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received news of this and persuaded Yao Hong not to come out to welcome Yao Xing. Yin's assistant Yao Shami (姚沙彌) then tried to persuade Yin to take Yao Xing and join with Yao Bi to seize power, but Yin hesitated and did not do so. Once Yao Xing returned to the Chang'an palace, he transferred power to Yao Hong and ordered Yao Bi arrested. Meanwhile, Yao Xing's son Yao Geng'er (姚耕兒), believing that Yao Xing had died, persuaded his brother Yao Yin (姚愔) the Duke of
Nanyang to start a coup, and Yao Yin joined with Yin Chong (perhaps in anticipatory support of Yao Bi's claims) to attack the palace, battling with Yao Hong's troops. Yao Xing, despite his illness, made an appearance and announced an edict ordering Yao Bi to commit suicide. As soon as Yao Yin's troops saw Yao Xing, they abandoned Yao Yin. That night, Yao Xing entrusted Yao Hong's administration to his brother
555:) to prevent Former Qin forces from reaching the river near Mawei, and Former Qin forces were stricken by thirst, but still fought harder. Yao Xing initially ordered Yin to be cautious, but Yin, realizing the trouble the Former Qin forces were already in and believing that morale would be destroyed if he undertook a cautious strategy, fought back fervently, and the Former Qin forces collapsed. Upon hearing the defeat, Fu Deng's brother Fu Guang (苻廣) and son Fu Chong abandoned the two bases that they were holding, and Fu Deng was unable to recapture them. He then sought help from the King of
835:
easily. He commissioned his son Yao Bi (姚弼) the Duke of
Guangping along with Qifu Gangui and Lian Cheng (斂成) to attack Southern Liang, while simultaneously commission Qi Nan (齊難) to attack Xia. Both ventures ended badly. Yao Bi and later Yao Xian (姚顯) the Duke of Changshan were defeated by Tufa Rutan, and Yao Xing was forced to agree to a new peace with Southern Liang while having lost prestige based on the defeat. Even more disastrous was the Qi's mission, however, as Qi fell into a trap laid by Liu Bobo and was captured with his entire army, causing all of modern northern
812:, whose mother and wife were then in Later Qin, requested to have them delivered to Southern Yan. Yao Xing agreed to do so if Murong Chao would agree to be a vassal and either deliver Former Qin palatial musicians (who were taken by Western Yan and eventually passed through Later Yan and then Southern Yan) or 1,000 Jin citizens to Later Qin, before his request would be agreed. Murong Chao agreed to yield as vassal, and delivered the musicians to Later Qin. Yao Xing then delivered his mother and wife to him, along with gifts.
722:. This appeared to have a major influence on his actions later on—as he appeared to avoid decisive actions that may lead to many deaths, while trying to act gently toward his enemies. This had an unfortunately deleterious effect on his empire, which, for the most part, stopped expanding. In 405, he gave Kumaraijiva an honorific title, treating him like a god, and often led his officials in listening to Kumaraijiva's sermons. At his request, Kumarajiva translated more than 300
892:
his plot to the other brothers Yao Yi, Yao Huang, Yao Chen, and Yao Xuan, who mobilized their own forces to be ready to attack Yao Bi if necessary. Yao Xing was forced to relieve Yao Bi of his posts, and the other sons demobilized and arrived at Chang'an for an official visit. The sons accused Yao Bi of many crimes, but Yao Xing took no further action. Indeed, in 415, Yao Bi retaliated by falsely accusing Yao Xuan of crimes, and Yao Xing arrested Yao Xuan.
494:), later Chang'an after Western Yan captured and then abandoned it), while his father engaged in campaigns. In 386, after Yao Chang declared himself emperor, he created Yao Xing crown prince. He was considered to be firm and gracious, and he spent much time studying literature despite the work necessary in maintaining home base. In 392, while Yao Chang was away on a campaign, Yao Xing, at the suggestion of the general Yao Fangcheng (
22:
911:, in order to affirm the alliance between the two states. Emperor Mingyuan welcomed her with the ceremony due an empress. However, Princess Xiping was unable to forge a golden statue, as required by Tuoba Tribe traditions to be a sign of divine favor, to become an empress, so she was only created an imperial consort, but she was treated with the honors due an empress.
628:, thus temporarily ending Western Qin's existence. In fall 400, believing that he was being suspected by Tufa Lilugu, Qifu Gangui fled from Southern Liang and surrendered to Later Qin. Yao Xing created him the Marquess of Guiyi and, in 401, took the unusual action of giving Qifu Gangui his army back and ordering him to defend his old capital Wanchuan (苑川, in modern
676:
Around the new year 402, Northern Wei attacked the Later Qin vassal Mo Yigan (沒奕干), and this led to the breakdown of relations between
Northern Wei and Later Qin. When Northern Wei's Emperor Daowu (Tuoba Gui) sought marriage with Later Qin, Yao Xing, because of this and because he heard that Emperor
843:
Around this time, there also began to be increasing tendencies by Yao Xing's brothers and sons to plot to take over power. For example, in 409, his brother Yao Chōng (姚沖, note different tone than another brother) tried to force Di Bozhi to join him in a plot to attack Chang'an, and when Di refused,
891:
In 414, Yao Bi made several attempts to be made crown prince by having officials close to him suggesting Yao Xing to replace Yao Hong with him. Yao Xing refused, but did not rebuke Yao Bi. Yao Xing grew seriously ill that year, and Yao Bi planned a coup to take over. His brother Yao Yu revealed
834:
In 408, noticing that
Southern Liang was under severe attack by its neighbors (including having suffered a terrible defeat to Xia in 407), Yao Xing launched a campaign to try to destroy Southern Liang, despite opposition by his official Wei Zong (韋宗), who felt that Tufa Rutan would not be defeated
729:
In 403, with his Later Liang state continuously under attack by
Northern Liang and Southern Liang, Lü Long surrendered the Guzang region—the only territory still remaining under Later Liang control—to Later Qin, thus ending Later Liang. Yao Xing moved Lü Long and his clan to Chang'an and made him
851:
Later in 409, the Jin general Liu Yu launched a major attack on
Southern Yan, which sought aid from Later Qin. Initially, Yao Xing sent messengers to try to persuade Liu Yu to withdraw, and also sent a relief force commanded by Yao Qiang (姚強), but was forced to withdraw Yao Qiang's force when he
571:
would assume imperial title and attempt to resist Later Qin a few months longer, but later in the year died in battle against
Western Qin after Qifu Gangui turned against him, ending Former Qin. Later Qin assumed nearly all of Former Qin's remaining territory. Around the new year 395, Later Qin
914:
In 416, Yao Xing went on a trip to Huayin (華陰), near Chang'an, and fell ill on the trip and headed back to Chang'an. His attendant Yin Chong (尹沖) -- one of Yao Bi's supporters—planned to then assassinate Yao Hong as Yao Hong would come out of the city to welcome Yao Xing. Yao Hong's supporters
513:
Around the new year 393, Yao Chang fell seriously ill. He told Yao Xing, on his death bed, to trust the several officials that he entrusted his administration with—Yin, Yao Huang (姚晃), Yao Damu (姚大目), and Di Bozhi (狄伯支). When Yao Huang asked Yao Chang for strategies to defeat Fu Deng, Yao Chang
847:
Also in 409, Qifu Gangui escaped and returned to
Wanchuan to join his son Qifu Chipan. He soon redeclared independence and reestablished Western Qin as its king. He soon launched several campaigns against Later Qin and inflicted substantial damage, although he would apologize in 411 and again
667:
became so apprehensive that he offered to yield his territory and relocate his entire army into Later Qin proper, but later reneged on the promise, although he remained Later Qin vassal for years. (Despite their status as Later Qin vassals, however, the various Liang states continued to battle
619:
In 400, Yao Xing sent his uncle Yao Shuode the Duke of Longxi to launch a major attack against
Western Qin. Despite Western Qin's initial success in cutting of Yao Shuode's supply line, Yao Xing himself led a force to aid yao Shuode, defeating Western Qin's king Qifu Gangui in battle, nearly
749:, Yao Xing returned 12 commanderies that had switched their allegiance from Jin to Later Qin during the Jin civil war from 398 to 405, despite his officials' opposition. (This gesture, however, would not be reciprocated by Liu, who would destroy Later Qin after Yao Xing's death.)
919:(姚紹) the Duke of Dongping, Liang Xi (梁喜), Yin Zhao (尹昭), and Lian Manwei (斂曼嵬), and he died the next day. Yao Hong succeeded him, but he soon had to face even more challenges from his brothers and cousins as well as attacks by Xia and Jin, and by 417 Later Qin had fallen to Jin.
895:
In summer 415, the Jin general Sima Xiuzhi (司馬休之), having been forced to escape after Liu Yu attacked him, fled to Later Qin. Yao Xing commissioned Sima Xiuzhi with an army to let him harass Jin borders, despite warnings by his officials of a prophecy that the Simas would regain
459:, which allows an inference that he could have been born of Consort Sun but raised by Empress She, but there is no conclusive evidence. Not much is known about his life under Former Qin rule, other than that when he grew older, he served as an assistant to Fu Jiān's
599:
Overall, during this period, Yao Xing was described by historians as diligent and willing to listen to different opinions, ruling the empire efficiently. He engaged in a number of campaigns on the various borders, enlarging Later Qin's territories and influence.
498:), executed a number of Former Qin generals whom Yao Chang had taken captive earlier. While Yao Chang was angry on the surface, he appeared to be secretly happy that Yao Xing realized the danger that these generals posed. In 393, when the Former Qin emperor
693:), and despite counterattacks by both Yao Ping and Yao Xing, the Northern Wei siege became increasingly tighter, and in winter 402, Yao Ping and his army were captured following a failed attempt to break out, ending Yao Xing's campaign against Northern Wei.
874:. Many Later Qin officials try to persuade Yao Xing to take the opportunity, as Qifu Gongfu and Qifu Chipan battled for control of the state, to attack Western Qin. Yao Xing refused, believing it improper to attack a state that was still mourning.
710:
as crown prince and other sons as dukes. Yao Xing had long wanted to create Yao Hong, described as kind, loving, and studious, as crown prince, but hesitated because Yao Hong was also regarded as having a weak personality and prone to illnesses.
514:
refused to answer, merely stating that he trusted that Yao Xing would be able to accomplish it. He soon died, and Yao Xing succeeded him, although initially not keeping Yao Chang's death a secret and entrusting the troops to his uncles Yao Xu (
530:
Despite Yao Xing's hopes of keeping his father's death a secret, Fu Deng received news of it anyway—and immediately prepared a major attack against Later Qin. Fu Deng had his brother Fu Guang (苻廣) defend the base of
Yongcheng (雍城, in modern
756:
In 407, believing that Qifu Gangui was becoming difficult to control, when Qifu Gangui arrived in Chang'an for an official visit, he detained Qifu Gangui to be a civilian official, while giving command of Qifu Gangui's army to Qifu Gangui's
595:
Later in 397, Empress Dowager She died. Yao Xing was described to be in such great mourning that he was unable to handle matters of state for some time. After that had passed, however, he continued to wear mourning clothes.
839:
to fall into Xia hands. Later in 408, Tufa Rutan effectively repudiated his vassal status by again claiming the title King of Liang (instead of the Later Qin-created title of Duke of Guangwu) and changing era name.
563:, who sent a relief force headed by Qifu Yizhou (乞伏益州). As Fu Deng sought to join up with Qifu Yizhou, Yao Xing ambushed and captured him, and then executed him. He disbanded Fu Deng's troops and gave Fu Deng's
588:, Later Qin sent a relief force to aid Northern Wei, although Later Qin forces did not actually engage Later Yan. Further, in 397, with Later Yan under heavy attack by Northern Wei after its founding emperor
903:
In fall 415, Yao Xing fell ill again, and Yao Bi secretly gathered forces again to plan a coup. Yao Xing found out and arrested Yao Bi, but at Yao Hong's urging did not execute him but instead released him.
752:
In 406, in response to Tufa Rutan's tribute of 3,000 horses and 30,000 sheep, Yao Xing became so touched that he yielded Guzang to Tufa Rutan, thus ending Later Qin's actual control of the Guzang region.
1088:
In Stifter und Mäzene und ihre Rolle in der Religion: Von Königen, Mönchen, Vordenkern und Laien in Indien, China und anderen Kulturen. Edited by Barbara Schuler. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2013, pp. 19-42
855:
Later in 410, at Qiao Zong's request, Yao Xing sent an army commanded by Gou Lin (苟林) to join Qiao Zong's army, commanded by Huan Qian (桓謙) and Qiao Daofu (譙道福) to attack Jin's Jing Province (荊州, modern
419:), and internecine struggles between his sons and nephews greatly damaged the Later Qin state, and it was destroyed soon after his death. Yao Xing was an avid Buddhist, and it was during his reign that
663:
also submitted as a vassal, and was given the title Duke of Jiankang, although he remained in control of Guzang and continued to use the Heavenly King title internally as well. Northern Liang's duke
643:. To avoid conflict, Tufa Lilugu ordered Southern Liang forces to yield a path for Later Qin forces, and Yao Shuode therefore easily reached the Later Liang capital Guzang (姑臧, in modern
734:(呂超) officials. However, because Northern Liang and Southern Liang were only nominal vassals, Guzang was effectively a lone island of Later Qin control. In 404, Southern Liang's king
681:
as his wife, refused. In summer 402, Yao Xing personally led a major attack against Northern Wei, which had by this point taken over nearly all of Later Yan's territory north of the
768:
Later in 407, Later Qin and Northern Wei agreed to peace—returning previously captured generals to each other. The Later Qin general Liu Bobo (who would later change his name to
2398:
610:
Also in 399, Yao Xing, in response to astrological signs that were considered signs of disaster, stopped claiming the title of emperor, instead using the title "Heavenly King" (
510:(尹緯), sent Yao Xing against Fu Deng, in order to establish Yao Xing's authority over the troops. Yao Xing was able to stop Fu Deng's attack on Dou fairly easily.
2066:
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In 413, Liu Yu's general Zhu Lingshi (朱齡石) attacked Qiao Zong's Western Shu state and destroyed it, reannexing it to Jin. Yao Xing, although Western Shu's
2044:
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685:. In fall 402, Yao Xing's forward commander Yao Ping (姚平) the Duke of Yiyang was surrounded by Northern Wei's Emperor Daowu at Chaibi (柴壁, in modern
726:
into Chinese. Yao Xing also built many towers and temples. Because of his influence, it was described that 90% of the population became Buddhists.
2362:
2081:
2076:
455:, was mentioned as his mother, but when Yao Xing later became emperor, he posthumously honored one of Yao Chang's concubines, Consort Sun, as
2086:
785:
411:) all to at least nominally submit to him, but late in his reign, defeats on the battlefield, particularly at the hands of the rebel general
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empress. (No historical record gave the date when Yao Xing's first empress Empress Zhang died, but presumably she had by this point.)
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suffered a major loss at Liu Bobo's hands and was nearly captured. Without aid from Later Qin, Southern Yan fell to Jin in early 410.
547:), and, in his anxiety, did not make sure that his army had sufficient water supply. Yao Xing set up his army at Mawei (馬嵬, in modern
507:
867:
As of 411, Yao Bi, who was greatly favored by Yao Xing, was deep into a conspiracy to try to undermine the crown prince Yao Hong.
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capturing Qifu Gangui's entire army and proceeding to take most of Western Qin's cities. Qifu Gangui himself surrendered to
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tactics against Later Qin, wearing Later Qin's armies and cities down. From this point on, Later Qin began to decline.
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907:
In winter 415, Yao Xing sent his daughter, the Princess Xiping, to Northern Wei to be married to Emperor Daowu's son
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In 399, Yao Xing sent his brother Yao Chóng the Duke of Qi and the general Yang Fosong (楊佛嵩) to attack the important
392:
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864:). However, Liu Yu's brother Liu Daogui (劉道規) defeated both armies, killing Huan Qian and forcing Gou to flee.
65:
1786:
640:
337:
43:
576:, thus obviating likelihood of war on the eastern border—although later in 395, when Later Yan's crown prince
474:, and he immediately fled to his father. For the next several years, as Yao Chang fought with Former Qin and
2437:
2374:
1084:"Patronage of Buddhist Buildings and Sovereignty in Medieval China: Four Cases from the Northern Wei Dynasty"
585:
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When Yao Chang declared a rebellion and established Later Qin in 384, Yao Xing was at the Former Qin capital
742:, in a further showing of submission to Later Qin, although internally he remained effectively independent.
2442:
72:
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2417:
788:(劉衛辰) had been killed by Northern Wei forces in 391, became angry and declared a rebellion, establishing
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1103:"A Reexamination of the Influence of Kumārajīva's Thought on His Translation of the Vimalakīrtinirdeśa"
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and proceeded to expand his hegemony over nearly all of western China, as he temporarily seized all of
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In 412, Qifu Gangui was assassinated by his nephew Qifu Gongfu (乞伏公府), the son of the founding king
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1486:
616:), to show humility to the gods. He also accordingly demoted his officials and noble by one rank.
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375:(Emperor Wuzhao). For most of his reign, he did not use the title of emperor, but used the title
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all sent messengers submitting as vassals. After two months of siege, Later Liang's emperor
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636:), and while Qifu Gangui was in name a Later Qin general, he acted independently at times.
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Later in 401, Yao Xing, under suggestion from Yao Shuode, launched a major attack against
8:
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declared himself a Later Qin vassal. Later that year, however, he resumed his attacks.
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died and was replaced by Murong Bao, Later Qin refused to provide aid to Later Yan.
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522:) and his brother Yao Chóng (姚崇), while preparing a campaign against Former Qin.
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city of Luoyang, and in winter 399 captured Luoyang and the surrounding cities.
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478:, Yao Xing was often entrusted with guarding the base of operations (initially
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Yao Bi (姚弼), the Duke of Guangping (created 402, forced to commit suicide 416)
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poisoned Di to death, but was discovered later and forced to commit suicide.
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451:. Who his mother was is open to interpretation; Yao Chang's wife, the later
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Swartz, Wendy; Campany, Robert Ford; Lu, Yang; Choo, Jessey (2014-03-11).
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Around this time, Yao Xing also appeared to have become a devout
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Yao Xuan (姚宣), Duke (created 402, executed by Yao Shao 416)
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Early reign: establishment of Later Qin as regional power
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first received official state support in China. The monk
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506:, Yao Chang, at the suggestion of the prime minister
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973:(姚泓), the Crown Prince (created 402), later emperor
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
651:), putting the city under siege. Southern Liang,
982:Yao Huang (姚洸), the Duke of Chenliu (created 402)
2409:
976:Yao Yi (姚懿), the Duke of Taiyuan (created 402)
1331:
877:Also in 412, Yao Xing created his concubine
383:). During his reign, he destroyed the rival
276:
1338:
1324:
1061:. Columbia University Press. p. 556.
800:Late reign: gradual weakening of Later Qin
745:In 405, at the request of the Jin general
580:carried out a disastrous campaign against
439:Yao Xing was born in 366, when his father
672:Middle reign: entrenchment and stagnation
371:. He was the son of the founding emperor
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
922:
2410:
1016:Yao Huangmei (姚黃眉), Duke of Longxi of
567:to Yao Huang. Fu Deng's crown prince
1319:
1100:
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44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
1010:Yao Guoer (姚國兒), Duke (created 402)
435:Before and during Yao Chang's reign
13:
1081:
1058:Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook
718:, under the influence of the monk
696:Also in 402, Yao Xing created his
14:
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1045:
988:Yao Chen (姚諶), Duke (created 402)
819:, who had taken control of Jin's
1031:Emperor Mingyuan of Northern Wei
1004:Yao Kui (姚逵), Duke (created 402)
1001:Yao Zhi (姚質), Duke (created 402)
20:
1007:Yao Yu (姚裕), Duke (created 402)
31:needs additional citations for
1231:Reason for succession failure:
1141:Emperor Wenhuan of (Later) Qin
1094:
1075:
502:attacked the Later Qin vassal
431:at Yao Xing's request in 401.
341:
1:
2363:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
1038:
772:), who was then in charge of
2458:4th-century Chinese monarchs
2453:5th-century Chinese monarchs
357:Emperor Wenhuan of Later Qin
124:Emperor Wenhuan of Later Qin
7:
706:. He also created his son
192:416 (aged 49–50)
10:
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945:(but might be Consort Sun)
2463:Chinese Buddhist monarchs
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443:was a general under the
391:'s territory and forced
351:(子略), also known by his
572:established peace with
275:Emperor Wenhuan (文桓皇帝,
258:Huáng chū (皇初): 394–399
784:), because his father
261:Hóng shǐ (弘始): 399–416
2297:Western Shu (405–413)
1216:— TITULAR —
668:against each other.)
279:"civil and diligent")
2438:Former Qin Buddhists
1182:Emperor of Later Qin
1107:The Eastern Buddhist
923:Personal information
118:Emperor of Later Qin
40:improve this article
2443:Later Qin Buddhists
1101:Muyou, Fan (2016).
2448:Later Qin generals
2418:Later Qin emperors
2281:Huan Chu (403–404)
2116:Son of Tuoba Pugen
1200:Titles in pretence
677:Daowu already had
518:) and Yao Shuode (
2433:Former Qin people
2405:
2404:
2192:Duan Qi (350–356)
2153:
2145:
1314:
1313:
1305:Succeeded by
1287:Succeeded by
1269:Succeeded by
1264:Emperor An of Jin
1241:Succeeded by
1218:
1189:Succeeded by
1068:978-0-231-53100-9
1013:Yao Geng'er (姚耕兒)
934:(Emperor Wucheng)
808:, the emperor of
792:. Liu Bobo used
369:Later Qin dynasty
331:
330:
295:
294:
201:Ou Mausoleum (偶陵)
116:
115:
108:
90:
2470:
2151:
2143:
1348:Sixteen Kingdoms
1346:Monarchs of the
1340:
1333:
1326:
1317:
1316:
1297:Preceded by
1279:Preceded by
1261:Preceded by
1251:Preceded by
1238:
1236:Sixteen Kingdoms
1232:
1223:Emperor of China
1214:
1206:Preceded by
1172:Preceded by
1162:
1155:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1052:
909:Emperor Mingyuan
730:and his brother
521:
517:
497:
485:
466:
410:
407:'s Western Shu (
359:(後秦文桓帝), was an
343:
278:
238:
237:
121:
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97:
91:
89:
48:
24:
16:
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2408:
2407:
2406:
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2308:
2292:
2276:
2252:
2203:
2187:
2161:
2157:Tuoba Shiyijian
2091:
2000:
1971:
1942:
1913:
1889:
1846:
1817:
1781:
1747:
1718:
1662:
1611:
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1156:
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1149:
1142:
1135:
1134:
1099:
1095:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1053:
1046:
1041:
1023:Princess Xiping
925:
802:
776:(朔方, in modern
674:
528:
457:empress dowager
437:
353:posthumous name
269:Posthumous name
229:
213:
202:
125:
119:
112:
101:
95:
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49:
47:
37:
25:
12:
11:
5:
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2027:
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2017:
2011:
2009:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1855:
1852:Northern Liang
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1823:Southern Liang
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1798:
1792:
1790:
1783:
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1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
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1537:
1535:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1517:Zhang Xuanjing
1514:
1509:
1504:
1502:Zhang Chonghua
1499:
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1167:Regnal titles
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948:
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937:
936:
935:
924:
921:
801:
798:
782:Inner Mongolia
679:Empress Murong
673:
670:
653:Northern Liang
622:Southern Liang
527:
524:
436:
433:
397:Northern Liang
393:Southern Liang
329:
328:
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9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2200:
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2058:
2055:
2052:
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2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:Western Liang
1916:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1881:
1878:
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1715:
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1707:
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1642:
1639:
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1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
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1621:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
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1589:
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1578:
1574:
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1569:
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1562:
1559:
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1554:
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1549:
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1539:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1507:Zhang Yaoling
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1482:
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1322:
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1309:
1301:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1184:
1183:
1176:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1138:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1082:McNair, Amy.
1078:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1059:
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1049:
1044:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1019:
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1000:
997:
993:
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987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
968:
966:
962:(created 412)
961:
958:
956:(created 402)
955:
954:Empress Zhang
952:
951:
949:
944:
941:
940:
938:
933:
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927:
926:
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863:
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853:
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845:
841:
838:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
815:Also in 407,
813:
811:
807:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
766:
764:
760:
759:heir apparent
754:
750:
748:
743:
741:
737:
733:
727:
725:
721:
717:
712:
709:
705:
702:
701:Consort Zhang
699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
669:
666:
662:
658:
657:Western Liang
654:
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642:
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489:
481:
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473:
468:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
432:
430:
427:also visited
426:
422:
418:
415:(who founded
414:
406:
402:
401:Western Liáng
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
377:Heavenly King
374:
370:
367:-led Chinese
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
347:
346:courtesy name
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327:
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320:
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302:
298:
289:
286:
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246:Yao Xing (姚興)
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228:
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223:
219:
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212:
211:Empress Zhang
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96:February 2023
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
2351:N. Dynasties
2347:S. Dynasties
2243:Murong Zhong
2223:Murong Chong
2149:Tuoba Yihuai
2136:Tuoba Yihuai
2082:Yang Nandang
2077:Yang Baozong
1977:Northern Yan
1962:Helian Chang
1895:Southern Yan
1866:Juqu Mengxun
1767:Qifu Qiangui
1737:
1704:Murong Sheng
1688:Murong Xiang
1597:Murong Huang
1522:Zhang Tianxi
1471:Former Liang
1221:
1220:
1215:
1180:
1158:
1151:
1146:House of Yao
1144:
1113:(1): 57–80.
1110:
1106:
1096:
1087:
1077:
1057:
1018:Northern Wei
913:
906:
902:
894:
890:
883:
876:
869:
866:
860:and central
854:
850:
846:
842:
833:
814:
810:Southern Yan
803:
767:
755:
751:
744:
728:
713:
695:
683:Yellow River
675:
665:Juqu Mengxun
638:
618:
611:
609:
602:
598:
594:
582:Northern Wei
529:
512:
486:, in modern
469:
461:crown prince
438:
380:
356:
348:
344:; 366–416),
333:
332:
131:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
2343:16 Kingdoms
2248:Murong Yong
2218:Murong Hong
2209:Western Yan
2152:(2nd reign)
2144:(2nd reign)
2111:Tuoba Pugen
2087:Yang Baochi
2015:Yang Maosou
1967:Helian Ding
1957:Helian Bobo
1909:Murong Chao
1884:Juqu Anzhou
1871:Juqu Mujian
1837:Tufa Lilugu
1787:Later Liang
1772:Qifu Chipan
1762:Qifu Guoren
1753:Western Qin
1677:Murong Chui
1308:Qifu Gangui
1300:Qifu Gangui
1272:Helian Bobo
943:Empress She
872:Qifu Guoren
821:Yi Province
806:Murong Chao
786:Liu Weichen
770:Helian Bobo
763:Qifu Chipan
641:Later Liang
626:Tufa Lilugu
590:Murong Chui
561:Qifu Gangui
557:Western Qin
476:Western Yan
453:Empress She
413:Helian Bobo
389:Western Qin
285:Temple name
231:Consort Yao
157:Predecessor
141:Emperor of
132:Emperor of
2428:416 deaths
2423:366 births
2412:Categories
2335:3 Kingdoms
2238:Murong Yao
2141:Tuoba Hena
2131:Tuoba Hena
2126:Tuoba Heru
2121:Tuoba Yulü
2106:Tuoba Yilu
2067:Yang Sheng
2020:Yang Nandi
1877:Juqu Wuhui
1842:Tufa Rutan
1714:Murong Yun
1693:Murong Lin
1682:Murong Bao
1617:Former Qin
1607:Murong Wei
1602:Murong Jun
1588:Former Yan
1532:Later Zhao
1290:Tufa Rutan
1039:References
960:Empress Qi
879:Consort Qi
736:Tufa Rutan
720:Kumarajiva
578:Murong Bao
565:Empress Li
445:Former Qin
425:Kumarajiva
385:Former Qin
291:Gaozu (高祖)
215:Empress Qi
66:newspapers
55:"Yao Xing"
2304:Qiao Zong
2288:Huan Xuan
2272:Zhai Zhao
2267:Zhai Liao
2260:(388–392)
2233:Murong Yi
2211:(384–394)
2169:(350–352)
2099:(310–376)
2072:Yang Xuan
2062:Yang Ding
2057:Yang Cuan
2051:Yang Tong
2008:(296–443)
1996:Feng Hong
1979:(407–436)
1950:(407–431)
1921:(400–421)
1904:Murong De
1897:(398–410)
1854:(397–460)
1832:Tufa Wugu
1825:(397–414)
1789:(386–403)
1777:Qifu Mumo
1755:(385–431)
1733:Yao Chang
1726:(384–417)
1724:Later Qin
1709:Murong Xi
1670:(384–409)
1668:Later Yan
1652:Dou Chong
1619:(351–394)
1590:(337–370)
1534:(319–351)
1512:Zhang Zuo
1497:Zhang Jun
1492:Zhang Mao
1487:Zhang Shi
1481:Zhang Gui
1473:(318–376)
1418:(304–329)
1358:(304–347)
1356:Cheng-Han
1209:Yao Chang
1175:Yao Chang
1119:0012-8708
1027:concubine
967:Children
932:Yao Chang
898:Guanzhong
825:Chongqing
817:Qiao Zong
794:guerrilla
698:concubine
613:Tian Wang
586:Tuoba Gui
574:Later Yan
504:Dou Chong
488:Tongchuan
463:Fu Hong (
441:Yao Chang
405:Qiao Zong
381:Tian Wang
373:Yao Chang
326:Yao Chang
316:Later Qin
251:Era dates
167:Successor
161:Yao Chang
143:Later Qin
134:Later Qin
2258:Zhai Wei
2228:Duan Sui
2199:Duan Kan
2045:Yang Shi
2040:Yang Jun
2035:Yang Guo
2030:Yang Chu
1796:Lü Guang
1743:Yao Hong
1738:Yao Xing
1658:Fu Chong
1631:Fu Sheng
1577:Liu Xian
1566:Shi Jian
1546:Shi Hong
1448:Jin Zhun
1437:Liu Cong
1425:Liu Yuan
1416:Han-Zhao
1379:Li Xiong
1244:Yao Hong
1192:Yao Hong
1186:394–416
1127:26799794
971:Yao Hong
917:Yao Shao
886:suzerain
823:(modern
804:In 407,
774:Shuofang
740:era name
716:Buddhist
708:Yao Hong
624:'s king
584:'s King
569:Fu Chong
549:Xianyang
541:Xianyang
472:Chang'an
447:emperor
429:Chang'an
421:Buddhism
334:Yao Xing
227:Yao Hong
171:Yao Hong
2182:Ran Zhi
2176:Ran Min
2167:Ran Wei
2025:Yang Yi
2006:Chouchi
1991:Feng Ba
1986:Gao Yun
1861:Duan Ye
1813:Lü Long
1808:Lü Zuan
1802:Lü Shao
1698:Lan Han
1646:Fu Deng
1636:Fu Jiān
1626:Fu Jiàn
1571:Shi Zhi
1561:Shi Zun
1556:Shi Shi
1454:Liu Yao
1442:Liu Can
1405:Fan Ben
1394:Li Shou
1282:Lü Long
1254:Fu Deng
1228:394–416
939:Mother
928:Father
837:Shaanxi
829:Sichuan
732:Lü Chao
704:empress
661:Lü Long
553:Shaanxi
545:Shaanxi
537:Shaanxi
508:Yin Wei
500:Fu Deng
492:Shaanxi
449:Fu Jiān
363:of the
361:emperor
355:as the
338:Chinese
311:Dynasty
152:394–416
80:scholar
2375:W. Xia
1938:Li Xun
1933:Li Xin
1928:Li Gao
1551:Shi Hu
1541:Shi Le
1460:Liu Xi
1431:Liu He
1399:Li Shi
1384:Li Ban
1373:Li Liu
1157:
1125:
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996:Liu Yu
950:Wives
747:Liu Yu
724:sutras
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207:Spouse
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1366:Li Te
1159:Died:
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858:Hunan
778:Ordos
649:Gansu
645:Wuwei
634:Gansu
533:Baoji
480:Beidi
365:Qiang
349:Zilüe
301:House
241:Names
222:Issue
149:Reign
126:後秦文桓帝
87:JSTOR
73:books
2391:Qing
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2383:Yuan
2371:Song
2367:Liao
2359:Tang
2323:Zhou
1115:ISSN
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827:and
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189:Died
181:Born
59:news
2399:PRC
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2327:Qin
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1948:Xia
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