215:
viewed as compromised. A zero trust architecture (ZTA) is an enterprise's cyber security plan that utilizes zero trust concepts and encompasses component relationships, workflow planning, and access policies. Therefore, a zero trust enterprise is the network infrastructure (physical and virtual) and operational policies that are in place for an enterprise as a product of a zero trust architecture plan.
164:
In 2001 the first version of the OSSTMM (Open Source
Security Testing Methodology Manual) was released and this had some focus on trust. Version 3 which came out around 2007 has a whole chapter on Trust which says "Trust is a Vulnerability" and talks about how to apply the OSSTMM 10 controls based on
214:
led to the publication of NIST SP 800-207 – Zero Trust
Architecture. The publication defines zero trust (ZT) as a collection of concepts and ideas designed to reduce the uncertainty in enforcing accurate, per-request access decisions in information systems and services in the face of a network
57:
ZTA is implemented by establishing strong identity verification, validating device compliance prior to granting access, and ensuring least privilege access to only explicitly-authorized resources. Most modern corporate networks consist of many interconnected zones,
77:, including checking the identity and integrity of users and devices without respect to location, and providing access to applications and services based on the confidence of user and device identity and device health in combination with user
198:
to denote stricter cybersecurity programs and access control within corporations. However, it would take almost a decade for zero trust architectures to become prevalent, driven in part by increased adoption of mobile and cloud services.
50:. The main concept behind the zero trust security model is "never trust, always verify", which means that users and devices should not be trusted by default, even if they are connected to a permissioned network such as a corporate
236:
recommended that network architects consider a zero trust approach for new IT deployments, particularly where significant use of cloud services is planned. An alternative but consistent approach is taken by
106:) is not a synonym for the zero trust security model or zero trust architecture. Instead, it's a market that consists of remote access products built with zero trust principles, largely derived from the
523:
92:
to resources. In order to determine if access can be granted, policies can be applied based on the attributes of the data, who the user is, and the type of environment using
69:
The reasoning for zero trust is that the traditional approach – trusting users and devices within a notional "corporate perimeter", or users and devices connected via a
597:
126:. Marsh's work studied trust as something finite that can be described mathematically, asserting that the concept of trust transcends human factors such as
715:
238:
233:
658:
211:
291:
473:
449:
404:
161:
article in May 1994, who described firewalls' perimeter defence, as a hard shell around a soft centre, like a
Cadbury Egg.
572:
122:
In April 1994, the term "zero trust" was coined by
Stephen Paul Marsh in his doctoral thesis on computer security at the
84:
The principles of zero trust can be applied to data access, and to the management of data. This brings about zero trust
750:
609:
62:
and infrastructure, connections to remote and mobile environments, and connections to non-conventional IT, such as
218:
There are several ways to implement all the tenets of ZT; a full ZTA solution will include elements of all three:
745:
311:
93:
687:
662:
89:
631:
73:– is not sufficient in the complex environment of a corporate network. The zero trust approach advocates
168:
In 2003 the challenges of defining the perimeter to an organisation's IT systems was highlighted by the
286:
107:
17:
276:
111:
81:. The zero trust architecture has been proposed for use in specific areas such as supply chains.
70:
123:
74:
545:
149:
The problems of the
Smartie or M&M model of the network (the precursor description of
8:
576:
173:
150:
88:
where every request to access the data needs to be authenticated dynamically and ensure
638:
455:
436:. CCRIS '20. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 123–127.
410:
365:
195:
63:
51:
553:
459:
445:
414:
400:
369:
357:
270:
396:
437:
392:
349:
281:
180:
154:
430:"Dynamic Access Control and Authorization System based on Zero-trust architecture"
353:
338:"The zero trust supply chain: Managing supply chain risk in the absence of trust"
59:
337:
497:
384:
78:
739:
632:"Build Security Into Your Network's DNA: The Zero Trust Network Architecture"
557:
361:
203:
169:
158:
85:
441:
429:
383:
do Amaral, Thiago Melo
Stuckert; Gondim, João José Costa (November 2021).
434:
2020 International
Conference on Control, Robotics and Intelligent System
96:. This zero-trust data security approach can protect access to the data.
194:
In 2010 the term zero trust model was used by analyst John
Kindervag of
657:
188:
46:) describes an approach to the strategy, design and implementation of
241:, in identifying the key principles behind zero trust architectures:
143:
47:
222:
Using enhanced identity governance and policy-based access controls.
172:
of this year, discussing the trend of what was then given the name "
127:
428:
Yao, Qigui; Wang, Qi; Zhang, Xiaojian; Fei, Jiaxuan (2021-01-04).
605:
501:
477:
389:
2021 Workshop on
Communication Networks and Power Systems (WCNPS)
139:
254:
Additional context, such as policy compliance and device health
184:
135:
131:
686:
Rose, Scott; Borchert, Oliver; Mitchell, Stu; Connelly, Sean.
187:
started to implement a zero-trust architecture referred to as
666:
385:"Integrating Zero Trust in the cyber supply chain security"
207:
685:
228:
Using overlay networks or software-defined perimeters
312:"Mutual TLS: Securing Microservices in Service Mesh"
546:"Internet hackers beware: corporate LANs protected"
598:"Forrester Pushes 'Zero Trust' Model For Security"
573:"Akamai Bets on 'Zero Trust' Approach to Security"
336:Collier, Zachary A.; Sarkis, Joseph (2021-06-03).
737:
474:"Definition of Zero Trust Network Access (ZTNA)"
427:
382:
257:Authorization policies to access an application
335:
260:Access control policies within an application
54:and even if they were previously verified.
525:Formalising Trust as a Computational Concept
498:"Market Guide for Zero Trust Network Access"
342:International Journal of Production Research
659:National Cybersecurity Center of Excellence
629:
663:"Implementing a Zero Trust Architecture"
183:, a Chinese APT attack throughout 2009,
14:
738:
552:. IDG Network World Inc. 23 May 1994.
292:Identity threat detection and response
570:
521:
245:Single strong source of user identity
234:National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC)
94:Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC)
595:
24:
708:
679:
651:
589:
25:
762:
564:
206:by cybersecurity researchers at
202:In 2018, work undertaken in the
623:
397:10.1109/WCNPS53648.2021.9626299
110:specification developed by the
630:Kindervag, John (2010-11-05).
538:
515:
490:
466:
421:
376:
329:
304:
13:
1:
354:10.1080/00207543.2021.1884311
297:
7:
571:Loten, Angus (2019-05-01).
264:
232:In 2019 the United Kingdom
10:
767:
287:Secure access service edge
117:
108:software-defined perimeter
751:Computer network security
688:"Zero Trust Architecture"
560:– via Google Books.
100:Zero trust network access
32:zero trust security model
596:Higgins, Kelly Jackson.
225:Using micro-segmentation
716:"Network architectures"
522:Marsh, Stephen (1994),
504:, subscription required
442:10.1145/3437802.3437824
273: – Russian proverb
112:Cloud Security Alliance
90:least privileged access
36:zero trust architecture
746:Information technology
251:Machine authentication
124:University of Stirling
44:perimeterless security
27:Systems security model
153:) was described by a
75:mutual authentication
577:Wall Street Journal
248:User authentication
174:de-perimeterisation
151:de-perimeterisation
639:Forrester Research
196:Forrester Research
612:on 26 August 2021
451:978-1-4503-8805-4
406:978-1-6654-1078-6
348:(11): 3430–3445.
271:Trust, but verify
16:(Redirected from
758:
730:
729:
727:
726:
712:
706:
705:
703:
702:
695:nvlpubs.nist.gov
692:
683:
677:
676:
674:
673:
655:
649:
648:
646:
645:
636:
627:
621:
620:
618:
617:
608:. Archived from
593:
587:
586:
584:
583:
568:
562:
561:
542:
536:
535:
534:
533:
519:
513:
512:
510:
509:
494:
488:
487:
485:
484:
470:
464:
463:
425:
419:
418:
391:. pp. 1–6.
380:
374:
373:
333:
327:
326:
324:
323:
308:
282:Password fatigue
181:Operation Aurora
155:Sun Microsystems
21:
766:
765:
761:
760:
759:
757:
756:
755:
736:
735:
734:
733:
724:
722:
720:www.ncsc.gov.uk
714:
713:
709:
700:
698:
690:
684:
680:
671:
669:
656:
652:
643:
641:
634:
628:
624:
615:
613:
594:
590:
581:
579:
569:
565:
544:
543:
539:
531:
529:
520:
516:
507:
505:
496:
495:
491:
482:
480:
472:
471:
467:
452:
426:
422:
407:
381:
377:
334:
330:
321:
319:
310:
309:
305:
300:
267:
179:In response to
120:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
764:
754:
753:
748:
732:
731:
707:
678:
650:
622:
588:
563:
537:
514:
489:
465:
450:
420:
405:
375:
328:
302:
301:
299:
296:
295:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
266:
263:
262:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
230:
229:
226:
223:
165:Trust levels.
157:engineer in a
119:
116:
79:authentication
60:cloud services
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
763:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
741:
721:
717:
711:
696:
689:
682:
668:
664:
660:
654:
640:
633:
626:
611:
607:
603:
599:
592:
578:
574:
567:
559:
555:
551:
550:Network World
547:
541:
527:
526:
518:
503:
499:
493:
479:
475:
469:
461:
457:
453:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
424:
416:
412:
408:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
379:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
332:
317:
316:The New Stack
313:
307:
303:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
272:
269:
268:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
243:
242:
240:
235:
227:
224:
221:
220:
219:
216:
213:
209:
205:
204:United States
200:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
177:
175:
171:
170:Jericho Forum
166:
162:
160:
159:Network World
156:
152:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
95:
91:
87:
86:data security
82:
80:
76:
72:
67:
65:
61:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
723:. Retrieved
719:
710:
699:. Retrieved
694:
681:
670:. Retrieved
653:
642:. Retrieved
625:
614:. Retrieved
610:the original
602:Dark Reading
601:
591:
580:. Retrieved
566:
549:
540:
530:, retrieved
528:, p. 56
524:
517:
506:. Retrieved
492:
481:. Retrieved
468:
433:
423:
388:
378:
345:
341:
331:
320:. Retrieved
318:. 2021-02-01
315:
306:
277:Blast radius
231:
217:
201:
193:
178:
167:
163:
148:
121:
103:
99:
98:
83:
68:
56:
43:
39:
35:
31:
29:
740:Categories
725:2020-08-25
701:2020-10-17
672:2022-07-22
644:2022-07-22
616:2022-02-17
582:2022-02-17
532:2022-07-22
508:2024-07-30
483:2024-07-30
322:2021-02-20
298:References
189:BeyondCorp
136:lawfulness
66:devices.
48:IT systems
18:Zero trust
558:0887-7661
460:230507437
415:244864841
370:233965375
362:0020-7543
144:judgement
265:See also
128:morality
606:Informa
502:Gartner
478:Gartner
140:justice
118:History
114:(CSA).
697:. NIST
556:
458:
448:
413:
403:
368:
360:
185:Google
142:, and
132:ethics
42:) and
34:(also
691:(PDF)
635:(PDF)
456:S2CID
411:S2CID
366:S2CID
212:NCCoE
667:NIST
554:ISSN
446:ISBN
401:ISBN
358:ISSN
239:NCSC
210:and
208:NIST
104:ZTNA
30:The
438:doi
393:doi
350:doi
176:".
71:VPN
64:IoT
52:LAN
40:ZTA
742::
718:.
693:.
665:.
661:.
637:.
604:.
600:.
575:.
548:.
500:.
476:.
454:.
444:.
432:.
409:.
399:.
387:.
364:.
356:.
346:59
344:.
340:.
314:.
191:.
146:.
138:,
134:,
130:,
728:.
704:.
675:.
647:.
619:.
585:.
511:.
486:.
462:.
440::
417:.
395::
372:.
352::
325:.
102:(
38:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.