415:
1003:
1219:
402:. Six to eight were shot down by German flak, two more 693s were lost while attempting to return to base, and of those that made it home safely, one was written off (most of the twenty four crewmen survived or were captured alive, although three died during the attack and some of the survivors were badly wounded). As the fighting drew to a close the French attempted to fly as many 693s as possible to North Africa, but only three made the flight, and none were used by the Vichy Air Force in North Africa. In November 1942 with the
638:
953:
prototype was equipped with a removable centerline gun pod housing eight additional .50 caliber M3 Brownings, but this did not feature on production aircraft. A separate centerline gun pod containing a 40 mm (1.6 in) cannon was considered, but was never built. The outer wings were reinforced to allow the addition of hard points for carrying additional fuel or 1,000 lb (450 kg) of ordnance. The F-82E was the first operational model and its initial operational assignment was to the
181:, and was comparable to early models of the German Messerschmitt Bf 110. The G.I was formidably armed relative even to other early heavy fighters; with twin 23 mm (.91 in) Madsen cannons, and a pair of 7.9 mm (.31 in) Madsen machine guns (later up-armed to eight machine guns) in the nose. For defensive purposes, a single Madsen 7.9 mm machine gun was mounted in a rear-facing turret, manned by the second crew-member.
42:
753:
250:
1026:) as part of the 449th Fighter (All-Weather) Squadron (F(AW)S), a winterized variant, known as the F-82H was developed specifically for this task. The winterized Twin Mustang would perform long-range aerial patrols over the extremes of American airspace around Alaska, with the area being viewed as a possible âback doorâ for Soviet strategic bombers. The F-82H was slowly supplemented by the
347:. Three 633s took part in the attack. This was the type's only operational mission over France as two days later the 633 was withdrawn from front-line service. The day/night fighter variant, the Potez 631, had quickly proved to be an ineffectual interceptor; it was slower than some German bomber aircraft and 130 km/h slower than the
1215:, as well as the North American F-82 Twin Mustang continued in service in the years immediately after the war. All were developed at the end of World War II for use in the Pacific theatre, though none reached operational squadrons until after VJ day, the Hornet in 1946, the Sea Hornet in 1947 and the Twin Mustang in 1948.
897:. While the night interceptor technical specification did not specifically require jet power, it did place a minimum speed requirement of 503 mph (810 km/h) on the project, effectively necessitating jet power. By 1946, two aircraft were chosen by the USAAF to compete for the contract ; the
1151:
Numerous issues were identified with the Pe-3, primarily stemming from the added gun and cannon armament. Various improvements, workarounds, and modifications were tested to address these issues. The aircraft was placed under further scrutiny when it was issued on a trial-basis to the 95th High-Speed
606:
engines' propellers on opposing ends of the fuselage, and potentially allowed much better maneuverability, while essentially using the same engines as the conventional-layout twin-engine Me 410. The centre-line thrust design of the Do 335, the first-ever front-line combat fighter to use it, did allow
1176:
with the introduction of the Pe-3bis (Pe-3 'Improved'). Pe-3bis production began in April 1942, although 207 standard Pe-3s were produced in the intervening months. However, additional issues were again discovered with the Pe-3bis, and in May 1942 the
Petlyakov Design Bureau switched production over
374:
The Potez 63.11 suffered the more losses than any other French type. One factor contributing to the high losses was the near-complete lack of spares, rendering 70 63.11s unserviceable even prior to the German invasion; many aircraft were destroyed on the ground by enemy bombing and strafing attacks,
1244:
from the enemy in hostile territory, and thus usually have greater range than tactical fighters or interceptors. They therefore typically have two engines, and often carry a larger number of air-to-air missiles than their smaller brethren. They typically also have more capable and complex radar and
1156:
in late 1941. The
Regiment's experiences revealed further deficiencies not found during initial testing; Firing the aircraft's forward-facing armament at night temporarily blinded the pilots, crews complained about a lack of frontal armor, and heavier armament in general was requested. Ground crews
265:
issued a specification for a new two or three-seat multi-role fighter, capable of functioning as a bomber escort and night fighter, as well as providing fighter direction (leading formations of single-engine fighters to their targets). The specification also required, at minimum, two forward-facing
2345:
The
Breguet Range Equation shows range is independent of size and engine count (twin jets get slightly less due to more boat-tail drag). To a first order range depends on fuel fraction, relative drag (per pound), and engine efficiency. That is why the single engine F-16 had superior range to every
390:
command staff was still intrigued by the sturdy and versatile design. By 1938, with France falling behind in ground-attack/close-air support aircraft, the decision was made by the Air Force to re-designate the Bréguet 690 as the Bréguet 691, and to utilize it as a ground-attack aircraft. The 691's
952:
instead of the original
Mustang's AN/M2 HMGs. The AN/M3 increased the rate of fire to around 1,200-1,300 rounds per minute (firing the same round with minimal change in weight or size) compared to the AN/M2's 750-850 rounds per minute, a roughly 60% increase in rounds per minute. The first XP-82
763:
The US military never officially designated an aircraft as a "heavy fighter," but from the 1930s through to the immediate post-WWII period there were a slew of
American designs that were twin-engined, relatively heavy in weight, and designed in line with other nationsâ heavy fighter philosophy.
647:
Before the war the
British sought both twin-engined fighters with turret-mounted and nose-mounted (cannon) armament. The former because it was expected to give greater opportunity for attack at higher speeds compared to the biplane era; the latter because of loss of accuracy expected with heavy
506:(German; literally "fast bomber") in the heavy fighter role. Due to their relatively large size, these were mostly used as night fighter-bomber destroyers, as there was ample room to install airborne intercept radar systems as well as heavy armament. Bombers utilized in such a role included the
232:. The company had designed an all-wooden fighter-bomber, and was interested in the G.I wing structure and its resistance to the rigours of a British climate. Despite being left outdoors for the remainder of the war, the G.I survived only to be eventually scrapped after 1945.
154:
488:
were all-new aircraft designs meant to replace the Bf 110, but also could not outrun contemporary single-engine fighters, with the Me 210 having serious aerodynamic problems from mistakes in the design of its wing planform and the initial design of its rear fuselage.
732:
was developed. This was a twin engine design with wide wings (70 ft (21 m)) to be able to intercept at 45,000 ft (14,000 m). The threat never materialised and
Welkins did not see combat service. A contemporary design the six cannon armed
446:) wings. While lighter fighters were intended for defense, the destroyers were intended for offensive missions: to escort bombers on missions at long range, then use its superior speed to outrun defending fighters that would be capable of outmaneuvering it.
65:
aircraft. To achieve performance, most heavy fighters were twin-engine, and many had multi-place crews; this was in contrast to light fighters, which were typically single-engine and single-crew aircraft. In
Germany, these larger fighters were known as
2030:
Thompson 1999, pp. 84â85: Note: "Their photos of Korea were invaluable to the UN forces during the first few weeks of that war. It was not until the Marine photo version F7F-3P Tigercat made its sweeps over Inchon that any additional pictures were
199:
On 10 May 1940, when Nazi
Germany invaded, 23 G.I aircraft were serviceable. In the "Five-day War", the available G.I fighters were mainly deployed in ground attack missions, strafing advancing German infantry units, but were also used to attack
1131:
were caught off-guard; with only lighter, single-engined, relatively lightly armed fighters to intercept
Luftwaffe bombers, and no dedicated night fighters (a role typically filled by heavy fighters). After the German night bombing raids of
204:. Although reports are fragmentary and inaccurate as to the results, G.I fighters were employed over Rotterdam and the Hague, contributing to the loss of 167 Ju 52s, scoring up to 14 confirmed aerial kills. With relentless attacks by the
873:. The F-15 Reporter was the last piston-powered photo-reconnaissance aircraft designed and produced for the United States Air Force. The Reporter was also responsible for producing most of the aerial reconnaissance photographs of
548:
in an enlarged ventral gondola and was intended for ground attack, train busting, and possibly long-range anti-shipping raids. They also were intended for use in a bomber destroyer role, intercepting Allied long-range bombers and
583:
daylight bombers over Germany. Limited operational test flights were conducted with this variant, but they never made contact with the enemy; with the ever-increasing threat of Allied escort fighters, the variant was abandoned.
709:. Armed with six .303 inch (7.7 mm) machine guns, four 20 mm cannon and rockets, bombs or torpedoes, the Beaufighter was potent in the anti-ship and ground attack role in the Pacific and Europe. With the addition of
223:
flew the G.I until attrition grounded the fleet. On 5 May 1941, a Fokker test pilot, Hidde Leegstra, accompanied by engineer (and member of the Fokker Board of Directors) Dr. Piet Vos, managed to fly a G.I to England from the
266:
20 mm cannons, as well as a rearward-facing machine gun for defensive purposes. This was relatively very heavy armament for a fighter in 1934, with most contemporary aircraft mounting one or two light machine guns.
1140:(NKO) sought to rapidly correct this deficiency. In order to create a fighter that would fill the needed specifications quickly, it was determined that it would utilize a pre-existing airframe. The NKO selected the
920:
The F-82 Twin Mustang was America's last heavy fighter design as well as being the last American piston-engined fighter ordered into production by the United States. The Twin Mustang, while appearing to be simply a
1080:(12.7 mm) Browning AN/M2 heavy machine guns, with hard points for bombs or a torpedo. Although Grumman designed and developed the aircraft during World War II, it entered service too late to see action before
892:
In 1945, with the large-scale use of jet aircraft becoming commonplace, the United States Army Air Forces put forward technical specifications to the US aerospace industry, requesting both day and night
574:
BK 7,5 cm cannon. Five A-5 variants were built, armed with up to 33 spin-stabilized 21 cm (8Πin) calibre rockets obliquely mounted (firing upwards) in the fuselage, designed to break up and destroy the
853:(capable of firing forwards as well as rearwards for defense), it was one of the most heavily armed aircraft in American service during the WWII-period. The P-61 was unofficially credited with the last
449:
This doctrine proved to be a costly mistake. In practice the Bf 110 was capable of using this combination of features for only a short time, until the late summer of 1940. It served well against the
1041:. It was an exceptionally large heavy fighter, intended to serve as a long-range escort fighter and bomber destroyer. Its design was based around a 75 mm cannon capable of destroying large
909:
interceptor units until 1951. With no other night interceptors to call on from 1945 to 1951, the P-61 Black Widow was charged with protecting American airspace from the growing threat of Soviet
702:, started in 1938 as an interim aircraft to cover for delays in introduction of a cannon-armed fighter (the Westland Whirlwind). The Beaufighter design reused major portions of the earlier
277:
cannons in gondolas under the fuselage and a rearward-facing machine gun for defense. Numerous variants and sub-variants of the 63 series would be designed and produced, including
1053:
Model 28, also bearing a 75 mm cannon, with twin turrets mounting .50 in (12.7 mm) Browning AN/M2 heavy machine guns for defence. The design was re-designated the
406:, the remaining Bréguets were seized. Some had their engines removed for use in German aircraft, while others were passed on to the Italians, who used them as training aircraft.
1180:
A reconnaissance variant, with an onboard camera system and greater range was also produced in small numbers; This variant was often referred to as either the Pe-3R or Pe-3F.
465:, and were particularly successful in the later marks of the Bf 110G series from 1942 to 1943 onwards as night fighters, serving as the primary aircraft of the Luftwaffe
398:, however, enough were completed to see some action. The 693 made its combat debut on 12 May 1940 when twelve 693s were sent to attack a German mechanized column near
787:
for defense. A very large and unique airframe, the Airacuda was plagued with design flaws; only 13 prototypes were built, none of which participated in World War II.
426:
The Messerschmitt Bf 110 was a pre-war German fighter design to meet a RLM specification for a long-ranged fighter. Prior to the war, it was considered by the German
1072:
radial engines, achieving a top speed of 460 mph (740 km/h). It was among the fastest piston-engine aircraft ever built, and heavily armed with four 20mm
1628:
1137:
607:
dramatically higher speeds (just over 750 km/h or 465 mph) than many other twin-piston-engine aircraft of its era, but was never produced in quantity.
141:
Although not always contemporaneously referred to explicitly as âheavy fighters,â nearly every single combatant of WWII fielded or experimented with twin-engine
188:, the G.I was actively involved in air-border patrols in order to ensure neutrality and the integrity of Dutch airspace. On 20 March 1940, a G.I forced down an
905:. While the XP-89 would eventually emerge as the winner, due to multiple issues with both competing aircraft, the first Scorpions would not reach operational
87:. Most such designs failed in this mission, as they could not maneuver quickly enough against single-engine fighters. Most notable among such designs was the
1061:
and ground fortifications with its heavy cannon. However, for reasons including need of the chosen powerplant for B-29 bombers it did not enter service.
1445:...the RAF began to achieve worthwhile successes when such aircraft as the... Bristol Beaufighter...;" "...a specialist anti-shipping strike aircraft...
391:
engines proved unreliable in testing, and the decision was made to mount new engines on the design, which was finally designated as the Bréguet 693.
1854:
944:. Originally designed in 1943, it was officially accepted into USAAF service in August 1945. The design carried six .50 in (12.7 mm)
1457:
740:
Due to the different requirements for naval fighter aircraft, the British put into service some heavyweight single-engine fighters such as the
273:. The basic design was close to the original specification; that of either a 2 or 3 seat, dual-engine heavy fighter, armed with two 20 mm
2334:
There was also a variant of the Pe-3 nightfighter equipped for photographic reconnaissance (it was sometimes known as the Pe-3R or the Pe-3F).
1882:
913:. The P-61 would be re-designated as the F-61 in 1948. With F-61s no longer in production post-war, they were usually replaced with the newer
948:(HMGs) on the âcenterâ wing, between each fuselage, with three on each outboard wing as on the original Mustang design. The HMGs were also
968:
in March 1948. With no long-range jet fighters to escort the strategic bomber force, the 27th FEW was to fly these missions in F-82Es.
925:â P-51 Mustang, actually only shared less than 20% commonality of parts with the original Mustang. Initially intended as a long-range
798:
meeting the single-engine version of the same requirement. An advanced design crewed by a lone pilot, the P-38 performed best in the
212:
378:
In addition to the Potez 63 series, another aircraft was developed from the original 1934 heavy fighter specification. This was the
2079:
721:
fast bomber was simultaneously adapted for both day and night fighter use. A parallel single-seat twin Merlin engine fighter the
794:. It was designed as a twin-engine bomber interceptor to climb quickly and carry heavy armament at high speed, with the lighter
837:, which was also the United Statesâ first dedicated night fighter, in addition to being the first aircraft designed to utilize
598:(eschewing the usual German wartime practice of assigning multiple roles to heavy fighters), designed with a relatively unique
1018:
The F-82 would end its life as the last operational American piston-engined interceptor. Primarily stationed in Alaska out of
2715:
2596:
2327:
2293:
2259:
2225:
2191:
2157:
1982:
1838:
1120:
were proposed, but never made it past the prototype stage, and the USSR entered World War II without a viable heavy fighter.
799:
775:"bomber destroyer". The design was heavily armed, particularly for a pre-WWII design, mounting two 37 mm (1.46 in)
100:
225:
431:
99:, which proved an effective heavy fighter; even against smaller, lighter, single-engine aircraft and particularly in the
987:
role early in the war, and it scored the first US aerial victory, with Lt. William G. "Skeeter" Hudson, USAF, scoring a
668:
1496:"The LVA showed immediate interest in the G.1 as Fokker's jachtkruiser better fulfilled the role of a bomber-killer...
2908:
2893:
2864:
2834:
2796:
2767:
2700:
2685:
2670:
2638:
2623:
2558:
2537:
2521:
2506:
2486:
2468:
2444:
2429:
2415:
2396:
2380:
1949:
1811:
1482:
1392:
1362:
1334:
1306:
414:
348:
35:
679:, both built only in modest numbers (the former due to lack of engines, the latter due to changed requirement), the
1246:
660:
was successfully adapted as a nightfighter) and aerodynamics of multiple cannon installations in turrets (such as
652:; later development into a night-fighter was curtailed in 1941 so that Gloster's design team could concentrate on
363:
shot down 12 enemy aircraft in exchange for 8 of their own losses prior to its withdrawal from active combat. The
1112:
as primary armament, but abandoned the effort as impractical in the late 1930s. Twin-engine designs such as the
737:, which itself descended from a requirement for a fighter with 40mm cannon, got no further than the prototype.
2733:
1438:
1104:
set about developing heavily armed twin-engine fighters to function in the heavy-fighter role, particularly as
1069:
898:
138:, fighter and photo-reconnaissance aircraft, excelled in its originally proposed role as a fast light bomber.
2042:
1230:
991:
kill. The Twin Mustang was increasingly out-classed by jet aircraft, and was eventually replaced in Korea by
580:
1234:
957:
802:
where its long-range proved a pivotal advantage. This range allowed a team of sixteen early P-38 models to
672:
17:
2646:
1157:
would rectify two of these issues on their own; flash-hiders were installed on the forward armament, and
827:
823:
189:
235:
There are no surviving G.Is today, although a replica has been built, and is now displayed at the Dutch
215:, several G.Is were captured by the Germans, and utilized as heavy-fighter trainers for Bf 110 crews at
1868:
1415:
780:
457:, but was easily outperformed by â and up to 50 km/h (31 mph) slower in top speed than â the
293:
142:
1002:
2925:
996:
930:
906:
834:
807:
320:
309:
237:
185:
61:
produced in the 1930s and 1940s, designed to carry heavier weapons or operate at longer ranges than
1886:
1218:
1153:
1068:
was the first twin-engine fighter aircraft to enter service with the United States Navy, using two
1054:
992:
550:
262:
806:
while he was traveling aboard a transport aircraft. The P-38 proved adaptable enough to undertake
430:
more important than their single-engine fighters. Many of the best pilots were assigned to Bf 110
173:
in 1936. The G.I was designed to serve on the heavier end of the spectrum of heavy fighters, as a
1237:
1172:
Most of the problems found during trials and operational field-testing would be rectified by the
870:
791:
784:
757:
599:
364:
282:
96:
1776:
1752:
1728:
562:
s submarines. In the field, a small number of He 177 A-3s were also equipped with the 50 mm
118:. Among such conversions was the Bf 110, which served as a relatively successful night fighter,
1523:
1027:
961:
922:
902:
862:
858:
854:
371:
of the French Air Force, with more than 700 reconnaissance Potez 63.11s having been delivered.
331:
325:
305:
119:
2630:
2618:(Aviation Heritage). Great Addington, Kettering, Northants, UK: Silver Link Publishing, 2002.
1656:
1472:
1828:
954:
811:
718:
356:
297:
131:
46:
1801:
1211:
Like other military types, piston-engine heavy fighters such as the de Havilland Hornet and
208:
on Dutch airfields, and overwhelming German air superiority, the G.I suffered heavy losses.
1267:
1192:
1124:
1105:
1073:
1065:
1031:
980:
937:
894:
866:
842:
657:
538:
482:
478:
462:
458:
419:
274:
88:
2745:(Aircraft in Profile Number 84). Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1966.
1614:
570:-suppression attacks. A never-built A-3/R5 variant was also planned to mount a 75 mm
8:
2347:
1250:
1023:
886:
803:
795:
772:
722:
699:
641:
386:. While the Bréguet 690 was not selected to serve as France's primary heavy fighter, the
193:
123:
2070:
1346:
383:
1451:
1245:
electronic systems, with the result that in older air-superiority fighters such as the
1177:
to a Pe-3bis with further minor modifications; no name or designation change was made.
1169:
missions, while a DAG-10 aerial grenade launcher was occasionally mounted in the tail.
976:
949:
945:
474:
470:
790:
The US would enter WWII with one of the most effective heavy fighters in history, the
566:
cannon in the undernose gondola. This unofficial modification was intended for use in
2904:
2889:
2870:
2860:
2830:
2802:
2792:
2773:
2763:
2729:
2711:
2696:
2681:
2666:
2634:
2619:
2592:
2579:
War Planes of the Second World War: Volume Seven, Bombers and Reconnaissance Aircraft
2564:
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2533:
2517:
2502:
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2440:
2425:
2411:
2392:
2376:
2323:
2289:
2255:
2221:
2187:
2153:
1978:
1945:
1834:
1807:
1629:"#2802 LVA - Fokker G.I Replica (330) | Matthijs van Wageningen's Photo Gallery"
1478:
1434:
1422:
1388:
1358:
1330:
1302:
1223:
1184:
1166:
1128:
933:
914:
910:
661:
92:
833:
The only other American heavy fighter to serve in great numbers during WWII was the
814:(as the F-4 and F-5 variants of which over 1,200 were built), night fighter (as the
1262:
1144:â a twin-engined light bomber â to be modified, and within 4 days the newly minted
1117:
1109:
1057:
and was repurposed as a ground attack aircraft intended to be able to defeat enemy
1049:
aircraft did not progress beyond a single mockup. Another bomber destroyer was the
734:
703:
688:
563:
454:
450:
395:
387:
316:
178:
84:
58:
27:
Historical class of fighter aircraft; Primarily used in the Pre-War and WWII-period
648:
weapons installed in wings. One example of an aircraft to meet the latter was the
2815:
2723:
2577:
2317:
2283:
2249:
2215:
2181:
2147:
1975:
Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II,
1382:
1253:, a second dedicated crew member was carried to manage radar and weapon-systems.
1241:
1183:
The Pe-3 and Pe-3bis would serve as the only widely fielded heavy fighter of the
1097:
729:
714:
680:
676:
653:
637:
216:
127:
2424:
Cacutt, Len. "The World's Greatest Aircraft," Exeter Books, New York, NY, 1988.
975:, the F-82 replaced the F-61 Black Widow as the USAF's night interceptor in the
130:. Some heavy fighters did find success in the roles they were designed for; the
2647:"Water-based Fighters: An Outline History and a Survey of Modern Possibilities"
1329:(1 ed.). New York, New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. p. 36.
1196:
1145:
1141:
1113:
1045:
with one hit, but interest in the project waned and the 83 ft (25 m)-
984:
926:
845:
cannons mounted in the lower fuselage and four .50 caliber (12.7 mm)
819:
741:
706:
649:
615:
588:
523:
519:
515:
229:
115:
111:
80:
2901:
Seaplanes & Flying Boats: A Timeless Collection from Aviation's Golden Age
379:
2919:
2568:
1299:
America's Hundred Thousand The US Production Fighter Aircraft of World War II
1277:
1272:
1042:
1011:
882:
768:
545:
507:
502:
497:
344:
340:
201:
107:
62:
2874:
2806:
2777:
1942:
The Lockheed P-38 Lightning: The Definitive Story of Lockheed's P-38 Fighter
1037:
Apart from the P-38 and P-61, other mid-WWII projects included the proposed
869:
aircraft for the United States Army Air Forces and subsequently used by the
2883:
2496:
2125:
American Secret Projects: Fighters Bombers and Attack Aircraft 1937 to 1945
881:. The P-61 â redesignated as the F-61 in June 1948 â would also serve as a
555:
541:
493:
336:
286:
135:
76:
2710:(The Epic of Flight series). Alexandria, Virginia: Time Life Books, 1980.
2548:
728:
When there appeared to be a threat from German high-altitude bombers, the
492:
Aside from the Bf 110 and Me 210/410, the Luftwaffe also utilized various
477:
heavy bombers, as well as finding some use as ground-attack aircraft. The
351:
fighter. Perhaps the most successful unit operating the Potez 631 was the
2854:
2786:
2757:
1777:"Breguet 693 AB2 (Assaut Bombardement - Biplace/ Two-Seat Attack Bomber)"
1753:"Breguet 691 AB2 (Assaut Bombardement - Biplace/ Two-Seat Attack Bomber)"
1200:
1019:
874:
846:
695:
and ventral gun packs, turning them into the RAF's first night fighters.
622:
544:. Twelve airframes, designated " He 177 A-1/U2", carried twin 30 mm
301:
278:
2476:
725:
entered service in the immediate post-war period and served until 1955.
2759:
Northrop P-61 Black Widow : the complete history and combat record
1212:
1085:
1050:
972:
878:
850:
691:
bombers were fitted, as an interim measure and in utmost secrecy, with
576:
403:
166:
158:
2788:
Descent into darkness : Pearl Harbor, 1941: a Navy diver's memoir
2186:(Illustrated ed.). Midland Publishing Limited. pp. 383â384.
671:", Britain lagged behind in heavy fighter development. Apart from the
2608:
Fokker G-1, Tweede druk (Nederlandse Vliegtuig Encyclopedie, deel 12)
1926:
1477:. Grand Rapids, MI, USA: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. p. 194.
1353:
Diamond, Jon (2015). "Chapter 8: American Air and Sea Interdiction".
1173:
776:
443:
427:
375:
and entire units were wiped out without conducting a single mission.
270:
254:
205:
31:
2728:, translated by Robin Sawers, Devon: Bay Books View Ltd, p. 9,
2616:
Flying Boats of the Solent: A Portrait of a Golden Age of Air Travel
1830:
Military aircraft, 1919â1945: an illustrated history of their impact
683:'s wartime twin-engined fighters were all adapted from contemporary
656:. The limitations of pure turret fighters (though the single engine
537:("large destroyer"). Different armament packages were tested on the
2044:
Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems: Volume 1
1046:
1007:
965:
960:(later re-designated the 27th Fighter-Escort Wing, or 27th FEW) at
461:
during the Battle of Britain. Eventually Bf 110s were converted to
399:
1944:. Hayesville, North Carolina: Widewing Publications. p. 223.
826:
raids deep into German-held Europe. The P-38 and the much lighter
779:
as her primary armament along with two .30 in (7.62 mm)
41:
2315:
2254:(Illustrated ed.). Midland Publishing Limited. p. 384.
1416:"Germany's Best Nightfighter - Messerschmitt Bf 110 in 25 Photos"
1077:
312:
sales by the French government, or via use of captured aircraft.
2078:(Thesis). US Air Command and Staff College. p. 3. 87-0415.
830:
were the first two American fighters over Berlin in March 1944.
752:
1357:(1 ed.). Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 182.
1162:
1133:
1108:
and bomber destroyers. Uniquely, the Soviets experimented with
1081:
988:
941:
684:
603:
511:
249:
170:
126:, which emerged as a major anti-shipping strike fighter of the
2762:. John M. Campbell, Donna Campbell. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Pub.
2220:(Illustrated ed.). UK: Crowood Press UK. pp. 41â44.
269:
In response, French aircraft manufacturer Potez developed the
1158:
1058:
1038:
838:
815:
710:
692:
611:
2817:
Kawanishi 4-motor Flying-boats (H6K 'Mavis" and H8K 'Emily')
2550:
Warplanes of the Second World War: Volume Five, Flying Boats
1911:. Shrewsbury, England: Airlife Publishing. pp. 106â111.
1318:
1034:, and by 1953, it had completely replaced the Twin Mustang.
169:
was a private venture design by Dutch aircraft manufacturer
153:
1188:
1101:
567:
2846:
The Fokker G-1 (Aircraft in Profile, Volume 6, number 134)
2610:(in Dutch). Bennekom, the Netherlands: Cockpit-Uitgeverij.
2288:(Illustrated ed.). UK: Crowood Press UK. p. 44.
2152:(Illustrated ed.). UK: Crowood Press UK. p. 39.
2050:. Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History. p. 1
841:. Armed with four forward-firing 20 mm (.79 in)
75:
The heavy fighter was a major design class during the pre-
2530:
Warplanes of the Second World War, Volume Three: Fighters
1883:"Junkers Ju 388 L-1 | National Air and Space Museum"
1826:
1191:. Other heavy fighter designs; such as the Grushin Gr-1,
1006:
USAF operational F-82 Twin Mustang, F-82F on the ramp at
625:
built the twin-boom Fokker G.I, only to be seized by the
30:"Zerstörer" redirects here. For the type of warship, see
2408:
British secret projects: fighters and bombers, 1935â1950
2316:
Dmitriy Khazanov; Aleksander Medved (20 February 2013).
2665:. Annapolis, Maryland: US Naval Institute Press, 2002.
2000:
228:. After landing in England, the G.I was conscripted by
2750:
The Short Sunderland (Aircraft in Profile number 189).
2591:(1st ed.). London: Aerospace Publishing Limited.
2463:. Leicester, UK: Silverdale Books/Bookmart Ltd, 2004.
1433:. Singapore, Republic of Singapore. pp. 383â384.
2105:
1203:; were proposed, but never moved beyond test stages.
367:
variants, the Potez 637 and 63.11, equipped numerous
300:, they would serve with numerous other nations, both
106:
Many twin-engine heavy fighters found their niche as
49:
FB.VI fighter-bomber used for testing rocket armament
2516:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1990.
1922:
Mr Baldwin on Aerial Warfare â A Fear For The Future
1138:
People's Commissariat of Defense of the Soviet Union
804:
intercept and kill Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto
292:
While the 63 series was primarily developed for the
2848:. Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Profile Publications Ltd.
2346:other American fighter when it was introduced. See
2024:
1325:Jackson, Robert (2010). "Lockheed P-38 Lightning".
861:. The P-61 was also modified to create the unarmed
849:machine guns mounted in a remote-controlled dorsal
822:. In the escort fighter role, the P-38 accompanied
469:night fighter wings, using various versions of the
315:In French service the series saw action during the
2016:Johnson, Bob (February 1976). "Seeing Eye Widow".
1803:Messerschmitt Bf 110 Zerstörer aces of World War 2
717:'s main night fighters. Similarly, the successful
664:) curtailed introduction of designs into service.
122:, and fighter-bomber for most of the war; and the
2725:Flying Boats & Seaplanes: A history from 1905
1518:
1516:
1387:. New York, NY, USA: Bloomsbury USA. p. 14.
110:, especially in the bomber-destroyer role; or as
2917:
2514:McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920: Volume II
2501:(new edition 1987 by Putnam Aeronautical Books,
1988:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1429:Bishop, Chris (1998). "Anti-Shipping Aircraft".
2884:Iron Coffins: A U-boat Commander's War, 1939â45
2695:. London, UK: Conway Maritime Press Ltd, 1988.
2663:Consolidated PBY Catalina: The Peacetime Record
2631:"Big Wings: The Largest Aeroplanes Ever Built."
2532:. London: Macdonald & Co.(Publishers) Ltd.
2309:
1827:Murphy, Justin D.; McNiece, Matthew A. (2009).
2856:Water- en transportvliegtuigen wereldoorlog II
2852:
2843:
2450:
1589:
1565:
1513:
1355:New Guinea: The Allied Jungle Campaign in WWII
1290:
629:after the German invasion of the Netherlands.
359:. Between 10 and 21 May 1940, aircraft of the
2009:
1906:
1615:"AirHistory.net - Fokker G.I aircraft photos"
1540:
979:. The Twin Mustang was utilized in the night
940:, it would become operational only after the
610:Following the example set by the Bf 110, the
529:In addition to light and medium bombers, the
1501:
1165:rocket launchers were sometimes mounted for
2824:
2386:
2020:. Vol. 11, no. 2. pp. 30â44.
1705:
1703:
1691:
1431:The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II
1374:
2474:
1907:Griehl, Manfred; Dressel, Joachim (1998).
1642:
1640:
1638:
1456:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1384:P-38 Lightning Aces of the Pacific and CBI
382:, designed and manufactured originally by
2096:
2062:
1833:(1st ed.). Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
1806:. Oxford: Osprey Aviation. pp. 6â7.
1769:
1745:
1721:
1682:
1649:
1464:
602:, which placed its fuselage-mounted twin
594:was developed as a twin-engine dedicated
257:, a light-bomber variant of the 63 series
91:, which suffered great losses during the
2813:
2721:
2605:
1930:newspaper, 11 November 1932 p7 column B.
1712:
1700:
1673:
1601:
1380:
1217:
1001:
751:
636:
413:
248:
152:
40:
2680:. Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing, 2003.
2455:. Greenwich: Fawcett Publications, Inc.
2405:
2241:
2173:
2015:
1635:
1352:
1324:
339:variant, the Potez 633, took part in a
186:Nazi German invasion of the Netherlands
14:
2918:
2829:. Bel Air, Maryland: Martineer Press.
2784:
2322:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 392.
2275:
2247:
2207:
2179:
2139:
2040:
1470:
1428:
442:being the same word as used for naval
196:when it strayed into Dutch air space.
2693:Saunders and Saro Aircraft since 1917
2586:
2575:
2546:
2527:
2461:The Encyclopedia of Aircraft of WW II
2281:
2213:
2145:
2072:The History of the Aerial Gatling Gun
2068:
1939:
1915:
1577:
1553:
1507:
1313:The P-38 was a large heavy fighter...
1206:
2755:
2644:
2478:Japanese aircraft of the Pacific War
2451:Dietrich, Noah; Thomas, Bob (1972).
2387:Barnes, C. H.; James, D. N. (1989).
2111:
1994:
1799:
1524:"Fokker G.1 (G-1) - TracesOfWar.com"
1296:
2752:London: Profile Publications, 1967.
2437:Pan Am: An Airline and its Aircraft
1125:German invasion of the Soviet Union
818:-equipped P-38M variant), and as a
783:and two .50 in (12.7 mm)
533:experimented with the concept of a
394:Few 693s were completed before the
24:
1869:"Junkers Ju 88 as a night fighter"
1301:. USA: Schiffer Pub. p. 160.
1010:, just before going to salvage at
771:of the United States designed the
669:The bomber will always get through
332:Forces Aériennes Françaises Libres
25:
2937:
2282:Smith, Peter (18 December 2003).
2214:Smith, Peter (18 December 2003).
2146:Smith, Peter (18 December 2003).
1793:
1679:Breffort and Jouineau 2005, p. 67
632:
404:German occupation of Vichy France
36:Glossary of German military terms
2825:Piet, Stan; Raithel, Al (2001).
2645:King, H. F. (14 December 1950).
2439:. New York: Orion Books, 1987.
2319:Pe-2 Guards Units of World War 2
1381:Stanaway, John (15 April 1997).
1247:McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II
917:once they became unserviceable.
747:
687:. During the Battle of Britain,
587:Towards the end of the war, the
134:, simultaneously developed as a
95:. An exception was the American
79:period, conceived as long-range
2373:Supermarine Aircraft Since 1914
2371:Andrews, C.F. and E.B. Morgan.
2357:
2339:
2251:Soviet Air Power in World War 2
2248:Gordon, Yefim (December 2008).
2183:Soviet Air Power in World War 2
2180:Gordon, Yefim (December 2008).
2130:
2117:
2085:from the original on 2019-05-12
2034:
1967:
1958:
1933:
1900:
1875:
1861:
1847:
1820:
1621:
1607:
1595:
1583:
1571:
1559:
1369:The P-38 was a heavy fighter...
1070:Pratt & Whitney Double Wasp
2844:Van der Klaauw, Bart. (1966).
2453:Howard, The Amazing Mr. Hughes
2041:Knaack, Marcelle Size (1978).
1408:
899:Curtiss-Wright XP-87 Blackhawk
785:M2 Browning heavy machine guns
473:for nocturnal interception of
349:Messerschmitt Bf 109 E-variant
148:
114:, roughly analogous to modern
13:
1:
2903:. New York: BCL Press, 2003.
1283:
579:defensive formations used by
434:, specifically designated as
326:Armée de l'air de l'Armistice
323:within both the Vichy French
2722:Nicolaou, Stephane (1998) ,
2475:Francillon, René J. (1979).
2123:Buttler, T and Griffith, A.
885:interceptor with the USAF's
667:Perhaps in the belief that "
654:British jet fighter projects
241:(National Military Museum).
7:
2853:Van der Klaauw, B. (1977).
2589:Aircraft of the Third Reich
1256:
1222:The XP-82 prototype of the
1152:Bomber Regiment within the
828:North American P-51 Mustang
824:Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress
781:M1919 Browning machine guns
343:against German troops near
230:Phillips and Powis Aircraft
190:Armstrong Whitworth Whitley
10:
2942:
2785:Raymer, Edward C. (1996).
2389:Shorts Aircraft since 1900
2136:Buttler and Griffith, p144
1977:p. 93, Cypress, CA, 2013.
1341:The P-38A heavy fighter...
997:North American F-86 Sabres
810:including escort fighter,
614:built the broadly similar
409:
221:FlugzeugfĂŒhrerschule (B) 8
219:. For the next two years,
143:multi-role combat aircraft
57:is a historic category of
34:. For the definition, see
29:
2366:The Vanishing Paperclips.
2069:Carel, Dennis C. (1987).
1940:Bodie, Warren M. (1991).
993:Republic F-84 Thunderjets
931:Boeing B-29 Superfortress
835:Northrop P-61 Black Widow
369:Groupes de Reconnaissance
244:
238:Nationaal Militair Museum
213:conclusion of hostilities
2888:London: Cassells, 1999.
2814:Richards, M. C. (1972).
2791:. Novato, CA: Presidio.
2375:. London: Putnam, 1981.
2006:Johnson 1976, pp. 30â44.
1474:Blue Skies, Orange Wings
1238:air superiority fighters
1154:Moscow Military District
971:During the start of the
698:More successful was the
551:maritime patrol aircraft
202:Junkers Ju 52 transports
2820:. Profile Publications.
2756:Pape, Garry R. (1991).
2606:Hooftman, Hugo (1981).
2587:Green, William (2010).
2576:Green, William (1967).
2547:Green, William (1962).
2528:Green, William (1961).
1855:"German Night Fighters"
1174:Petlyakov Design Bureau
1091:
903:Northrop XP-89 Scorpion
871:United States Air Force
792:Lockheed P-38 Lightning
767:During the late 1930s,
758:Lockheed P-38 Lightning
600:push-pull configuration
438:("destroyer squadron",
97:Lockheed P-38 Lightning
2743:The Short Empire Boats
2410:. Leicester: Midland.
2406:Buttler, Tony (2004).
2285:Petlyakov Pe-2 'Peshka
2217:Petlyakov Pe-2 'Peshka
2149:Petlyakov Pe-2 'Peshka
1909:Heinkel He 177â277â274
1297:Dean, Francis (1997).
1240:are designed to wrest
1227:
1028:Lockheed F-94 Starfire
1015:
962:Kearney Air Force Base
760:
675:and the high-altitude
644:
423:
335:. On 20 May 1940, the
329:, and the Free French
258:
162:
50:
2633:Pen and Sword, 2005.
1688:Danel 1967, pp. 4, 6.
1471:Noppen, Ryan (2016).
1221:
1088:and retired in 1954.
1005:
955:Strategic Air Command
938:Japanese home islands
755:
719:de Havilland Mosquito
640:
417:
252:
156:
132:de Havilland Mosquito
47:de Havilland Mosquito
44:
2827:Martin P6M SeaMaster
2678:British Flying Boats
2512:Francillon, René J.
1964:Wilson 1998, p. 142.
1781:www.historyofwar.org
1757:www.historyofwar.org
1733:www.historyofwar.org
1661:www.historyofwar.org
1268:Interceptor aircraft
1193:Mikoyan-Gurevich DIS
1066:Grumman F7F Tigercat
867:photo-reconnaissance
713:, it was one of the
658:Boulton Paul Defiant
539:Heinkel He 177 Greif
459:Supermarine Spitfire
420:Messerschmitt Bf 110
396:Nazi German invasion
357:French Naval Air Arm
298:French Naval Air Arm
275:Hispano-Suiza HS.404
261:In 1934, the French
226:occupied Netherlands
89:Messerschmitt Bf 110
2859:. Alkmaar: De Alk.
2348:Range (aeronautics)
1800:Weal, John (1999).
1604:, pp. 108â117.
1592:, pp. 188â189.
1590:Van der Klaauw 1966
1566:Van der Klaauw 1966
1528:www.tracesofwar.com
1251:Grumman F-14 Tomcat
1084:. It served in the
1024:Ladd Air Force Base
981:fighter-interceptor
977:Far East Air Forces
907:Air Defense Command
887:Air Defense Command
857:air victory before
796:Bell P-39 Airacobra
723:de Havilland Hornet
700:Bristol Beaufighter
642:Bristol Beaufighter
621:. Likewise neutral
467:Nachtjagdgeschwader
436:Zerstörergeschwader
194:No. 77 Squadron RAF
124:Bristol Beaufighter
2748:Norris, Geoffrey.
2741:Norris, Geoffrey.
2481:. London: Putnam.
2391:. Putnam: Putnam.
1718:Danel 1967, p. 11.
1709:Danel 1967, p. 12.
1697:Green 1967, p. 54.
1327:101 Great Fighters
1228:
1207:After World War II
1022:(and later out of
1016:
946:heavy machine guns
942:Japanese surrender
889:(ADC) until 1951.
761:
673:Westland Whirlwind
645:
475:RAF Bomber Command
471:Lichtenstein radar
424:
388:French Air Force's
259:
163:
51:
2716:978-1-84447-032-7
2598:978-1-900732-06-2
2329:978-1-78096-067-8
2295:978-1-86126-588-3
2261:978-1-85780-304-4
2227:978-1-86126-588-3
2193:978-1-85780-304-4
2159:978-1-86126-588-3
2114:, pp. 48â63.
2102:Carey, 2014, p.20
1983:978-0-9897906-0-4
1840:978-1-85109-498-1
1646:Danel 1967, p. 4.
1224:F-82 Twin Mustang
1185:Soviet Air Forces
1129:Soviet Air Forces
1110:recoilless rifles
958:27th Fighter Wing
934:strategic bombers
915:F-82 Twin Mustang
911:strategic bombers
883:night/all-weather
662:Boulton Paul P.92
308:, via either pre-
281:, night fighter,
93:Battle of Britain
85:bomber destroyers
83:or heavily-armed
16:(Redirected from
2933:
2926:Fighter aircraft
2878:
2849:
2840:
2821:
2810:
2781:
2738:
2658:
2657:(2186): 551â555.
2629:Kaplan, Philip.
2611:
2602:
2583:
2572:
2543:
2500:
2459:Eden, Paul, ed.
2456:
2421:
2402:
2351:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2128:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2084:
2077:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2049:
2038:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2013:
2007:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1973:Parker, Dana T.
1971:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1937:
1931:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1885:. Archived from
1879:
1873:
1872:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1797:
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1447:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1418:. 3 August 2018.
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1294:
1263:Bomber destroyer
1118:Petlyakov VI-100
865:, a specialized
735:Vickers Type 432
689:Bristol Blenheim
564:Rheinmetall BK-5
561:
553:threatening the
455:Battle of France
451:Hawker Hurricane
384:Bréguet Aviation
317:Battle of France
294:French Air Force
179:bomber destroyer
72:("destroyers").
59:fighter aircraft
21:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2867:
2837:
2799:
2770:
2736:
2708:The Pathfinders
2691:London, Peter.
2676:London, Peter.
2599:
2561:
2540:
2489:
2435:Davies, R.E.G.
2418:
2399:
2368:Monogram, 1988.
2364:Amtmann, Hans.
2360:
2355:
2354:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2314:
2310:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2280:
2276:
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2264:
2262:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2178:
2174:
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2160:
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2140:
2135:
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2110:
2106:
2101:
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2088:
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2039:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1938:
1934:
1920:
1916:
1905:
1901:
1892:
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1876:
1867:
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1814:
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1423:
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1375:
1365:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1259:
1242:air superiority
1209:
1098:interwar period
1094:
800:Pacific theater
750:
730:Westland Welkin
715:Royal Air Force
681:Royal Air Force
635:
589:Dornier Do 335
559:
412:
271:Potez 63 series
263:Ministry of Air
247:
217:Wiener Neustadt
151:
128:Royal Air Force
120:ground attacker
116:strike fighters
112:fighter-bombers
101:Pacific theater
81:escort fighters
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2939:
2929:
2928:
2913:
2912:
2897:
2881:Werner, H. A.
2879:
2865:
2850:
2841:
2835:
2822:
2811:
2797:
2782:
2768:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2734:
2719:
2706:Nevin, David.
2704:
2689:
2674:
2659:
2642:
2627:
2614:Hull, Norman.
2612:
2603:
2597:
2584:
2573:
2559:
2544:
2538:
2525:
2510:
2487:
2472:
2457:
2448:
2433:
2422:
2416:
2403:
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2384:
2369:
2361:
2359:
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2353:
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2308:
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2260:
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2129:
2116:
2104:
2095:
2061:
2033:
2023:
2008:
1999:
1987:
1966:
1957:
1950:
1932:
1914:
1899:
1874:
1860:
1846:
1839:
1819:
1812:
1792:
1768:
1744:
1720:
1711:
1699:
1690:
1681:
1672:
1648:
1634:
1620:
1606:
1594:
1582:
1580:, p. 107.
1570:
1568:, p. 186.
1558:
1556:, p. 511.
1539:
1512:
1510:, p. 507.
1500:
1483:
1463:
1439:
1421:
1407:
1393:
1373:
1363:
1345:
1335:
1317:
1307:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1258:
1255:
1235:5th-generation
1231:4th-generation
1208:
1205:
1197:Polikarpov TIS
1146:Petlyakov Pe-3
1142:Petlyakov Pe-2
1114:Tupolev ANT-29
1093:
1090:
1064:Post-war, the
985:fighter-bomber
936:attacking the
927:escort fighter
847:Browning AN/M2
820:fighter-bomber
812:reconnaissance
808:multiple roles
773:YFM-1 Airacuda
749:
746:
742:Fairey Firefly
707:torpedo bomber
650:Gloster F.9/37
634:
633:United Kingdom
631:
616:Kawasaki Ki-45
535:Grosszerstörer
520:Dornier Do 215
516:Heinkel He 219
503:Schnellbombers
498:medium bombers
411:
408:
365:reconnaissance
283:reconnaissance
246:
243:
150:
147:
108:night fighters
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2938:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2910:
2909:1-932302-03-4
2906:
2902:
2899:Yenne, Bill.
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2887:
2885:
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2876:
2872:
2868:
2866:90-6013-677-2
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2686:0-7509-2695-3
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2671:1-55750-245-5
2668:
2664:
2661:Legg, David.
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2639:1-84415-178-6
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2562:
2560:0-356-01449-5
2556:
2553:. Macdonald.
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2551:
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2539:0-356-01447-9
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2531:
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2523:
2522:1-55750-550-0
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2507:0-85177-801-1
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2469:1-84509-013-6
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2445:0-517-56639-7
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2430:0-7917-0011-9
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2417:9781857801798
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2381:0-370-10018-2
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2126:
2120:
2113:
2108:
2099:
2081:
2074:
2073:
2065:
2046:
2045:
2037:
2027:
2019:
2018:Scale Modeler
2012:
2003:
1996:
1991:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1961:
1953:
1951:0-9629359-5-6
1947:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1910:
1903:
1889:on 2018-06-12
1888:
1884:
1878:
1870:
1864:
1856:
1850:
1842:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1813:1-85532-753-8
1809:
1805:
1804:
1796:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1734:
1730:
1729:"Breguet 690"
1724:
1715:
1706:
1704:
1694:
1685:
1676:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1630:
1624:
1616:
1610:
1603:
1602:Hooftman 1981
1598:
1591:
1586:
1579:
1574:
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1562:
1555:
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1548:
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1544:
1529:
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1484:9780802848703
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1394:9781855326330
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1364:9780811715560
1360:
1356:
1349:
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1338:
1336:9781435835979
1332:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1310:
1308:9780764300721
1304:
1300:
1293:
1289:
1279:
1278:Night fighter
1276:
1274:
1273:Light fighter
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1167:ground-attack
1164:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1148:took flight.
1147:
1143:
1139:
1136:in 1941, the
1135:
1130:
1127:in 1941, the
1126:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1055:XA-38 Grizzly
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:heavy bombers
1040:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1012:Elmendorf AFB
1009:
1004:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
969:
967:
963:
959:
956:
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932:
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918:
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912:
908:
904:
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896:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
863:F-15 Reporter
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
769:Bell Aircraft
765:
759:
754:
748:United States
745:
743:
738:
736:
731:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
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696:
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601:
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593:
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585:
582:
578:
573:
569:
565:
558:
557:
552:
547:
546:MK 101 cannon
543:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:Junkers Ju 88
505:
504:
499:
495:
494:light bombers
490:
487:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
421:
416:
407:
405:
401:
397:
392:
389:
385:
381:
376:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
353:Flottille F1C
350:
346:
342:
341:ground attack
338:
334:
333:
328:
327:
322:
318:
313:
311:
307:
306:Allied powers
303:
299:
295:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
264:
256:
251:
242:
240:
239:
233:
231:
227:
222:
218:
214:
209:
207:
203:
197:
195:
191:
187:
184:Prior to the
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
160:
155:
146:
144:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
73:
71:
70:
64:
63:light fighter
60:
56:
55:heavy fighter
48:
43:
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2742:
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2677:
2662:
2654:
2650:
2615:
2607:
2588:
2582:. Doubleday.
2578:
2549:
2529:
2513:
2477:
2460:
2452:
2436:
2407:
2388:
2372:
2365:
2358:Bibliography
2341:
2333:
2318:
2311:
2299:. Retrieved
2284:
2277:
2265:. Retrieved
2250:
2243:
2231:. Retrieved
2216:
2209:
2197:. Retrieved
2182:
2175:
2163:. Retrieved
2148:
2141:
2132:
2124:
2119:
2107:
2098:
2087:. Retrieved
2071:
2064:
2052:. Retrieved
2043:
2036:
2026:
2017:
2011:
2002:
1990:
1974:
1969:
1960:
1941:
1935:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1908:
1902:
1891:. Retrieved
1887:the original
1877:
1863:
1849:
1829:
1822:
1802:
1795:
1784:. Retrieved
1780:
1771:
1760:. Retrieved
1756:
1747:
1736:. Retrieved
1732:
1723:
1714:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1664:. Retrieved
1660:
1651:
1623:
1609:
1597:
1585:
1573:
1561:
1531:. Retrieved
1527:
1503:
1495:
1488:. Retrieved
1473:
1466:
1444:
1430:
1424:
1410:
1398:. Retrieved
1383:
1376:
1368:
1354:
1348:
1340:
1326:
1320:
1312:
1298:
1292:
1229:
1210:
1182:
1179:
1171:
1150:
1122:
1106:interceptors
1095:
1078:0.50 in
1063:
1039:Curtis XP-71
1036:
1030:all-weather
1017:
970:
919:
895:interceptors
891:
832:
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766:
762:
739:
727:
697:
666:
646:
626:
618:
609:
595:
590:
586:
571:
556:Kriegsmarine
554:
542:heavy bomber
534:
530:
528:
501:
491:
485:
466:
463:interceptors
448:
439:
435:
425:
393:
377:
373:
368:
360:
352:
337:light bomber
330:
324:
314:
291:
287:light bomber
268:
260:
236:
234:
220:
210:
198:
183:
175:jachtkruiser
174:
164:
140:
136:light bomber
105:
77:World War II
74:
68:
67:
54:
52:
2054:10 December
1995:Pape (1991)
1657:"Potez 630"
1201:Tairov Ta-3
1096:During the
1032:interceptor
1020:Adak Island
1014:, May 1953.
877:during the
875:North Korea
623:Netherlands
453:during the
380:Bréguet 690
319:, and post-
279:day fighter
149:Netherlands
2735:1901432203
2089:2019-05-12
1893:2019-12-29
1786:2022-02-16
1762:2022-02-16
1738:2022-02-16
1666:2022-02-16
1578:Green 1961
1554:Green 1967
1533:2022-02-16
1508:Green 1967
1490:31 January
1440:0760710228
1400:30 January
1284:References
1213:Sea Hornet
1199:, and the
1086:Korean War
1051:Beechcraft
973:Korean War
879:Korean War
851:gun turret
777:M4 cannons
577:combat box
572:Bordkanone
518:; and the
444:destroyers
289:variants.
167:Fokker G.I
159:Fokker G.I
2569:655865554
2112:Pape 1991
1927:The Times
1452:cite book
1123:With the
1076:and four
1074:M2 cannon
627:Luftwaffe
596:zerstörer
531:Luftwaffe
440:Zerstörer
428:Luftwaffe
422:in flight
361:flottille
321:armistice
310:armistice
255:Potez 633
206:Luftwaffe
161:in flight
69:Zerstörer
32:destroyer
18:Zerstörer
2920:Category
2875:63363268
2807:34244509
2778:34022624
2080:Archived
1257:See also
1047:wingspan
1008:Ladd AFB
966:Nebraska
901:and the
704:Beaufort
612:Japanese
486:Hornisse
400:Tongeren
2497:6124909
2127:p 73-74
2031:taken."
1187:during
923:twinned
685:bombers
410:Germany
355:of the
211:At the
2907:
2892:
2873:
2863:
2833:
2805:
2795:
2776:
2766:
2732:
2714:
2699:
2684:
2669:
2651:Flight
2637:
2622:
2595:
2567:
2557:
2536:
2520:
2505:
2495:
2485:
2467:
2443:
2428:
2414:
2395:
2379:
2326:
2292:
2258:
2224:
2190:
2156:
1981:
1948:
1837:
1810:
1481:
1437:
1391:
1361:
1333:
1305:
1163:RS-132
1134:Moscow
1082:VJ Day
989:Yak-11
950:AN/M3s
859:VJ Day
855:Allied
693:radars
677:Welkin
604:DB 603
524:Do 217
514:; the
512:Ju 388
500:, and
483:Me 410
479:Me 210
285:, and
245:France
171:Fokker
2301:5 May
2267:5 May
2233:5 May
2199:5 May
2165:5 May
2083:(PDF)
2076:(PDF)
2048:(PDF)
1159:RS-82
1059:tanks
843:AN/M2
839:radar
816:radar
711:radar
619:Toryu
591:Pfeil
581:USAAF
560:'
432:wings
345:Arras
192:from
177:or a
2905:ISBN
2890:ISBN
2871:OCLC
2861:ISBN
2831:ISBN
2803:OCLC
2793:ISBN
2774:OCLC
2764:ISBN
2730:ISBN
2712:ISBN
2697:ISBN
2682:ISBN
2667:ISBN
2635:ISBN
2620:ISBN
2593:ISBN
2565:OCLC
2555:ISBN
2534:ISBN
2518:ISBN
2503:ISBN
2493:OCLC
2483:ISBN
2465:ISBN
2441:ISBN
2426:ISBN
2412:ISBN
2393:ISBN
2377:ISBN
2324:ISBN
2303:2020
2290:ISBN
2269:2020
2256:ISBN
2235:2020
2222:ISBN
2201:2020
2188:ISBN
2167:2020
2154:ISBN
2056:2020
1979:ISBN
1946:ISBN
1835:ISBN
1808:ISBN
1492:2021
1479:ISBN
1458:link
1435:ISBN
1402:2020
1389:ISBN
1359:ISBN
1331:ISBN
1303:ISBN
1233:and
1189:WWII
1161:and
1102:USSR
1100:the
1092:USSR
995:and
983:and
929:for
756:The
568:flak
522:and
510:and
481:and
304:and
302:Axis
296:and
253:The
165:The
157:The
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