41:
530:) helped to further establish Yao Chang's reputation as wily and treacherous. The people of Xinping had fought extremely hard to preserve their city for Former Qin when Yao Chang first started sieging the city in late 384. Eventually, when Xinping ran out of food supplies and military equipment, Yao Chang assured the governor of Xinping commandery, Gou Fu (苟輔), that if he yielded the city, he would be allowed to safely lead the people of Xinping to Chang'an. Gou believed him, but as soon as he exited the city with the 5,000 remaining people, Yao Chang surrounded them with his troops and slaughtered them all, with only a single person who escaped.
541:), Yao Chang sent his general Wu Zhong (吳忠) to surround Fu Jiān, eventually capturing him and delivering him to Xinping to be imprisoned there. Yao Chang tried to persuade him to ceremonially pass the throne to him, but Fu Jiān, angry at Yao's betrayal, refused. Later in 385, Yao sent his soldiers to strangle Fu Jiān. Even Later Qin soldiers mourned Fu Jiān, however, and Yao, in order to pretend as if he did not put Fu Jiān to death, posthumously honored him as Heavenly King Zhuanglie (壯烈天王).
594:
Fu Deng nor Yao Chang being able to decisively defeat the other. However, Yao Chang was able to gradually subdue the other Former Qin generals of the region, taking advantage of Fu Deng's cautiousness. In 387, for example, after the Former Qin general Fu Zuan (苻纂) was killed by his brother Fu Shinu (苻師奴), Yao Chang took the opportunity to quickly advance against Fu Shinu and defeat him, seizing his troops. He also, at the same time, seized the remaining cities held by
Western Yan west of the
602:
claiming to it that he had killed Fu Jiān only to avenge Yao Xiang and asking for forgiveness. The image did not help Yao Chang, and he eventually cut off its head and sent it to Fu Deng. Later that year, as Fu Deng was pressuring Yao Chang, however, Yao Chang made a surprise attack at night, around Fu Deng's army, against Fu Deng logistics base Dajie (大界, in modern
593:
that year, claimed imperial title and became the main adversary for Yao Chang. Fu Deng used Yao Chang's killing of Fu Jiān to good propaganda effect, and for several years was quite successful in battles against Yao Chang, although the battles were generally inconclusive in their impact, with neither
381:
to resist him. Initially, Yao Xiang refused to engage them, but after Deng openly insulted him, Yao attacked and fell into a trap and was captured and killed. Yao Chang took over his troops but knew he could not resist, and so surrendered. Initially, Fu
Huangmei wanted to execute Yao Chang, but at Fu
601:
In 389, after losing several battles to Former Qin, Yao Chang desecrated Fu Jiān's tomb and whipped his body before reburying it. However, soon he became apprehensive and thought that Fu Jiān's spirit was aiding Former Qin, so he, following Fu Deng's lead, made an image of Fu Jiān and worshipped it,
493:
region to return to his homeland, leave, but the brash Fu Rui insisted on intercepting Murong Hong, and was defeated and killed by Murong Hong. Yao Chang sent messengers Zhao Du (趙都) and Jiang Xie (姜協) to report the bad news to Fu Jiān—and Fu Jiān, inexplicably, executed Zhao and Jiang in anger. Yao
450:
In 383, Fu Jiān prepared a major attack on Jin, intending to destroy it and unite China. Yao Chang was one of the few generals who was in favor of the plan, as the vast majority of Fu Jiān's subordinates opposed, including his brother and prime minister Fu Rong—who specifically was suspicious of Yao
390:
In 357, Fu Jiān overthrew the cruel and whimsical Fu Sheng (who had, in addition to many others, put Fu
Huangmei to death even after his great victory) and took the throne himself. Sometime early in his reign, Fu Jiān made Yao Chang a general. The first campaign in which he was mentioned by name was
459:
imperial ancestry), neither of whom was of Di ancestry and both of whom favored the attack on Jin. Fu Jiān proceeded with the plan despite Fu Rong's opposition, making Fu Rong the commander of the main invasion force. Yao Chang was put in charge of the armies of the southwest (on a separate front
344:
region (although not
Luoyang itself), intending on establishing himself as the ruler of the region. During this time, Yao Chang served as one of his strategists. In a battle in 352, Yao Xiang's horse was killed, and Yao Chang yielded his horse to Yao Xiang—telling Yao Xiang that as long as he was
556:, under whom the Western Yan people abandoned Chang'an and headed east. Briefly, Chang'an was held by the Xiongnu chief Hao Nu (郝奴), but Yao Chang then advanced on Chang'an, and Hao surrendered. Yao Chang made Chang'an his capital and claimed the title of emperor. He created his wife
506:
forces to siege Chang'an and destroy Former Qin and then depart for their homeland, so that he could take Chang'an without major engagements. In doing this, he hoped to conserve and increase his strength while his rivals battled. He therefore temporarily placed his capital at
644:
that he was haunted by Fu Jiān's spirit in his dreams and became insane. A guard attempted to help him but accidentally injured him in the groin, causing him to die from blood loss. He continued to beg Fu Jiān for forgiveness before he died. Yao Xing succeeded him.
548:, occupied Chang'an, and Western Yan and Later Qin battled on-and-off. However, the Western Yan people were unhappy that Murong Chong was not leading them back to their homeland in the east, and, in 386, Murong Chong was assassinated in a coup and replaced with
580:
For the next few years, Yao Chang would not have complete control over the region, as many Di, Qiang, Xiongnu, and Han generals were still remaining semi-independent throughout the region. Further, in 386, a distant member of Former Qin's imperial Fu clan,
460:
away from the main front), and as Fu Jiān was handing out the command assignments, he gave Yao Chang the title
General Longxiang (龍驤將軍) -- a title that he himself carried previously when he overthrew Fu Sheng—and he commented, apparently in a jocular tone:
629:), but Yao Chang, in his illness, nevertheless faced him in battle, forcing Fu Deng to withdraw—and then, in the engagement, made a clean evasive maneuver with his troops and disengaged, to Fu Deng's surprise, and Fu Deng commented:
407:, who were led by the Qiang general Lian Qi (斂岐), whose subordinates were originally all Yao Yizhong's subordinates and therefore surrendered to him readily. Fu Jiān made him the governor of Longdong Commandery (隴東, roughly modern
308:, Yao Chang feared that Fu Jiān would kill him and therefore rebelled. He subsequently captured and killed Fu Jiān, who had saved his life when Yao Xiang was defeated, causing many historians to view him as a traitor and murderer.
481:—a battle that Yao Chang was not involved in—and Fu Rong was killed. In early 384, Murong Chui rebelled in the eastern empire, hoping to reestablish Yan, and upon hearing Murong Chui's rebellion, Murong Chui's nephew
747:, Yao Chang's older brother Yao Xiang, the fifth of Yao Yizhong's 42 sons, would also be born in 331, which appears quite impossible, suggesting that either the dates/ages for Yao Chang or for Yao Xiang were wrong.
634:
What kind of a man is Yao Chang? I could not tell when he would go and when he would come. Everyone thought that he is near death, but he lives to fight. It is unfortunate that I live at the same time as this old
352:
attacked him in 356 and defeated him, capturing cities that he held and forcing him to abandon the plans to establish himself in the region. Instead, He was forced to advanced northwest and then west to face
618:, but after she cursed him, he executed her. While Former Qin and Later Qin would continue to stalemate for the next few years, Fu Deng was unable to again threaten Later Qin's existence from this point on.
494:
Chang became fearful and abandoned his troops, gathered the Qiang of the region, and rebelled himself, claiming the title of "King of Qin of 10,000 Years" (萬年秦王), thus establishing Later Qin.
519:), seizing the cities of the modern northern Shaanxi. Despite this, he had periodic battles with Former Qin and Western Yan forces, as Former Qin and Western Yan also battled each other.
300:
tried to start an independent state but was defeated and killed by Former Qin forces. Yao Chang became a Former Qin general, but after an incident in 384 after the Former Qin emperor
328:. He was the 24th of Yao Yizhong's 42 sons. He was described as intelligent and deliberate, but uninterested in detail matters. After Later Zhao's collapse, Yao Yizhong submitted to
2010:
533:
In fall 385, Fu Jiān abandoned Chang'an, long under siege by
Western Yan, and he sought to try to find food supplies. When he arrived at Wujiang Mountain (五將山, in modern
40:
435:
from Jin, Yao Chang was made the governor of Ning
Province (寧州, modern southern Sichuan). In 376, Yao Chang also assisted Gou Chang (苟萇) in Former Qin's conquest of
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1683:
1662:
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489:. Fu Jiān sent his brother Fu Rui (苻叡) against Murong Hong, assisted by Yao Chang. Yao Chang advocated letting Murong Hong, who was intent on leaving the
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949:
1974:
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1698:
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Before, I established my rule as the
General Longxiang. I do not easily confer this title on others. You should take good care of the title.
2006:
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420:
2049:
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still alive, the enemy would not dare to touch Yao Chang. However, as they were still discussing, they were rescued by their troops.
942:
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In 392, Yao Chang grew ill, and Fu Deng, hearing this, made a major attack on the important Later Qin city Anding (安定, in modern
2059:
1990:
1962:
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was greatly suspicious of him, however, Yao Xiang rebelled in 352 and ambushed Yin, and then occupied the cities in the
935:
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1954:
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474:, immediately objected, stating that it is a bad omen for the emperor to joke, and Fu Jiān grew briefly silent.
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Later that year, against the much weaker Jin troops, Fu Rong's forces were nevertheless defeated at the
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took over his troops and headed south to submit to Jin command. After realizing that the Jin general
329:
277:
1938:
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1930:
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and killing his sons Fu Bian (苻弁) and Fu Shang (苻尚). He initially wanted to make
Empress Mao his
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submitted themselves to him. Fu Sheng sent a force commanded by Fu
Huangmei (苻黃眉), Fu Dao (苻道),
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Yao Chang initially opted to keep his troops mobile, as he anticipated Murong Hong's
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However, before Yao Xiang could strengthen his rule over the region, the Jin general
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959:
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743:, vol. 116. However, it should also be noted that based on dates and ages given by
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273:
439:, and in 378 involved in the sieged against the Jin city Xiangyang (襄陽, in modern
296:, but after Later Zhao's collapse after Shi Hu's death, Yao Chang's older brother
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683:
403:). In 367, he again assisted Wang Meng in attacking the rebels in modern eastern
265:
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1113:
447:). Sometime during Fu Jiān's reign, he created Yao Chang the Marquess of Yidu.
365:. In 357, Yao Xiang advanced into Former Qin territory, and a number of Qiang,
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Yao Song (姚嵩), the Marquess of Ancheng and Sikong (killed in battle 416)
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Yao Chōng (姚沖) (note tone difference) (forced to commit suicide 409)
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Yao Chóng (姚崇) (note tone difference), the Duke of Qi (created 395)
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Around the new year 394, Yao Chang died. It is recorded in the
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had been a powerful general and Qiang chieftain under the
703:
Yao Ping (姚平), the Duke of Yiyang (killed in battle 402)
423:(楊篡), and in 373, after Former Qin seized the modern
957:
589:
to oppose him, and after the death of Fu Jiān's son
320:(姚弋仲), a major Qiang chief, was a general under the
697:(姚興), the Crown Prince (created 386), later emperor
709:Yao Xian (姚顯), the Duke of Changshan (created 395)
660:(d. 351), posthumously honored as Emperor Jingyuan
2021:
395:in an attack on Jin's Jing Province (荊州, modern
332:as a vassal, and, after he died in 351, his son
415:). In 371, he was part of the campaign against
552:, who was then assassinated and replaced with
485:rebelled as well, near the Former Qin capital
943:
316:Yao Chang was born in 331, while his father
686:, might be Crown Prince Xing's birth mother
382:Jiān's intercession, Yao Chang was spared.
189:
950:
936:
544:Western Yan forces, under its now-emperor
39:
385:
648:
2022:
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682:Consort Sun, posthumously honored as
610:), capturing it and Fu Deng's wife
13:
14:
2076:
712:Yao Yong (姚邕), the Duke of Jinan
897:Reason for succession failure:
731:
254:
1:
1975:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
758:Emperor Wuzhao of (Later) Qin
724:
575:
311:
2060:4th-century Chinese monarchs
2050:Jin dynasty (266–420) people
7:
270:Emperor Wuzhao of Later Qin
192:"martial and accomplished")
89:394 (aged 62–63)
22:Emperor Wuzhao of Later Qin
10:
2081:
497:
357:, ruled by the ethnically-
272:(後秦武昭帝), was the founding
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264:(景茂), also known by his
857:as Emperor of Later Qin
174:(大將軍 大單于 萬年秦王, 384–386)
188:Emperor Wuzhao (武昭皇帝,
152:Jiàn chū (建初): 386–393
1909:Western Shu (405–413)
882:— TITULAR —
671:(created 386, d. 397)
386:In service of Fu Jiān
330:Jin Dynasty (266–420)
166:Grand General, Grand
149:Bái què (白雀): 384–386
804:Emperor of Later Qin
737:This date came from
649:Personal information
111:Empress Dowager Suen
16:Emperor of Later Qin
2055:Former Qin generals
479:Battle of Fei River
306:Battle of Fei River
176:Emperor (since 386)
98:Yuan Mausoleum (原陵)
2030:Later Qin emperors
1893:Huan Chu (403–404)
1728:Son of Tuoba Pugen
866:Titles in pretence
832:Title last held by
172:Ten Thousand Years
2065:Founding monarchs
2045:Later Zhao people
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1804:Duan Qi (350–356)
1765:
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907:Succeeded by
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811:Succeeded by
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470:Another general,
304:'s defeat at the
282:Later Qin dynasty
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170:, King of Qin of
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1531:Western Liang
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1119:Zhang Yaoling
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284:. His father
283:
280:-led Chinese
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
260:
259:courtesy name
252:
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37:
34:
33:
27:
20:
1963:N. Dynasties
1959:S. Dynasties
1855:Murong Zhong
1835:Murong Chong
1761:Tuoba Yihuai
1748:Tuoba Yihuai
1694:Yang Nandang
1689:Yang Baozong
1589:Northern Yan
1574:Helian Chang
1507:Southern Yan
1478:Juqu Mengxun
1379:Qifu Qiangui
1344:
1316:Murong Sheng
1300:Murong Xiang
1209:Murong Huang
1134:Zhang Tianxi
1083:Former Liang
887:
886:
881:
856:
855:
841:
834:
828:
802:
795:
794:
775:
768:
763:House of Yao
761:
744:
738:
733:
639:
633:
620:
600:
596:Yellow River
579:
570:crown prince
564:and his son
546:Murong Chong
543:
532:
521:
501:
476:
469:
464:
449:
437:Former Liang
389:
347:
315:
269:
261:
257:; 331–394),
246:
245:
29:
1955:16 Kingdoms
1860:Murong Yong
1830:Murong Hong
1821:Western Yan
1764:(2nd reign)
1756:(2nd reign)
1723:Tuoba Pugen
1699:Yang Baochi
1627:Yang Maosou
1579:Helian Ding
1569:Helian Bobo
1521:Murong Chao
1496:Juqu Anzhou
1483:Juqu Mujian
1449:Tufa Lilugu
1399:Later Liang
1384:Qifu Chipan
1374:Qifu Guoren
1365:Western Qin
1289:Murong Chui
843:King of Qin
669:Empress She
658:Yao Yizhong
642:Book of Jin
612:Empress Mao
504:Western Yan
483:Murong Hong
453:Murong Chui
318:Yao Yizhong
286:Yao Yizhong
239:Yao Yizhong
198:Temple name
160:Regnal name
108:Empress She
30:Emperor of
2040:394 deaths
2035:331 births
2024:Categories
1947:3 Kingdoms
1850:Murong Yao
1753:Tuoba Hena
1743:Tuoba Hena
1738:Tuoba Heru
1733:Tuoba Yulü
1718:Tuoba Yilu
1679:Yang Sheng
1632:Yang Nandi
1489:Juqu Wuhui
1454:Tufa Rutan
1326:Murong Yun
1305:Murong Lin
1294:Murong Bao
1229:Former Qin
1219:Murong Wei
1214:Murong Jun
1200:Former Yan
1144:Later Zhao
725:References
678:Concubines
576:As emperor
457:Former Yan
451:Chang and
379:Deng Qiang
355:Former Qin
322:Later Zhao
312:Early life
290:Later Zhao
204:Taizu (太祖)
1916:Qiao Zong
1900:Huan Xuan
1884:Zhai Zhao
1879:Zhai Liao
1872:(388–392)
1845:Murong Yi
1823:(384–394)
1781:(350–352)
1711:(310–376)
1684:Yang Xuan
1674:Yang Ding
1669:Yang Cuan
1663:Yang Tong
1620:(296–443)
1608:Feng Hong
1591:(407–436)
1562:(407–431)
1533:(400–421)
1516:Murong De
1509:(398–410)
1466:(397–460)
1444:Tufa Wugu
1437:(397–414)
1401:(386–403)
1389:Qifu Mumo
1367:(385–431)
1345:Yao Chang
1338:(384–417)
1336:Later Qin
1321:Murong Xi
1282:(384–409)
1280:Later Yan
1264:Dou Chong
1231:(351–394)
1202:(337–370)
1146:(319–351)
1124:Zhang Zuo
1109:Zhang Jun
1104:Zhang Mao
1099:Zhang Shi
1093:Zhang Gui
1085:(318–376)
1030:(304–329)
970:(304–347)
968:Cheng-Han
829:Recreated
691:Children
623:Pingliang
616:concubine
554:Murong Yi
513:Tongchuan
491:Guanzhong
472:Dou Chong
429:Chongqing
421:Yang Cuan
419:'s ruler
393:Wang Meng
334:Yao Xiang
298:Yao Xiang
247:Yao Chang
229:Later Qin
142:Era dates
64:Successor
50:Later Qin
48:ruler of
32:Later Qin
1870:Zhai Wei
1840:Duan Sui
1811:Duan Kan
1657:Yang Shi
1652:Yang Jun
1647:Yang Guo
1642:Yang Chu
1408:Lü Guang
1355:Yao Hong
1350:Yao Xing
1270:Fu Chong
1243:Fu Sheng
1189:Liu Xian
1178:Shi Jian
1158:Shi Hong
1060:Jin Zhun
1049:Liu Cong
1037:Liu Yuan
1028:Han-Zhao
991:Li Xiong
920:Duan Sui
910:Yao Xing
847:384–386
814:Yao Xing
808:386–394
695:Yao Xing
604:Xianyang
566:Yao Xing
558:Lady She
550:Duan Sui
524:Xianyang
487:Chang'an
441:Xiangfan
363:Fu Sheng
361:emperor
350:Huan Wen
324:emperor
292:emperor
122:Yao Xing
68:Yao Xing
1794:Ran Zhi
1788:Ran Min
1779:Ran Wei
1637:Yang Yi
1618:Chouchi
1603:Feng Ba
1598:Gao Yun
1473:Duan Ye
1425:Lü Long
1420:Lü Zuan
1414:Lü Shao
1310:Lan Han
1258:Fu Deng
1248:Fu Jiān
1238:Fu Jiàn
1183:Shi Zhi
1173:Shi Zun
1168:Shi Shi
1066:Liu Yao
1054:Liu Can
1017:Fan Ben
1006:Li Shou
894:386–394
875:Fu Jiān
852:Himself
836:Fú Jiàn
791:Himself
745:Jin Shu
740:Jin Shu
654:Father
608:Shaanxi
583:Fu Deng
562:empress
539:Shaanxi
528:Shaanxi
517:Shaanxi
498:As king
433:Shaanxi
425:Sichuan
417:Chouchi
413:Shaanxi
375:Fu Jiān
367:Xiongnu
342:Luoyang
338:Yin Hao
302:Fu Jiān
276:of the
274:emperor
268:as the
262:Jingmao
251:Chinese
224:Dynasty
59:384–394
1987:W. Xia
1550:Li Xun
1545:Li Xin
1540:Li Gao
1163:Shi Hu
1153:Shi Le
1072:Liu Xi
1043:Liu He
1011:Li Shi
996:Li Ban
985:Li Liu
774:
676:Major
635:Qiang.
377:, and
369:, and
326:Shi Le
294:Shi Hu
253::
235:Father
168:Chanyu
104:Spouse
94:Burial
1931:Shang
1253:Fu Pi
1001:Li Qi
978:Li Te
776:Died:
769:Born:
665:Wife
627:Gansu
591:Fu Pi
587:Gansu
535:Baoji
509:Beidi
445:Hubei
409:Baoji
405:Gansu
401:Hubei
397:Hunan
278:Qiang
214:House
132:Names
117:Issue
56:Reign
24:後秦武昭帝
2003:Qing
1999:Ming
1995:Yuan
1983:Song
1979:Liao
1971:Tang
1935:Zhou
190:lit.
86:Died
78:Born
2011:PRC
2007:ROC
1991:Jīn
1967:Sui
1951:Jìn
1943:Han
1939:Qin
1927:Xia
1709:Dai
1560:Xia
778:394
771:331
568:as
560:as
371:Han
218:Yao
81:331
2026::
2009:/
2005:→
2001:→
1997:→
1993:→
1989:/
1985:/
1981:/
1977:→
1973:→
1969:→
1965:→
1961:/
1957:→
1953:/
1949:→
1945:→
1941:→
1937:→
1933:→
1929:→
625:,
606:,
598:.
572:.
537:,
526:,
515:,
443:,
427:,
411:,
359:Di
255:姚萇
1796:)
1792:(
1665:)
1661:(
1498:)
1494:(
1491:)
1487:(
1416:)
1412:(
1312:)
1298:(
1266:)
1262:(
1191:)
1187:(
1095:)
1091:(
1074:)
1070:(
1062:)
1058:(
1045:)
1041:(
1019:)
1015:(
987:)
983:(
980:)
976:(
951:e
944:t
937:v
249:(
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