552:, a tribe that supported Vindex, who therefore had to leave the siege of Lugdunum to come to their aid. Before Vesontio, Verginius and Vindex had a talk, during which they agreed to unite their forces against Nero. However, Verginius' legions ignored the agreement and charged the unprepared troops of Vindex, of whom up to 20,000 died, while Vindex committed suicide. Soon after, the Rhine legions proclaimed Verginius emperor, but he refused to accept. The soldiers were motivated by their hatred of Galba, as they had not forgotten his term as governor of Germania Superior in 39–41, during which he harshly repressed the legions that had supported the rebellion of
584:
744:
48:
783:
119:
667:
606:. In Gaul, Galba executed Betuus Cilo, who as governor of Aquitania had fought Vindex. He also relieved Verginius Rufus from his post in Germania Superior because his acclamation by the legions could make him a dangerous rival. Meanwhile, in Rome, Nymphidius Sabinus realised that Galba had no intention of rewarding him with the post of praetorian prefect he coveted. He then pretended to be an illegitimate son of
1091:
506:, the largest Spanish province. In mid-March 68, Vindex proceeded with his plan and raised an army composed of Gallic tribesmen, which nevertheless cut short his attempts to win over the officers of the seven legions posted on the Rhine, whose soldiers would not accept fighting alongside Gauls. As a result, Vindex turned towards Galba, the only man who had not denounced him to Nero.
683:, an influential and ambitious nobleman who desired the honour for himself. Otho bribed the Praetorian Guard, already very unhappy with the emperor. When Galba heard about the coup d'Ă©tat, he went to the streets in an attempt to stabilize the situation. It proved a mistake because he could not attract any supporters. Shortly afterwards the Praetorian Guard killed him in the
471:
696:
725:. These would prove to be the best arguments for his bid for power. Otho was not keen to begin another civil war and sent emissaries to propose a peace and convey his offer to marry Vitellius's daughter. It was too late to reason; Vitellius's generals were leading half of his army toward Italy. After a series of minor victories, Otho suffered defeat in the
850:, to negotiate a truce and start peace talks. The following day, messengers arrived with news that the enemy was at the gates of the city. Vitellius went into hiding and prepared to flee, but decided on one last visit to the palace, where Vespasian's men caught and killed him. In seizing the capital, they burned down the
774:
such demands. With financial affairs in a state of calamity, Vitellius took to killing citizens who had named him as their heir, often together with any co-heirs. Moreover, he sought to rid himself of every possible rival, inviting them to the palace with promises of power, only to order their hasty assassination.
845:
Surrounded by enemies, Vitellius made a last attempt to win the city to his side, distributing bribes and promises of power where needed. He tried to levy several allied tribes, such as the
Batavians, by force, but they refused. The Danube army was now very near Rome. Realizing the immediate threat,
674:
Moreover, at the beginning of the civil year of 69 on 1 January, the legions of
Germania Inferior refused to swear allegiance and obedience to Galba. On the following day, the legions acclaimed their governor Vitellius as emperor. Hearing the news of the loss of the Rhine legions, Galba panicked. He
773:
refers to three a day: morning, afternoon, and night) and triumphal parades that drove the imperial treasury close to bankruptcy. Debts quickly accrued, and moneylenders started to demand repayment. Vitellius showed his violent nature by ordering the torture and execution of those who dared to make
703:
On the day of Galba's murder, the Senate recognized Otho as emperor. They saluted the new emperor with relief. Although ambitious and greedy, Otho did not have a record of tyranny or cruelty and was expected to be a fair emperor. However, Otho's initial efforts to restore peace and stability were
494:, looked for support among other governors and administrators in order to start a revolt against Nero. Aware of his relatively humble origins, Vindex did not covet the Empire for himself, nor did he name a candidate, probably to maximise his chances of finding someone interested.
448:
had fought them since
Vitellius' acclamation. In 70, the new regime finally won the legions' surrender after negotiations, mainly because they lacked an alternative to Vespasian. Later, the new regime distorted the events—especially through the writings of the historian
751:
On the news of Otho's suicide, the Senate recognized
Vitellius as emperor. With this recognition, Vitellius set out for Rome; however, he faced problems from the start of his reign. The city remained very sceptical when Vitellius chose the anniversary of the
415:
on 14 April, defeating the emperor. Otho took his own life the next day, and
Vitellius was appointed emperor by the Senate on 19 April. The new emperor had little support outside of his veterans from the German legions, though. When Vespasian, legate of
622:
from sailors of the Roman navy; when Galba arrived at Rome, the new legionaries pressed Galba to confirm their status, but he ordered his troops to charge them, killing thousands. He then accepted their request, but after they submitted to a
613:
During the first half of
October, Galba finally completed his journey to Rome, which was described by Tacitus as "a long and bloody march", because of the officials he had murdered on his way and also for the massacre he committed on the
642:
to
Germania Inferior; the latter being mostly known at the time as a penniless glutton. In Rome, Galba considered with contempt anybody who had served under Nero. He only trusted three men who had been with him in Spain:
575:(equivalent to 10 years of wages), while he expected to be rewarded by the new emperor. On 9 June 68, the Senate declared Nero enemy of the state and proclaimed Galba emperor, which prompted Nero's suicide.
420:, made his bid known, he received the allegiance of the legions of the Danube as well as many former supporters of Galba and Otho. After his acclamation in Alexandria on 1 July, Vespasian sent his friend
432:
on 24 October. Vitellius was subsequently killed by a mob on 20 December. Mucianus arrived several days after and swiftly secured
Vespasian's position in Rome (Primus had acted independently from him).
400:, which made Galba the new emperor. However, Galba was unable to establish his authority over the Empire, as several of his supporters were disappointed by his lack of gratitude. He especially adopted
2459:
2449:
610:
and started to conspire against Galba to make himself emperor. However, he was murdered by the
Praetorian Guards when he tried to read before them a speech announcing his bid for the Empire.
404:
as heir (Galba was childless and elderly), instead of Otho, who, it had widely been assumed, would be chosen. Angered by this disgrace, Otho murdered Galba on 15 January with the help of the
2454:
453:—in order to remove the embarrassment of having relied on the Batavi to fight Roman legions. The Batavi were therefore said to have revolted against Rome, and the events dubbed the
1620:
De Néron à Vespasien : études et perspectives historiques, suivies de l'analyse, du catalogue et de la reproduction des monnaies oppositionnelles connues des années 67 à 70 ..
266:
655:, who had amassed money as Nero's protegés had, which likewise triggered popular resentment against the new emperor. Galba even turned against his first supporters, among them
2308:
729:. Rather than flee and attempt a counter-attack, Otho decided to put an end to the anarchy and committed suicide. He had been emperor for a little more than three months.
408:, and became emperor instead. Unlike Galba, he rapidly earned considerable popularity, notably by bestowing favours and emulating Nero's successful early years.
634:
Galba continued the practice set by Nero of appointing ineffectual men to the most important posts in the provinces: for example, he sent the old and disabled
1166:
594:
was still in Spain when he received the news he had become emperor. He took at least a month to secure the
Spanish provinces before leaving. He appointed
259:
1736:
553:
232:
704:
soon checked by the revelation that Vitellius had declared himself Imperator in Germania and had dispatched half of his army to march on Italy.
1576:
631:, which severely lowered the troops' morale. Galba also refused to pay the Praetorians the money promised by Nymphidius for overthrowing Nero.
252:
826:
remained in Judaea to deal with the Jewish rebellion. Before the eastern legions could reach Rome, the Danubian legions of the provinces of
1995:
411:
Otho still had to face another claimant, Vitellius, who had been acclaimed by the legions of the Rhine on 1 January 69. Vitellius won the
814:. A strong force drawn from the Judaean and Syrian legions marched on Rome under the command of Mucianus. Vespasian himself travelled to
380:, to claim the Empire. The latter was proclaimed emperor by his legion in early April. He was notably supported by Otho, legate of
2429:
2251:
2143:
2004:
659:, former quaestor of Baetica, who had sent the money in his possession when Galba rebelled. The emperor had given him command of
401:
2298:
2012:
1729:
396:, but they too rebelled against Nero. Finally, on 9 June 68, Nero took his own life after being declared a public enemy by the
17:
919:
353:. The period witnessed several rebellions and claimants, with shifting allegiances and widespread turmoil in Rome and the
2424:
2337:
860:
Vespasian faced no direct threat to his imperial power after the death of Vitellius. He became the founder of the stable
851:
225:
436:
The death of Vitellius did not end the civil war, as the Rhine legions still rejected the rule of Vespasian and the new
2404:
1692:
1673:
1654:
1627:
1608:
1592:
1560:
1426:
1768:
1722:
806:
as emperor. Vespasian had received a special command in Judaea from Nero in AD 67, with the task of putting down the
676:
91:
69:
769:
Events seemed to prove the omens right. With the throne tightly secured, Vitellius engaged in a series of banquets (
602:, the probable governor of Baetica. Escorted by the VII Galbiana, he left for Rome along the coastline, stopping at
429:
62:
2419:
2384:
2372:
1988:
726:
412:
838:, invaded Italy. In October, the forces led by Primus won a crushing victory over Vitellius's army at the Second
1151:
218:
2042:
1948:
1529:
498:
tells that the people reached by Vindex forwarded his letters to Nero, except one: his southern neighbour
2367:
1981:
1790:
770:
583:
559:
In Rome, Nero was unable to organise resistance to Galba's claim and was even thinking about fleeing to
1936:
1832:
807:
509:
In early April 68, Galba accepted Vindex's proposition and was acclaimed emperor in Carthago Nova (now
486:
in 65, showing the disenchantment of the senatorial elite towards the Emperor. In the winter of 67–68,
2325:
2067:
1838:
1115:
970:
966:
32:
598:
as his replacement in his own province, but also murdered several of his opponents there, including
2352:
2318:
2271:
2022:
1862:
1516:
1121:
295:
56:
36:
1079:; while mainly focusing on the events of Palestine, these works also mention the revolts in Rome.
2357:
2256:
2047:
2027:
1071:
811:
624:
441:
421:
393:
571:, who convinced his men to abandon Nero, by promising that Galba would give each of them 30,000
126:
of the four Roman emperors of AD 69. Clockwise from top left: Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian.
2414:
2362:
2234:
2133:
1954:
1814:
1758:
887:
865:
835:
819:
799:
791:
537:
503:
425:
346:
195:
73:
2347:
2261:
2239:
2229:
2126:
2116:
2074:
2052:
1912:
1906:
656:
290:
2219:
2121:
2111:
2037:
1930:
1804:
1800:
595:
454:
445:
389:
305:
868:. He died of natural causes in 79. The Flavians, each in turn, ruled from AD 69 to AD 96.
8:
1109:
1096:
1009:
839:
753:
660:
599:
487:
483:
361:
300:
743:
2439:
2200:
2032:
1918:
1570:
1021:
895:
635:
564:
491:
369:
1238:, pp. 22–24, calls Verginius a "mediocrity", for whom the Empire was out of his depth.
2213:
2205:
2195:
2101:
1874:
1688:
1669:
1650:
1623:
1604:
1588:
1556:
1422:
1147:
922:
712:
707:
Backing Vitellius were the finest legions of the Empire, composed of veterans of the
541:
385:
2313:
2224:
2148:
2089:
1942:
1888:
1856:
1642:
1003:
941:
762:
652:
619:
568:
526:
522:
514:
510:
405:
1555:(2nd aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage ed.). Frankfurt. pp. 356–416.
911:) by the Senate (8 June) and commits suicide (9 June); Galba is recognised emperor
424:
with a part of his army to fight Vitellius, but the Danubian legions commanded by
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2168:
2106:
2094:
2084:
1868:
1844:
1826:
1520:
962:
861:
846:
Vitellius made a last attempt to gain time by sending emissaries, accompanied by
818:, where he was acclaimed emperor on 1 July, thereby gaining control of the vital
795:
719:
437:
350:
204:
1714:
857:
The Senate acknowledged Vespasian as emperor the following day, 21 December 69.
521:, the other two Iberian provinces, who provided him with the money to raise the
2434:
2277:
2180:
2153:
1646:
1524:
1065:
982:
October – The Danubian army defeats Vitellius and Vespasian occupies Egypt
648:
354:
392:, also rebelled against Nero. Vindex was defeated by the Rhine legions at the
2444:
2398:
2288:
2266:
2163:
2158:
1882:
1745:
847:
782:
708:
618:, just before the city. In order to fight Galba, Nero had created the legion
1708:
244:
118:
2283:
2190:
2185:
2138:
2057:
1763:
644:
615:
397:
326:
345:. It is considered an important interval, marking the transition from the
2409:
2246:
2175:
2062:
1037:
684:
560:
417:
545:
2079:
1785:
1538:
Connal, R. (2012). "Rational Mutiny in the Year of the Four Emperors".
985:
20 December – Vitellius killed by soldiers in the Imperial Palace
815:
572:
482:'s reign (54–68) was marked by political trials and plots, such as the
1973:
1900:
1481:
1026:
975:
August – The Danubian legions announce support to Vespasian (in
958:
915:
803:
738:
639:
518:
381:
342:
338:
170:
162:
28:
997:
The most detailed historical sources about the events of 69 AD are:
934:
1 January – The Rhine legions refuse to swear loyalty to Galba
1795:
1465:
1076:
1056:
954:
16 April – Otho commits suicide; Vitellius recognised emperor
663:
in Germania Superior but recalled him for embezzlement soon after.
628:
607:
603:
533:
495:
465:
428:
had not waited for Mucianus and defeated Vitellius' legions at the
377:
666:
1637:
Talbert, R.J.A. (1977). "Some Causes of Disorder in A.D. 68-69".
1553:
Den Kaiser herausfordern : die Usurpation im Römischen Reich
1104:
1014:
757:
549:
450:
365:
891:
831:
827:
536:, as its citizens were particularly devoted to Nero, which led
123:
2460:
Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe
2450:
Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Africa
976:
883:
823:
591:
499:
330:
322:
146:
790:
Meanwhile, the legions stationed in the African province of
760:
according to Roman superstition, to accede to the office of
679:, as his successor. By doing so he offended many, above all
2455:
Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Asia
945:
904:
May – The Rhine legions defeat and kill Vindex in Gaul
899:
834:
also acclaimed Vespasian as emperor in August, and, led by
680:
479:
373:
334:
154:
1601:
Galba, Otho and Vitellius : careers and controversies
937:
2 January – Vitellius acclaimed emperor by the Rhine
1709:
Five maps covering the Year of Four Emperors at Omniatlas
695:
532:
Meanwhile, Vindex had to besiege his own former capital,
470:
104:
Battles for succession to rule the Roman Empire (AD 69)
687:, along with Lucius and impaled their heads on poles.
1146:. University of California Press. pp. 104–105.
1086:
1063:Other sources on the Year of the Four Emperors are
810:. He gained the support of the governor of Syria,
329:, during which four emperors ruled in succession:
1744:
513:). He rapidly received support from officials of
2396:
1532:, vol. X, The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C. – A.D. 69
988:21 December – Vespasian recognized emperor
466:Vindex's revolt and fall of Nero (March–June 68)
1666:Die anonymen munzen des jahres 68 nach christus
1169:, "From Nero to Vespasian", in Bowman et al.,
1989:
1730:
979:) and invade Italy in September on his behalf
907:June – Nero is declared a public enemy (
274:
260:
226:
2373:Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire
1996:
1982:
1737:
1723:
1575:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
267:
253:
233:
219:
1682:
1515:T. Wiedemann "From Nero to Vespasian" in
944:; in the same day, the Senate recognizes
92:Learn how and when to remove this message
781:
742:
694:
665:
582:
469:
55:This article includes a list of general
2144:Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
1636:
1617:
1598:
1416:
965:, proclaimed emperor by the legions of
951:14 April – Vitellius defeats Otho
940:15 January – Galba killed by the
14:
2397:
2003:
1663:
1537:
1141:
525:, a second legion, in addition to the
1977:
1718:
1550:
1441:
349:, the first imperial dynasty, to the
248:
2252:Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain
794:and the Middle Eastern provinces of
41:
1687:(3rd ed.). London: Routledge.
1639:American Journal of Ancient History
1534:, Cambridge University Press, 1996.
24:
1459:
1144:Tacitus and the Writing of History
544:, to march on Vindex. He besieged
376:and encouraged Galba, governor of
61:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2471:
1702:
1587:, Oxford University Press, 2006.
1509:
961:, commander of the Roman army in
677:Lucius Calpurnius Piso Licinianus
325:, was the first civil war of the
2385:Military history of ancient Rome
1955:Emperors/Despots of Thessalonica
1937:Eastern Roman/Byzantine emperors
1585:69 AD: The Year of Four Emperors
1089:
117:
46:
2368:Civil wars of the Third Century
1454:
1435:
1410:
1397:
1384:
1371:
1358:
1345:
1332:
1319:
1306:
1293:
1280:
1267:
2430:Civil wars of the Roman Empire
1618:Nicolas, Etienne Paul (1979).
1603:. Hildesheim: G. Olms Verlag.
1254:
1241:
1228:
1215:
1202:
1189:
1176:
1160:
1135:
563:. The decisive move came from
384:. Soon after, the legate of a
13:
1:
1685:The year of the four emperors
1622:. Paris: Les Belles lettres.
1530:The Cambridge Ancient History
1128:
871:
1599:Murison, Charles L. (1993).
777:
732:
627:, a practice not used since
7:
1791:Crisis of the Third Century
1683:Wellesley, Kenneth (2000).
1664:Martin, Peter-Hugo (1974).
1082:
529:based in Galba's province.
10:
2476:
2425:1st-century Roman emperors
1647:10.31826/9781463237196-008
1142:Martin, Ronald H. (1981).
992:
756:(in 390 BC), a day of bad
736:
460:
430:Second Battle of Bedriacum
26:
2405:Year of the Four Emperors
2381:
2326:Roman conquest of Britain
2297:
2011:
1778:
1753:
1417:Tacitus, Publius (2009).
1171:Cambridge Ancient History
1116:Year of the Five Emperors
971:Tiberius Julius Alexander
727:First Battle of Bedriacum
675:adopted a young senator,
670:The Roman Empire in 68–69
638:to Germania Superior and
413:First Battle of Bedriacum
319:Year of the Four Emperors
286:
278:Year of the Four Emperors
133:Year of the Four Emperors
33:Year of the Five Emperors
1122:Year of the Six Emperors
578:
567:, deputy prefect of the
112:Roman imperial dynasties
37:Year of the Six Emperors
27:Not to be confused with
2420:60s in the Roman Empire
2023:Roman conquest of Italy
1817:(27 BC–AD 68)
1421:. Penguin. p. 29.
1072:Antiquities of the Jews
812:Gaius Licinius Mucianus
690:
500:Servius Sulpicius Galba
76:more precise citations.
1931:Western Roman emperors
1863:Year of the 6 Emperors
1839:Year of the 5 Emperors
1833:Nerva–Antonine dynasty
1821:Year of the 4 Emperors
1815:Julio-Claudian dynasty
1759:List of Roman emperors
1173:, vol. X, pp. 280–282.
888:Hispania Tarraconensis
864:, which succeeded the
836:Marcus Antonius Primus
808:First Jewish–Roman War
787:
748:
700:
671:
588:
538:Lucius Verginius Rufus
504:Hispania Tarraconensis
475:
196:Julio-Claudian dynasty
2353:Domitian's Dacian War
2272:Liberators' civil war
1949:Emperors of Trebizond
1913:Valentinianic dynasty
1907:Constantinian dynasty
1668:. Mainz: Von Zabern.
1051:and fragments of the
928:
876:
785:
746:
698:
669:
657:Aulus Caecina Alienus
586:
473:
301:1st and 2nd Bedriacum
18:Year of Four Emperors
2358:Trajan's Dacian Wars
2043:Roman–Hernician wars
1805:Eastern Roman Empire
1801:Western Roman Empire
1551:Flaig, Egon (2019).
822:from Egypt. His son
455:Revolt of the Batavi
306:Revolt of the Batavi
2257:Roman–Parthian Wars
2048:Roman–Volscian wars
2028:Roman–Etruscan Wars
1097:Ancient Rome portal
840:Battle of Bedriacum
754:Battle of the Allia
681:Marcus Salvius Otho
600:Obultronius Sabinus
554:Lentulus Gaetilicus
488:Gaius Julius Vindex
484:Pisonian conspiracy
444:provincials led by
372:, revolted against
2363:Roman–Persian Wars
2262:Caesar's civil war
2134:Roman–Seleucid war
2033:Roman-Aequian wars
2005:Ancient Roman wars
1943:Emperors of Nicaea
1919:Theodosian dynasty
1889:Britannic emperors
1504:Life of Vespasian.
1498:Life of Vitellius.
1167:T. E. J. Wiedemann
1022:The Twelve Caesars
896:Gallia Lugdunensis
788:
749:
701:
672:
636:Hordeonius Flaccus
589:
565:Nymphidius Sabinus
540:, the governor of
502:, the governor of
492:Gallia Lugdunensis
476:
394:Battle of Vesontio
370:Gallia Lugdunensis
2392:
2391:
2348:Jewish–Roman wars
2220:Sulla's civil war
2214:Bellum Octavianum
2102:Illyro-Roman Wars
2075:Roman–Gallic wars
2053:Roman–Sabine wars
1971:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1875:Illyrian emperors
1857:Barracks emperors
923:Germania Inferior
852:temple of Jupiter
548:, capital of the
542:Germania Superior
314:
313:
243:
242:
210:
209:
102:
101:
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16:(Redirected from
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2314:Marcomannic Wars
2225:Mithridatic Wars
2149:Celtiberian Wars
2038:Roman–Latin wars
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1583:M. Gwyn Morgan,
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942:Praetorian Guard
914:November –
763:Pontifex Maximus
569:Praetorian Guard
511:Cartagena, Spain
490:, the legate of
406:Praetorian Guard
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2169:Cantabrian Wars
2107:Macedonian Wars
2014:
2007:
2002:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1924:
1894:
1883:Gallic emperors
1869:Gordian dynasty
1850:
1845:Severan dynasty
1827:Flavian dynasty
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957:1 July –
931:
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866:Julio-Claudians
862:Flavian dynasty
780:
741:
735:
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640:Aulus Vitellius
581:
468:
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426:Antonius Primus
402:Piso Licinianus
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2015:Roman Republic
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1748:by time period
1746:Roman emperors
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1704:
1703:External links
1701:
1700:
1699:
1694:978-0415236201
1693:
1680:
1675:978-3805302678
1674:
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1656:978-1463237196
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1629:978-2251328317
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1610:978-3487097565
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1593:978-0195124682
1581:
1562:978-3593509525
1561:
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1525:Andrew Lintott
1517:Alan K. Bowman
1511:
1510:Modern sources
1508:
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1488:
1486:Life of Galba.
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894:, governor of
886:, governor of
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848:Vestal Virgins
820:grain supplies
796:Iudaea (Judea)
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737:Main article:
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616:Milvian Bridge
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2164:Sertorian War
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1492:Life of Otho.
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1477:Life of Otho.
1474:
1471:
1470:Life of Galba
1467:
1464:
1463:
1445:
1438:
1430:
1424:
1420:
1419:The Histories
1413:
1406:
1400:
1394:, pp. 35, 36.
1393:
1387:
1381:, pp. 42, 51.
1380:
1374:
1368:, pp. 46, 47.
1367:
1361:
1355:, pp. 44, 45.
1354:
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1296:
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1257:
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1231:
1225:, pp. 21, 22.
1224:
1218:
1212:, pp. 19, 20.
1211:
1205:
1198:
1192:
1186:, pp. 17, 18.
1185:
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1045:Life of Galba
1042:
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1034:Roman History
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882:April –
881:
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709:Germanic Wars
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661:IV Macedonica
658:
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621:
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390:Clodius Macer
387:
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93:
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82:December 2020
75:
71:
65:
64:
58:
53:
44:
43:
38:
34:
30:
19:
2383:
2342:
2338:Armenian War
2301:Roman Empire
2284:Perusine War
2276:
2212:
2191:Servile Wars
2186:Cimbrian War
2139:Galatian War
2058:Samnite Wars
1820:
1764:Roman Empire
1684:
1665:
1638:
1619:
1600:
1584:
1552:
1543:
1539:
1528:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1476:
1469:
1455:Bibliography
1444:Life of Otho
1443:
1437:
1418:
1412:
1404:
1399:
1391:
1386:
1378:
1373:
1365:
1360:
1352:
1347:
1339:
1334:
1326:
1321:
1316:, pp. 39–41.
1313:
1308:
1300:
1295:
1287:
1282:
1277:, pp. 29–30.
1274:
1269:
1261:
1256:
1251:, pp. 25–27.
1248:
1243:
1235:
1230:
1222:
1217:
1209:
1204:
1196:
1191:
1183:
1178:
1170:
1162:
1143:
1137:
1108:
1070:
1064:
1062:
1053:Life of Nero
1052:
1049:Life of Otho
1048:
1044:
1033:
1020:
1008:
1002:
996:
908:
859:
856:
844:
789:
768:
761:
750:
721:
714:
706:
702:
673:
645:Titus Vinius
633:
612:
590:
558:
531:
523:VII Galbiana
508:
477:
435:
410:
359:
327:Roman Empire
318:
316:
276:
200:
191:
132:
106:
88:
79:
60:
2299:Wars of the
2247:Gallic Wars
2176:Achaean War
2063:Pyrrhic War
2013:Wars of the
1957:(1224–1246)
1951:(1204–1461)
1945:(1204–1261)
1939:(395–1453)
1901:Tetrarchies
1769:Family tree
1527:(editors),
1502:Suetonius,
1496:Suetonius,
1490:Suetonius,
1442:Suetonius.
1038:Cassius Dio
920:governor of
478:The end of
388:in Africa,
291:Forum Julii
201:Followed by
192:Preceded by
74:introducing
2399:Categories
2319:Gothic War
2080:Punic Wars
2068:Social War
1859:(235–284)
1786:Principate
1475:Plutarch,
1195:Plutarch,
1153:0520044274
1129:References
948:as emperor
918:nominated
872:Chronology
816:Alexandria
802:acclaimed
711:, such as
625:decimation
620:I Adiutrix
527:VI Victrix
182:Succession
139:Chronology
57:references
2440:Vespasian
1933:(395–476)
1921:(378–455)
1915:(364–392)
1909:(305–363)
1903:(293–313)
1891:(286–297)
1885:(260–274)
1877:(268–284)
1871:(238–244)
1847:(193–235)
1841:(192–193)
1641:: 69–85.
1571:cite book
1482:Suetonius
1110:Histories
1027:Suetonius
1010:Histories
959:Vespasian
916:Vitellius
804:Vespasian
786:Vespasian
778:Vespasian
771:Suetonius
747:Vitellius
739:Vitellius
733:Vitellius
715:Germanica
573:sesterces
519:Lusitania
382:Lusitania
355:provinces
343:Vespasian
339:Vitellius
171:Vespasian
163:Vitellius
29:Tetrarchy
1835:(96–192)
1796:Dominate
1546:: 33–52.
1466:Plutarch
1407:, p. 36.
1403:Morgan,
1390:Morgan,
1377:Morgan,
1364:Morgan,
1351:Morgan,
1342:, p. 43.
1338:Morgan,
1329:, p. 21.
1325:Morgan,
1312:Morgan,
1303:, p. 42.
1299:Morgan,
1290:, p. 38.
1286:Morgan,
1273:Morgan,
1264:, p. 29.
1260:Morgan,
1247:Morgan,
1234:Morgan,
1221:Morgan,
1208:Morgan,
1182:Morgan,
1124:(AD 238)
1118:(AD 193)
1083:See also
1077:Josephus
1069:and the
1057:Plutarch
1007:and the
758:auspices
629:Tiberius
608:Caligula
546:Vesontio
534:Lugdunum
496:Plutarch
422:Mucianus
378:Hispania
1829:(69–96)
1823:(68–69)
1105:Tacitus
1015:Tacitus
993:Sources
556:in 39.
550:Sequani
515:Baetica
461:History
451:Tacitus
446:Civilis
440:. Some
360:In 68,
70:improve
2235:Second
2201:Second
2127:Fourth
2117:Second
2090:Second
1784:Early
1691:
1672:
1653:
1626:
1607:
1591:
1559:
1540:Arctos
1425:
1150:
1047:, the
1004:Annals
969:under
963:Judaea
909:hostis
892:Vindex
890:, and
832:Moesia
828:Raetia
653:Icelus
651:, and
442:Batavi
398:Senate
386:legion
366:legate
362:Vindex
341:, and
59:, but
2435:Galba
2240:Third
2230:First
2206:Third
2196:First
2122:Third
2112:First
2095:Third
2085:First
1865:(238)
1405:69 AD
1392:69 AD
1379:69 AD
1366:69 AD
1353:69 AD
1340:69 AD
1327:69 AD
1314:69 AD
1301:69 AD
1288:69 AD
1275:69 AD
1262:69 AD
1249:69 AD
1236:69 AD
1223:69 AD
1210:69 AD
1197:Galba
1184:69 AD
977:Syria
967:Egypt
884:Galba
824:Titus
800:Syria
792:Egypt
722:Rapax
685:Forum
592:Galba
587:Galba
579:Galba
561:Egypt
418:Syria
331:Galba
323:AD 69
174:69–79
150:68–69
147:Galba
124:Aurei
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