050: 11049: 11042: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10994: 10992: 10986: 10985: 10982: 10981: 10979: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10906:Four Gentlemen 10903: 10898: 10892: 10890: 10889:Fours of China 10883: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10826: 10825: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10774: 10772: 10766: 10765: 10763: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10746: 10745: 10735: 10734: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10708: 10703: 10702: 10701: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10675: 10674: 10669: 10659: 10654: 10653: 10652: 10647: 10646: 10645: 10630: 10625: 10624: 10623: 10613: 10612: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10575: 10569: 10563: 10562: 10559: 10558: 10556: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10538:Civil aviation 10535: 10529: 10527: 10521: 10520: 10518: 10517: 10512: 10511: 10510: 10500: 10499: 10498: 10487: 10485: 10484:Infrastructure 10481: 10480: 10478: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10451: 10450: 10445: 10440: 10438:Semiconductors 10435: 10430: 10420: 10418:Historical GDP 10415: 10410: 10405: 10404: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10383: 10382: 10381: 10371: 10370: 10369: 10364: 10354: 10349: 10348: 10347: 10337: 10332: 10326: 10320: 10314: 10313: 10310: 10309: 10307: 10306: 10305: 10304: 10294: 10293: 10292: 10282: 10281: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10250: 10245: 10240: 10234: 10232: 10226: 10225: 10223: 10222: 10217: 10216: 10215: 10210: 10200: 10199: 10198: 10196:Vice President 10188: 10187: 10186: 10176: 10175: 10174: 10173: 10172: 10162: 10161: 10160: 10155: 10140: 10135: 10134: 10133: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10107: 10106: 10096: 10091: 10085: 10083: 10077: 10076: 10073: 10072: 10070: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10053: 10052: 10042: 10041: 10040: 10035: 10025: 10019: 10017: 10004: 9998: 9997: 9994: 9993: 9991: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9969: 9967: 9961: 9960: 9957: 9956: 9954: 9953: 9952: 9951: 9946: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9924:National parks 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9904:Climate policy 9901: 9899:Climate change 9895: 9893: 9887: 9886: 9884: 9883: 9882: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9827: 9825: 9821: 9820: 9818: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9805:Central Plains 9794: 9789: 9788: 9787: 9782: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9736: 9734: 9730: 9729: 9727: 9726: 9725: 9724: 9719: 9709: 9708: 9707: 9702: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9676: 9674: 9665: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9652:Extreme points 9649: 9643: 9637: 9631: 9630: 9627: 9626: 9624: 9623: 9622: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9591: 9590: 9589: 9584: 9574: 9568: 9566: 9560: 9559: 9557: 9556: 9555: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9478: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9460:Three Kingdoms 9457: 9452: 9446: 9444: 9438: 9437: 9435: 9434: 9433: 9432: 9430:Warring States 9427: 9422: 9412: 9411: 9410: 9400: 9394: 9392: 9386: 9385: 9383: 9382: 9381: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9360: 9354: 9352: 9346: 9345: 9343: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9321: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9290:Historiography 9287: 9282: 9276: 9274: 9267: 9261: 9260: 9249: 9248: 9241: 9234: 9226: 9220: 9219: 9207: 9194: 9193:External links 9191: 9189: 9188: 9182: 9169: 9168:historiography 9150: 9149: 9148: 9147:Historiography 9143: 9142: 9132:(2): 155–180. 9121: 9111: 9101: 9084: 9066: 9051: 9045: 9028: 9022: 9009: 9003: 8986: 8980: 8967: 8960: 8954: 8937: 8931: 8918: 8912: 8889: 8883: 8870: 8861: 8845: 8838: 8828: 8821: 8815: 8802: 8796: 8779: 8772: 8755: 8737: 8722: 8713: 8707: 8694: 8688: 8675: 8669: 8656: 8638: 8623: 8609: 8608: 8607: 8602: 8599: 8596: 8595: 8588: 8555: 8548: 8526: 8506: 8468: 8457: 8431: 8422: 8413: 8404: 8395: 8383: 8374: 8365: 8356: 8354:, p. 170. 8344: 8332: 8320: 8308: 8296: 8276: 8247: 8226: 8214: 8202: 8187: 8170: 8153: 8141: 8139:, p. 162. 8126: 8119: 8101: 8070: 8060: 8034: 8030:Setzekorn 2018 8022: 8010: 7998: 7986: 7974: 7970:Setzekorn 2018 7959: 7944: 7940:Setzekorn 2018 7929: 7925:Setzekorn 2018 7917: 7913:Setzekorn 2018 7905: 7901:Setzekorn 2018 7890: 7888:, p. 245. 7878: 7874:Setzekorn 2018 7866: 7864:, p. 288. 7854: 7842: 7830: 7828:, p. 186. 7818: 7806: 7794: 7788:978-1498531689 7787: 7767: 7763:Setzekorn 2018 7752: 7745: 7725: 7697: 7688: 7679: 7662: 7643: 7623: 7600: 7574: 7549: 7529: 7512: 7493:(6): 605–638. 7470: 7451: 7431: 7416: 7394: 7387: 7369: 7362: 7344: 7337: 7319: 7300: 7280: 7262: 7251: 7240: 7227: 7212: 7205: 7185: 7178: 7160: 7110: 7103: 7083: 7044: 7030: 7010: 7003: 6983: 6976: 6956: 6943:978-0299148744 6942: 6922: 6888: 6878: 6858: 6845: 6811: 6780: 6769: 6740: 6721: 6701: 6682: 6662: 6650: 6638: 6626: 6613: 6601: 6571: 6559: 6557:(2013) p. 123. 6546: 6516: 6491:Wang, Yi Chu. 6483: 6476: 6452: 6440: 6411: 6385: 6375: 6352: 6322: 6308: 6281: 6274: 6248: 6229: 6207: 6188: 6168: 6138: 6117:"民国时期的启蒙与批判启蒙" 6107: 6077: 6051: 6029: 6016: 5995: 5962: 5950: 5941:"中華民國國號的來由和意義" 5928: 5903: 5896: 5869: 5839: 5832: 5812: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5768: 5758: 5733: 5724: 5700: 5679: 5662: 5637: 5628: 5600:Outer Mongolia 5591: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5543: 5527: 5524: 5507:or Hong Kong. 5488: 5485: 5479: 5478:Transportation 5476: 5465:Following the 5391:Main article: 5388: 5385: 5356:Vought Corsair 5352:Chang We-chang 5328:Main article: 5325: 5322: 5254:Yang Shuzhuang 5215: 5212: 5178:to reopen the 5083: 5080: 5074: 5071: 5043:Main article: 5040: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5014:Outer Mongolia 4993: 4984: 4972: 4963: 4947: 4938: 4935:Inner Mongolia 4926: 4923:Inner Mongolia 4910: 4894: 4882: 4866: 4859:Inner Mongolia 4850: 4833: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4430:Outer Mongolia 4425: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3438: 3431: 3419: 3418: 3415: 3408: 3406: 3396: 3389: 3386: 3385: 3384: 3379:Main article: 3376: 3373: 3360: 3359:United Nations 3357: 3348:League Council 3342: 3339: 3286:United Kingdom 3226:Czechoslovakia 3207: 3204: 3179:Executive Yuan 3094:Main article: 3091: 3088: 3050:undisciplined 2991:Penghu Islands 2938: 2935: 2915:Four Policemen 2830:Xi'an Incident 2822:Zhang Xueliang 2780:Burma Campaign 2760:Main article: 2757: 2754: 2748:of 1933–1934. 2681: 2680: 2646: 2644: 2637: 2599:Nanjing decade 2577:Xi'an Incident 2549:Nanjing decade 2547:Main article: 2544: 2541: 2458:Main article: 2455: 2452: 2409:Double Ten Day 2355:Main article: 2352: 2349: 2294:Nanjing Decade 2259:Main article: 2256: 2253: 2193:). Today, the 2128:; 'Middle 2053:Zhōnghuá Dìguó 1945:Names of China 1940: 1937: 1893:United Nations 1891:and later the 1759:multiple times 1736:popular unrest 1645:mainland China 1631: 1630: 1628: 1627: 1620: 1613: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1578: 1576:the Kuomintang 1571: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1554:(geographical) 1546: 1545: 1544:(1949–present) 1538: 1532: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1480:Lieyu massacre 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1426: 1425: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1403: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1390: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1339: 1338: 1327: 1326: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1306: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1277: 1276: 1272:History of the 1264: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1248: 1242: 1241: 1234: 1224: 1223: 1216: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1190: 1182: 1181: 1172: 1164: 1163: 1154: 1142: 1141: 1136: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1116: 1115: 1108:+5:30 to +8:30 1102: 1098: 1097: 1095: 1094: 1088: 1082: 1076: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1043: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1006:1 October 1949 1004: 998: 995: 994: 991: 985: 982: 981: 978: 972: 969: 968: 962: 956: 953: 952: 949: 943: 940: 939: 936: 926: 923: 922: 919: 913: 910: 909: 906: 900: 897: 896: 893: 886: 883: 882: 881:1 January 1912 879: 873: 870: 869: 866: 860: 857: 856: 853: 852: 849: 845: 844: 839: 833: 830: 829: 824: 818: 815: 814: 809: 805: 804: 801: 800: 795: 792: 789: 788: 783: 780: 777: 776: 773: 772: 769: 763: 762: 759: 758: 753: 750: 747: 746: 741: 738: 735: 734: 731: 730: 727: 725:Vice President 721: 720: 717: 716: 706: 703: 700: 699: 694: 691: 688: 687: 682: 675: 672: 671: 668: 667: 664: 658: 657: 655: 654: 648:dominant-party 644: 631: 625: 618: 615: 606: 596: 595: 594: 592: 591: 585: 579: 573: 566: 558: 554: 553: 550: 544: 543: 535: 531: 530: 528: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 501: 499: 493: 492: 490: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 463: 461: 455: 454: 449: 445: 444: 439: 435: 434: 432: 431: 421: 411: 397: 390: 388: 384: 383: 380: 372: 371: 351:National seal: 347: 346: 325: 303: 301: 300: 284: 277: 265: 258: 242: 235: 225: 218: 205: 194: 193: 192: 185: 184: 179: 178: 169: 159: 158: 146: 145: 141: 140: 131: 120: 119: 112: 105: 104: 103: 100: 99: 95: 94: 91: 90: 78: 66: 50: 49: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13207: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13162: 13160: 13147: 13142: 13131: 13125: 13123: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13063: 13060: 13059: 13057: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13034: 13032: 13025: 13022: 13018: 13015: 13012: 13008: 13005: 13002: 12998: 12995: 12991: 12988: 12984: 12981: 12977: 12974: 12970: 12967: 12966: 12962: 12958: 12955: 12950: 12946: 12942: 12939: 12935: 12932: 12929: 12925: 12922: 12918: 12914: 12910: 12907: 12903: 12900: 12897: 12893: 12890: 12887: 12883: 12880: 12877: 12873: 12870: 12867: 12863: 12860: 12857: 12853: 12850: 12849: 12844: 12840: 12839: 12835: 12831: 12828: 12825: 12821: 12818: 12814: 12811: 12807: 12804: 12800: 12797: 12793: 12789: 12782: 12778: 12774: 12773: 12769: 12765: 12762: 12759: 12755: 12752: 12751: 12747: 12743: 12740: 12737: 12733: 12730: 12727: 12723: 12720: 12717: 12713: 12710: 12707: 12703: 12700: 12697: 12693: 12690: 12687: 12683: 12680: 12677: 12673: 12670: 12669: 12664: 12660: 12657: 12653: 12650: 12647: 12643: 12640: 12637: 12633: 12630: 12627: 12623: 12620: 12617: 12613: 12610: 12607: 12603: 12600: 12596: 12593: 12589: 12586: 12583: 12579: 12576: 12573: 12569: 12566: 12563: 12559: 12555: 12554: 12551: 12548: 12545: 12542: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12527: 12523: 12519: 12511: 12506: 12504: 12499: 12497: 12492: 12491: 12488: 12476: 12475: 12466: 12464: 12463: 12458: 12454: 12452: 12451: 12442: 12441: 12438: 12428: 12425: 12421: 12418: 12417: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12375:Night markets 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12330: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12307: 12305: 12303: 12299: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12232: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12222: 12220: 12216: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12200:Sign Language 12198: 12194: 12193:Matsu dialect 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12175: 12174: 12171: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12093: 12092: 12089: 12088: 12086: 12084: 12080: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12058: 12057: 12054: 12050: 12049:Ethnic groups 12047: 12046: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12036: 12034: 12032: 12028: 12025: 12021: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12004: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11986: 11984: 11982: 11978: 11971: 11968: 11965: 11962: 11959: 11958: 11954: 11950: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11850: 11847: 11845: 11842: 11841: 11840: 11837: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11827:List of banks 11825: 11824: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11802: 11801: 11798: 11797: 11795: 11793: 11789: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11704: 11702: 11698: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11666: 11665: 11662: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11651: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11619: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11606: 11603: 11602: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11579: 11576: 11575: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11562: 11559: 11558: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11551:Civil defense 11549: 11547: 11544: 11540: 11537: 11536: 11535: 11532: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11495: 11491: 11487: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11417:Deforestation 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11399: 11397: 11393: 11386: 11383: 11382: 11378: 11374: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11346:Guanbi policy 11344: 11342: 11339: 11338: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11306:Dutch Formosa 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11290: 11287: 11286: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11276: 11273: 11269: 11264: 11260: 11256: 11252: 11245: 11240: 11238: 11233: 11231: 11226: 11225: 11222: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11201: 11196: 11192: 11189: 11185: 11184: 11180: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11156: 11154: 11152: 11148: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11115: 11114:Protestantism 11112: 11110: 11107: 11106: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11099:Folk religion 11097: 11095: 11092: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11079: 11078: 11075: 11074: 11072: 11070: 11066: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11047: 11043: 11040: 11036: 11035: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11003:Ethnic groups 11001: 10999: 10996: 10995: 10993: 10991: 10987: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10916:Four Beauties 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10893: 10891: 10887: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10824: 10821: 10820: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10775: 10773: 10771: 10767: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10755:Urban society 10753: 10751: 10748: 10744: 10741: 10740: 10739: 10736: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10713: 10712: 10711:Social issues 10709: 10707: 10704: 10700: 10697: 10696: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10689:Rural society 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10664: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10651: 10648: 10644: 10641: 10640: 10639: 10636: 10635: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10622: 10619: 10618: 10617: 10614: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10596: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10589:Chinese Dream 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10576: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10564: 10554: 10553:Space program 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10530: 10528: 10526: 10522: 10516: 10513: 10509: 10506: 10505: 10504: 10501: 10497: 10494: 10493: 10492: 10489: 10488: 10486: 10482: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10425: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10388: 10387: 10384: 10380: 10377: 10376: 10375: 10372: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10359: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10346: 10343: 10342: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10327: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10315: 10303: 10300: 10299: 10298: 10295: 10291: 10288: 10287: 10286: 10283: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10255: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10235: 10233: 10231: 10227: 10221: 10218: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10205: 10204: 10203:State Council 10201: 10197: 10194: 10193: 10192: 10189: 10185: 10182: 10181: 10180: 10177: 10171: 10168: 10167: 10166: 10163: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10150: 10149: 10146: 10145: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10132: 10129: 10128: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10105: 10102: 10101: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10089:Civil service 10087: 10086: 10084: 10082: 10078: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10051: 10048: 10047: 10046: 10043: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10030: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10020: 10018: 10016: 10012: 10008: 10005: 10003: 9999: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9970: 9968: 9966: 9962: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9941: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9896: 9894: 9892: 9888: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9861: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9828: 9826: 9822: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9802: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9777: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9737: 9735: 9731: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9714: 9713: 9710: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9697: 9696: 9695:South Central 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9677: 9675: 9673: 9669: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9644: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9632: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9596: 9595: 9592: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9579: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9569: 9567: 9565: 9561: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9539: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9482:Jin (266–420) 9480: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9462: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9447: 9445: 9443: 9439: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9417: 9416: 9413: 9409: 9406: 9405: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9395: 9393: 9391: 9387: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9365: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9355: 9353: 9351: 9347: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9325:Ethnic groups 9323: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9305: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9277: 9275: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9262: 9258: 9254: 9247: 9242: 9240: 9235: 9233: 9228: 9227: 9224: 9217: 9212: 9208: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9196: 9185: 9183:9780199920082 9179: 9175: 9170: 9167: 9163: 9160: 9156: 9152: 9151: 9146: 9145: 9139: 9135: 9131: 9127: 9122: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9110: 9106: 9102: 9100: 9096: 9093: 9089: 9085: 9073: 9069: 9067:9781781251942 9063: 9059: 9058: 9052: 9048: 9046:9780674033382 9042: 9037: 9036: 9029: 9025: 9023:9780160613227 9019: 9015: 9010: 9006: 9000: 8995: 8994: 8987: 8983: 8981:9780806162966 8977: 8973: 8968: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8951: 8946: 8945: 8938: 8934: 8928: 8924: 8919: 8915: 8909: 8901: 8897: 8896: 8890: 8886: 8880: 8876: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8862: 8860: 8856: 8853: 8850: 8846: 8843: 8839: 8837: 8833: 8829: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8812: 8808: 8803: 8799: 8797:9780195087208 8793: 8789: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8769: 8764: 8763: 8756: 8744: 8740: 8734: 8730: 8729: 8723: 8719: 8714: 8710: 8704: 8700: 8695: 8691: 8685: 8681: 8676: 8672: 8666: 8662: 8657: 8645: 8641: 8639:9780399123825 8635: 8631: 8630: 8624: 8621: 8617: 8616: 8611: 8610: 8605: 8604: 8591: 8589:9780231204477 8585: 8581: 8577: 8570: 8568: 8566: 8564: 8562: 8560: 8551: 8549:9780231206273 8545: 8541: 8537: 8530: 8522: 8521: 8516: 8510: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8472: 8465: 8460: 8458:0-275-98131-2 8454: 8450: 8445: 8444: 8435: 8426: 8417: 8408: 8399: 8390: 8388: 8378: 8369: 8360: 8353: 8348: 8341: 8336: 8329: 8324: 8317: 8312: 8305: 8300: 8289: 8288: 8280: 8264: 8263: 8258: 8251: 8243: 8242: 8237: 8230: 8223: 8218: 8211: 8206: 8199: 8194: 8192: 8184: 8179: 8177: 8175: 8167: 8162: 8160: 8158: 8150: 8145: 8138: 8133: 8131: 8122: 8120:9789004547148 8116: 8112: 8105: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8074: 8067: 8063: 8057: 8053: 8048: 8047: 8038: 8031: 8026: 8019: 8014: 8007: 8002: 7995: 7990: 7983: 7978: 7971: 7966: 7964: 7956: 7951: 7949: 7941: 7936: 7934: 7926: 7921: 7914: 7909: 7902: 7897: 7895: 7887: 7882: 7875: 7870: 7863: 7858: 7851: 7846: 7839: 7834: 7827: 7822: 7815: 7810: 7803: 7798: 7790: 7784: 7780: 7779: 7771: 7764: 7759: 7757: 7748: 7746:9780813176765 7742: 7738: 7737: 7729: 7713: 7709: 7701: 7692: 7683: 7676: 7675:0-415-34584-7 7672: 7666: 7650: 7646: 7644:0-7923-0796-8 7640: 7636: 7635: 7627: 7621: 7617: 7614: 7610: 7604: 7588: 7584: 7578: 7563: 7559: 7553: 7542: 7541: 7533: 7525: 7524: 7516: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7477: 7475: 7468: 7464: 7461: 7455: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7435: 7428: 7427: 7420: 7404: 7398: 7390: 7384: 7380: 7373: 7365: 7359: 7355: 7348: 7340: 7338:0-313-24308-5 7334: 7330: 7323: 7307: 7303: 7301:9781317077404 7297: 7293: 7292: 7284: 7276: 7272: 7266: 7260: 7255: 7249: 7244: 7237: 7231: 7216: 7208: 7202: 7198: 7197: 7189: 7181: 7175: 7171: 7164: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7121: 7114: 7106: 7104:9780786739844 7100: 7096: 7095: 7087: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7048: 7033: 7027: 7023: 7022: 7014: 7006: 7000: 6996: 6995: 6987: 6979: 6973: 6969: 6968: 6960: 6945: 6939: 6935: 6934: 6926: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6892: 6885: 6881: 6879:0-8179-9272-3 6875: 6871: 6870: 6862: 6856:, p. 30) 6855: 6849: 6833: 6829: 6828:Alpha History 6825: 6818: 6816: 6796: 6792: 6784: 6778: 6773: 6757: 6753: 6752: 6744: 6728: 6724: 6718: 6714: 6713: 6705: 6689: 6685: 6683:0-7425-2003-X 6679: 6675: 6674: 6673:Webs of Smoke 6666: 6659: 6654: 6648:, p. 131 6647: 6642: 6635: 6630: 6623: 6622:History Today 6617: 6610: 6605: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6575: 6568: 6563: 6556: 6550: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6520: 6504: 6500: 6499: 6494: 6493:"Sun Yat-sen" 6487: 6479: 6477:0-690-07612-6 6473: 6469: 6465: 6464: 6456: 6449: 6444: 6428: 6424: 6418: 6416: 6399: 6395: 6389: 6382: 6378: 6376:0-87187-188-2 6372: 6368: 6364: 6363: 6356: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6326: 6318: 6311: 6309:9781503638815 6305: 6301: 6297: 6290: 6288: 6286: 6277: 6275:0-8014-8805-2 6271: 6267: 6262: 6261: 6252: 6236: 6232: 6230:9789629371401 6226: 6222: 6221: 6214: 6212: 6195: 6191: 6189:9781560245209 6185: 6181: 6180: 6172: 6157:on 7 May 2021 6156: 6152: 6148: 6142: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6111: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6081: 6065: 6061: 6055: 6047: 6043: 6036: 6034: 6026: 6020: 6010:. 2013-10-17 6009: 6005: 5999: 5992: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5966: 5959: 5958:Wright (2018) 5954: 5946: 5942: 5935: 5933: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5907: 5899: 5897:9789622019874 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5873: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5843: 5835: 5829: 5825: 5824: 5816: 5800: 5796: 5795: 5787: 5783: 5762: 5756: 5750: 5742: 5737: 5728: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5707: 5705: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5683: 5676: 5672: 5666: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5641: 5632: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5614:, Islands of 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5596: 5592: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5555: 5554:Taiwan portal 5544: 5541: 5530: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5508: 5506: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5484: 5475: 5472: 5468: 5463: 5459: 5457: 5453: 5450:In 1937, the 5448: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5431: 5429: 5425: 5420: 5411: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5384: 5382: 5377: 5375: 5369: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5353: 5347: 5340: 5339:B-25 Mitchell 5336: 5331: 5321: 5317: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5295: 5291: 5285: 5283: 5279: 5278: 5273: 5272: 5265: 5263: 5262:Chen Shaokuan 5259: 5258:Beiyang Fleet 5255: 5251: 5247: 5246:Cheng Biguang 5238: 5237: 5230: 5225: 5221: 5211: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5160: 5151: 5147: 5145: 5140: 5136: 5131: 5125: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5102: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5079: 5070: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5051:Duke Yansheng 5046: 5030: 5026: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4997: 4988: 4982: 4976: 4967: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4886: 4879: 4878:Matsu Islands 4875: 4870: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4834: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4645: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4509: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4491: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4427: 4426: 4423: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4390: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3783: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3432: 3429: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3393: 3388: 3387: 3382: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3356: 3354: 3349: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3311:Olympic Games 3308: 3302: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3290:United States 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3217: 3213: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3192: 3188: 3187:Judicial Yuan 3184: 3180: 3177:, namely the 3176: 3167: 3163: 3161: 3157: 3156:Supreme Court 3151: 3149: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3129: 3125: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3097: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3031: 3027: 3025: 3020: 3014: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2934: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2786: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2763: 2753: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2736:in 1930, the 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2699:Olympic Games 2696: 2692: 2687: 2677: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2647:This article 2645: 2636: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2618: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2461: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2382: 2378: 2375:Yuan Shikai ( 2373: 2368: 2364: 2358: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2321:island groups 2318: 2314: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2282:imperial rule 2279: 2275: 2268: 2262: 2252: 2238: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2218: 2206: 2196: 2186: 2185:Daehan Minguk 2176: 2175: 2170: 2160: 2152: 2142: 2135: 2133: 2132: 2123: 2113: 2103: 2097: 2093: 2090:). Both the " 2086: 2079: 2069: 2065: 2055: 2041: 2035: 2027: 2025: 2014: 2004: 1994: 1988: 1984: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1946: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1793:to the KMT's 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1683:(CCP) in the 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1626: 1621: 1619: 1614: 1612: 1607: 1606: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1590: 1589: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1525: 1524: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1421: 1410: 1409: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1334: 1333:Mainland rule 1323: 1322: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1288: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1270: 1269: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1198: 1195: 1191: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1173: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1155: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1070: 1069:Silver Dragon 1067: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1028: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1009: 1005: 1002: 996: 992: 989: 983: 979: 976: 970: 963: 960: 954: 950: 947: 941: 937: 934: 930: 924: 920: 917: 911: 907: 904: 898: 894: 890: 884: 880: 877: 871: 867: 864: 858: 854: 850: 846: 843: 840: 837: 831: 828: 825: 822: 816: 813: 810: 806: 802: 799: 796: 790: 787: 784: 778: 774: 770: 768: 764: 760: 757: 754: 748: 745: 742: 736: 732: 728: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 707: 701: 698: 695: 689: 686: 683: 679: 673: 669: 665: 663: 659: 652: 649: 645: 642: 639: 636: 632: 629: 626: 623: 619: 616: 613: 610: 607: 604: 601: 600: 589: 586: 583: 580: 577: 574: 571: 568: 567: 565: 564: 559: 555: 551: 549: 545: 542: 541: 536: 532: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 502: 500: 498: 494: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 464: 462: 456: 453: 450: 446: 443: 440: 436: 429: 425: 422: 419: 415: 412: 409: 405: 401: 398: 395: 392: 391: 389: 385: 378: 373: 369: 364:" (1929–1949) 363: 352: 348: 321: 309: 307: 282: 278: 263: 259: 241:" (1915–1921) 240: 236: 224:" (1913–1915) 223: 219: 204:" (1912–1913) 203: 199: 198: 190: 186: 174: 170: 165: 161: 160: 155: 150: 136: 132: 126: 122: 121: 116: 109: 101: 96: 88: 83: 79: 76: 71: 67: 63: 52: 51: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 13145: 12963: 12846: 12836: 12781:Beijing Coup 12770: 12748: 12666: 12472: 12460: 12448: 12277:Superlatives 12262:Prostitution 12225:Architecture 12031:Demographics 11832:Central bank 11810:Floriculture 11707:Conscription 11585:Intelligence 11573:Human rights 11556:Constitution 11471:Superlatives 11466:Scenic areas 11351:White Terror 11104:Christianity 11094:Confucianism 11054:Urbanization 10990:Demographics 10966:Gang of Four 10931:Four Symbols 10830:Martial arts 10604:Prostitution 10491:Architecture 10345:Central bank 10213:Vice Premier 10165:United front 10094:Constitution 10050:Penal system 10028:Human rights 9965:Subdivisions 9803: / 9799: / 9722:Southwestern 9717:Northwestern 9576: 9420:Western Zhou 9368:Yellow River 9318:1949–present 9173: 9155:Asian Survey 9154: 9129: 9125: 9114: 9104: 9087: 9076:. Retrieved 9056: 9034: 9013: 8992: 8971: 8963: 8943: 8922: 8899: 8895:中華民國海軍陸戰隊發展史 8894: 8874: 8864: 8848: 8841: 8831: 8824: 8806: 8783: 8761: 8747:. Retrieved 8727: 8717: 8698: 8679: 8660: 8648:. Retrieved 8628: 8613: 8575: 8535: 8529: 8518: 8509: 8497:. Retrieved 8488:(1): 40–49. 8485: 8481: 8471: 8462: 8442: 8434: 8425: 8416: 8407: 8398: 8377: 8368: 8359: 8347: 8335: 8323: 8311: 8299: 8286: 8279: 8267:. Retrieved 8260: 8250: 8239: 8229: 8222:Elleman 2019 8217: 8205: 8166:Elleman 2019 8144: 8110: 8104: 8092:. Retrieved 8087: 8083: 8073: 8065: 8045: 8037: 8025: 8013: 8001: 7989: 7984:, p. 8. 7977: 7920: 7908: 7881: 7869: 7857: 7845: 7833: 7821: 7809: 7797: 7777: 7770: 7735: 7728: 7716:. Retrieved 7700: 7691: 7682: 7665: 7653:. Retrieved 7633: 7626: 7608: 7603: 7591:. Retrieved 7577: 7565:. Retrieved 7562:topendsports 7561: 7552: 7539: 7532: 7522: 7515: 7490: 7487:Modern China 7486: 7454: 7434: 7425: 7419: 7407:. Retrieved 7397: 7378: 7372: 7353: 7347: 7328: 7322: 7310:. 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Retrieved 5974: 5965: 5953: 5945:the original 5923: 5920:the original 5915: 5906: 5879: 5872: 5860:. Retrieved 5856:the original 5851: 5842: 5822: 5815: 5803:. Retrieved 5793: 5786: 5761: 5752: 5736: 5727: 5682: 5670: 5665: 5640: 5631: 5604:Beiyang rule 5595: 5540:China portal 5509: 5500:treaty ports 5494: 5490: 5481: 5464: 5460: 5449: 5436: 5432: 5416: 5403:Suzhou Creek 5378: 5370: 5348: 5344: 5318: 5308: 5304: 5299: 5286: 5275: 5269: 5266: 5242: 5235: 5196: 5164: 5156: 5126: 5110:Beiyang Army 5107: 5088:Beiyang Army 5076: 5048: 4996: 4987: 4981:Heilongjiang 4979:Now part of 4975: 4966: 4954:Now part of 4950: 4941: 4929: 4917:Now part of 4913: 4903:Heilongjiang 4901:Now part of 4897: 4891:Heilongjiang 4889:Now part of 4885: 4869: 4857:Now part of 4853: 4841:Now part of 4837: 4489: 4421: 4388: 3634:Hēilóngjiāng 3627:Heilongjiang 3459: 3445:Abbreviation 3398:Rand McNally 3362: 3344: 3304: 3278:Soviet Union 3219: 3200: 3196: 3174: 3172: 3160:Control Yuan 3152: 3144: 3132: 3124:constitution 3121: 3077: 3066:founded the 3060: 3048: 3015: 2980: 2976: 2923: 2894: 2879: 2861:puppet state 2834: 2810: 2791: 2750: 2726:Feng Yuxiang 2722:China proper 2707: 2688: 2684: 2671: 2656:Please help 2648: 2621: 2603: 2592: 2533:Soviet Union 2518: 2502: 2481: 2439: 2434:Song Jiaoren 2417:Beiyang Army 2405:national day 2398: 2393:Qing dynasty 2386: 2380: 2376: 2313:World War II 2310: 2278:Qing dynasty 2271: 2226: 2219: 2184: 2174:Daehan Jeguk 2172: 2158: 2148: 2138: 2136: 2134:'). 2129: 2119: 2109: 2099: 2061: 2051: 2037: 2020: 2010: 2000: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1958: 1952: 1920: 1886: 1845:World War II 1843: 1819: 1814: 1767:Soviet Union 1756: 1727: 1720:Beiyang Army 1701: 1657:Qing dynasty 1640: 1636: 1634: 1440:White Terror 1417:1945–present 1328: 1228: 1214:Bogd Khanate 1210: 1193: 1175: 1161:Qing dynasty 1157: 1139:Succeeded by 1138: 1133: 964:7 July 1937– 827:Control Yuan 712: 677: 612:presidential 560: 537: 438:Largest city 430:, 1938–1946) 427: 420:, 1937–1938) 417: 410:, 1927–1949) 407: 403: 350: 304: 188: 40: 13119:Kuomintang 13104:New Guangxi 13099:Old Guangxi 13014:Two-Liu war 13004:Han–Liu War 12522:Warlord Era 12420:tea culture 12385:Photography 12071:Waishengren 11805:Aquaculture 11800:Agriculture 11578:LGBT rights 11436:Hot springs 11422:Earthquakes 11356:Martial law 10870:Variety art 10865:Tea culture 10793:Calligraphy 10778:Archaeology 10638:Food safety 10433:Gold mining 10335:Aquaculture 10330:Agriculture 10290:Coast Guard 10057:Naming laws 9891:Environment 9879:South China 9358:Paleolithic 9350:Prehistoric 9308:before 1912 8520:Smithsonian 8499:30 November 8137:Jordan 1976 8018:Sherry 1996 8006:Sherry 1996 7994:Sherry 1996 7982:Sherry 1996 7955:Sherry 1996 7886:McCord 1993 7862:McCord 1993 7850:McCord 1993 7838:McCord 1993 7826:McCord 1993 7814:McCord 1993 7802:McCord 1993 7133:(5): 8–12. 7064:(5): 8–12. 6838:7 September 6801:22 December 6609:McCord 1993 6539:7 September 6509:7 September 6241:9 September 6070:23 November 5690:during the 5686:As wartime 5510:During the 5018:occupied it 4446:Ulaanbaatar 4444:Kulun (now 3534:Zhangjiakou 3532:Zhangyuan ( 3434:Traditional 3327:Los Angeles 3148:World War I 3110:Warlord era 3072:martial law 2897:Pacific War 2624:Blue shirts 2609: [ 2486:and become 2460:Warlord Era 2430:Tongmenghui 2423:signed the 2413:Yuan Shikai 2068:parallelism 1969:Tongmenghui 1955:Sun Yat-sen 1740:Warlord Era 1716:Yuan Shikai 1712:Sun Yat-sen 1693:Taiwan Area 1667:(KMT) as a 1460:Vietnam War 1358:Warlord Era 1134:Preceded by 891:in Beijing 836:Lower house 821:Upper house 808:Legislature 786:Tang Shaoyi 744:Li Yuanhong 685:Sun Yat-sen 678:provisional 653:(1947–1949) 641:directorial 590:(1948–1949) 584:(1925–1948) 578:(1912–1928) 396:(1912–1928) 324:(1937–1949) 306:Flag anthem 176:(1928–1949) 167:(1913–1928) 138:(1928–1949) 129:(1912–1928) 13159:Categories 13062:Zhili Army 12380:Philosophy 12355:Literature 12252:Healthcare 12111:Kanakanavu 11863:(currency) 11772:Two Chinas 11644:Propaganda 11612:Parliament 11546:Censorship 11520:Government 11498:Government 11284:Prehistory 11131:Irreligion 11028:Statistics 10998:Emigration 10961:Four Wangs 10850:Philosophy 10835:Mass media 10818:Literature 10716:Patriarchy 10679:Propaganda 10599:Corruption 10584:Censorship 10374:E-commerce 10081:Government 9874:East China 9846:Waterfalls 9792:Peninsulas 9760:Grasslands 9078:10 October 9004:0029286107 8955:0192803417 8773:0340741333 8749:5 February 8738:0521771242 8198:Chung 2003 8094:1 February 7655:4 November 7460:China News 7312:6 December 7037:2 February 6949:2 February 6915:2 February 6777:Fenby 2009 6762:28 October 6733:28 October 6694:28 October 6658:Fenby 2009 6646:Fenby 2009 6634:Fenby 2009 6448:Fenby 2009 6433:27 October 5862:5 December 5805:13 January 5773:References 5694:after the 5165:After the 5027:after the 4459:Tibet Area 4273:Mudanjiang 3612:Qingyuan ( 3363:Under the 3299:See also: 3292:, and the 3210:See also: 3100:See also: 3090:Government 3064:Mao Zedong 2963:See also: 2813:Great Wall 2766:See also: 2742:Long March 2730:Yan Xishan 2716:, and the 2674:March 2024 2666:Wikisource 2559:See also: 2525:Kuomintang 2464:See also: 2443:Kuomintang 2302:Kuomintang 2073:帝國是以皇帝一人為主 1943:See also: 1913:population 1841:of China. 1726:" (or the 1695:" and the 1687:. The CCP 1665:Kuomintang 1529:History of 1475:Three Noes 1450:Korean War 1032:1 May 1950 798:He Yingqin 756:Li Zongren 709:Li Zongren 557:Government 548:Demonym(s) 13109:Guangdong 13074:Guominjun 12986:1931–1935 12972:1930–1932 12927:1928–1929 12895:1927–1930 12833:1926–1928 12809:1925–1926 12745:1923–1927 12725:1921–1922 12705:1920–1926 12695:1920–1921 12675:1919–1921 12645:1918–1920 12635:1917–1929 12625:1917–1922 12591:1915–1916 12561:1911–1914 12546:1925–1934 12543:1915–1924 12310:Animation 12272:Squatting 12247:Education 12083:Languages 11839:Companies 11617:President 11568:Elections 11476:Volcanoes 11451:Mountains 11395:Overviews 11385:Geography 11018:Languages 10971:Four Olds 10926:Four arts 10813:Libraries 10743:Structure 10706:Sexuality 10643:incidents 10616:Education 10525:Transport 10401:Renewable 10396:Petroleum 10191:President 10158:Politburo 10111:Elections 10099:Democracy 10067:Terrorism 9815:Volcanoes 9797:Northeast 9775:Mountains 9685:Northeast 9635:Geography 9542:High Qing 9363:Neolithic 9335:Dynasties 9313:1912–1949 9304:Economic 9273:Overviews 8650:2 January 8210:Chen 2024 8183:Chen 2024 7677:. p. 376. 7438:Li Shui. 7236:Fung 2000 7155:146456085 6854:Fung 2000 6790:重編國語辭典修訂本 6317:help page 6200:4 January 6023:中华民国纪年也称“ 5912:"中華民國之意義" 5778:Citations 5712:relocated 5650:Chongqing 5646:Guangzhou 5428:Manchuria 5368:in 1932. 5324:Air Force 5309:Chongqing 5305:Chongqing 5290:U.S. Navy 5250:Lin Baoyi 5130:Guangdong 4756:Guǎngzhōu 4749:Guangzhou 4696:Chóngqìng 4689:Chongqing 4266:Sōngjiāng 4259:Songjiang 3931:Guangzhou 3924:Guǎngdōng 3917:Guangdong 3853:Zhenjiang 3777:海拉爾(呼倫貝爾) 3772:Hulunbuir 3460:Provinces 3262:Lithuania 3242:Guatemala 3035:Chongqing 2839:near the 2802:Manchukuo 2662:Wikiquote 2649:contains 2493:Guangdong 2298:one-party 2190:대한민국/大韓民國 2180:대한제국/大韓帝國 2167:) by the 2002:gònghéguó 1925:provinces 1911:. With a 1859:Chongqing 1763:Guangzhou 1708:abdicated 1563:Kaohsiung 1330:1912–1949 1310:Geography 1303:Education 1120:Drives on 1101:Time zone 1085:Gold yuan 1075:(to 1935) 938:1927–1948 921:1926–1928 895:1912–1928 662:President 638:one-party 635:Tridemist 534:Religion 482:Mongolian 424:Chongqing 98:1912–1949 13084:Xinjiang 13052:Fengtian 12550:Factions 12450:Category 12405:T-Beauty 12390:Religion 12345:Gambling 12178:Mandarin 12146:Sakizaya 12141:Saisiyat 12003:proposed 11909:Taxation 11879:Forestry 11732:Dang Guo 11674:Counties 11600:Military 11525:politics 11503:Politics 11255:articles 11204:Category 11077:Buddhism 11069:Religion 11046:Post-90s 11039:Post-80s 10783:Archives 10650:HIV/AIDS 10621:Literacy 10579:Abortion 10508:Internet 10465:Taxation 10448:Textiles 10428:Chemical 10423:Industry 10352:Currency 10230:Military 10038:in Tibet 10002:Politics 9939:Wildlife 9851:Wetlands 9614:COVID-19 9442:Imperial 9340:Monarchs 9300:Language 9285:Timeline 9257:articles 9162:Archived 9138:41933046 9095:Archived 9072:Archived 8855:Archived 8743:Archived 8644:Archived 8090:(5): 6–7 7718:10 April 7712:Archived 7649:Archived 7616:Archived 7587:Archived 7507:24575645 7463:Archived 7444:Archived 7306:Archived 7147:40926538 7078:16269769 6832:Archived 6795:Archived 6756:Archived 6727:Archived 6688:Archived 6588:Archived 6567:Hsü 1970 6533:Archived 6503:Archived 6427:Archived 6398:Archived 6369:. 1980. 6339:Archived 6337:. 2000. 6335:BBC News 6235:Archived 6194:Archived 6125:Archived 6094:Archived 6064:Archived 5979:Archived 5975:孙中山故居纪念馆 5799:Archived 5526:See also 5424:Shandong 5277:Ping Hai 5271:Ning Hai 5236:Ning Hai 5234:cruiser 5114:factions 5073:Military 5039:Nobility 5012:claimed 5002:Mongolia 4847:Liaoning 4586:Shěnyáng 4579:Shenyang 4558:Hā'ěrbīn 4530:Shànghǎi 4524:Shanghai 4251:歸綏(呼和浩特) 4244:Guisui ( 4223:迪化(烏魯木齊) 4210:Xīnjiāng 4203:Xinjiang 4191:Kangding 4132:Shāndōng 4125:Shandong 4080:Nènjiāng 4073:Nenjiang 4061:Yinchuan 4035:Shenyang 4028:Liáoníng 4021:Liaoning 4009:Liaoyuan 3879:Nanchang 3770:Hailar ( 3745:Changsha 3561:Hangzhou 3554:Zhèjiāng 3547:Zhejiang 3402:Mongolia 3294:Holy See 3246:Honduras 3126:stating 2693:and the 2626:and the 2389:monarchy 2121:Zhōnghuá 2101:Zhōngguó 1982:Zhōnghuá 1957:, chose 1907:and the 1673:Dang Guo 1315:Politics 1062:Currency 646:Unitary 633:Unitary 442:Shanghai 428:de facto 418:de facto 404:de facto 171:Bottom: 133:Bottom: 13114:Guizhou 13094:Sichuan 13037:Beiyang 12947:(incl. 12474:Outline 12395:Smoking 12325:Cuisine 12302:Culture 12218:Society 12205:Braille 12173:Sinitic 12116:Kavalan 11970:Culture 11966:Society 11924:Tourism 11919:Textile 11861:Dollar 11844:Largest 11822:Banking 11792:Economy 11539:Premier 11534:Cabinet 11508:Economy 11441:Islands 11412:Climate 11402:Beaches 11268:History 11188:Outline 11151:Symbols 11008:Eunuchs 10855:Smoking 10803:Cuisine 10770:Culture 10760:Welfare 10731:Suicide 10699:history 10567:Society 10496:Housing 10470:Tourism 10455:Poverty 10340:Banking 10318:Economy 10297:Militia 10208:Premier 9810:Valleys 9770:Islands 9755:Deserts 9745:Canyons 9733:Terrain 9712:Western 9700:Central 9672:Regions 9657:Geology 9647:Borders 9390:Ancient 9373:Yangtze 9280:History 9265:History 9107:(2012) 9092:excerpt 9090:(2019) 8868:excerpt 8852:excerpt 8834:(1992) 8601:Sources 8352:Xu 1997 8328:Xu 1997 8316:Xu 1997 8304:Xu 1997 8269:6 April 7567:22 June 7222:中华民国立宪史 6345:21 June 6131:14 June 6100:14 June 5741:Chinese 5716:Nanjing 5671:de jure 5654:Chengdu 5487:Culture 5444:bushels 5387:Economy 4960:Sichuan 4812:Qīngdǎo 4805:Qingdao 4668:Tiānjīn 4661:Tianjin 4640:Běipíng 4504:Nánjīng 4497:Nanjing 4422:Regions 4406:瓊 qióng 4377:Kunming 4344:Qīnghǎi 4337:Qinghai 4299:Chengdu 4292:Sìchuān 4285:Sichuan 4238:Suīyuǎn 4231:Suiyuan 4216:Dihua ( 4151:Shaanxi 4113:Taiyuan 4087:Qiqihar 4054:Níngxià 4047:Ningxia 4002:Liáoběi 3995:Liaobei 3983:Guiyang 3976:Guìzhōu 3969:Guizhou 3950:Guǎngxī 3943:Guangxi 3872:Jiāngxī 3865:Jiangxi 3846:Jiāngsū 3839:Jiangsu 3827:Lanzhou 3801:Chengde 3784:Jehol ( 3764:Xīng'ān 3757:Xing'an 3741:湘 xiāng 3719:Wuchang 3693:Kaifeng 3667:Jiamusi 3660:Héjiāng 3653:Hejiang 3614:Baoding 3539:張垣(張家口) 3481:Tonghua 3451:Chinese 3448:Capital 3436:Chinese 3238:Germany 3230:Estonia 3043:Xichang 3039:Chengdu 2999:Tianjin 2882:Yangtze 2837:Beijing 2514:Marxist 2488:warlord 2323:to the 2255:History 2222:English 2183:) with 2032:; 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