201:
other local network hosts that aim to reach any host on the other side. This is useful to keep sites connected to each other in a stable manner, like office networks to their headquarter or datacenter. In this case, any side may be configured to initiate the communication as long as it knows how to reach the other on the medium network. if both are known to each other, and the chosen VPN protocol is not bound to client-server design, the communication can be initiated by either of the two as soon as they see the VPN is inactive or some local host is trying to reach another one known to be located on the other side.
859:
873:
158:
150:
3955:
3435:
188:, or to enable people accessing their private home or company resources without exposing them to the public Internet. Remote access tunnels can be either on-demand or always-on. Proper implementations of this configuration require the remote host to initiate the communication towards the central network it is accessing, because the remote host location is usually unknown to the central network until the former tries to reach it
492:
3965:
3445:
113:, the goal is not to protect against untrusted networks, but to isolate parts of the provider's own network infrastructure in virtual segments, in ways that make the contents of each segment private with respect to the others. This situation makes many other tunneling protocols suitable for building PPVPNs, even with weak or no security features (like in
672:) to secure remote connections to a network, inter-network links, and remote systems. OpenSSH server provides a limited number of concurrent tunnels. The VPN feature itself does not support personal authentication. SSH is more often used to remotely connect to machines or networks instead of a site to site VPN connection.
372:
Otherwise, commercial appliances with VPN features based on proprietary hardware/software platforms, usually support a consistent VPN protocol across their products but do not open up for customizations outside the use cases they intended to implement. This is often the case for appliances that rely
345:
Network appliances, such as firewalls, do often include VPN gateway functionality for either remote access or site-to-site configurations. Their administration interfaces do often facilitate setting up virtual private networks with a selection of supported protocols which have been integrated for an
97:
The goal of a virtual private network is to allow network hosts (PCs, servers, etc.) to exchange network messages across another network to access private content, as if they were part of the same network. This is done in a way that makes crossing the intermediate network completely transparent from
777:
From a security standpoint, a VPN must either trust the underlying delivery network or enforce security with a mechanism in the VPN itself. Unless the trusted delivery network runs among physically secure sites only, both trusted and secure models need an authentication mechanism for users to gain
200:
configuration connects two networks. This configuration expands a network across geographically disparate locations. Tunneling is only done between two devices (like routers, firewalls, VPN gateways, servers, etc.) located at both network locations. These devices then make the tunnel available to
368:
Similarly, it is possible to get additional VPN configurations working, even if the OS does not facilitate the setup of that particular configuration, by manually editing internal configurations of by modifying the open source code of the OS itself. For instance, pfSense does not support remote
140:
features for themselves without making such features available as a network interface, are not to be considered VPN implementations but may partially match same or similar end-user goal of exchanging private contents towards a remote network (like intranet browsing via an authenticated proxy).
133:) on one side of the tunnel and replay them on the other side, as if they virtually substitute the lower network or link layers. Applications do not need to be modified to let their messages pass through the VPN, because the virtual network or link is made available to the OS.
471:
methods. People initiating this kind of VPN from unknown arbitrary network locations are also called "road-warriors". In such cases, it is not possible to use originating network properties (e.g. IP addresses) as secure authentication factors, and stronger methods are needed.
447:
Tunnel endpoints can be authenticated in various ways during the VPN access initiation. Authentication can happen immediately on VPN initiation (e.g. by simple whitelisting of endpoint IP address), or very lately after actual tunnels are already active (e.g. with a
427:
VPN are not intended to make connecting users neither anonymous nor unidentifiable from the untrusted medium network provider perspective. If the VPN makes use of protocols that do provide the above confidentiality features, their usage can increase user
236:
scenarios. However, these technologies are not mutually exclusive and, in a significantly complex business network, may be combined to enable remote access to resources located at any given site, such as an ordering system that resides in a data center.
294:
vendors and developers do typically offer native support to a selection of VPN protocols which is subject to change over the years, as some have been proven to be unsecure with respect to modern requirements and expectations, and some others emerged.
105:
Users of a network connectivity service may consider such an intermediate network to be untrusted, since it is controlled by a third-party, and might prefer a VPN implemented via protocols that protect the privacy of their communication.
550:), desirable for remote-access configurations. IKE version 2, which was created by Microsoft and Cisco, can be used alone to provide IPsec VPN functionality. Its primary advantages are the native support for authenticating via the
1288:
55:) across one or multiple other networks which are either untrusted (as they are not controlled by the entity aiming to implement the VPN) or need to be isolated (thus making the lower network invisible or not directly usable).
369:
access VPN configurations through its user interface where the OS runs on the remote host, while provides comprehensive support for configuring it as the central VPN gateway of such remote-access configuration scenario.
58:
A VPN can extend access to a private network to users who do not have direct access to it, such as an office network allowing secure access from off-site over the
Internet. This is achieved by creating a link between
538:
an IP packet inside an IPsec packet. De-encapsulation happens at the end of the tunnel, where the original IP packet is decrypted and forwarded to its intended destination. IPsec tunnels are set up by
499:
A virtual private network is based on a tunneling protocol, and may be possibly combined with other network or application protocols providing extra capabilities and different security model coverage.
311:
tools. However, due to the variety of, often non standard, VPN protocols there exists many third-party applications that implement additional protocols not yet or no more natively supported by the OS.
1327:
OpenConnect is a client for Cisco's AnyConnect SSL VPN OpenConnect is not officially supported by, or associated in any way with, Cisco
Systems. It just happens to interoperate with their equipment.
583:
project) or secure an individual connection. A number of vendors provide remote-access VPN capabilities through TLS. A VPN based on TLS can connect from locations where the usual TLS web navigation (
3481:
1937:
184:. Each computer is in charge of activating its own tunnel towards the network it wants to join. The joined network is only aware of a single remote host for each tunnel. This may be employed for
165:
Virtual private networks configurations can be classified depending on the purpose of the virtual extension, which makes different tunneling strategies appropriate for different topologies:
1280:
283:
A variety of VPN technics exist to adapt to the above characteristics, each providing different network tunneling capabilities and different security model coverage or interpretation.
1489:
381:
Whenever a VPN is intended to virtually extend a private network over a third-party untrusted medium, it is desirable that the chosen protocols match the following security model:
565:
networks. IPsec is also often supported by network hardware accelerators, which makes IPsec VPN desirable for low-power scenarios, like always-on remote access VPN configurations.
542:
protocol. IPsec tunnels made with IKE version 1 (also known as IKEv1 tunnels, or often just "IPsec tunnels") can be used alone to provide VPN, but have been often combined to the
1004:
3474:
1519:
1377:
678:
is a protocol. In 2020, WireGuard support was added to both the Linux and
Android kernels, opening it up to adoption by VPN providers. By default, WireGuard utilizes the
1615:
1204:
279:
the relationship between the actor implementing the VPN and the network infrastructure owner/provider, and whether the former trusts the medium of the former or not.
176:
configuration is analogous to joining one or more computers to a network which cannot be directly connected. This type of extension provides that computer access to
70:
It is possible to make a VPN secure to use on top of insecure communication medium (such as the public internet) by choosing a tunneling protocol that implements
3467:
554:
and that the tunnel can be seamlessly restored when the IP address of the associated host is changing, which is typical of a roaming mobile device, whether on
1913:
483:. Depending on the VPN protocol, they may store the key to allow the VPN tunnel to establish automatically, without intervention from the administrator.
1934:
2063:
2533:
1659:
2018:
1092:
318:
lacked native IPsec IKEv2 support until version 11, and people needed to install third-party apps in order to connect that kind of VPNs, while
74:. This kind of VPN implementation has the benefit of reduced costs and greater flexibility, with respect to dedicated communication lines, for
1407:
765:
L2TP which is a standards-based replacement, and a compromise taking the good features from each, for two proprietary VPN protocols: Cisco's
129:
is used to transfer the network messages from one side to the other. Their goal is to take network messages from applications (operating at
755:
Trusted VPNs do not use cryptographic tunneling; instead, they rely on the security of a single provider's network to protect the traffic.
1481:
971:
892:
690:
for encryption and message authentication, but also includes the ability to pre-share a symmetric key between the client and server.
3448:
1369:
996:
547:
546:. Their combination made possible to reuse existing L2TP-related implementations for more flexible authentication features (e.g.
89:
which sell access to their own private networks for internet access by connecting their customers using VPN tunneling protocols.
1511:
337:
VPN solutions) which makes the use of third-party applications mandatory for people and companies relying on such VPN protocol.
3257:
3052:
1991:
1961:
1692:
1254:
1314:
2056:
1602:
1583:
373:
on hardware acceleration of VPNs to provide higher throughput or support a larger amount of simultaneously connected users.
228:
Typically, individuals interact with remote access VPNs, whereas businesses tend to make use of site-to-site connections for
1347:
365:) it is possible to add support for additional VPN protocols by installing missing software components or third-party apps.
303:
Desktop, smartphone and other end-user device operating systems do usually support configuring remote access VPN from their
221:
site-to-site VPN describes a configuration where the sites connected by the VPN belong to the same organization, whereas an
3969:
2677:
2526:
1725:
440:
In order to prevent unauthorized users from accessing the VPN, most protocols can be implemented in ways that also enable
2808:
1910:
620:
616:
3227:
1456:
551:
3999:
3490:
3282:
2123:
2088:
1787:
1653:
1205:"Security for VPNs with IPsec Configuration Guide, Cisco IOS Release 15S - VPN Acceleration Module [Support]"
1043:
797:
access points without dropping the secure VPN session or losing application sessions. Mobile VPNs are widely used in
770:
624:
594:
590:
1138:
2128:
2049:
635:
631:
1881:
1850:
1819:
3438:
2519:
1805:
s, because customers trust that the network facilities operated by the service providers will not be compromised.
511:
1752:
1574:
Benjamin
Dowling, and Kenneth G. Paterson (12 June 2018). "A cryptographic analysis of the WireGuard protocol".
1424:
329:
Conversely, Windows does not support plain IPsec IKEv1 remote access native VPN configuration (commonly used by
3759:
786:
3989:
793:, but instead roams across various networks such as data networks from cellular carriers or between multiple
759:
697:
610:
3959:
3830:
3510:
2773:
2748:
1229:
705:
444:
of connecting parties. This secures the joined remote network confidentiality, integrity and availability.
385:
3398:
3354:
2758:
2108:
842:
416:
1639:
817:
A limitation of traditional VPNs is that they are point-to-point connections and do not tend to support
531:
349:
In some cases, like in the open source operating systems devoted to firewalls and network devices (like
2113:
802:
732:
543:
535:
507:
503:
315:
3994:
3634:
3152:
2788:
1636:"Chapter 17: Internet Protocol Security: IPsec, Crypto IP Encapsulation for Virtual Private Networks"
464:
420:
161:
VPN connectivity overview, showing intranet site-to-site and remote-work configurations used together
2034:
1635:
3388:
3292:
3262:
2957:
2735:
2634:
2284:
2144:
2138:
1399:
917:
912:
806:
657:
Multi Path
Virtual Private Network (MPVPN). Ragula Systems Development Company owns the registered
643:
606:
572:
568:
330:
304:
125:
The ways a VPN actually works depends on which technologies and protocols the VPN is built upon. A
110:
762:(MPLS) often overlays VPNs, often with quality-of-service control over a trusted delivery network.
3565:
3459:
3383:
3252:
3122:
2377:
2289:
639:
613:(SSL/TLS are TCP-based, and tunneling TCP over TCP can lead to big delays and connection aborts).
562:
432:
by making the untrusted medium owner unable to access the private data exchanged across the VPN.
1163:
3550:
3410:
3403:
3242:
3169:
3017:
2294:
2080:
927:
728:
717:
526:
made it only a recommendation. This standards-based security protocol is also widely used with
393:
392:, such that even if the network traffic is sniffed at the packet level (see network sniffer or
308:
963:
3654:
3560:
3415:
539:
1059:
1035:
3781:
3555:
2623:
2351:
2258:
1075:
864:
480:
229:
40:
20:
1117:
723:
Crypto IP Encapsulation (CIPE) is a free and open-source VPN implementation for tunneling
8:
3525:
3505:
3207:
2695:
2613:
2603:
2598:
2542:
2304:
2299:
2250:
1645:
790:
647:
3738:
3197:
3002:
2992:
838:
177:
126:
64:
3613:
3515:
2965:
2846:
2593:
2578:
2361:
2309:
2263:
2026:
1783:
1649:
1579:
1562:
1039:
1028:
834:
805:
and criminal databases, and in other organizations with similar requirements such as
687:
319:
1983:
1958:
1684:
872:
2937:
2314:
1889:
1858:
1827:
1554:
1512:"Diff - 99761f1eac33d14a4b1613ae4b7076f41cb2df94^! - kernel/common - Git at Google"
1310:
1187:
1065:
902:
818:
709:
519:
291:
240:
Apart from the general topology configuration, a VPN may also be characterized by:
157:
60:
48:
3820:
3649:
3187:
3117:
3046:
3012:
2997:
2909:
2876:
2851:
2268:
2225:
2133:
1965:
1941:
1917:
1885:
1854:
1823:
1777:
1339:
1194:, "IPv6 Node Requirements", E. Jankiewicz, J. Loughney, T. Narten (December 2011)
1061:
RFC 3809 - Generic
Requirements for Provider Provisioned Virtual Private Networks
922:
878:
845:(VPLS) and layer 2 tunneling protocols are designed to overcome this limitation.
743:
701:
669:
389:
44:
1893:
1862:
1831:
1191:
1078:
523:
423:
without being rejected due to the MAC not matching with the altered data packet.
153:
VPN classification tree based on the topology first, then on the technology used
3753:
3540:
2947:
2743:
1715:
826:
476:
449:
441:
412:
408:
404:
1542:
3983:
3922:
3894:
3840:
3815:
3717:
3675:
3393:
3192:
2866:
2210:
2041:
2030:
1566:
798:
651:
580:
518:, and was required in all standards-compliant implementations of IPv6 before
468:
323:
233:
137:
3177:
1448:
3938:
3639:
3603:
3593:
3585:
3530:
3132:
2924:
2753:
2687:
2550:
2319:
2098:
2093:
1558:
907:
897:
789:
are used in settings where an endpoint of the VPN is not fixed to a single
740:
683:
407:
to detect and reject any instances of tampering with transmitted messages,
3825:
3698:
3688:
3598:
3222:
3142:
3087:
3007:
2511:
2470:
2329:
2240:
2185:
1801:
VPNs using dedicated circuits, such as Frame Relay are sometimes called
1747:
1720:
1573:
937:
821:; therefore, communication, software, and networking, which are based on
724:
602:
252:
185:
86:
75:
24:
801:
where they give law-enforcement officers access to applications such as
149:
3889:
3859:
3693:
3535:
3328:
3272:
3202:
3077:
3072:
3022:
2987:
2980:
2942:
2932:
2871:
2657:
2568:
2558:
2500:
2485:
2480:
2460:
2434:
2398:
2372:
2215:
2205:
1878:
1847:
1816:
1782:. Networking Technology Series (4 ed.). Cisco Press. p. 233.
887:
679:
598:
460:
397:
71:
1742:
1641:
Red Hat - The
Complete Reference Enterprise Linux & Fedora Edition
716:, etc. It is currently being developed and updated by OpenVPN Inc., a
3915:
3910:
3748:
3722:
3711:
3159:
3147:
3137:
3102:
3067:
3062:
2975:
2881:
2783:
2715:
2652:
2563:
2447:
2424:
2419:
2346:
2235:
2175:
2170:
1576:
International
Conference on Applied Cryptography and Network Security
1432:
1070:
822:
736:
675:
658:
495:
The life cycle phases of an IPSec tunnel in a virtual private network
456:
334:
262:
245:
99:
746:
implemented by Damion K. Wilson. Development for CIPE ended in 2002.
3743:
3644:
3344:
3318:
3247:
3107:
3097:
3082:
3027:
2904:
2856:
2823:
2798:
2778:
2763:
2608:
2573:
2495:
2442:
2220:
2195:
2190:
2148:
1984:"Virtual Private Network (VPN) : What VPN Is And How It Works"
362:
213:
207:
181:
52:
3489:
225:
site-to-site VPN joins sites belonging to multiple organizations.
3869:
3864:
3849:
3765:
3704:
3683:
3367:
3362:
3313:
3127:
2861:
2828:
2818:
2793:
2725:
2705:
2647:
2588:
2582:
2490:
2475:
2414:
2200:
2165:
1611:
830:
713:
693:
665:
576:
429:
358:
350:
270:
266:
130:
1482:"WireGuard VPN makes it to 1.0.0—and into the next Linux kernel"
455:
Remote-access VPNs, which are typically user-initiated, may use
3787:
3420:
3267:
2813:
2768:
2720:
2672:
2390:
2118:
932:
491:
354:
251:
the tunnel's termination point location, e.g., on the customer
180:
of a remote site, or any wider enterprise networks, such as an
3952:
indicates that maintenance of the tool has been discontinued.
3629:
3323:
3297:
3237:
3212:
2970:
2914:
2899:
2803:
2710:
2667:
2662:
2642:
2338:
2103:
794:
627:
and in several compatible implementations on other platforms.
584:
700:
VPN protocol based on the TLS protocol. It supports perfect
575:) can tunnel an entire network's traffic (as it does in the
298:
3112:
2891:
2465:
2230:
527:
515:
114:
1743:"CIPE-Win32 - Crypto IP Encapsulation for Windows NT/2000"
3854:
3182:
3092:
2700:
2180:
766:
205:
In the context of site-to-site configurations, the terms
419:(MAC), which prevents the message from being altered or
1118:"Connect to a virtual private network (VPN) on Android"
642:(PPP) or Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol traffic through an
559:
555:
1255:"About Always On VPN for Windows Server Remote Access"
1935:"Solving the Computing Challenges of Mobile Officers"
286:
854:
587:) is supported without special extra configurations,
1775:
1027:
16:Extension of a private network across a public one
1093:"Connect to a VPN in Windows - Microsoft Support"
340:
217:are used to describe two different use cases. An
3981:
1025:
388:to prevent disclosure of private information or
265:they present to the connecting network, such as
968:NIST Computer Security Resource Center Glossary
2071:
781:
144:
3475:
2527:
2057:
1604:Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux Security Guide
704:, and most modern secure cipher suites, like
486:
750:
532:availability, integrity, and confidentiality
136:Applications that do implement tunneling or
63:and computer networks by the use of network
1547:Computing & Control Engineering Journal
1370:"Trademark Status & Document Retrieval"
276:the number of simultaneous allowed tunnels.
3482:
3468:
2541:
2534:
2520:
2064:
2050:
2019:"Necessity is the mother of VPN invention"
1543:"Virtual private networks - how they work"
1230:"VPN overview for Apple device deployment"
997:"What Is a VPN? - Virtual Private Network"
893:Dynamic Multipoint Virtual Private Network
19:"VPN" redirects here. For other uses, see
1540:
1139:"VPN settings overview for Apple devices"
1069:
812:
326:and others got it supported in the past.
299:VPN support in consumer operating systems
1879:Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP)
1633:
1600:
771:Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP)
552:Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)
530:. Its design meets most security goals:
490:
156:
148:
1981:
1281:"1. Ultimate Powerful VPN Connectivity"
739:operating systems by Olaf Titz, with a
475:Site-to-site VPNs often use passwords (
3982:
1903:
1740:
1716:"CIPE - encrypted IP in UDP tunneling"
1479:
1181:
769:(obsolete as of 2009) and Microsoft's
376:
120:
3522:Censorship and blocking technologies
3463:
2515:
2045:
2016:
1951:
1779:Internetworking Technologies Handbook
1755:from the original on 8 September 2022
1728:from the original on 8 September 2022
1007:from the original on 31 December 2021
837:, may not be fully supported as on a
3964:
3444:
1713:
1682:
1662:from the original on 17 January 2023
1621:from the original on 14 October 2022
1422:
1030:Cisco Secure Virtual Private Network
991:
989:
958:
956:
954:
668:offers VPN tunneling (distinct from
1817:Layer Two Tunneling Protocol "L2TP"
1291:from the original on 8 October 2022
974:from the original on 2 January 2023
617:Microsoft Point-to-Point Encryption
13:
2010:
1741:Wilson, Damion (19 October 2002).
1601:Fuller, Johnray; Ha, John (2002).
1492:from the original on 31 March 2020
1380:from the original on 21 March 2012
720:providing secure VPN technologies.
287:VPN native and third-party support
14:
4011:
3491:Internet censorship circumvention
1994:from the original on 17 June 2022
1848:IP Based Virtual Private Networks
1522:from the original on 29 June 2022
1350:from the original on 6 March 2015
1317:from the original on 29 June 2022
986:
951:
625:Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
591:Datagram Transport Layer Security
544:Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP)
510:) was initially developed by the
435:
3963:
3954:
3953:
3443:
3434:
3433:
1982:Sowells, Julia (7 August 2017).
1695:from the original on 18 May 2022
1685:"CIPE - Crypto IP Encapsulation"
1459:from the original on 2 July 2022
1410:from the original on 5 July 2022
1340:"Why TCP Over TCP Is A Bad Idea"
871:
857:
646:channel (SSTP was introduced in
632:Secure Socket Tunneling Protocol
1975:
1927:
1872:
1841:
1810:
1769:
1707:
1683:Titz, Olaf (20 December 2011).
1676:
1594:
1541:Younglove, R. (December 2000).
1534:
1504:
1473:
1449:"SSH_VPN – Community Help Wiki"
1400:"ssh(1) – OpenBSD manual pages"
1392:
1362:
1332:
1303:
1273:
1247:
1222:
1197:
787:Mobile virtual private networks
512:Internet Engineering Task Force
258:the security features provided.
244:the tunneling protocol used to
23:. For commercial services, see
3883:Physical circumvention methods
1689:CIPE - Crypto IP Encapsulation
1156:
1131:
1110:
1085:
1052:
1019:
396:), an attacker would see only
341:VPN support in network devices
1:
1911:"Mobile VPN: Closing the Gap"
1480:Salter, Jim (30 March 2020).
944:
760:Multiprotocol Label Switching
92:
3547:Blocks on specific websites
3511:Internet censorship in China
1776:Cisco Systems, Inc. (2004).
7:
3399:Cryptographic hash function
2017:Kelly, Sean (August 2001).
1714:Titz, Olaf (2 April 2013).
1168:Android Open Source Project
850:
843:Virtual Private LAN Service
782:VPNs in mobile environments
540:Internet Key Exchange (IKE)
417:message authentication code
145:VPN topology configurations
10:
4016:
2073:Virtual private networking
1634:Petersen, Richard (2004).
841:. Variants on VPN such as
803:computer-assisted dispatch
504:Internet Protocol Security
487:VPN protocols to highlight
43:for virtually extending a
18:
3947:
3931:
3903:
3882:
3839:
3808:
3801:
3774:
3731:
3674:
3667:
3635:IPv6 transition mechanism
3622:
3583:
3576:
3498:
3429:
3376:
3353:
3337:
3306:
3281:
3221:
3168:
3045:
2956:
2923:
2890:
2837:
2734:
2686:
2633:
2622:
2549:
2433:
2407:
2389:
2360:
2337:
2328:
2277:
2249:
2158:
2079:
1922:SearchMobileComputing.com
1287:. SoftEther VPN Project.
1026:Mason, Andrew G. (2002).
964:"virtual private network"
751:Trusted delivery networks
735:. CIPE was developed for
664:Secure Shell (SSH) VPN –
534:. IPsec uses encryption,
465:two-factor authentication
255:or network-provider edge.
85:is also used to refer to
4000:Virtual private networks
3668:Anti-censorship software
3389:Timeline of cryptography
2285:Content-control software
1516:android.googlesource.com
918:Provider-provisioned VPN
913:Opportunistic encryption
807:field service management
767:Layer 2 Forwarding (L2F)
609:has with tunneling over
605:VPN to solve the issues
569:Transport Layer Security
111:Provider-provisioned VPN
98:a certain communication
51:which is not the public
3541:Great Firewall of China
3384:Outline of cryptography
3355:Anti–computer forensics
2378:Private Internet Access
2290:Deep content inspection
2159:Connection applications
2081:Communication protocols
1970:The Wall Street Journal
1034:. Cisco Press. p.
640:Point-to-Point Protocol
346:easy out-of-box setup.
232:, cloud computing, and
33:Virtual private network
3904:Relevant organizations
3623:Without a proxy server
3411:Homomorphic encryption
3404:List of hash functions
2543:Cryptographic software
2295:Deep packet inspection
928:Virtual private server
813:Networking limitations
496:
394:deep packet inspection
162:
154:
3655:Refraction networking
3416:End-to-end encryption
1964:28 March 2018 at the
1940:12 April 2020 at the
1164:"IPsec/IKEv2 Library"
1097:support.microsoft.com
494:
273:network connectivity.
160:
152:
3990:Network architecture
3732:Proprietary software
2259:Avast SecureLine VPN
2037:on 17 December 2001.
1972:, 11 December 2007.
1822:30 June 2022 at the
1559:10.1049/cce:20000602
865:Free Software portal
698:free and open-source
481:digital certificates
230:business-to-business
41:network architecture
21:VPN (disambiguation)
3531:DNS cache poisoning
3526:IP address blocking
3506:Internet censorship
2305:Network enumeration
2300:IP address blocking
2251:Enterprise software
1916:6 July 2020 at the
1884:2 July 2022 at the
1853:9 July 2022 at the
1646:McGraw-Hill/Osborne
1259:learn.microsoft.com
778:access to the VPN.
648:Windows Server 2008
377:Security mechanisms
121:VPN general working
65:tunneling protocols
3809:Anonymous software
3775:Browser extensions
3003:Facebook Messenger
2023:Communication News
1959:"Lost Connections"
839:local area network
835:Windows networking
597:) – used in Cisco
497:
450:web captive portal
400:, not the raw data
178:local area network
163:
155:
127:tunneling protocol
3977:
3976:
3878:
3877:
3797:
3796:
3663:
3662:
3516:National intranet
3457:
3456:
3307:Service providers
3041:
3040:
2847:Check Point VPN-1
2509:
2508:
2456:
2455:
2362:Kape Technologies
2310:Stateful firewall
2264:Check Point VPN-1
1644:. United States:
1610:. United States:
1585:978-3-319-93386-3
1423:Barschel, Colin.
1285:www.softether.org
1064:. sec. 1.1.
819:broadcast domains
688:ChaCha20-Poly1305
623:) works with the
320:Microsoft Windows
292:Operating systems
109:In the case of a
61:computing devices
4007:
3995:Internet privacy
3967:
3966:
3957:
3956:
3806:
3805:
3672:
3671:
3581:
3580:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3461:
3460:
3447:
3446:
3437:
3436:
3285:operating system
3283:Security-focused
3231:
3056:
2631:
2630:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2513:
2512:
2335:
2334:
2315:TCP reset attack
2066:
2059:
2052:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2033:. Archived from
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1979:
1973:
1955:
1949:
1931:
1925:
1924:, 16 July 2006.
1907:
1901:
1876:
1870:
1845:
1839:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1798:
1796:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1620:
1614:pp. 48–53.
1609:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1570:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1431:. Archived from
1419:
1417:
1415:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1201:
1195:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1073:
1071:10.17487/RFC3809
1056:
1050:
1049:
1033:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
993:
984:
983:
981:
979:
960:
903:Internet privacy
881:
876:
875:
867:
862:
861:
860:
809:and healthcare.
654:Service Pack 1).
269:link/circuit or
49:computer network
4015:
4014:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4004:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3943:
3927:
3899:
3874:
3835:
3793:
3770:
3727:
3659:
3650:Domain fronting
3618:
3572:
3494:
3488:
3458:
3453:
3425:
3372:
3349:
3333:
3302:
3284:
3277:
3225:
3217:
3188:Java Anon Proxy
3164:
3050:
3049:
3047:Disk encryption
3037:
3013:Google Messages
2998:Signal Protocol
2952:
2919:
2886:
2833:
2730:
2682:
2625:
2618:
2545:
2540:
2510:
2505:
2452:
2429:
2403:
2385:
2356:
2324:
2273:
2269:LogMeIn Hamachi
2245:
2154:
2134:Split tunneling
2075:
2070:
2013:
2011:Further reading
2008:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1980:
1976:
1966:Wayback Machine
1956:
1952:
1946:www.officer.com
1942:Wayback Machine
1933:Willett, Andy.
1932:
1928:
1918:Wayback Machine
1908:
1904:
1886:Wayback Machine
1877:
1873:
1855:Wayback Machine
1846:
1842:
1824:Wayback Machine
1815:
1811:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1774:
1770:
1758:
1756:
1731:
1729:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1681:
1677:
1665:
1663:
1656:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1586:
1539:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1478:
1474:
1462:
1460:
1453:help.ubuntu.com
1447:
1438:
1436:
1413:
1411:
1404:man.openbsd.org
1398:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1320:
1318:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1294:
1292:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1236:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1024:
1020:
1010:
1008:
995:
994:
987:
977:
975:
962:
961:
952:
947:
942:
923:Split tunneling
879:Internet portal
877:
870:
863:
858:
856:
853:
815:
784:
753:
702:forward-secrecy
670:port forwarding
489:
477:pre-shared keys
438:
413:tamper proofing
411:are secured by
386:confidentiality
379:
343:
301:
289:
174:host-to-network
147:
123:
95:
45:private network
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4013:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3975:
3974:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3846:
3844:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3821:JAP (JonDonym)
3818:
3812:
3810:
3803:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3784:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3756:
3754:Hotspot Shield
3751:
3746:
3741:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3487:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3464:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3441:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3394:Hash functions
3391:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3377:Related topics
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3359:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2929:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2744:BBM Enterprise
2740:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2628:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2516:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2343:
2341:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2005:
1974:
1957:Cheng, Roger.
1950:
1926:
1909:Phifer, Lisa.
1902:
1871:
1865:, A. Valencia
1840:
1834:, W. Townsley
1809:
1788:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1706:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1654:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1553:(6): 260–262.
1533:
1503:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1445:
1435:on 28 May 2019
1425:"Unix Toolbox"
1391:
1374:tarr.uspto.gov
1361:
1331:
1302:
1272:
1246:
1221:
1196:
1180:
1155:
1130:
1109:
1084:
1051:
1044:
1018:
985:
949:
948:
946:
943:
941:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
884:
883:
882:
868:
852:
849:
825:and broadcast
814:
811:
783:
780:
775:
774:
763:
752:
749:
748:
747:
721:
691:
673:
662:
655:
628:
614:
588:
566:
488:
485:
442:authentication
437:
436:Authentication
434:
425:
424:
401:
398:encrypted data
378:
375:
342:
339:
314:For instance,
300:
297:
288:
285:
281:
280:
277:
274:
259:
256:
249:
203:
202:
194:
190:
189:
186:remote workers
170:
146:
143:
122:
119:
94:
91:
76:remote workers
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4012:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3972:
3971:
3962:
3961:
3951:
3946:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3923:Turkey Blocks
3921:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3896:
3895:USB dead drop
3893:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3841:Anonymous P2P
3838:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3676:Free software
3673:
3670:
3666:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3485:
3480:
3478:
3473:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3450:
3442:
3440:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3044:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2867:SoftEther VPN
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2749:Bouncy Castle
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2736:TLS & SSL
2733:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2626:communication
2621:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2551:Email clients
2548:
2544:
2537:
2532:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2211:SoftEther VPN
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2146:
2145:Opportunistic
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2014:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1954:
1948:, May, 2006.
1947:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1906:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1838:, August 1999
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1804:
1791:
1789:9781587051197
1785:
1781:
1780:
1772:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1710:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1661:
1657:
1655:0-07-223075-4
1651:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1617:
1613:
1612:Red Hat, Inc.
1606:
1605:
1597:
1587:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1349:
1345:
1344:sites.inka.de
1341:
1335:
1328:
1316:
1312:
1311:"OpenConnect"
1306:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1261:. 22 May 2023
1260:
1256:
1250:
1235:
1234:Apple Support
1231:
1225:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1144:
1143:Apple Support
1140:
1134:
1119:
1113:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1047:
1045:9781587050336
1041:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1022:
1006:
1002:
998:
992:
990:
973:
969:
965:
959:
957:
955:
950:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
880:
874:
869:
866:
855:
848:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
810:
808:
804:
800:
799:public safety
796:
792:
788:
779:
772:
768:
764:
761:
758:
757:
756:
745:
742:
738:
734:
733:encapsulation
730:
726:
722:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
692:
689:
685:
682:protocol for
681:
677:
674:
671:
667:
663:
660:
656:
653:
652:Windows Vista
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
626:
622:
618:
615:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
589:
586:
582:
581:SoftEther VPN
578:
574:
570:
567:
564:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:encapsulating
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
502:
501:
500:
493:
484:
482:
478:
473:
470:
469:cryptographic
466:
462:
458:
453:
451:
445:
443:
433:
431:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
399:
395:
391:
390:data sniffing
387:
384:
383:
382:
374:
370:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
347:
338:
336:
332:
327:
325:
324:BlackBerry OS
321:
317:
312:
310:
306:
296:
293:
284:
278:
275:
272:
268:
264:
260:
257:
254:
250:
247:
243:
242:
241:
238:
235:
234:branch office
231:
226:
224:
220:
216:
215:
210:
209:
199:
195:
192:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
169:Remote access
168:
167:
166:
159:
151:
142:
139:
134:
132:
128:
118:
116:
112:
107:
103:
101:
90:
88:
84:
79:
77:
73:
68:
66:
62:
56:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3968:
3958:
3949:
3939:Great Cannon
3786:
3758:
3710:
3703:
3608:
3586:proxy server
3493:technologies
3223:File systems
3133:Private Disk
2838:
2330:VPN Services
2320:VPN blocking
2278:Risk vectors
2094:DirectAccess
2072:
2035:the original
2022:
1996:. Retrieved
1988:Hackercombat
1987:
1977:
1969:
1953:
1945:
1929:
1921:
1905:
1897:
1896:, K. Hamzeh
1874:
1866:
1843:
1835:
1812:
1802:
1800:
1793:. Retrieved
1778:
1771:
1757:. Retrieved
1746:
1730:. Retrieved
1719:
1709:
1697:. Retrieved
1688:
1678:
1664:. Retrieved
1640:
1623:. Retrieved
1603:
1596:
1575:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1524:. Retrieved
1515:
1506:
1494:. Retrieved
1486:Ars Technica
1485:
1475:
1461:. Retrieved
1452:
1437:. Retrieved
1433:the original
1428:
1412:. Retrieved
1403:
1394:
1382:. Retrieved
1373:
1364:
1352:. Retrieved
1343:
1334:
1326:
1319:. Retrieved
1305:
1293:. Retrieved
1284:
1275:
1263:. Retrieved
1258:
1249:
1237:. Retrieved
1233:
1224:
1212:. Retrieved
1208:
1199:
1183:
1171:. Retrieved
1167:
1158:
1146:. Retrieved
1142:
1133:
1121:. Retrieved
1112:
1100:. Retrieved
1096:
1087:
1060:
1054:
1029:
1021:
1009:. Retrieved
1000:
976:. Retrieved
967:
908:Mediated VPN
898:Ethernet VPN
847:
816:
785:
776:
754:
725:IPv4 packets
684:key exchange
579:project and
498:
474:
454:
446:
439:
426:
409:data packets
380:
371:
367:
348:
344:
328:
313:
309:command-line
302:
290:
282:
248:the traffic.
239:
227:
222:
218:
212:
206:
204:
198:site-to-site
197:
193:Site-to-site
173:
164:
135:
124:
108:
104:
96:
87:VPN services
82:
80:
69:
57:
36:
32:
31:
29:
3826:Flash proxy
3699:Outline VPN
3689:Shadowsocks
3599:Web proxies
3338:Educational
3143:Sentry 2020
3088:DriveSentry
3008:Google Allo
2614:Thunderbird
2471:Mozilla VPN
2241:Shadowsocks
2186:OpenConnect
1900:, July 1999
1803:trusted VPN
1795:15 February
1759:8 September
1748:SourceForge
1732:8 September
1721:SourceForge
1699:8 September
1625:8 September
1011:5 September
938:VPN service
603:OpenConnect
601:VPN and in
514:(IETF) for
467:, or other
131:OSI layer 7
25:VPN service
3984:Categories
3890:Sneakernet
3860:StealthNet
3694:OnionShare
3577:Principles
3536:Wordfilter
3499:Background
3329:NordLocker
3273:Tahoe-LAFS
3263:Rubberhose
3203:RetroShare
3078:Cryptoloop
3073:CrossCrypt
3053:Comparison
3023:TextSecure
2981:ChatSecure
2943:RetroShare
2933:Bitmessage
2872:strongSwan
2658:ChatSecure
2569:Claws Mail
2559:Apple Mail
2501:Windscribe
2486:Proton VPN
2481:PrivadoVPN
2435:Ziff Davis
2399:TunnelBear
2373:ExpressVPN
2369:CyberGhost
2352:SecureLine
2216:strongSwan
2206:Social VPN
1998:7 November
1869:, May 1998
1666:17 January
1414:4 February
1354:24 October
945:References
888:Anonymizer
829:, such as
791:IP address
718:non-profit
680:Curve25519
638:) tunnels
630:Microsoft
599:AnyConnect
461:biometrics
93:Motivation
72:encryption
47:(i.e. any
3932:Reference
3916:FreeWeibo
3911:GreatFire
3831:Mixmaster
3802:Anonymity
3782:Snowflake
3749:Ultrasurf
3723:WireGuard
3712:PirateBox
3566:Knowledge
3170:Anonymity
3160:VeraCrypt
3148:TrueCrypt
3138:Scramdisk
3103:FileVault
3068:BitLocker
3063:BestCrypt
2976:Cryptocat
2882:WireGuard
2784:MatrixSSL
2754:BoringSSL
2716:SecureCRT
2678:Profanity
2653:Centericq
2564:Autocrypt
2448:StrongVPN
2425:Surfshark
2420:NordLayer
2236:WireGuard
2176:Libreswan
2171:FreeS/WAN
2031:0010-3632
2025:: 26–28.
1567:0956-3385
1384:8 October
1295:8 October
978:2 January
676:WireGuard
659:trademark
457:passwords
405:integrity
335:Fritz!Box
305:graphical
263:OSI layer
102:upwards.
81:The term
3960:Category
3744:Freegate
3718:VPN Gate
3645:DNSCrypt
3551:Facebook
3439:Category
3345:CrypTool
3319:Tresorit
3248:eCryptfs
3208:Ricochet
3108:FreeOTFE
3098:eCryptfs
3083:dm-crypt
3028:WhatsApp
2905:Linphone
2857:Openswan
2824:TeamNote
2809:SChannel
2799:mbed TLS
2779:LibreSSL
2764:cryptlib
2696:Dropbear
2609:Sylpheed
2574:Enigmail
2496:SaferVPN
2443:IPVanish
2221:tcpcrypt
2196:Openswan
2191:OpenIKED
2149:tcpcrypt
1992:Archived
1962:Archived
1938:Archived
1914:Archived
1882:Archived
1851:Archived
1820:Archived
1753:Archived
1726:Archived
1693:Archived
1660:Archived
1616:Archived
1520:Archived
1490:Archived
1457:Archived
1439:2 August
1408:Archived
1378:Archived
1348:Archived
1315:Archived
1289:Archived
1005:Archived
972:Archived
851:See also
833:used in
661:"MPVPN".
421:tampered
403:message
363:OPNsense
223:extranet
219:intranet
214:extranet
208:intranet
182:intranet
138:proxying
53:Internet
3970:Commons
3950:Italics
3870:ZeroNet
3865:Tribler
3850:Freenet
3843:network
3766:Proxify
3739:Lantern
3705:GoAgent
3684:Psiphon
3584:With a
3561:Twitter
3449:Commons
3368:BusKill
3363:USBKill
3314:Freenet
3198:Vidalia
3153:History
3128:PGPDisk
3034:SimpleX
2993:Session
2988:Proteus
2862:OpenVPN
2852:Hamachi
2829:wolfSSL
2819:stunnel
2794:OpenSSL
2726:wolfSSH
2706:OpenSSH
2648:BitlBee
2594:Outlook
2589:Kontact
2583:Gpg4win
2491:PureVPN
2476:Mullvad
2415:NordVPN
2408:Tesonet
2382:Zenmate
2201:OpenVPN
2166:FreeLAN
2139:SSL/TLS
1526:30 June
1496:30 June
1463:28 July
1321:8 April
1173:11 July
1148:11 July
1123:11 July
1102:11 July
831:NetBIOS
827:packets
823:layer 2
741:Windows
714:TwoFish
710:Serpent
694:OpenVPN
666:OpenSSH
650:and in
644:SSL/TLS
577:OpenVPN
573:SSL/TLS
430:privacy
359:PfSense
351:OpenWrt
316:Android
271:Layer 3
267:Layer 2
39:) is a
3788:uProxy
3556:GitHub
3421:S/MIME
3268:StegFS
3178:GNUnet
3018:Signal
2966:Matrix
2814:SSLeay
2769:GnuTLS
2721:WinSCP
2673:Kopete
2624:Secure
2391:McAfee
2119:L2TPv3
2029:
1898:et al.
1892:
1867:et al.
1861:
1836:et al.
1830:
1786:
1652:
1582:
1565:
1265:9 July
1239:9 July
1214:9 July
1190:
1042:
933:VPNLab
522:
415:via a
355:IPFire
246:tunnel
3760:Telex
3640:hosts
3630:HTTPS
3324:Wuala
3298:Qubes
3293:Tails
3238:EncFS
3213:Wickr
2971:OMEMO
2938:Briar
2915:Zfone
2900:Jitsi
2804:BSAFE
2759:Botan
2711:PuTTY
2668:Jitsi
2663:climm
2643:Adium
2339:Avast
2104:IPsec
1619:(PDF)
1608:(PDF)
1429:cb.vu
1209:Cisco
1001:Cisco
795:Wi-Fi
737:Linux
727:over
696:is a
585:HTTPS
548:Xauth
508:IPsec
479:) or
331:Cisco
100:layer
3258:PEFS
3253:LUKS
3228:List
3123:LUKS
3118:geli
3113:GBDE
2910:Jami
2892:ZRTP
2877:Tinc
2774:JSSE
2466:IVPN
2461:Hola
2231:VTun
2226:tinc
2129:SSTP
2124:PPTP
2114:L2TP
2099:EVPN
2089:DTLS
2027:ISSN
2000:2021
1894:2637
1863:2341
1832:2661
1797:2013
1784:ISBN
1761:2022
1734:2022
1701:2022
1668:2023
1650:ISBN
1627:2022
1580:ISBN
1563:ISSN
1528:2020
1498:2020
1465:2009
1441:2009
1416:2018
1386:2022
1356:2018
1323:2013
1297:2022
1267:2024
1241:2024
1216:2024
1192:6434
1175:2024
1150:2024
1125:2024
1104:2024
1079:3809
1040:ISBN
1013:2021
980:2023
744:port
731:via
686:and
636:SSTP
621:MPPE
595:DTLS
528:IPv4
524:6434
516:IPv6
333:and
261:the
253:edge
211:and
115:VLAN
3855:I2P
3816:Tor
3614:PAC
3609:VPN
3604:SSH
3594:P2P
3243:EFS
3193:Tor
3183:I2P
3093:E4M
2958:DRA
2948:Tox
2925:P2P
2839:VPN
2789:NSS
2701:lsh
2688:SSH
2635:OTR
2604:PGP
2599:p≡p
2579:GPG
2347:HMA
2181:n2n
2109:L2F
1890:RFC
1859:RFC
1828:RFC
1555:doi
1188:RFC
1076:RFC
1066:doi
729:UDP
706:AES
611:TCP
607:TLS
563:LTE
558:or
520:RFC
452:).
361:or
307:or
117:).
83:VPN
37:VPN
3986::
2147::
2021:.
1990:.
1986:.
1968:,
1944:,
1920:,
1888:,
1857:,
1826:,
1799:.
1751:.
1745:.
1724:.
1718:.
1691:.
1687:.
1658:.
1648:.
1638:.
1578:.
1561:.
1551:11
1549:.
1545:.
1518:.
1514:.
1488:.
1484:.
1455:.
1451:.
1427:.
1406:.
1402:.
1376:.
1372:.
1346:.
1342:.
1325:.
1313:.
1283:.
1257:.
1232:.
1207:.
1166:.
1141:.
1095:.
1074:.
1038:.
1003:.
999:.
988:^
970:.
966:.
953:^
712:,
708:,
560:4G
556:3G
463:,
459:,
357:,
353:,
322:,
196:A
172:A
78:.
67:.
3483:e
3476:t
3469:v
3230:)
3226:(
3055:)
3051:(
2585:)
2581:(
2535:e
2528:t
2521:v
2151:)
2143:(
2065:e
2058:t
2051:v
2002:.
1763:.
1736:.
1703:.
1670:.
1629:.
1588:.
1569:.
1557::
1530:.
1500:.
1467:.
1443:.
1418:.
1388:.
1358:.
1299:.
1269:.
1243:.
1218:.
1177:.
1152:.
1127:.
1106:.
1081:.
1068::
1048:.
1036:7
1015:.
982:.
773:.
634:(
619:(
593:(
571:(
506:(
35:(
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
