1393:) garrison cache of money, arms and ammunition and assembled a force of 160 volunteers to the mountains surrounding the city. From there he visited many villages around the predominantly Muslim Albanian area to recruit for his band and warn of impending European intervention and Christian supremacy in Macedonia. Niyazi would highlight the government's (not the sultan) weakness and corruption as the reason for this crisis, and that a constitutional framework would deliver the systematic reform necessary to negate Western intervention. Niyazi's Muslim Albanian heritage worked to his advantage in this propaganda campaign which also involved settling clan rivalries. When touring Christian Bulgarian and Serbian villages, he highlighted that the constitution would bring about equality between Christians and Muslims, and was able to recruit Bulgarians into his force.
1432:
740:
453:
3174:
409:
392:
381:
286:
150:
369:
274:
1729:
1838:), reformist groups emulating the Young Turks ousted the conservative ruling elite and replaced them with a new reformist one. Social institutions like notable families and houses of worship lost influence to the burgeoning world of party politics. Political clubs, committees, and parties were now the main actors in politics. Though these non-Turkish nationalists cooperated with the Young Turks against the sultan, they would turn on each other during the Second Constitutional Era over the question of Ottomanism, and ultimately autonomy and separatism.
358:
349:
338:
327:
316:
305:
1327:
1551:
247:
1666:
262:
3127:
36:
1962:
1566:. There after, a number of decrees are issued, which defined freedom of speech, press and organizations, the dismantlement of intelligence agencies, and a general amnesty to political prisoners. Importantly, the CUP did not overthrow the government and nominally committed itself to democratic ideals and constitutionalism. Between the revolution and the
1527:, one time enemies of each other and the government, took part in celebrations before ceremoniously turning in their firearms to the government. Niyazi, Enver, and the other Unionist revolutionaries were declared "heroes of liberty", and Ahmed Rıza, returning from his exile was declared "father of liberty".
1236:
Throughout this period, the
Ottoman Empire's weak economy and Abdul Hamid's distrust of the military meant the army was in constant pay arrears. The Sultan was weary of having the army train with live ammunition anyway, lest an uprising against the order occurred. This sentiment especially applied to
1498:
The rapid momentum of the
Unionist's organization, intrigues within the military, discontent with Abdul Hamid's autocratic rule, and a desire for the Constitution meant the sultan and his ministers were compelled to capitulate. Under pressure of being deposed, on the night of 23–24 July 1908, Abdul
1743:
These developments caused the gradual creation of a new governing elite. No longer was power exercised by a small governing elite surrounding the Sultan, the
Sublime Porte's independence was restored and a new young clique of bureaucrats and officers gradually took control of politics for the CUP.
1265:
Following the 1902 Congress of
Ottoman Opposition, Ahmed Rıza's Unionists abandoned political evolution and formed a coalition with the Activists, which were political revolutionaries. With the fall of Prince Sabahaddin, Rıza's coalition was once again the leading Young Turk current. In 1907 a new
1451:) with two battalions to suppress the revolt in Macedonia. An ethnic Albanian, he also recruited a pro-government band of Albanians on the way. He informed the palace of his arrival in the city at the local telegraph station, and as he walked out of the building he was assassinated by a Unionist
1167:, the idea of national unity among the ethnic groups of the Ottoman Empire, they disagreed how far reform should go. The anti-Hamidians in the Ottoman Empire that joined the CUP were conservative liberal, imperialist, technocratists. To what extent they could have achieved praxis was dubious, as
1676:
While the Young Turk
Revolution had promised organizational improvement, once instituted, the government at first proved itself rather disorganized and ineffectual. Although these working-class citizens had little knowledge of how to control a government, they imposed their ideas on the Ottoman
1155:
instead of royal arbitrary rule which would be accomplished through a constitution. Being imperialists, the Young Turks also believed that a constitution would negate any justification by the Great Powers to intervene in the Empire. Most of the Young Turks were exiled intelligentsia, however by
1298:
for support. Using more sticks than carrots, the CUP walked away with a tenuous declaration of neutrality from the Greeks. The most resources were invested in attaining
Albanian support. Albanian feudal lords and notables enjoyed CUP patronage and while the Unionists were less successful in
1121:
which ended in 1878, he suspended enforcement of the constitution and prorogued parliament. After further consolidating his rule he governed as an absolutist monarch for the next three decades. This left a very small group of individuals able to partake in politics in the
Ottoman Empire.
1991:
states that the revolution had no popular support and was actually "a coup d'état by a small group of military officers and civilian activists in the
Balkans". Hanioğlu states the revolution a watershed moment in the late Ottoman Emire but it was not a popular constitutional movement.
1129:'s reign was the amount of social reform that occurred during this time period. The development of educational institutions in the Ottoman Empire strengthened also provided the grounds for the later rebellion. Abdul Hamid's political circle was close-knit and ever-changing.
1857:
The memory is so intense that to this day, I cannot think of it unmoved. I think of it as a final embrace of love between the simple peoples of Turkey before they should be led to exterminate each other for the political advantage of foreign powers or their own leaders
1277:
of the
Dashnak Committee pledged to overthrow the regime by all means necessary. In practice, this was a tactile alliance between the CUP and Dashnaks which was unpopular in both camps, and the Dashnaks did not play a significant role in the coming revolution.
1056:
also contributed to Abdul Hamid's capitulation. Though the constitutional regime established after the revolution eventually succumbed to
Unionist dictatorship by 1913, the Ottoman sultanate ceased to be the base of power of the empire after 1908.
1252:
officers didn't trust their loyalties. Those stationed in Macedonia were outraged against the sultan, and believed the only way to save Ottoman presence in the region to join revolutionary secret societies. Many Unionist officers of the
1921:. Violence in Macedonia ceased as rebels turned in their arms and celebrated with citizens. An area from Scutari to Basra was now acquainted with political parties, nationalist clubs, elections, constitutional rights, and civil rights.
1289:
support and neutrality from their right, but the Macedonian-Bulgarian committee's disunity and their late decision also meant no joint operations between the two groups during the revolution. The Unionists did not seriously court the
1747:
The post-revolution CUP undertook a consolidation of itself in order to define its ideology. Those intellectual Unionists that spent years in exile, such as Ahmed Rıza, would be sidelined in favor of the new professional organizers,
1708:-based legal system. On 13 April 1909, army units revolted, joined by masses of theological students and turbaned clerics shouting, "We want Sharia", and moving to restore the Sultan's absolute power. The CUP once again assembled
1232:
under Great Power supervision, offending Muslims living in Macedonia and especially army officers. In 1905, another intervention by the Great Powers for reform in Macedonia was greeted with dread amongst the Muslim population.
4804:
1381:
was drawn up by Unionists that was distributed to the European consuls which rejected foreign intervention and nationalist activism. They also called for constitutional government and equality amongst Ottoman citizens.
1465:, who was his son, were also CUP members. Tatar Osman Pasha, Şemsi's replacement, was captured soon after. On July 22, Monastir fell to the rebels, and Niyazi proclaimed the constitution to the citizens. That day
1944:
imitated the CUP oath administered to recruits of the organization. Discontent in the Greek military saw a secret revolutionary organization explicitly modeled from the CUP which overthrew the government in the
5881:
1793:, previously leading a guerilla resistance in the Eastern Anatolian countryside, became the main representatives of the Armenian community in the Ottoman Empire, replacing the urban centered pre-1908 Armenian
1818:, as was the Albanian Hamidian elite. Arab and Albanian elites, which were favored under the Hamidian regime, found many privileges lost under the CUP. The revolution continued to destabilize the subservient
1350:
of Russia on 9–12 June 1908. Though these imperial powers had experienced relatively few major conflicts between themselves over the previous hundred years, an underlying rivalry, otherwise known as "
1176:
1508:
Celebrations were held intercommunally, as Muslims and Christians attended celebrations together in both churches and mosques. Parades were held throughout the Empire, with attendants shouting
1933:
1764:. The CUP would dominate Ottoman politics for the next ten years, save for brief interruption from 1912 to 1913. 5 of these years would be a dictatorship established in the aftermath of the
1193:
3036:
1744:
The parliament confirmed through popular sovereignty both old elites as well as new ones. In 1909 a purge in the army demoted many "Old Turks" while elevating "Young Turk" officers.
4030:
3838:
1620:
3758:
1212:. In 1908, workers began to strike in the capital, which kept the authorities on edge. There were also rumors that the Sultan was in poor health on the eve of the revolution.
6422:
1760:. The organization's home being Rumeli, delegations were sent to local chapters in Asia and Tripolitania to more firmly attach them to the organizations new headquarters in
3742:
6452:
3014:
3002:
776:
1244:
The defense of their empire was a matter of great honor within the Ottoman military, but the terrible conditions of their service deeply affected morale for the worse.
3163:
1608:
6442:
6427:
4789:
1650:. The large parliamentary group and the then lax laws on party affiliation eventually whittled the delegation into a smaller and more cohesive group of 60 MPs. The
1270:. Following its merger with the CUP, the former became the Internal Headquarters of the CUP, while Rıza's Paris branch became the External Headquarters of the CUP.
3822:
3790:
3557:
3264:
3098:
3041:
3031:
1501:
1257:
based in Salonika were motivated by the fear of a partition of Ottoman Macedonia. A desire to preserve the state, not destroy it, motivated the revolutionaries.
962:
714:
3069:
6678:
6356:
2739:
Unal, Hasan (1998). "Ottoman policy during the Bulgarian independence crisis, 1908–9: Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria at the outset of the Young Turk revolution".
1192:
By the 20th century, the Hamidian system seemed bankrupt. Crop failures caused a famine in 1905, and wage hikes could not keep up with inflation. This led to
5888:
5244:
4126:
1378:
3046:
1171:, the exiled CUP leader, denounced revolutionary violence. Some Young Turks wished for a federation of nations under an Ottoman monarch, as exemplified in
6917:
5818:
1483:, was threatened by the committee into a passive cooperation. At this point, the mutiny which originated in the Third Army in Salonica took hold of the
6780:
6770:
5898:
3726:
3429:
2873:
5688:
3918:
3365:
452:
6569:
6521:
1612:
1201:
5207:
5114:
3626:
2445:
1894:
which used to be de jure Ottoman territory but de facto occupied by Austria-Hungary. The fall of Abdul Hamid II foiled the rapprochement between
1592:
1088:
583:
4799:
4366:
3156:
2611:
1815:
1696:) by stirring populist sentiment throughout the Empire. The Sultan's bid for a return to power gained traction when he promised to restore the
1300:
1281:
In the lead up to the revolution the CUP courted the many ethnic committees of the melting pot that was Macedonia. With the conclusion of the
6371:
17:
1595:. The several political currents expressed amongst the Young Turks lead to disagreements on what liberty meant. Among these the CUP and the
5930:
5271:
4814:
3774:
2513:
141:
739:
6653:
6574:
6256:
6017:
5718:
955:
707:
1385:
With no action taken by the Great Powers or the government, the revolt began in earnest in the first week of July 1908. On July 3 Major
6807:
6754:
5823:
5281:
1431:
3007:
6121:
5618:
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4747:
4313:
3357:
3341:
3328:
3280:
3149:
1712:
in Macedonia to march on the capital and restored parliamentary rule after crushing the uprising on 24 April 1909. The deposition of
1692:
Abdul Hamid maintained his throne by conceding its existence as a symbolic position, but in April 1909 attempted to seize power (see
926:
609:
1811:. This served to elevate younger Armenian nationalists, overthrowing the previous communal domination by pro-imperialist Armenians.
100:
6086:
5355:
4681:
3177:
72:
5427:
5266:
1318:
the CUP set the date for their revolution to be sometime in August 1908, though a spontaneous one happened before August anyway.
1151:, an opposition movement which wished to see Abdul Hamid II's authoritarianism regime dismantled. They wished to see a return to
6170:
5962:
5950:
5867:
5549:
5422:
5286:
4737:
2866:
1510:
1224:, as well as in Eastern Anatolia. Terrorist attacks by national liberation groups were regular occurrences. In response to the
1114:
1008:
948:
700:
430:
211:
53:
3019:
1646:
took place during November and December 1908. Due to its leading role in the revolution, the CUP won almost every seat in the
6627:
6081:
5375:
4390:
4290:
4222:
3336:
2701:
2579:
2523:
1883:
1359:
1061:
788:
290:
221:
79:
6401:
5559:
5534:
5503:
5178:
3493:
3461:
3309:
1647:
681:
531:
6902:
6861:
6824:
6814:
6643:
6487:
5345:
5166:
5107:
4712:
4487:
3766:
3237:
1308:
1110:
794:
505:
6666:
6215:
6175:
6149:
6103:
5844:
5591:
5239:
4939:
4676:
4573:
4370:
4054:
4038:
3942:
3886:
3208:
3064:
2629:
2379:
1225:
1106:
1004:
659:
205:
86:
6912:
6802:
6648:
6381:
5473:
5390:
5380:
5224:
4150:
4099:
2859:
2719:
2682:
2661:
2404:
2059:
1814:
The elite Bulgarian community of Istanbul were similarly displaced by a nationalist-intellectual class involved with
1790:
1209:
1197:
1118:
643:
625:
278:
119:
6686:
5813:
4472:
3081:
2976:
2966:
1632:
1424:). In each post office the rebels came across, they transmitted their demands to the government in Constantinople (
1355:
812:
1370:. It was rumored that another reform package would be imposed on the Ottoman Empire which would detach Macedonia.
68:
6590:
6351:
6279:
6249:
6111:
6076:
5982:
5940:
5234:
5055:
4691:
2080:
1157:
1142:
992:
651:
567:
250:
3605:
6871:
6457:
5935:
5761:
5702:
5308:
5100:
5063:
4756:
3718:
3654:
3405:
2918:
1823:
1616:
1596:
1220:
Starting in the 1890s, chronic intercommunal violence took hold of Ottoman Macedonia in what came known as the
460:
57:
4583:
4198:
4190:
3670:
2971:
2961:
2943:
2938:
2923:
1765:
6892:
6787:
6775:
6701:
6437:
6330:
6208:
6154:
6004:
5994:
5488:
5276:
5131:
4650:
4615:
4046:
3926:
3814:
3734:
3710:
1773:
1685:
proved fruitless when CUP soon censored him with a no-confidence vote in parliament, thus he was replaced by
1643:
1575:
1466:
1237:
the Ottoman navy; once the third largest fleet in 19th century Europe, it was rotting away locked inside the
1042:, and other Unionist officers. They networked with local Albanians and utilized their connections within the
1012:
439:
216:
6718:
6361:
6325:
5772:
5554:
5303:
4742:
3750:
3589:
3320:
1651:
1484:
1428:): reinstate the constitution and reconvene the parliament otherwise the rebels would march on the capital.
1291:
836:
3296:
6897:
6866:
6741:
6504:
6482:
6432:
6180:
6144:
6126:
6093:
6064:
5579:
3806:
3686:
3173:
2670:
1570:, the CUP's emerged victorious in a power struggle between the palace (Abdul Hamid II) and the liberated
1480:
1254:
1047:
4557:
1831:
6927:
6417:
6376:
6242:
5839:
5144:
4686:
4645:
3990:
3662:
3200:
3189:
3075:
2028:"Part II. The Emergence of Nationalism: Politics and Power – Nationalism in the Middle East, 1876–1945"
1800:
1584:
1205:
667:
469:
149:
4507:
2534:
2452:
6922:
6557:
5229:
5035:
5025:
4917:
4887:
4512:
4283:
4078:
3974:
3934:
3902:
3782:
3702:
3421:
3216:
3026:
2997:
2992:
1563:
1536:
1016:
635:
198:
4976:
2882:
6792:
6537:
6462:
5987:
5746:
5735:
5217:
4934:
4880:
4356:
4230:
4206:
3910:
3862:
3485:
3256:
1659:
1600:
1579:
884:
93:
3288:
1979:, the Young Turk Revolution in 1908 fails, igniting a new revolution at the start of World War I.
1870:
Two European powers took advantage of the chaos by decreasing Ottoman sovereignty in the Balkans.
1064:
from the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary's annexation of nominal Ottoman territory sparked the
764:
6748:
6734:
6320:
6222:
5728:
5571:
4897:
4835:
4620:
4588:
4537:
4452:
4410:
4182:
4166:
4014:
3878:
3870:
3678:
3613:
3581:
3501:
2653:
2043:
1785:
1604:
1267:
878:
848:
830:
824:
155:
46:
3854:
3694:
3103:
2846:
1654:
reconvened for the first time in over 30 years on 17 December 1908 with the living members like
6844:
5796:
5397:
5183:
5159:
5013:
4840:
4660:
4640:
4467:
4246:
4214:
4142:
4086:
3958:
3646:
3517:
3413:
2235:
1795:
1444:
1390:
1367:
1248:
officers, graduates of the modern military schools, were bottlenecked for promotion, as senior
800:
752:
689:
492:
396:
6042:
4630:
3573:
3224:
2051:
2027:
1686:
6542:
6366:
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5803:
5518:
5313:
4929:
4902:
4655:
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3998:
3894:
3437:
2903:
1950:
1899:
1405:
1039:
872:
331:
4971:
3469:
1299:
recruiting bourgeois nationalists to their cause they did cultivate a relationship with the
1229:
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6661:
6335:
6027:
6012:
5756:
5081:
4912:
4625:
4276:
3982:
3846:
2729:
1808:
1769:
782:
770:
4254:
3248:
8:
6492:
6289:
5751:
5513:
5154:
4830:
4635:
4578:
4447:
4375:
4351:
3565:
3509:
3477:
2712:
The Ottoman Endgame: war, revolution, and the making of the modern Middle East, 1908–1923
1940:
were deeply influenced by the Young Turk Revolution and saw it as an example to emulate.
1871:
1728:
1523:
1295:
1221:
1027:
758:
484:
6136:
5188:
5050:
3141:
2297:
Quataert, Donald (July 1979). "The 1908 Young Turk Revolution: Old and New Approaches".
1458:
1156:
1906–1908 many officers and bureaucrats stationed in the Balkans were inducted into the
541:
6708:
6294:
6059:
5318:
5195:
5171:
5018:
5008:
5003:
4986:
4907:
4892:
4532:
4517:
4502:
4462:
4457:
4340:
4174:
4118:
3530:
2828:
2793:
2509:
2322:
2314:
2105:
2097:
1988:
1819:
1677:
Empire. The CUP had Said Pasha removed from the premiership in less than two weeks for
1670:
1469:
1436:
1362:
to the forefront by solidifying boundaries that identified their respective control in
1274:
860:
818:
557:
515:
385:
6620:
5584:
4809:
1757:
6696:
6389:
6284:
6265:
6190:
6032:
5385:
5030:
4996:
4875:
4600:
4522:
4482:
4405:
4395:
4134:
4006:
3966:
3830:
3389:
3381:
3272:
2933:
2832:
2797:
2715:
2697:
2678:
2657:
2625:
2605:
2575:
2519:
2400:
2375:
2326:
2109:
2055:
1907:
1895:
1804:
1777:
1697:
1693:
1655:
1567:
1540:
1473:
1448:
1172:
1072:
914:
902:
854:
806:
4981:
1326:
6797:
6730:
6562:
6497:
6394:
6049:
5808:
5606:
5139:
4922:
4771:
4766:
4696:
4552:
4542:
4492:
4427:
3373:
2818:
2783:
2756:
2748:
2572:
Shattered Dreams of Revolution: From Liberty to Violence in the Late Ottoman Empire
2306:
2244:
2089:
2047:
1976:
1971:
1937:
1847:
1736:
1591:
Following the revolution, many organizations, some of them previously underground,
1550:
1386:
1354:", had exacerbated the situation to such an extent that resolution was sought. The
1031:
980:
866:
842:
309:
5412:
5045:
4944:
2823:
2806:
2788:
2771:
2515:"They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide
2249:
2230:
1917:
Following the revolution a new found faith in Ottomanism was found in the various
246:
6819:
6552:
6529:
6054:
5908:
5849:
5611:
5370:
4870:
4860:
4761:
4346:
4318:
3798:
3549:
3453:
3445:
2589:
1887:
1628:
1396:
Other Unionists, following Niyazi's example, took to the mountains of Macedonia:
479:
414:
1772:'s assassination, during which they drive the empire to fight alongside Germany
1753:
1720:
followed, and the palace ceased to be a significant player in Ottoman politics.
1401:
1204:. Constitutionalist revolutions occurred in neighbors of the Ottoman Empire, in
1030:
and the increasing instability of the Hamidian regime. It began with CUP member
6849:
6304:
6116:
6069:
5123:
5040:
4951:
4527:
4385:
4333:
4070:
4062:
3950:
3181:
2890:
2093:
2001:
1941:
1925:
1924:
The revolution and CUP's work greatly impacted Muslims in other countries. The
1891:
1835:
1713:
1636:
1351:
1286:
1228:
in 1903, the Ottoman Empire capitulated to international pressure to implement
1126:
1098:
1094:
1065:
1000:
988:
896:
593:
444:
408:
391:
380:
373:
285:
226:
179:
2752:
2310:
1678:
6886:
6615:
6037:
5977:
5791:
5462:
5449:
5417:
5407:
5402:
5067:
4865:
4415:
4022:
3397:
3131:
2913:
2039:
1903:
1665:
1571:
1303:. The CUP always held a close relationship with the non-Muslim groups of the
908:
5674:
1505:, reinstating the Constitution and calling an election to great jubilation.
1338:
The event that triggered the revolution was a meeting in the Baltic port of
1285:'s left-wing congress in May–June 1908, the CUP reached a deal with for the
1168:
6691:
6605:
6595:
5923:
5893:
5783:
5623:
5601:
5508:
5200:
5149:
4850:
4845:
4361:
4158:
3597:
3541:
3111:
2908:
2898:
2851:
1761:
1749:
1075:
in favor of Abdul Hamid the following year, he was deposed and his brother
1043:
685:
400:
1822:
as several claimed the title until November 1908, when the CUP recognized
1611:. On the other end of the spectrum were the ethnic parties which included
1163:
While the Young Turks were in consensus that some reform was required for
6610:
6600:
6309:
5723:
5432:
5298:
4991:
4961:
4855:
4751:
4328:
4299:
4238:
3349:
1911:
1863:
1732:
1709:
1413:
1397:
1347:
1315:
1238:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1035:
996:
932:
920:
731:
342:
320:
191:
2772:"Young Turk Governance in the Ottoman Empire during the First World War"
2318:
1799:
class, which had been composed of merchants, artisans, and clerics. The
6510:
5972:
5596:
4966:
4400:
2761:
2641:
The Young Turk Revolution and the Ottoman Empire: The Aftermath of 1908
1946:
1363:
1343:
1164:
154:
Declaration of the Young Turk Revolution by the leaders of the Ottoman
5439:
2101:
6547:
6447:
5967:
5740:
5667:
5650:
5444:
1521:(Long live my emperor). Armed bands of Serbian, Bulgarian, and Greek
6234:
5323:
2263:
The Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th Edition, 1983, page 788, Volume 13
1421:
1050:
to instigate a large revolt. A string of assassinations by Unionist
35:
5766:
5498:
5212:
4956:
2539:
1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
1929:
1717:
1682:
1624:
1453:
1447:
arrived at Monastir. Abdul Hamid II dispatched him from Mitroviçe (
1425:
1076:
1052:
601:
5918:
5523:
1961:
1492:
1307:, their Christianity being an important propaganda asset, and the
1266:
anti-Hamidian secret society was founded in Salonica known as the
5913:
5683:
5657:
5338:
5333:
5092:
1701:
1417:
1102:
1023:
5903:
1200:
took advantage of. In December 1907 the government put down the
6185:
5662:
5645:
5493:
3637:
3126:
2953:
2035:
1965:
Postcard for the new constitution in Ottoman Turkish and French
1705:
1621:
Jewish Social Democratic Labour Party in Palestine (Poale Zion)
1555:
1488:
1374:
1373:
With the newspaper reports of the meeting, the CUP's Monastir (
1304:
1105:
in August 1876. Under Young Ottoman pressure, he promulgated a
4268:
6854:
1409:
1339:
1071:
After an attempted monarchist counterrevolution known as the
1034:'s flight into the Albanian highlands. He was soon joined by
27:
1908 restoration of constitutional rule in the Ottoman Empire
2694:
Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide
5679:
2131:
1827:
1282:
1273:
In the CUP's December 1907 Congress, Rıza, Sabahaddin, and
267:
2492:
2490:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2353:
2351:
2191:
2167:
1603:, were the major ones. There were smaller parties such as
1545:
1334:, meaning "Justice, Unity, Brotherhood, Equality, Freedom"
3171:
2073:
2071:
2807:"The Young Turk revolution: comparisons and connections"
2675:
Preparation for a Revolution: The Young Turks, 1902–1908
2231:"The Young Turk revolution: comparisons and connections"
2547:
2487:
2470:
2425:
2413:
2348:
2266:
2203:
2078:
Ahmad, Feroz (July 1968). "The Young Turk Revolution".
6357:
Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915
2179:
2155:
2143:
2068:
2569:
1902:
and the Ottoman Empire which set the stage for their
1097:
was brought to the throne after a palace coup by the
2622:
Ottomans and Armenians: A Study in Counterinsurgency
2372:
Ottomans and Armenians: A Study in Counterinsurgency
1841:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2532:
2638:
2032:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism
1789:elites which benefited from the Hamidian system.
1783:The revolution also served as a downfall for the
1260:
1215:
6884:
2594:Un grand rabbin sepharde en politique, 1892-1923
1689:who was more in-line with the committee's ways.
1491:) as well as Anatolian troops sent from Smyrna (
1420:), and Salahaddin Bey and Hasan Bey in Kırçova (
2696:, Princeton University Press (published 2018),
2021:
2019:
2017:
1681:. His quest to revive the Sublime Porte of the
1089:Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire
2598:A great sephardic Rabbi in politics, 1892–1923
2122:
6250:
5108:
4284:
3157:
2867:
2639:Lévy-Aksu, Noémi; Georgeon, François (2017).
1613:People's Federative Party (Bulgarian Section)
1479:Elsewhere, Hayri Pasha, field marshal of the
1147:The origins of the revolution lie within the
956:
708:
2881:
2714:, New York, New York: Penguin Random House,
2014:
991:. Revolutionaries belonging to the Internal
987:) was a constitutionalist revolution in the
2518:. Princeton University Press. p. 155.
2397:Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire
2278:
1389:began the revolution by raiding the Resne (
1332:Adalet, İttihat, Uhuvvet, Müsavat, Hürriyet
1196:in Eastern Anatolia, which the CUP and the
6257:
6243:
5115:
5101:
4291:
4277:
3164:
3150:
2874:
2860:
2610:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1826:as Emir. In some communities, such as the
1562:24 July 1908 started the Ottoman Empire's
1461:. His Albanian bodyguards and the pasha's
1160:, the preeminent Young Turk organization.
963:
949:
715:
701:
2822:
2787:
2760:
2248:
1132:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
6410:
4682:Provisional Government of Western Thrace
2727:
2709:
2669:
2647:
2619:
2600:] (in French), Paris, pp. 27–28
2588:
2553:
2496:
2481:
2431:
2419:
2369:
2357:
2299:Middle East Studies Association Bulletin
2296:
2284:
2209:
2197:
2185:
2173:
2161:
2149:
2137:
2025:
1960:
1727:
1664:
1549:
1430:
1325:
1125:Countering the conservative politics of
2804:
2769:
2228:
2052:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199209194.013.0011
1832:Jews in Islamic Europe and North Africa
1578:, the CUP dominated the empire in what
1546:Impact on the Second Constitutional Era
415:
14:
6885:
2691:
2443:
2339:
2272:
2229:Zürcher, Erik Jan (20 February 2019).
1886:on the 5th of October. The day after,
1511:Egalité! Liberté! Justice! Fraternité!
6264:
6238:
5096:
4272:
4223:Kurdish rebellions during World War I
3145:
3070:Sarıkız, Ayışığı, Yakamoz and Eldiven
2855:
2847:Proclamation of the Young Turks, 1908
2394:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2077:
1956:
1175:'s movement, though after his failed
6918:1900s coups d'état and coup attempts
2738:
2508:
2399:. The Scarecrow Press. p. 147.
1969:In the 2010 alternate history novel
1934:Iranian Union and Progress Committee
1435:Proclamation of the Constitution in
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
6862:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
6644:May 1915 Triple Entente declaration
4810:Initial phase of the Greek genocide
4713:1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak
2728:Rakovsky, Christian (August 1908).
2692:Kieser, Hans-Lukas (26 June 2018),
1778:genocide against Ottoman Christians
1366:(eastern border of the Empire) and
24:
6667:National Armenian Relief Committee
5540:(reform and constitutional period)
5122:
3935:Greek Macedonian rebellion of 1867
3903:Greek Macedonian rebellion of 1854
3209:Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin
2533:Ronald Grigor Suny (26 May 2015).
2446:"The Influence of the Young Turks"
2374:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 32.
2215:
2125:Sosyalist Açıdan Jön Türk Hareketi
1803:used the moment to oust Patriarch
1187:
1060:Immediately after the revolution,
25:
6939:
6803:Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day
5428:List of Ottoman sultans' consorts
5391:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
4314:Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
2840:
1982:
1842:Cultural and international impact
1294:, but did reach out to the Greek
5423:List of Ottoman sultans' mothers
3172:
3125:
1627:, and Armenians organized under
1356:Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907
927:Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
738:
451:
407:
390:
379:
367:
356:
347:
336:
325:
314:
303:
284:
272:
260:
245:
148:
34:
6591:Committee of Union and Progress
6280:Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
5504:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance
4298:
2563:
2502:
2437:
2388:
2363:
2333:
2290:
2257:
2081:Journal of Contemporary History
1158:Committee of Union and Progress
1143:Committee of Union and Progress
993:Committee of Union and Progress
45:needs additional citations for
6295:Hamidian massacres (1894–1897)
5245:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims
4800:Bulgarians deportation program
4371:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
4055:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
4039:1896–1897 Macedonian rebellion
2570:Bedross Der Matossian (2014).
2451:. W zap online. Archived from
2116:
1892:annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina
1882:all but formally independent,
1617:Bulgarian Constitutional Clubs
1261:Preparation for the revolution
1226:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
1216:Situation in Ottoman Macedonia
1062:Bulgaria declared independence
222:Bulgaria declares independence
142:collapse of the Ottoman Empire
13:
1:
6702:Assassination of Talaat Pasha
6331:Ottoman Empire in World War I
4651:Romanian landings in Bulgaria
4151:Zaraniq rebellion (1909–1910)
3342:Expeditions against the Druze
3281:Expeditions against the Druze
2824:10.1080/00263206.2019.1566124
2789:10.1080/00263206.2019.1590820
2650:The Young Turks in Opposition
2574:. Stanford University Press.
2250:10.1080/00263206.2019.1566124
2007:
1723:
1644:1908 Ottoman general election
1593:established political parties
1558:in favour of the constitution
1321:
1179:his faction was discredited.
1082:
1022:The revolution took place in
18:Young Turk Revolution of 1908
6300:Young Turk Revolution (1908)
4743:Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914
3919:Mount Lebanon civil conflict
3358:Expedition against the Druze
3350:Theodoros Boua Grivas revolt
3329:Expedition against the Druze
3321:Mariovo and Prilep Rebellion
2914:1730 Patrona Halil rebellion
2395:Somel, Selçuk Akşin (2003).
2342:Jön Türkler ve 1908 İhtilali
1652:Senate of the Ottoman Empire
1530:
1119:unsuccessful war with Russia
837:Anglo-German naval arms race
217:General elections are called
7:
6872:Hitler's Armenian reference
6867:Assassination of Hrant Dink
6742:The Forty Days of Musa Dagh
5689:Vassal and tributary states
4738:Autonomy of Northern Epirus
2677:, Oxford University Press,
2648:Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü (1995),
2123:Asatovic Petrosyan, Yuriy.
2030:. In Breuilly, John (ed.).
1995:
1377:) branch decided to act. A
584:Decline & Modernization
291:Ottoman Imperial Government
10:
6944:
6903:1908 in the Ottoman Empire
4757:Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance
3201:Sheikh Bedreddin rebellion
3092:Other incidents and trials
3076:Operation Cage Action Plan
2805:Zürcher, Erik Jan (2019).
2770:Zürcher, Erik Jan (2019).
2094:10.1177/002200946800300302
1845:
1801:Armenian National Assembly
1704:policies, and restore the
1534:
1346:of the United Kingdom and
1136:
1086:
668:Abolition of the Caliphate
660:Abolition of the Sultanate
597:(late 18th and early 19th)
6837:
6771:Witnesses and testimonies
6763:
6717:
6677:
6636:
6583:
6520:
6475:
6344:
6272:
6203:
6163:
6135:
6102:
6003:
5958:
5949:
5866:
5832:
5782:
5710:
5701:
5638:
5570:
5532:
5471:
5460:
5363:
5354:
5262:
5255:
5208:Decline and modernization
5130:
5077:
4918:Konstantinos Sapountzakis
4823:
4782:
4730:
4721:
4705:
4669:
4608:
4597:
4566:
4435:
4424:
4357:Greco-Turkish War of 1897
4306:
4199:Raid on the Sublime Porte
4098:
3975:1878 Macedonian rebellion
3751:Priest Jovica's Rebellion
3703:Greek War of Independence
3655:Kabakçı Mustafa rebellion
3625:
3606:Koča's frontier rebellion
3529:
3308:
3297:Kalender Çelebi rebellion
3236:
3188:
3121:
3091:
3057:
2985:
2952:
2889:
2753:10.1080/00263209808701247
2620:Erickson, Edward (2013).
2370:Erickson, Edward (2013).
2311:10.1017/S002631840000691X
1884:declared its independence
1537:Second Constitutional Era
1360:British-Russian relations
1330:Flag of the Young Turks:
1268:Ottoman Freedom Committee
1182:
1017:Second Constitutional Era
995:, an organization of the
413:Tatar Osman Pasha (
296:
239:
199:Second Constitutional Era
162:
147:
139:
134:
6913:20th-century revolutions
6493:Post-genocide population
5736:Six Divisions of Cavalry
5272:Foreign Affairs Ministry
4692:Treaty of Constantinople
4584:1913 Ottoman coup d'état
3951:Bulgarian April uprising
3863:Uprising of Dervish Cara
3711:Atçalı Kel Mehmet revolt
3671:Hadži-Prodan's Rebellion
3257:Nur Ali Halife rebellion
3047:military asylum incident
2883:Military coups in Turkey
2643:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
2026:Roshwald, Aviel (2013).
1739:from a postcard in 1908.
1660:First Constitutional Era
1601:Freedom and Accord Party
999:movement, forced Sultan
885:Anglo-Russian Convention
765:Second Concert of Europe
6658:Foreign aid and relief
6483:Pre-genocide population
6321:1914 Greek deportations
5729:Agha of the Janissaries
5376:List of Ottoman sultans
4762:Balkans campaign of WWI
4411:Albanian revolt of 1912
4183:Albanian revolt of 1912
4167:Albanian revolt of 1910
3759:Second Mašići Rebellion
3679:Second Serbian Uprising
3614:Tripolitanian civil war
3582:Patrona Halil Rebellion
3502:Second Tarnovo Uprising
3042:international reactions
2710:McMeekin, Sean (2016),
2654:Oxford University Press
2044:Oxford University Press
1605:Ottoman Socialist Party
1564:Second Constitution Era
1554:Greek demonstration in
849:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
831:First Sino-Japanese War
825:Franco-Russian Alliance
795:Austro–Serbian Alliance
69:"Young Turk Revolution"
6845:Late Ottoman genocides
6637:International response
5931:Science and technology
5381:Roman succession claim
5036:Crown Prince Alexander
5014:Crown Prince Ferdinand
4977:Kölemen Abdullah Pasha
4805:Massacres of Civilians
4795:Massacres of Albanians
4748:Sarajevo Assassination
4677:Greek–Serbian Alliance
4670:Diplomacy and politics
4567:Diplomacy and politics
4391:Bulgarian Independence
4143:Hauran Druze Rebellion
3991:Kresna–Razlog Uprising
3959:Razlovtsi insurrection
3815:Belogradchik Rebellion
3647:First Serbian Uprising
3558:The Great Insurrection
3414:First Tarnovo Uprising
3265:Nasir al-Din rebellion
3217:Skanderbeg's rebellion
3099:Nine Officers Incident
2811:Middle Eastern Studies
2776:Middle Eastern Studies
2741:Middle Eastern Studies
2731:The Turkish Revolution
2624:. Palgrave Macmillan.
2444:Zapotoczny, Walter S.
2236:Middle Eastern Studies
1966:
1938:Young Bukhara movement
1878:an Ottoman vassal but
1860:
1740:
1673:
1585:Comité de salut public
1559:
1440:
1335:
1133:Rise of the opposition
1101:overthrew his brother
1026:in the context of the
984:
909:Second Moroccan Crisis
753:Unification of Germany
636:2nd Constitutional Era
610:1st Constitutional Era
493:Fall of Constantinople
297:Commanders and leaders
204:Repromulgation of the
6367:20 Hunchakian gallows
6316:1914 Armenian reforms
6305:Adana massacre (1909)
5804:Dragoman of the Fleet
5519:Dragoman of the Porte
5309:Armenian Constitution
5196:Stagnation and reform
5062:Other Balkan states:
4903:Eleftherios Venizelos
4579:Albanian Independence
4381:Young Turk Revolution
4111:Young Turk Revolution
3767:Syrian Peasant Revolt
3289:Baba Zünnun Rebellion
2904:1622 janissary revolt
1964:
1951:Eleftherios Venizelos
1936:. The leaders of the
1855:
1824:Hussein bin Ali Pasha
1731:
1669:Demonstration in the
1668:
1553:
1515:Vive la constitution!
1487:based in Adrianople (
1434:
1329:
1079:ascended the throne.
977:Young Turk Revolution
891:Young Turk Revolution
873:First Moroccan Crisis
210:Reinstatement of the
135:Young Turk Revolution
6893:Rebellions in Turkey
6662:Near East Foundation
6628:Special Organization
6386:Concentration camps
6336:Battle of Sarikamish
5524:Outer Palace Service
5440:Inner Palace Service
4913:Pavlos Kountouriotis
4079:Mesopotamia uprising
3943:Herzegovina Uprising
3887:Herzegovina Uprising
3807:Berkovitsa Rebellion
3775:Tripolitanian revolt
3494:Druze power struggle
3337:Revolts of 1565–1572
2340:E. Ramsaur, Ernest.
2046:. pp. 220–241.
1809:Matthew II Izmirlian
1770:Mahmud Shevket Pasha
1499:Hamid II issued the
1230:reforms in Macedonia
1210:Persia the next year
1177:coup attempt in 1903
1117:. However, with the
771:Great Eastern Crisis
54:improve this article
6719:Cultural depictions
6570:Rescue of Armenians
6488:Genocide casualties
6326:Congress at Erzerum
6290:Turkish nationalism
5719:Classic period army
5560:Chamber of Deputies
5535:Imperial Government
4940:Crown Prince Danilo
4790:Carnegie Commission
4687:Treaty of Bucharest
4376:Macedonian Struggle
4352:Serbo-Bulgarian War
4231:Uprising in Karbala
4207:Euphrates rebellion
4127:Al-Bejat Revolution
3687:Wallachian Uprising
3574:Uprising in Vučitrn
3518:Karposh's rebellion
3510:Chiprovtsi uprising
3225:Buçuktepe rebellion
2535:"Armenian Genocide"
2510:Suny, Ronald Grigor
2140:, p. 207, 209.
1687:Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha
1648:Chamber of Deputies
1519:Padişahım çok yaşa!
1222:Macedonian struggle
1149:Young Turk movement
1028:Macedonian Struggle
759:Franco-Prussian War
6898:Protests in Turkey
6709:Treaty of Lausanne
6575:Turkish opposition
5346:Translation Office
5230:2nd Constitutional
5218:1st Constitutional
5172:Sultanate of Women
5019:Alexandru Averescu
4987:Hasan Tahsin Pasha
4908:Panagiotis Danglis
4815:Places burned down
4341:Congress of Berlin
4175:Malissori uprising
4119:Hamawand rebellion
3783:Posavina Rebellion
3663:Jančić's Rebellion
3486:Abaza Hasan Revolt
3470:Atmeydanı Incident
3422:Thessaly Rebellion
2954:Republic of Turkey
2200:, p. 259–261.
2176:, p. 255–257.
1989:Ronald Grigor Suny
1967:
1957:In popular culture
1906:with Bulgaria and
1820:Sharifate of Mecca
1774:during World War I
1741:
1674:
1560:
1470:Mehmed Ferid Pasha
1441:
1437:Eleftherias Square
1336:
1275:Khachatur Malumian
1011:, and schedule an
861:Russo-Japanese War
819:Reinsurance Treaty
777:Campaign in Bosnia
730:Events leading to
516:Sultanate of Women
386:Mehmed Ferid Pasha
6928:Conflicts in 1908
6880:
6879:
6808:100th anniversary
6697:Operation Nemesis
6471:
6470:
6285:Armenian question
6266:Armenian genocide
6232:
6231:
6199:
6198:
6191:Star and crescent
5862:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5697:
5696:
5634:
5633:
5386:Ottoman Caliphate
5267:Foreign relations
5090:
5089:
4997:Ahmed Izzet Pasha
4876:Stiliyan Kovachev
4601:Second Balkan War
4574:London Conference
4406:Italo-Turkish War
4396:31 March Incident
4266:
4265:
4255:Koçgiri rebellion
4247:Uprising in Hilla
4135:31 March Incident
3967:Kumanovo Uprising
3743:Shkodër Rebellion
3390:Uprising in Banat
3382:Celali rebellions
3273:Celali rebellions
3249:Şahkulu Rebellion
3139:
3138:
3082:Sledgehammer plan
2703:978-0-691-15762-7
2671:Hanioğlu, M Şükrü
2581:978-0-8047-9263-9
2525:978-1-4008-6558-1
1805:Malachia Ormanian
1694:31 March Incident
1656:Hasan Fehmi Pasha
1576:December election
1568:31 March Incident
1541:31 March Incident
1198:Dashnak Committee
1173:Prince Sabahaddin
1073:31 March incident
1015:. Thus began the
973:
972:
915:Italo-Turkish War
903:Racconigi Bargain
807:Berlin Conference
725:
724:
655:(1918–1922)
647:(1914–1918)
639:(1908–1920)
629:(1908–1922)
613:(1876–1878)
605:(1839–1876)
587:(1789–1908)
571:(1718–1730)
561:(1703–1789)
545:(1656–1703)
535:(1566–1703)
519:(1533–1656)
509:(1453–1566)
488:(1402–1413)
473:(1299–1453)
423:
422:
279:Dashnak Committee
235:
234:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
6935:
6923:July 1908 events
6825:notable visitors
6798:Hidden Armenians
6727:Ravished Armenia
6649:Imperial Germany
6558:Shabin-Karahisar
6530:Armenian militia
6498:Hidden Armenians
6408:
6407:
6259:
6252:
6245:
6236:
6235:
5963:Social structure
5956:
5955:
5809:Imperial Arsenal
5708:
5707:
5542:
5481:
5479:(classic period)
5474:Imperial Council
5469:
5468:
5361:
5360:
5260:
5259:
5117:
5110:
5103:
5094:
5093:
5056:Božidar Janković
5051:Stepa Stepanović
4923:Viktor Dousmanis
4772:Macedonian front
4767:Serbian campaign
4697:Treaty of Athens
4646:Southern Dobruja
4589:Treaty of London
4428:First Balkan War
4293:
4286:
4279:
4270:
4269:
4259:
4251:
4243:
4235:
4227:
4219:
4211:
4203:
4195:
4187:
4179:
4171:
4163:
4155:
4147:
4139:
4131:
4123:
4115:
4103:
4091:
4083:
4075:
4067:
4059:
4051:
4043:
4035:
4027:
4019:
4015:Ulcinj rebellion
4011:
4003:
3995:
3987:
3979:
3971:
3963:
3955:
3947:
3939:
3931:
3923:
3915:
3907:
3899:
3891:
3883:
3875:
3867:
3859:
3851:
3843:
3835:
3827:
3819:
3811:
3803:
3795:
3787:
3779:
3771:
3763:
3755:
3747:
3739:
3731:
3727:Bilmez Rebellion
3723:
3719:Bosnian uprising
3715:
3707:
3699:
3691:
3683:
3675:
3667:
3659:
3651:
3643:
3630:
3618:
3610:
3602:
3594:
3586:
3578:
3570:
3566:Karamanli revolt
3562:
3554:
3546:
3534:
3522:
3514:
3506:
3498:
3490:
3482:
3474:
3466:
3458:
3454:Abaza rebellions
3450:
3442:
3434:
3430:Mamluk Rebellion
3426:
3418:
3410:
3402:
3394:
3386:
3378:
3374:Beylerbeyi Event
3370:
3362:
3354:
3346:
3333:
3325:
3313:
3301:
3293:
3285:
3277:
3269:
3261:
3253:
3241:
3229:
3221:
3213:
3205:
3193:
3176:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3143:
3142:
3130:
3129:
3107:
3023:
3011:
2934:1909 countercoup
2876:
2869:
2862:
2853:
2852:
2836:
2826:
2801:
2791:
2766:
2764:
2735:
2724:
2706:
2687:
2666:
2644:
2635:
2615:
2609:
2601:
2590:Benbassa, Esther
2585:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2529:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2485:
2479:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2457:
2450:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2346:
2345:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2275:, p. 53-54.
2270:
2264:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2226:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2075:
2066:
2065:
2023:
1977:Scott Westerfeld
1866:
1609:Democratic Party
1502:İrade-i Hürriyet
1398:Ismail Enver Bey
1301:Bashkimi Society
1292:Serbian Chetniks
985:Jön Türk Devrimi
965:
958:
951:
867:Entente Cordiale
843:Fashoda Incident
813:Bulgarian Crisis
742:
727:
726:
717:
710:
703:
672:
664:
656:
648:
640:
630:
614:
606:
598:
588:
572:
562:
546:
536:
520:
510:
489:
474:
455:
425:
424:
417:
412:
411:
395:
394:
384:
383:
376:
372:
371:
370:
361:
360:
359:
352:
351:
350:
341:
340:
339:
330:
329:
328:
319:
318:
317:
308:
307:
306:
289:
288:
277:
276:
275:
265:
264:
263:
249:
164:
163:
152:
132:
131:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
6943:
6942:
6938:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6933:
6932:
6883:
6882:
6881:
6876:
6833:
6820:Tsitsernakaberd
6759:
6713:
6673:
6632:
6621:Bahaeddin Şakir
6579:
6516:
6467:
6406:
6340:
6268:
6263:
6233:
6228:
6195:
6159:
6131:
6098:
5999:
5988:Ottoman Turkish
5945:
5854:
5828:
5778:
5773:Modernized army
5757:Sekban-i Djedid
5693:
5630:
5585:Shaykh al-Islām
5566:
5543:
5538:
5537:
5528:
5482:
5477:
5476:
5456:
5371:Ottoman dynasty
5350:
5251:
5126:
5121:
5091:
5086:
5073:
4871:Radko Dimitriev
4861:Vasil Kutinchev
4819:
4778:
4726:
4717:
4701:
4665:
4616:Kilkis–Lachanas
4604:
4593:
4562:
4431:
4420:
4347:Eastern Rumelia
4302:
4297:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4249:
4241:
4233:
4225:
4217:
4215:Bitlis uprising
4209:
4201:
4193:
4191:Savior Officers
4185:
4177:
4169:
4161:
4153:
4145:
4137:
4129:
4121:
4113:
4101:
4094:
4089:
4087:Bitlis uprising
4081:
4073:
4065:
4057:
4049:
4041:
4033:
4025:
4017:
4009:
4007:Thessaly Revolt
4001:
3993:
3985:
3977:
3969:
3961:
3953:
3945:
3937:
3929:
3921:
3913:
3905:
3897:
3889:
3881:
3879:Albanian Revolt
3873:
3871:Albanian Revolt
3865:
3857:
3849:
3841:
3839:Diber Rebellion
3833:
3825:
3823:Vlora Rebellion
3817:
3809:
3801:
3799:Pirot Rebellion
3793:
3791:Livno Rebellion
3785:
3777:
3769:
3761:
3753:
3745:
3737:
3729:
3721:
3713:
3705:
3697:
3689:
3681:
3673:
3665:
3657:
3649:
3641:
3628:
3621:
3616:
3608:
3600:
3592:
3584:
3576:
3568:
3560:
3552:
3550:Naousa uprising
3544:
3532:
3525:
3520:
3512:
3504:
3496:
3488:
3480:
3472:
3464:
3462:Druze rebellion
3456:
3448:
3446:Druze rebellion
3440:
3432:
3424:
3416:
3408:
3400:
3392:
3384:
3376:
3368:
3366:Cairo Rebellion
3360:
3352:
3344:
3331:
3323:
3311:
3310:Transformation
3304:
3299:
3291:
3283:
3275:
3267:
3259:
3251:
3239:
3232:
3227:
3219:
3211:
3203:
3191:
3184:
3170:
3140:
3135:
3124:
3117:
3101:
3087:
3053:
3017:
3005:
2981:
2977:1997 memorandum
2967:1971 memorandum
2948:
2929:1908 revolution
2919:1807–1808 coups
2885:
2880:
2843:
2722:
2704:
2685:
2664:
2632:
2603:
2602:
2582:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2526:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2488:
2480:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2458:on 25 July 2011
2455:
2448:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2426:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2368:
2364:
2356:
2349:
2338:
2334:
2295:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2227:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2121:
2117:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2024:
2015:
2010:
1998:
1985:
1959:
1888:Austria-Hungary
1868:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1758:Bahaeddin Şakir
1726:
1548:
1543:
1533:
1472:was sacked for
1324:
1263:
1218:
1190:
1188:Economic issues
1185:
1145:
1137:Main articles:
1135:
1109:and called for
1091:
1085:
1003:to restore the
969:
940:
801:Triple Alliance
721:
676:
675:
670:
662:
654:
646:
638:
631:
628:
618:
617:
612:
604:
596:
589:
586:
576:
575:
570:
563:
560:
550:
549:
544:
537:
534:
524:
523:
518:
511:
508:
498:
497:
487:
480:Beylik of Osman
475:
472:
443:
434:
406:
405:
389:
388:
378:
377:
368:
366:
365:
357:
355:
354:
348:
346:
345:
337:
335:
334:
326:
324:
323:
315:
313:
312:
304:
302:
283:
273:
271:
270:
261:
259:
258:
253:
182:
153:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6941:
6931:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6878:
6877:
6875:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6858:
6857:
6852:
6850:Greek genocide
6847:
6841:
6839:
6835:
6834:
6832:
6831:
6830:
6829:
6828:
6827:
6812:
6811:
6810:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6784:
6783:
6773:
6767:
6765:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6757:
6752:
6745:
6738:
6723:
6721:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6711:
6706:
6705:
6704:
6694:
6689:
6687:Courts-martial
6683:
6681:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6671:
6670:
6669:
6664:
6656:
6654:Press coverage
6651:
6646:
6640:
6638:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6630:
6625:
6624:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6587:
6585:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6566:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6532:
6526:
6524:
6518:
6517:
6515:
6514:
6507:
6502:
6501:
6500:
6490:
6485:
6479:
6477:
6473:
6472:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6414:
6412:
6405:
6404:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6392:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6348:
6346:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6276:
6274:
6270:
6269:
6262:
6261:
6254:
6247:
6239:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6226:
6219:
6212:
6204:
6201:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6167:
6165:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6141:
6139:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6108:
6106:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6091:
6090:
6089:
6084:
6074:
6073:
6072:
6067:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6046:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6022:
6021:
6020:
6009:
6007:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5992:
5991:
5990:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5959:
5953:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5927:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5885:
5884:
5879:
5872:
5870:
5864:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5856:
5855:
5853:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5836:
5834:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5800:
5799:
5788:
5786:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5776:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5752:Nizam-i Djedid
5743:
5738:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5714:
5712:
5705:
5699:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5677:
5675:Mutasarrifates
5672:
5671:
5670:
5660:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5642:
5640:
5636:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5589:
5588:
5587:
5576:
5574:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5557:
5546:
5544:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5514:Reis ül-Küttab
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5485:
5483:
5472:
5466:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5450:Palace Schools
5447:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5398:Imperial Harem
5395:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5367:
5365:
5364:House of Osman
5358:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5348:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5336:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5296:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5263:
5257:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5184:Decline thesis
5179:Transformation
5176:
5175:
5174:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5160:Constantinople
5157:
5152:
5142:
5136:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5124:Ottoman Empire
5120:
5119:
5112:
5105:
5097:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5041:Radomir Putnik
5038:
5033:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4982:Ali Rıza Pasha
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4952:Ottoman Empire
4949:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4881:Georgi Todorov
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4827:
4825:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4759:
4754:
4745:
4740:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4605:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4558:Second Çatalca
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4432:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4386:Bosnian Crisis
4383:
4378:
4373:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4345:Annexation of
4343:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4296:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4273:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4252:
4244:
4236:
4228:
4220:
4212:
4204:
4196:
4188:
4180:
4172:
4164:
4156:
4148:
4140:
4132:
4124:
4116:
4107:
4105:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4084:
4076:
4071:Theriso revolt
4068:
4063:Shoubak revolt
4060:
4052:
4044:
4036:
4028:
4020:
4012:
4004:
3996:
3988:
3980:
3972:
3964:
3956:
3948:
3940:
3932:
3924:
3916:
3911:Doljani Revolt
3908:
3900:
3892:
3884:
3876:
3868:
3860:
3852:
3844:
3836:
3828:
3820:
3812:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3780:
3772:
3764:
3756:
3748:
3740:
3732:
3724:
3716:
3708:
3700:
3692:
3684:
3676:
3668:
3660:
3652:
3644:
3634:
3632:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3611:
3603:
3595:
3587:
3579:
3571:
3563:
3555:
3547:
3538:
3536:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3515:
3507:
3499:
3491:
3483:
3478:Çınar Incident
3475:
3467:
3459:
3451:
3443:
3435:
3427:
3419:
3411:
3403:
3395:
3387:
3379:
3371:
3363:
3355:
3347:
3339:
3334:
3326:
3317:
3315:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3294:
3286:
3278:
3270:
3262:
3254:
3245:
3243:
3238:Classical Age
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3222:
3214:
3206:
3197:
3195:
3186:
3185:
3182:Ottoman Empire
3169:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3146:
3137:
3136:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3109:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3050:
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2895:
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2891:Ottoman Empire
2887:
2886:
2879:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2842:
2841:External links
2839:
2838:
2837:
2817:(4): 481–498.
2802:
2782:(6): 897–913.
2767:
2747:(4): 135–176.
2736:
2725:
2720:
2707:
2702:
2689:
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2667:
2662:
2645:
2636:
2631:978-1137362209
2630:
2617:
2586:
2580:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:, p. 312.
2546:
2544:
2543:
2524:
2501:
2499:, p. 317.
2486:
2484:, p. 315.
2469:
2436:
2434:, p. 287.
2424:
2422:, p. 285.
2412:
2405:
2387:
2381:978-1137362209
2380:
2362:
2360:, p. 280.
2347:
2332:
2289:
2287:, p. 274.
2277:
2265:
2256:
2243:(4): 481–498.
2214:
2212:, p. 262.
2202:
2190:
2188:, p. 259.
2178:
2166:
2164:, p. 252.
2154:
2152:, p. 247.
2142:
2130:
2115:
2067:
2060:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2002:Bosnian Crisis
1997:
1994:
1984:
1983:Historiography
1981:
1958:
1955:
1942:Indian Muslims
1852:
1851:
1843:
1840:
1836:Jews in Turkey
1725:
1722:
1714:Abdul Hamid II
1637:Dashnaktsutyun
1580:Şükrü Hanioğlu
1547:
1544:
1532:
1529:
1358:brought shaky
1352:the Great Game
1323:
1320:
1262:
1259:
1217:
1214:
1206:Russia in 1905
1202:Erzurum Revolt
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1134:
1131:
1127:Abdul Hamid II
1099:Young Ottomans
1095:Abdul Hamid II
1087:Main article:
1084:
1081:
1066:Bosnian Crisis
1024:Ottoman Rumeli
1001:Abdul Hamid II
989:Ottoman Empire
971:
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953:
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436:
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374:Abdul Hamid II
363:
353:Salahaddin Bey
299:
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227:Bosnian Crisis
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178:
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145:
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137:
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42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
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2:
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6377:Forced labour
6375:
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5993:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5978:Ottoman court
5976:
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5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5819:Naval battles
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5793:
5792:Kapudan Pasha
5790:
5789:
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5785:
5781:
5775:
5774:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
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5753:
5749:
5748:
5747:Reform period
5744:
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5459:
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5448:
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5443:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5408:Haseki sultan
5406:
5404:
5403:Valide sultan
5401:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5353:
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5344:
5340:
5337:
5335:
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5331:
5329:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5297:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5282:United States
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5261:
5258:
5254:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5223:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5194:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5177:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5167:Classical Age
5165:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5140:Osman's Dream
5138:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5118:
5113:
5111:
5106:
5104:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5046:Petar Bojović
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5005:
5002:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4950:
4946:
4945:Janko Vukotić
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4898:Constantine I
4896:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4866:Nikola Ivanov
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4720:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
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4614:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4602:
4596:
4590:
4587:
4585:
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4577:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4569:
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4559:
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4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4508:First Çatalca
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4453:Pente Pigadia
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4429:
4423:
4417:
4416:Balkan League
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4294:
4289:
4287:
4282:
4280:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4256:
4253:
4248:
4245:
4240:
4237:
4232:
4229:
4224:
4221:
4216:
4213:
4208:
4205:
4200:
4197:
4192:
4189:
4184:
4181:
4176:
4173:
4168:
4165:
4160:
4157:
4152:
4149:
4144:
4141:
4136:
4133:
4128:
4125:
4120:
4117:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4097:
4088:
4085:
4080:
4077:
4072:
4069:
4064:
4061:
4056:
4053:
4048:
4047:Cretan Revolt
4045:
4040:
4037:
4032:
4031:Cretan Revolt
4029:
4024:
4023:Brsjak Revolt
4021:
4016:
4013:
4008:
4005:
4000:
3999:Epirus Revolt
3997:
3992:
3989:
3984:
3983:Cretan Revolt
3981:
3976:
3973:
3968:
3965:
3960:
3957:
3952:
3949:
3944:
3941:
3936:
3933:
3928:
3927:Cretan Revolt
3925:
3920:
3917:
3912:
3909:
3904:
3901:
3896:
3895:Epirus Revolt
3893:
3888:
3885:
3880:
3877:
3872:
3869:
3864:
3861:
3856:
3855:Niš Rebellion
3853:
3848:
3847:Cretan Revolt
3845:
3840:
3837:
3832:
3829:
3824:
3821:
3816:
3813:
3808:
3805:
3800:
3797:
3792:
3789:
3784:
3781:
3776:
3773:
3768:
3765:
3760:
3757:
3752:
3749:
3744:
3741:
3736:
3735:Laz rebellion
3733:
3728:
3725:
3720:
3717:
3712:
3709:
3704:
3701:
3696:
3695:Niš Rebellion
3693:
3688:
3685:
3680:
3677:
3672:
3669:
3664:
3661:
3656:
3653:
3648:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3624:
3615:
3612:
3607:
3604:
3599:
3596:
3591:
3590:Serb Uprising
3588:
3583:
3580:
3575:
3572:
3567:
3564:
3559:
3556:
3551:
3548:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3528:
3519:
3516:
3511:
3508:
3503:
3500:
3495:
3492:
3487:
3484:
3479:
3476:
3471:
3468:
3463:
3460:
3455:
3452:
3447:
3444:
3439:
3438:Epirus revolt
3436:
3431:
3428:
3423:
3420:
3415:
3412:
3407:
3406:Serb Uprising
3404:
3399:
3398:Himara Revolt
3396:
3391:
3388:
3383:
3380:
3375:
3372:
3367:
3364:
3359:
3356:
3351:
3348:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3330:
3327:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3307:
3298:
3295:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3279:
3274:
3271:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3255:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3235:
3226:
3223:
3218:
3215:
3210:
3207:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3167:
3162:
3160:
3155:
3153:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3134:
3133:
3132:Turkey Portal
3128:
3120:
3113:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:Alleged plans
3056:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:Coup attempts
2984:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2951:
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2848:
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2844:
2834:
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2825:
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2816:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2799:
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2790:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2721:9781594205323
2717:
2713:
2708:
2705:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2684:0-19-513463-X
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2663:0-19-509115-9
2659:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2555:
2554:Hanioğlu 1995
2550:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2498:
2497:Hanioğlu 1995
2493:
2491:
2483:
2482:Hanioğlu 1995
2478:
2476:
2474:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2432:Hanioğlu 1995
2428:
2421:
2420:Hanioğlu 1995
2416:
2408:
2406:0-8108-4332-3
2402:
2398:
2391:
2383:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2358:Hanioğlu 1995
2354:
2352:
2343:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2285:Hanioğlu 2001
2281:
2274:
2269:
2260:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2211:
2210:Hanioğlu 2001
2206:
2199:
2198:Hanioğlu 2001
2194:
2187:
2186:Hanioğlu 2001
2182:
2175:
2174:Hanioğlu 2001
2170:
2163:
2162:Hanioğlu 2001
2158:
2151:
2150:Hanioğlu 2001
2146:
2139:
2138:Hanioğlu 2001
2134:
2126:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2074:
2072:
2063:
2061:9780191750304
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1963:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1928:community in
1927:
1922:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1859:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1599:and later on
1598:
1597:Liberty Party
1594:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1572:Sublime Porte
1569:
1565:
1557:
1552:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1328:
1319:
1317:
1314:According to
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1258:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1007:, recall the
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
966:
961:
959:
954:
952:
947:
946:
944:
943:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
783:Dual Alliance
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
750:
749:
748:
746:
745:
741:
737:
736:
733:
729:
728:
718:
713:
711:
706:
704:
699:
698:
696:
695:
691:
687:
683:
680:
679:
669:
666:
661:
658:
653:
650:
645:
642:
637:
634:
633:
627:
622:
621:
611:
608:
603:
600:
595:
592:
591:
585:
580:
579:
569:
566:
565:
559:
554:
553:
543:
540:
539:
533:
528:
527:
517:
514:
513:
507:
506:Classical Age
502:
501:
494:
491:
486:
483:
481:
478:
477:
471:
466:
465:
462:
459:
458:
454:
450:
449:
446:
441:
438:
437:
432:
427:
426:
418:
410:
404:
403:
398:
393:
387:
382:
375:
364:
344:
333:
322:
311:
301:
300:
295:
292:
287:
282:
280:
269:
266:Left-wing of
256:
252:
248:
244:
243:
238:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
209:
207:
203:
200:
197:
196:
195:
193:
189:
186:
185:
181:
177:
174:
173:
169:
166:
165:
161:
157:
151:
146:
143:
138:
133:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
6747:
6740:
6726:
6692:Malta exiles
6584:Perpetrators
6534:By location
6509:
6395:Ra's al-'Ayn
6372:Confiscation
6299:
6221:
6216:Bibliography
6214:
6207:
6176:Coat of arms
6150:Christianity
6104:Demographics
6087:of Armenians
6028:Illumination
6013:Architecture
5894:Central bank
5845:Conscription
5771:
5762:Mansure Army
5745:
5717:
5624:Hakham Bashi
5592:Christianity
5539:
5489:Grand Vizier
5478:
5330:Civil codes
5304:Constitution
5150:Ghaza thesis
5068:Ismail Kemal
4851:Mihail Savov
4846:Stoyan Danev
4824:Participants
4723:
4641:Kresna Gorge
4599:
4468:Kirk Kilisse
4426:
4380:
4362:Cretan State
4159:Karak revolt
4110:
4100:Dissolution
3831:Druze revolt
3640:in Belgrade
3598:Orlov Revolt
3542:Edirne event
3457:(1624, 1627)
3123:
3112:E-memorandum
3027:2016 attempt
3015:1971 attempt
3003:1969 attempt
2998:1963 attempt
2993:1962 attempt
2928:
2909:Edirne Event
2814:
2810:
2779:
2775:
2744:
2740:
2730:
2711:
2693:
2674:
2649:
2640:
2621:
2597:
2593:
2571:
2564:Bibliography
2549:
2538:
2514:
2504:
2460:. Retrieved
2453:the original
2439:
2427:
2415:
2396:
2390:
2371:
2365:
2341:
2335:
2305:(1): 22–29.
2302:
2298:
2292:
2280:
2268:
2259:
2240:
2234:
2205:
2193:
2181:
2169:
2157:
2145:
2133:
2124:
2118:
2088:(3): 19–36.
2085:
2079:
2031:
1986:
1970:
1968:
1932:founded the
1923:
1918:
1916:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1861:
1856:
1813:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1754:Doctor Nazım
1750:Mehmed Talât
1746:
1742:
1716:in favor of
1700:, eliminate
1691:
1675:
1641:
1590:
1583:
1574:. Until the
1561:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1500:
1497:
1478:
1467:Grand Vizier
1463:aide de camp
1462:
1452:
1442:
1416:in Grebene (
1395:
1387:Ahmed Niyazi
1384:
1372:
1337:
1331:
1316:Ismail Enver
1313:
1280:
1272:
1264:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1235:
1219:
1194:civil unrest
1191:
1162:
1146:
1124:
1107:constitution
1092:
1070:
1059:
1051:
1036:İsmail Enver
1032:Ahmed Niyazi
1021:
1005:Constitution
979:(July 1908;
976:
974:
890:
652:Partitioning
602:Tanzimat Era
401:
397:Shemsi Pasha
321:Ismail Enver
310:Ahmed Niyazi
255:Supported by
254:
240:Belligerents
206:Constitution
190:
140:Part of the
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
6908:Young Turks
6788:Reparations
6776:Recognition
6749:The Promise
6679:Prosecution
6402:Terminology
6390:Deir ez-Zor
6312:(1912–1913)
6310:Balkan Wars
6043:Shadow play
5889:Agriculture
5882:Reformation
5878:Enlargement
5724:Janissaries
5433:Kizlar Agha
5418:Hanımefendi
5413:Kadınefendi
5225:Dissolution
5155:Interregnum
4962:Nazim Pasha
4856:Ivan Fichev
4841:Ivan Geshov
4836:Ferdinand I
4752:World War I
4478:Lule Burgas
4443:Sarantaporo
4300:Balkan Wars
4239:Arab Revolt
4102:(1908–1922)
3778:(1835–1858)
3629:(1789–1908)
3617:(1793–1795)
3533:(1700–1789)
3531:Old Regime
3497:(1658–1667)
3489:(1658–1659)
3385:(1590–1610)
3345:(1574–1576)
3312:(1550–1700)
3284:(1523–1524)
3240:(1453–1550)
3192:(1299–1453)
3108:(1957–1958)
3102: [
3037:media purge
3018: [
3006: [
2762:11693/51943
2273:Kieser 2018
1949:, bringing
1912:Balkan Wars
1890:officially
1864:Halide Edip
1848:İyd-i Millî
1776:and commit
1679:Kâmil Pasha
1671:Sultanahmet
1485:Second Army
1459:Âtıf Kamçıl
1445:Şemsi Pasha
1443:On 7 July,
1414:Bekir Fikri
1368:Afghanistan
1348:Nicholas II
1239:Golden Horn
1153:rule of law
1139:Young Turks
1111:an election
997:Young Turks
933:July Crisis
921:Balkan Wars
732:World War I
644:World War I
626:Dissolution
542:Köprülü Era
485:Interregnum
343:Bekir Fikri
192:Young Turks
6887:Categories
6522:Resistance
6511:Vorpahavak
6476:Demography
6433:Diyarbekir
6362:Tehcir Law
6273:Background
6060:Literature
5973:Ottomanism
5668:Sanjakbeys
5651:Beylerbeys
5639:Provincial
5356:Government
5319:Family law
4972:Esad Pasha
4967:Zeki Pasha
4935:Nicholas I
4930:Montenegro
4783:Atrocities
4626:Bregalnica
4488:Adrianople
4401:Goudi coup
4307:Background
3178:Rebellions
2008:References
1987:Historian
1953:to power.
1947:Goudi Coup
1900:Montenegro
1846:See also:
1737:Niyazi Bey
1724:New elites
1633:Hunchakian
1535:See also:
1481:Third Army
1474:Said Pasha
1439:, Salonica
1406:Eyub Sabri
1379:memorandum
1344:Edward VII
1322:Revolution
1255:Third Army
1169:Ahmet Rıza
1165:Ottomanism
1115:parliament
1083:Background
1048:Third Army
1040:Eyub Sabri
1009:parliament
558:Old Regime
332:Eyub Sabri
212:Parliament
80:newspapers
6815:Memorials
6764:Aftermath
6548:Musa Dagh
6505:Survivors
6458:Trebizond
6411:By region
6382:Mass rape
6112:Armenians
6077:Education
6033:Miniature
5983:Languages
5968:Devshirme
5941:Transport
5741:Timariots
5607:Bulgarian
5499:Kazaskers
5461:Central (
5445:Kapi Agha
5314:Electoral
5240:Abolition
5235:Partition
4992:Enver Bey
4731:Aftermath
4636:Kalimanci
4631:Knjaževac
4448:Kardzhali
4324:Bulgarian
4242:(1916–18)
4226:(1914–18)
4122:(1908–10)
4050:(1897–98)
4042:(1896–97)
4034:(1896–97)
4026:(1880–81)
3994:(1878–79)
3946:(1875–77)
3938:(1866–67)
3930:(1866–69)
3890:(1852–62)
3866:(1843–44)
3842:(1838–39)
3770:(1834-35)
3738:(1832–34)
3730:(1832–33)
3722:(1831–33)
3706:(1821–29)
3682:(1815-17)
3650:(1804–13)
3642:(1801–04)
3593:(1737–39)
3561:(1707–11)
3409:(1596–97)
3324:(1564–65)
3220:(1443–68)
3212:(1404–18)
3204:(1416–20)
2972:1980 coup
2962:1960 coup
2944:1913 coup
2939:1912 coup
2924:1876 coup
2899:1512 coup
2833:151308653
2798:150573160
2462:11 August
2327:157617325
2110:150443567
1766:1913 coup
1733:Enver Bey
1698:caliphate
1658:from the
1629:Armenakan
1582:deemed a
1531:Aftermath
1449:Mitrovica
1408:in Ohri (
1208:, and in
923:1912–1913
917:1911–1912
899:1908–1909
881:1906–1908
875:1905–1906
863:1904–1905
839:1898–1912
833:1894–1895
821:1887–1890
815:1885–1888
797:1881–1903
791:1880–1902
789:Boer Wars
773:1875–1878
761:1870–1871
755:1866–1871
568:Tulip Era
362:Hasan Bey
170:July 1908
110:July 2021
6345:Genocide
6223:Category
6137:Religion
6050:Clothing
5936:Taxation
5899:Currency
5840:Aviation
5814:Admirals
5767:Hamidieh
5703:Military
5684:Kadiluks
5658:Vilayets
5612:Armenian
5550:Assembly
5287:Treaties
5256:Politics
5213:Tanzimat
5082:Category
4957:Mehmed V
4893:George I
4831:Bulgaria
4518:Merhamli
4513:Kaliakra
4503:Monastir
4463:Kumanovo
4458:Sorovich
4319:Albanian
3627:Decline
2673:(2001),
2606:citation
2592:(1990),
2512:(2015).
2319:41890046
2040:New York
1996:See also
1972:Behemoth
1930:Istanbul
1904:alliance
1880:de facto
1872:Bulgaria
1791:Dashnaks
1762:Salonica
1718:Mehmed V
1683:Tanzimat
1625:Al-Fatat
1607:and the
1556:Monastir
1426:Istanbul
1342:between
1246:Mektebli
1077:Mehmed V
1044:Salonica
1013:election
855:May Coup
461:Timeline
431:a series
429:Part of
194:victory
175:Location
6838:Related
6611:Djevdet
6438:Erzurum
6209:Outline
6164:Symbols
6155:Judaism
6082:Schools
6055:Cuisine
6018:Mosques
6005:Culture
5995:Slavery
5951:Society
5914:Sultani
5875:By era
5868:Economy
5850:Weapons
5663:Sanjaks
5646:Eyalets
5619:Judaism
5572:Millets
5509:Nişancı
5494:Viziers
5339:Halakha
5334:Mecelle
5277:Safavid
5189:Köprülü
5132:History
5064:Albania
5031:Peter I
5009:Carol I
5004:Romania
4724:General
4609:Battles
4533:Korytsa
4523:Driskos
4483:Yenidje
4473:Scutari
4436:Battles
4334:Serbian
3180:in the
3084:(2010s)
1926:Persian
1919:millets
1910:in the
1876:de jure
1853:Memoirs
1710:a force
1702:secular
1418:Grevena
1103:Murad V
1093:Sultan
981:Turkish
879:Pig War
690:Decline
440:History
158:in 1908
156:millets
94:scholar
6793:Denial
6755:others
6616:Reshid
6606:Djemal
6596:Talaat
6538:Zeitun
6443:Harput
6428:Bitlis
6423:Aleppo
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