2774:, since it is the Original Breath and not external breath which must be kept circulating through the body, and since its natural place is within the body, there is no need to make it enter or hold it in by effort as the ancients did: no retention of the breath, which is exhausting and, in some cases, harmful. But it does not follow that to make the breath circulate is an easy thing; on the contrary, it requires a lengthy apprenticeship. "The internal breath... is naturally in the body, it is not a breath which you go outside to seek; (but) if you do not get the explanations of an enlightened master, (all efforts) will be nothing but useless toil, and you will never succeed." Common ordinary respiration plays only a secondary role in the mechanism of Breath circulation, which goes on outside it. The two breaths, internal and external, carry on their movements in perfect correspondence. When the external breath ascends during inhalation, the internal breath contained in the lower Cinnabar Field also rises; when the external breath descends, the internal breath descends too and returns again to the lower Cinnabar Field. Such is the simple mechanism which governs the circulation of Original Breath. (Maspero 1981: 468)
2851:). "He could gather up fire and not burn himself, and he went up and down with the smoke; his clothes never burned." (Maspero 1981: 543). His method "was a series of magical procedures endowed with a specific efficacy, allowing one to go into fire without being burned and into water without drowning, in imitation of Master Ning himself. It included a method of guiding the breath, , and contained four series of exercises in which rhythmic breathing, retention of breath, and movements of arms, legs, head, and torso were done successively." Each of these series was named after a particular animal: the breath-guiding procedures of the Toad, Tortoise, Wild Goose, and Dragon, with exercises representing the movements and breathing of these animals. For instance, the "Dragon Procedure of Circulating the Breath":
38:
2737:
2642:
mind to take (the
Original Breath) in and to make it enter the two points. (You should) imagine two columns of white breath going straight up on both sides of your spine and entering the to becloud thickly the palace. Then the breath continues to your hair, your face, your neck, both arms and hands up and to your fingers. After a little time, it enters the chest and the middle which is (by) the heart. It pours on into the five viscera, it passes the lower , and reaches (the Three Miles, i.e., the genitals) It goes through your hips, your knees, ankles and all the way to the (acupuncture points) which are in the center of your feet soles. That is the so-called "to share one breath and manage it individually". (tr. Huang 1988: 18-19)
2143:(r. 258–364) heard about this he said, "In a short time this man is going to starve to death", and ordered that Shi be locked up and guarded constantly without food or water, excepting a few quarts he requested for making holy water. After more than a year of imprisonment, his "complexion became ever fresher and his strength remained normal." The emperor then asked him how much longer he could continue like this, and Shi Chun replied that "there was no limit; possibly several dozen years, his only fear being that he might die of old age, but it would not be of hunger." The emperor discontinued the fasting experiment and released him (15, tr. Ware 1966: 248–249). The
2523:
for each time you swallow. The hands and feet should be supported on things; wait until the Breath has penetrated, and then the heart must be emptied and the body forgotten; and thereupon the hot breath will be dispersed throughout the four limbs; the breath of the
Essential Flower , being coagulated, will return to the Ocean of Breath . After some time, the Embryo will be completed spontaneously. By holding the joints of the members firm, you can succeed in having (the Breaths) answer one another with the sound of thunder; the drum resounds in the belly so that the Breaths are harmonized. "(tr. Maspero 1981: 481)
2303:
1927:"loosely designates various practices in which breath is swallowed and then systematically circulated (often guided by visualization) throughout the body. Such practices were often understood as substituting pure cosmic pneumas for ordinary foods (especially grains and meats) as the staples of one's diet." (Campany 2002: 133). In several of Ge Hong's discussions of the sexual arts of self-cultivation, his consistent position is that they, "along with the circulation of pneumas, are necessary supplements to the ingestion of elixirs for the attainment of transcendence." (Campany 2002: 31).
2064:
fatty and fresh meats are consumed, the breaths, becoming strengthened, are hard to preserve. Hate and anger are also forbidden. Overindulgence in them throws the breaths into confusion, and when they are not calmed they turn into shouting. For these reasons few persons can practice this art. My ancestral uncle, Ko Hsüan, merely because he was able to hoard his breaths and breathe like a fetus, would stay on the bottom of a deep pool for almost a whole day whenever he was thoroughly intoxicated and it was a hot summer's day. (8, tr. Ware 1966: 140).
2778:
malady, to the if
Embryonic Respiration is the purpose, and so on. This is what is called "guiding the breath" . The other consists of letting the breath go where it will through the body without interfering by guiding it. This is what is called "refining the breath" . I shall point out in succession the methods for absorbing the breath, for guiding it, and for refining it. It is the first of these two pulses. Absorbing the Breath, which is properly to be called Embryonic Respiration : but the expression is applied also to the exercises
2568:
is. Shut off the breath. Use the will and the mind to regulate the breath in order to attack the ailment. When the breath has been retained to the extreme, exhale it. Then swallow it again. If the breathing is rapid, stop. If the breath is harmonious, work on the ailment again. … Even if the ailment is in your head, face, hands or feet, wherever it is, work on it. There is nothing that will not be cured. Note that when the mind wills the breath into the limbs, it works like magic, its effects are indescribable. (tr. Huang 1988: 22)
2213:"made available many methods for transcending the world, including, nine elixirs and eight minerals, Liquor of Jade and Gold Liquor; next, methods for mentally fixing on the mystic and unsullied, meditating on spirits and on the Monad , successively storing and circulating pneumas, refining one's body and dispelling disasters, averting evil and controlling ghosts, nourishing one's nature and avoiding grains, transforming oneself overcome trouble, keeping to the teachings and precepts, and dispatching demons" (Campany 2002: 199).
2101:
those who know recipes for sexual intercourse say that only these recipes can lead to geniehood. Those who know breathing procedures claim that only circulation of the breaths can prolong our years. Those knowing methods for bending and stretching say that only calisthenics can exorcize old age. Those knowing herbal prescriptions say that only through the nibbling of medicines can one be free from exhaustion. Failures in the study of the divine process are due to such specializations. (8, tr. Ware 1966: 113).
1957:
between the profound and the shallow. You cannot learn all about them promptly unless you meet with a learned teacher and work very, very hard. Many things may be dubbed circulation of the breaths, but there are only a few methods for doing it correctly. Other things may be dubbed good sexual practice, but its true recipe involves almost a hundred or more different activities. Something may be dubbed a medicine to be taken, but there are roughly a thousand such prescriptions. (8, tr. Ware 1966: 138).
1554:. For instance, "Knowing the great age attained by tortoises and cranes, he imitates their calisthenics so as to augment his own life span" (Ware 1966: 53); "Therefore, God's Men merely ask us to study the method by which these animals extend their years through calisthenics and to model ourselves on their eschewing of starches through the consumption of breath" (1966: 58); "the tortoise and the crane have a special understanding of calisthenics and diet" (1966: 59).
485:
509:
2791:
3367:
2207:) and shut off his breath so as to attack what was troubling him. He would fix his heart by turns on each part of his body: his head and face, his nine orifices and five viscera, his four limbs, even his hair. In each case he would cause his heart to abide there, and he would feel his breath circulate throughout his body, starting at his nose and mouth and reaching down into his ten fingers." (Campany 2002: 417).
2012:
should always exhale less than one inhales. A goose feather held before the nose and mouth during the exhalations should not move. After some practice the number of heartbeats may be increased very gradually to one thousand , before the breath is released. Once this is achieved, the aged will become one day younger each day. (8, tr. Ware 1966: 138-139; times estimated by
Needham 1983: 143-144)
1873:
the inside of his own body and, concentrating his thought, steers the breath and guides it, following it by sight through all the veins and passages of the body. Thus it is led where one wishes. If one is sick (that is, if some passage inside the body is obstructed and hampers the regular passage of air), that is where one leads it to reestablish circulation, which produces healing.
1860:, "Scripture of the Yellow Court") contrasts the respiration of ordinary people and Daoists inhaling through the nose and exhaling through the mouth. Ordinary people's breath supposedly descends from the nose to the kidneys, traverses the Five Viscera (kidneys, heart, liver, spleen, and lungs), then the Six Receptacles (gall bladder, stomach, large intestine, small intestine,
1633:), which then transport its essence to the skin and the body hair. The entire vascular system unites with the secretions and passes the force of life on to a storehouse , which stores the energy and vitality and intelligence. These are then transmitted to the four (parts of the body), and the vital forces of the viscera are restored to their order. (21, tr. Veith 1949: 196)
1821:) occurs in the "Instinct and Emotion" section: "Why are there five Instincts and six Emotions ? Man by nature lives by containing the fluids of the Six Pitch-pipes and the Five Elements . Therefore, he has in the Five Reservoirs and the Six Storehouses , through which the Instincts and Emotions go in and out." (tr. Tjan 1952: 566).
2051:, "dead breath", from noon to midnight), it warns, "The circulating of the breaths must be done at an hour when breath is alive, not when it is dead. … No benefit is derived from practicing the circulating when breath is dead." (8, tr. Ware 1966: 139). Fifth, Ge advises maintaining moderation and tells an anecdote about his great-uncle
1864:, and bladder), where it is blocked by the "Origin of the Barrier, , the double door of which is closed with a key and guarded by the gods of the spleen, both clad in red," whereupon the breath rises to the mouth and is exhaled (Maspero 1981: 341). Daoist adepts knew how to control their breath to open these doors and lead it to the
1730:: "The mind is the master of the Five Orbs. It regulates and directs the Four Limbs and circulates the blood and vital energy , gallops through the realms of accepting and rejecting, and enters and exits through the gateways and doorways of the hundreds of endeavors. (1.17, tr. Major 2010: 71; cf. 7.3, 2010: 243).
2092:
attained provided the scheme is carried out fuIly, but one must also know the art of sexual intercourse to achieve such extra years. If ignorance of the sexual art causes frequent losses of sperm to occur, it will be difficult to have sufficient energy to circulate the breaths. (5, tr. Ware 1966, 105).
2641:
There are two points on the spine behind the lower . They correspond through the ridge vein with the which is the brain palace (a point between the eyes above the root of the nose). The
Original Breath is obtained by storing (the breath of) every three consecutive swallowings in the lower . Use the
2100:
In everything pertaining to the nurturing of life one must learn much and make the essentials one's own; look widely and know how to select. There can be no reliance upon one particular specialty, for there is always the danger that breadwinners will emphasize their personal specialties. That is why
2011:
When first learning to circulate the breaths, one inhales through the nose and closes up that breath. After holding it quietly for 120 heartbeats , it is expelled in tiny quantities through the mouth. During the exhalations and inhalations one should not hear the sound of one's own breathing, and one
2777:
This is done in two phases: "swallowing the breath" and making it circulate. And if there is only a single way of absorbing the Breath, there are two distinct ways of making it circulate. One consists of leading it so as to guide it where one wishes it to go, to an afflicted area if it is to cure a
1530:
When the men living between the
Yangtze and the Huai are young, they place their beds on tortoises, and their families do not remove the beds until those boys have died of old age." Thus, these animals have lived at least fifty or sixty years, and, given that they can dispense this long with food or
1653:
The Great Yin of the foot means (relates to) the three Yin. Its communication by way of the stomach is subject to the spleen and is connected with the throat; thus it is the great Yin which causes the communication to the three parts of Yin . … The five viscera and the six hollow organs are like an
2567:
If suddenly there is discomfort in cultivating and nourishing (the breath) or occasionally there is some kind of illness, go into a secluded room and follow this method: spread out your hands and feet, then harmonize the breath and swallow it down (guiding it in your thoughts) to where the trouble
2522:
At the times when you are guiding the Breath, beat the drum and perform ten swallowings, twenty swallowings, so that your intestines are filled. After that concentrate upon guiding (the Breath) and making it penetrate into the four limbs. When you are practicing this method, guide the Breath once
1872:
Then is the moment of "leading the breath", , in such a way that "the breaths of the Nine
Heavens (= the inhaled air), which have entered the man's nose, make the tour of the body and are poured into the Palace of the Brain". The "breath is led" by Interior Vision, , thanks to which the Adept sees
1190:"guiding and pulling" calisthenics: "Blowing and breathing, exhaling and inhaling, expelling the old and taking in the new, bear strides and bird stretches —all this is merely indicative of the desire for longevity." (15, tr. Mair 1994: 145). Another context praises "breathing from the heels: "The
925:
meant air, breath, vapor, and other pneumatic stuff. It might be congealed or compacted in liquids or solids. Qi also referred to the balanced and ordered vitalities or energies, partly derived from the air we breathe, that cause physical changes and maintain life. These are not distinct meanings.
2063:
It must be admitted, however, that it is man's nature to engage in multiple pursuits and he is little inclined to the peace and quiet requisite to the pursuit of this process. For the circulation of the breaths it is essential that the processor refrain from overeating. When fresh vegetables, and
1956:
If you wish to seek divinity or geniehood , you need only acquire the quintessence, which consists in treasuring your sperm , circulating your breaths , and taking one crucial medicine . That is all! There are not a multitude of things to do. In these three pursuits, however, one must distinguish
2109:
If you are going to do everything possible to nurture your life , you will take the divine medicines . In addition, you will never weary of circulating your breaths ; morning and night you will do calisthenics to circulate your blood and breaths and see that they do not stagnate. In addition to
1980:
Through circulation of the breaths illnesses can be cured, plague need not be fled, snakes and tigers can be charmed, bleeding from wounds can be halted, one may stay under water or walk on it, be free from hunger and thirst, and protract one's years. The most important part of it is simply to
2473:
There were two ways of making it circulate . Concentrating the will to direct it to a particular place, such as the brain, or the site of some local malady, was termed . Visualising its flow in thought was "inner vision" , differentiated (not very convincingly to us) from ordinary imagination.
2091:
The taking of medicines may be the first requirement for enjoying
Fullness of Life , but the concomitant practice of breath circulation greatly enhances speedy attainment of the goal. Even if medicines are not attainable and only breath circulation is practiced, a few hundred years will be
1227:
Verse 24 summarizes Inner
Training breath control, which "appears to be a meditative technique in which the adept concentrates on nothing but the Way, or some representation of it. It is to be undertaken when you are sitting in a calm and unmoving position, and it enables you to set aside the
1660:). They also serve to transport vigor to the three regions of Yang . The viscera and the hollow organs, in reliance upon their direct communication, receive vigor from the region of the 'sunlight'. Thus they cause the stomach to transport its fluid secretions. (29, tr. Veith 1949: 235-236)
2110:
these things, you will practice sexual intercourse in the right fashion ; you will eat and drink moderately; you will avoid drafts and dampness; you will not trouble about things that are not within your competence. Do all these things, and you will not fall sick. (15, tr. Ware 1966: 252)
1535:
Another interpretation is putting a tortoise into, rather than on a bed. "It is allegedly common in the area of the
Yangtse and the Huai to put a tortoise into the bed in childhood; when people die of old age, the tortoise is still alive. (tr. Eberhard 1968: 321). This
2222:) "eventually taught Wang Zhen how to meditate on the Monad, circulate pneumas, and visualize spirits, and also methods for sitting astride the Mainstays and Strands and for confessing one's transgressions and submitting one's name on high." (Campany 2002: 246–248).
1531:
drink and still not die, it shows that they are far different from common creatures. Why should we doubt that they can last a thousand years? Isn't there good reason for the Genii Classics to suggest we imitate the breathing of the tortoise? (3, tr. Ware 1966: 56-57)
2449:
breath (and repeats this warning for taking drugs), the immediate effect will be undergoing a phase of weakening and decay, but eventually strength returns all illnesses vanish. Only after nine years of further practice will an adept rightfully be called a
2981:
1194:
of old did not dream when he slept and did not worry when he was awake. His food was not savory, his breathing was deep. The breathing of the true man is from his heels , the breathing of the common man is from his throat ." (6, tr. Mair 1994: 52). The
1877:
The adept then circulates the Ocean of Breath to ascend the spinal column into the Upper Cinnabar Field (brain), go back down to the Middle Cinnabar Field (heart), when it is expelled by the lungs and goes out through the mouth. (Maspero 1981: 342).
1505:
calisthenics: "An old man in south used a tortoise as a leg for his bed, and died after more than ten years. When his bed was removed, the tortoise was still alive. Tortoises are able to practice breath circulation and calisthenics .
942:) is "so basic to Chinese worldviews, yet so multivalent in its meanings, spanning senses normally distinguished in the West, that a single satisfying Western language translation has so far proved elusive" (Campany 2002: 18).
2490:, Scripture on New and Old Methods for the Ingestion of Breath Collected by the Elder of Yanling) defines the technique: "One must carefully pull the breath while inspiring and expiring so that the Original Breath (
2501:) does not exit the body. Thus, the outer and inner breaths do not mix and one achieves embryonic breathing" (tr. Despeux 2008: 953). This source also recommends the "method of the drum and of effort" (
2371:, Essay on the Essential Meaning of Breath Ingestion), which presented integrated outlines of health practices, with both traditional Chinese physical techniques and the Buddhist-inspired practice of
2139:) "who would not eat in order to hasten the cure when he was treating a sick person by circulating his own breath. It would sometimes be a hundred days or only a month before he ate again." When
1376:
block of jade, tentatively identified as either a knob for a staff or a pendant for hanging from a belt. While the dating is uncertain, estimates range from approximately middle 6th century BCE (
2237:"habitually circulated pneumas and ingested lead and cinnabar (or "an elixir made from lead"). He reached three hundred years of age and had the appearance of a boy" (Campany 2002: 311).
1985:. He who succeeds in doing this will do his breathing as though in the womb, without using nose or mouth, and for him the divine Process has been achieved. (8, tr. Ware 1966: 138-139),
1708:
because they provide a conceptual bridge among the cosmic, physiological, and cognitive realms. In medical theory, each of the Five Orbs was correlated with one of the Five Phases of
662:
vital breath, pneuma, energizing breath, lifeforce, material force. ... vitality, energy; zest, spirit; zeal, gusto; inspiration; aspiration. power, strength; impelling force.
2858:
With both hands massage from the belly down to the feet; take the feet and pull them up to under the arms; remain without breathing (the equivalent of) twelve (respirations).
2269:(c. 34–156) " As for his circulation of pneumas and dietetic regimen, he relied on methods of transcendence; here, , he made no significant changes." (Campany 2002: 352).
2201:) and at circulating pneumas." (Campany 2002: 182). In another textual version, "If there was any illness, fatigue, or discomfort in his body, he would 'guide and pull' (
2120:
Nourishing Life practices, Ge Hong believes that "the perfection of any one method can only be attained in conjunction with several others." (Engelhardt 2000: 77).
2278:) "From his youth he practiced pneuma circulation and refined his body. When he had reached an age of over a hundred, he still had not aged ." (Campany 2002: 363).
1469:
2263:) transmitted to all his disciples " circulating pneumas, bedchamber , and the ingestion of a lesser elixir made from 'stony brains' ." (Campany 2002: 332).
2474:"Closing one's eyes, one has an inner vision of the five viscera, one can clearly distinguish them, one knows the place of each…" (Needham 1983: 148).
2287:) "is said to have circulated pneumas, abstained from grains, subsisted on his saliva, practiced embryonic breathing and interior vision, summoned the
3042:
Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Part 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Physiological Alchemy
3420:
2383:, "insight meditation"), as preliminaries for attaining and realizing the Dao (Engelhardt 2000: 80). The text is divided into nine sections (
705:
227:
2087:
above, which warns "one must distinguish between the profound and the shallow". Another context compares these same three methods.
2877:
quotes Master Ning: "Guiding the Breath, , controls the inside, and Gymnastics, , controls the outside." (tr. Maspero 1981: 542).
3174:
37:
2437:
by visualizing the first rays of the rising sun, guide it through the body and viscera, until they can permanently "retain the
1211:(postures) were common to both traditions," and suggests that "breathing from the heels" could be "a modern explanation of the
2736:
2469:, The Venerable Wang's Instructions for Absorbing Qi, a Taiqing Scripture) differentiates two methods of breath circulation.
689:
4032:
1949:
2907:
3984:
1228:
disturbances of perceptions, thoughts, emotions, and desires that normally fill your conscious mind." (Roth 1999: 116).
3657:
3122:
1384:
text combines nine trisyllabic phrases describing the stages of breath circulation with four explanatory phrases. The
1066:
turn round, revolve, circumvolve; rotate, gyre; … cyclic movement of the universe; turn of fortune or destiny; phase …
2961:
Daoism, Meditation, And the Wonders of Serenity – From the Latter Han Dynasty (25-220) to the Tang Dynasty (618-907)
1083:
673:
613:
604:
2129:
contexts mention healing oneself with breath circulation, one records using it to heal another person. During the
3752:
2096:
Chapter 8 mentions the inherent dangers for Daoist adepts who overspecialize in studying a particular technique.
1842:
3877:
1205:
notes the "close affinities between the Daoist sages and the ancient Indian holy men. Yogic breath control and
287:
82:
1726:
does not occur in this eclectic text but the "Originating in the Way" chapter describes circulating blood and
3867:
3632:
1679:
627:) meaning "actions, conduct, behavior, custom(ary); conditioned states, conditioned things " or second tone
96:
2916:
To Live as Long as Heaven and Earth: A Translation and Study of Ge Hong's Traditions of Divine Transcendents
2816:
Among the many progressive series of Daoist breath-circulating exercises ascribed to famous masters such as
3872:
1135:
946:
395:
476:
signifies "circulating breath" in meditational contexts or "activating vital breath" in medical contexts.
3256:
3167:
2749:
2372:
1982:
1973:
1687:
413:
2557:, "intention; will") plays a major role in circulating breath (Despeux 2008: 1108). For instance, using
2443:". Sima Chengzhen points out that when one begins abstaining from foods and survives only by ingesting
2414:
as breath, then guide it internally, and store it in their inner organs. Adepts begin by absorbing the
2231:) "excelled at circulating pneumas. He did not eat but ingested asparagus root ." (Campany 2002: 150)
1451:
from the late 2nd century BCE to early 1st century CE, says turtles and tortoises are able to practice
751:
591:
2394:, "essays; discourses") describing the consecutive steps toward attaining purification and longevity.
4027:
3952:
1293:
781:
3637:
3085:
Traditional, Chinese Medicine in Contemporary China. Science, Medicine, and Technology in East Asia
390:/ breath") is a group of breath-control techniques that have been developed and practiced from the
2584:, Secret of Guiding the Breath) chapter describes circulating breaths between the upper and lower
1714:
and was understood to be responsible for the generation and circulation of its particular form of
3674:
3642:
3605:
3440:
3426:
2664:
Original Breath. Tang Daoist practitioners fundamentally changed the nature and understanding of
2084:
1865:
515:
2302:
2068:
Compare the above claim that with breath circulation, "one may stay under water or walk on it."
3732:
3348:
3160:
2855:
Bow the head and look down; remain without breathing (the equivalent of) twelve (respirations).
1921:
variant character typically used in magical Daoist talismans) 11 times. In this text, the term
1627:) and the force of the arteries ascends into the lungs; the lungs send it into all the pulses (
544:
463:
3062:
3353:
2408:) gives several methods for adepts to become independent of ordinary breathing, first absorb
2247:
1838:
1107:
668:
disposition, mood, spirit; temper(ament); mettle, fortitude. ... (Kroll 2017: 358; condensed)
391:
2178:(Biographies of Divine Transcendents), in which ten hagiographies mention adepts practicing
1526:
128 with a different version of this tortoise-bed legend , with young rather than old men.
467:
347:
3570:
2431:
Circulation), which enables one to gradually abstain from eating grains. They then ingest
1797:
is used to bring out the meaning that with Heaven the fluids have been 'put into motion'
1432:(202 BCE-220 CE) historical, medical, and philosophical texts mention circulating breath.
639:) "walkway, road; column, line, row, e.g., of soldiers, serried mountains, written text".
8:
4022:
1542:
context repeatedly mentions cranes and tortoises (Chinese exemplars of longevity) using
3999:
3979:
3969:
3920:
3862:
3398:
3218:
2975:
The Primordial Breath: An Ancient Chinese Way of Prolonging Life through Breath Control
2161:, Scripture on Treating Illness with Breath Circulation), which was subsequently lost.
2115:
2083:
breath circulation along with other longevity techniques, such as drug consumption and
491:
2861:
Place the hands on the nape of the neck and clasp them there" (Maspero 1981: 549–550).
2021:
185:
3620:
3415:
3227:
3191:
2192:
1995:
breath circulation practitioner should count their heartbeats to measure time during
1649:, Treatise on the Region of the Great Tin and on the Region of the 'Sunlight') says,
595:
563:
399:
3669:
2545:, Mr. Grand-Nothingness of Song Mountain's Scripture on Breath) discusses how one's
3957:
3911:
3894:
3200:
2794:
2350:
2343:
1702:, Five Orbs/Viscera; heart, liver, spleen, lungs, and kidneys)are important to the
119:
3021:
The Huainanzi: A Guide to the Theory and Practice of Government in Early Han China
873:
is most often translated as "circulate/circulating/circulation", but owing to the
3916:
3647:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3496:
2733:; primary vitality") received at birth and gradually depleted during human life.
1580:
1560:
1361:, Breath Circulation Inscription). This 45-character rhymed explanation entitled
1153:
1016:, "activate vital energy and release stagnation of emotions") (tr. Bishop 2016).
770:
2836:, Master Ning's Gymnastic Method). According to traditions, Master Ning was the
2587:
2293:
and jade maidens, and swallowed talismans of yin and yang." (Campany 2002: 541).
1419:
Follow this and you will live; oppose it and you will die (tr. Roth 1997: 298)
3994:
3947:
3899:
3849:
3822:
3812:
3792:
3662:
3146:
3056:
Original Tao: Inward Training (Nei-yeh) and the Foundations of Taoist Mysticism
2837:
2173:
2056:
1834:
1381:
1377:
206:
199:
140:
3142:
1333:
that mention breath circulation techniques, the earliest direct evidence is a
1263:
Your awareness and practice appear celestial . (24, tr. Komjathy 2003: n.p.).
983:, "promote circulation of blood; activate the blood"), and is expanded in the
4016:
3974:
3964:
3857:
3827:
3717:
3615:
3598:
3578:
3545:
3455:
3366:
3294:
3047:
Roth, Harold D. (1997), "Evidence for Stages of Meditation in Early Taoism",
2952:
Engelhardt, Ute (2000), "Longevity Techniques and Chinese Medicine," in Kohn
2266:
1830:
1330:
1161:
1115:
896:
488:
1138:
allude to or describe breath-control meditations, but none directly mention
3904:
3807:
3802:
3787:
3707:
3610:
3531:
3489:
3303:
3272:
3234:
3009:("Comprehensive Dictionary of Chinese"), 13 vols. Shanghai cishu chubanshe.
2810:
2798:
2339:
2017:
1683:
1675:
1594:
1490:
1334:
1123:
1119:
892:
776:
175:
126:
3035:
Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 2, History of Scientific Thought
2824:, one more complex set is attributed to the lesser-known Master Ning, the
2705:") of one's organs; internal breathing"). Instead of inhaling and holding
2342:(618-907), Daoists integrated new meditation theories and techniques from
885:
it is rendered as "breath", "vapor(s)", "pneuma(s)", or transliterated as
3882:
3777:
3772:
3697:
3524:
3517:
3449:
3332:
2886:
2790:
2105:
In a final example, Ge Hong gives practical advice for avoiding illness.
1736:
1429:
1373:
1202:
1111:
512:
220:
2346:
and many seminal texts were written, especially during the 8th century.
1483:, Arrayed Traditions of Tortoise and Yarrow-stalk ), which Chu Shaosun (
3989:
3931:
3782:
3762:
3712:
3652:
3462:
3136:
2251:
2234:
2130:
2020:(without prior breathing of 100% oxygen) is 11 minutes and 35 seconds (
1072:
make use of, ply, wield; handle, manage. … (Kroll 2017: 581; condensed)
874:
451:
3019:
Major, John S., Sarah Queen, Andrew Meyer, and Harold D. Roth (2010),
3817:
3797:
3757:
3727:
3702:
3538:
3510:
3250:
2892:
2817:
1448:
1214:
900:
577:
to engage in; to conduct; to effect, put into practice, implement ...
445:
154:
1617:, Treatise on How to Distinguish the Vascular System) section says,
3926:
3832:
3135:("Mr. Grand-Nothingness of Song Mountain's Scripture on Breath )),
3092:
Po Hu T'ung - The Comprehensive Discussions in the White Tiger Hall
3014:
Wandering on the Way, Early Taoist Tales and Parables of Chuang Tzu
2968:
Early Chinese Medical Literature: The Mawangdui Medical Manuscripts
2634:
1861:
1444:
984:
908:
836:"leading the breath", "guiding the breath" (Maspero 1981: 283, 542)
484:
324:
161:
1948:
chapter. First, breath circulation should be practiced along with
1936:"Resolving Hesitations") provides more detailed information about
1489:, c. 104-30 BCE) appended with a text on sacred tortoises used in
665:
air, aura, atmosphere; climate, weather. ... flavor; smell, scent.
3889:
3837:
3767:
3747:
3737:
3559:
3552:
3342:
3264:
2451:
2188:
2140:
2052:
1888:
1882:
1515:
1509:
1191:
508:
429:
211:
182:
877:
574:
to move, proceed, act; perform(ance); actor, agent; follower ...
3742:
3722:
3406:
3390:
3382:
3313:
3183:
2821:
2740:
1742:
1671:
1185:
902:
437:
421:
405:
250:
48:
42:
3692:
3625:
3503:
3323:
3241:
3030:, tr. by Frank A. Kierman, University of Massachusetts Press.
2210:
2133:
dynasty (222-280), there was a Daoist master named Shi Chun (
1438:
1380:
1956: 143) to early 3rd century BCE (Harper 1998: 125). This
1168:
310:
264:
190:
3106:
Alchemy, Medicine and Religion in the China of A.D. 320: The
2454:("Realized One; Perfected Person"). (Englehardt 1989: 273).
462:
can mean natural "breath; air" and/or alleged supernatural "
3468:
2319:
761:
586:
to leave, depart from. ... (Kroll 2017: 509–510; condensed)
3209:
3152:
2027:
Fourth, using the ancient Chinese daily division between
232:
166:
2992:
A Student's Dictionary of Classical and Medieval Chinese
3433:
1893:("Master Who Embraces Simplicity") frequently mentions
1106:
Methods for circulating breath are attested during the
457:
3049:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
2687:
of the air; external breathing") to the new theory of
2195:
and mushrooms; and excelled at 'guiding and pulling' (
1493:, claims that the longevity of tortoises results from
1212:
1206:
580:
pre-verbal indicator of future action, "is going to ."
352:
3130:
3075:
3069:
3004:
2922:
2872:
2841:
2825:
2804:
2769:
2744:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2688:
2682:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2647:
2622:
2611:
2599:
2585:
2573:
2558:
2546:
2534:
2513:
2502:
2491:
2479:
2458:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2415:
2409:
2398:
2384:
2360:
2334:, Essay on the Essential Meaning of Ingesting Breath)
2323:
2307:
2288:
2196:
2179:
2171:
2165:
2150:
2144:
2124:
2078:
2072:
2055:(164-244), a legendary Daoist who first received the
2040:
2028:
1996:
1990:
1968:
1962:
1943:
1937:
1922:
1916:
1904:
1886:
1849:
1816:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1770:
1769:) occurs in The Five Elements section explaining the
1764:
1752:
1746:
1734:
1721:
1720:
throughout the mind-body system." (Major 2010: 900).
1715:
1709:
1703:
1691:
1665:
1638:
1606:
1592:
1578:
1566:
1558:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1521:
1513:
1500:
1494:
1472:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1436:
1417:
The dynamism of Earth is revealed in the descending .
1415:
The dynamism of Heaven is revealed in the ascending ;
1385:
1362:
1350:
1338:
1321:
1309:
1297:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1256:
1236:
1222:
1196:
1183:
1177:
1166:
1159:
1151:
1139:
1087:
1077:
1037:
1036:
through the body"; Bishop 2016) is a near-synonym of
1031:
1019:
1005:
999:
987:
972:
966:
950:
931:
920:
886:
879:
868:
855:
827:
786:
768:
745:
721:
709:
693:
677:
643:
628:
616:
607:
551:
532:
519:
495:
471:
455:
443:
435:
427:
419:
411:
403:
385:
372:
145:
131:
60:
54:
46:
22:
1372:"circulating the (vital) breath" was inscribed on a
1098:) means "turn of events; luck, fortune, happiness".
826:
There is no standard English translation of Chinese
775:("Comprehensive Chinese Word Dictionary"), which is
659:
effluvium, vapor(ous); fumes; exhalation, breath(e).
292:
2809:breath circulation continued developing during the
2711:breath, adepts would circulate and remold visceral
1868:or Ocean of Breath , three inches below the navel.
1251:
Relaxed and unwound, and yet free from selfishness,
2518:breath circulation for creating a Sacred Embryo.
1690:(Five Phases/Agents) theories. In particular, the
1349:, Breath Circulation Jade Pendant Inscription) or
394:(c. 475-221 BCE) to the present. Examples include
3099:The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine
2932:Circulating Breath," in Fabrizio Pregadio (ed.),
2397:The second section "On the Ingestion of Breath" (
1961:Second, Ge Hong lists the supernatural powers of
919:By 350 , when philosophy began to be systematic,
4014:
3080:) and Related Texts", Columbia University Press.
1791:? Metal, wood, water, fire, and earth. The word
1621:The force of the pulse flows into the arteries (
1605:, Spiritual Pivot) sections. For instances, the
1253:In solitude you will find joy in your own being.
571:to march in order, as soldiers; walk forward ...
2670:Embryonic Breathing from the ancient theory of
2254:, and avoiding grains" (tr. Campany 2002: 133).
2250:his "methods of circulating pneumas, ingesting
1245:Guard the One and discard myriad disturbances.
1114:(202 BCE-220 CE), became well known during the
907:("breath; spirit, soul" or "breath of life" in
2764:, Essential Secrets on Cultivating Perfection)
2039:, "living breath", from midnight to noon) and
1670:is a Chinese collection of essays that blends
1443:(Records of the Grand Historian), compiled by
1249:You will see harm and not be frightened by it.
760:) that is especially used in "magical" Daoist
329:
315:
3168:
3123:
2998:
2927:
2866:
2846:
2831:
2759:
2753:
2724:
2694:
2676:
2653:
2628:
2616:
2605:
2593:
2579:
2552:
2540:
2528:
2507:
2496:
2485:
2464:
2420:
2403:
2389:
2378:
2366:
2354:
2329:
2313:
2282:
2273:
2258:
2241:
2226:
2217:
2202:
2156:
2134:
2114:Taking a fundamentally pragmatic position on
2046:
2034:
2002:
1931:
1910:
1898:
1855:
1810:
1776:
1758:
1697:
1655:
1644:
1628:
1622:
1612:
1600:
1586:
1572:
1484:
1478:
1367:
1356:
1344:
1315:
1303:
1287:
1247:You will see profit and not be enticed by it.
1145:
1134:In the history of Daoist meditation, several
1093:
1056:
1043:
1025:
1011:
993:
978:
956:
937:
817:
809:
801:
795:
755:
739:
733:
727:
715:
699:
683:
649:
634:
622:
612:above, but also can be pronounced as falling
598:
557:
538:
524:
500:
379:
101:
87:
66:
2944:
1069:transport, displace; move, convey; advance …
269:
255:
2717:energy, which was believed to recreate the
1741:text, which is traditionally attributed to
851:"Moving the Vapors" (Shaughnessy 2014: 190)
845:"circulation of pneumas" (Campany 2002: 20)
3199:
3175:
3161:
2941:The Local Cultures of South and East China
1413:When it recedes, it will become heavenly .
1280:commentaries that interpret this original
911:) as too narrow for the semantic range of
36:
3068:: Recently Discovered Manuscripts of the
3040:Needham, Joseph and Lu Gwei-djen (1983),
2184:along with other methods and techniques.
1565:(Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor) uses
1403:When it descends, it will become stable .
1126:(960-1279) periods (Despeux 2008: 1108).
1004:in motion and disperse congelation") and
848:"circulating breath" (Despeux 2008: 1108)
839:"circulation of the " (Needham 1983: 142)
2895:, Yogic technique for controlling breath
2789:
2735:
2301:
1785:: "What is meant by the 'Five Elements'
1182:context criticizes breath exercises and
1129:
507:
483:
2977:, revised ed., 2 vols., Original Books.
2149:bibliography of Daoist texts lists the
1405:When it is stable, it will be regular .
1233:Expand your heart-mind and release it .
1110:(c. 475-221 BCE), continued during the
4015:
3149:, modern example of breath circulation
3033:Needham, Joseph and Wang Ling (1956),
2797:Separate Heaven and Earth meditation,
2322:for Circulating Breath), from the 730
1557:The c. 2nd-century to 1st-century BCE
1399:When it is collected, it will expand .
1397:Breathe deeply, then it will collect .
1255:This is what we call "circulating the
1219:'supported headstand'". (1994: 371).
863:"pneuma circulation" (Kroll 2017: 484)
3156:
2481:Yanling xiansheng ji xinjiu fuqi jing
2908:Wenlin Software for learning Chinese
1989:Third, he describes how a beginning
1745:(32–92 CE), frequently mentions the
1591:, Basic Questions) and three in the
1407:When it is regular, it will sprout .
1243:When your body is calm and unmoving,
1118:(222-589), and developed during the
965:; activate vital energy") parallels
961:, means "promote the circulation of
842:"circulate vapor" (Harper 1998: 125)
2889:, Buddhist mindfulness of breathing
1308:, "transport; move"), thus reading
1101:
450:slow-motion martial art. Since the
71:, Drawings of Guiding and Pulling )
13:
3658:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
3087:, vol. 2., University of Michigan.
2633:, "lower elixir-field", above the
2610:, "muddy pellet elixir-field", or
1401:When it expands, it will descend .
1150:). Good examples are found in the
14:
4044:
3116:
3101:, University of California Press.
2918:, University of California Press.
1061:) has translation equivalents of:
744:rice as it cooks" (Bishop 2016).
16:Chinese breath-control techniques
3365:
3132:Songshan Taiwu Xiansheng Qi Jing
3061:Shaughnessy, Edward L. (2014), "
2658:) explains how to circulate the
2563:breath-holding to heal oneself.
2536:Songshan Taiwu Xiansheng Qi Jing
2077:repeatedly describes practicing
1824:
1751:(Five Elements or Five Phases).
674:Chinese character classification
603:is usually pronounced as rising
3753:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
2785:
2297:
2191:"lived past eight hundred; ate
1881:The Jin dynasty Daoist scholar
1843:Southern and Northern Dynasties
1682:concepts, especially including
1411:When it grows, it will recede .
1409:When it sprouts, it will grow .
1395:To circulate the Vital Breath :
1329:Besides the Warring States-era
233:
212:
191:
167:
45:technique for conserving one's
2425:, Great Clarity Talisman for
2246:) received from the physician
1424:
895:rejected translating with the
479:
442:deep-breathing exercises, and
353:
293:
146:
132:
102:
88:
1:
3868:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
3633:Three Great Emperor-Officials
3044:, Cambridge University Press.
3037:, Cambridge University Press.
3012:Mair, Victor H., tr. (1994),
2985:(Complete Series: 10 Volumes)
2983:Handbooks for Daoist Practice
2914:Campany, Robert Ford (2002),
2899:
2874:Taijing daoyin yangsheng jing
2016:The current world record for
1833:" collectively refers to the
1268:Translating "circulating the
4033:Traditional Chinese medicine
3873:Way of the Celestial Masters
3104:Ware, James R., tr. (1966),
3058:, Columbia University Press.
3023:, Columbia University Press.
2946:Lokalkulturen im alten China
2921:Despeux, Catherine (2008), "
2359:, 647–735) composed the 730
2170:, Ge Hong also compiled the
1320:, "control the breath; move
1173:("Inner Training") chapter.
1030:, "control the breath; move
901:
396:Traditional Chinese medicine
7:
3131:
3076:
3070:
3028:Taoism and Chinese Religion
3005:
2959:Eskildsen, Stephen (2015),
2923:
2880:
2873:
2842:
2826:
2805:
2782:. (Maspero 1981: 469–470).
2770:
2745:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2689:
2683:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2648:
2623:
2612:
2600:
2586:
2574:
2559:
2547:
2535:
2514:
2503:
2492:
2480:
2460:Taiqing wanglao fuqi koujue
2459:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2416:
2410:
2399:
2385:
2361:
2324:
2308:
2289:
2197:
2180:
2172:
2166:
2151:
2145:
2125:
2079:
2073:
2041:
2029:
1997:
1991:
1969:
1963:
1944:
1938:
1923:
1917:
1905:
1887:
1850:
1817:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1771:
1765:
1753:
1747:
1735:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1692:
1666:
1639:
1607:
1593:
1579:
1567:
1559:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1522:
1514:
1501:
1495:
1473:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1437:
1386:
1363:
1351:
1339:
1322:
1310:
1298:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1257:
1237:
1223:
1213:
1207:
1197:
1184:
1178:
1167:
1160:
1152:
1140:
1088:
1078:
1048:, "circulate the breath").
1038:
1032:
1020:
1006:
1000:
988:
973:
967:
951:
947:Chinese medical terminology
932:
921:
887:
880:
869:
856:
828:
787:
769:
746:
722:
710:
694:
678:
644:
629:
617:
608:
552:
533:
520:
496:
472:
456:
444:
436:
428:
420:
412:
404:
386:
373:
61:
55:
47:
23:
10:
4049:
3878:Northern Celestial Masters
3182:
2939:Eberhard, Wolfram (1968),
2934:The Encyclopedia of Taoism
1763:, Heavenly Circulation of
592:Standard Chinese phonology
3953:Sacred Mountains of China
3940:
3848:
3685:
3569:
3481:
3374:
3363:
3293:
3190:
3124:
3097:Veith, Ilza. Tr. (1949),
2999:
2928:
2867:
2847:
2832:
2760:
2754:
2743:exercise to free blocked
2725:
2695:
2677:
2654:
2629:
2617:
2606:
2594:
2580:
2553:
2541:
2529:
2508:
2497:
2486:
2465:
2421:
2404:
2390:
2379:
2367:
2355:
2353:patriarch Sima Chengzhen
2330:
2314:
2283:
2274:
2259:
2242:
2227:
2218:
2203:
2157:
2135:
2047:
2035:
2003:
1952:and taking Daoist drugs.
1932:
1911:
1909:character) 13 times and (
1899:
1856:
1811:
1803:." (tr. Tjan 1952: 429).
1777:
1759:
1698:
1656:
1645:
1629:
1623:
1613:
1601:
1587:
1573:
1485:
1479:
1368:
1357:
1345:
1316:
1304:
1294:variant Chinese character
1288:
1146:
1094:
1057:
1044:
1026:
1012:
994:
979:
957:
938:
818:
810:
802:
796:
782:Oxford English Dictionary
764:, charms, and petitions.
756:
740:
734:
728:
720:, "air; gas; vapor") and
716:
700:
684:
650:
635:
623:
599:
558:
539:
525:
501:
380:
364:
346:
341:
337:
330:
323:
316:
309:
304:
286:
281:
277:
270:
263:
256:
249:
244:
226:
219:
205:
198:
181:
174:
160:
153:
139:
125:
118:
113:
109:
95:
81:
76:
67:
35:
31:
21:
3638:Queen Mother of the West
3054:Roth, Harold D. (1999),
2980:Komjathy, Louis (2003),
2840:'s Director of Potters (
2827:Ning xiansheng daoyin fa
2758:) 1513 "Xiuzhen miyao" (
1241:and allow it to extend .
583:temporary, transient ...
410:breathing calisthenics,
83:Traditional Chinese
3643:King Father of the East
3026:Maspero, Henri (1981),
2994:(rev. ed.), E.J. Brill.
2990:Kroll, Paul W. (2017),
2966:Harper, Donald (1998),
2771:Taiwu xiansheng fuqi fa
2649:Taiwu xiansheng fuqi fa
2085:Daoist sexual practices
1950:controlling ejaculation
1848:The c. 3rd-4th century
1499:breath circulation and
1390:jade inscription says:
860:" (Eskildsen 2015: 254)
564:translation equivalents
97:Simplified Chinese
3090:Tjan Tjoe Som (1952),
3083:Sivin, Nathan (1987),
2987:, Yuen Yuen Institute.
2956:, E. J. Brill, 74-108.
2945:
2943:, Alide Eberhard, tr.
2801:
2765:
2644:
2570:
2525:
2476:
2335:
2112:
2103:
2094:
2066:
2014:
2007:, "breath holding").
1987:
1959:
1875:
1733:The c. 1st-century CE
1662:
1635:
1533:
1422:
1337:artifact known as the
1266:
928:
547:of two Chinese words:
529:
505:
3003:, chief ed., (1994),
2793:
2739:
2646:The late 8th-century
2639:
2565:
2520:
2471:
2305:
2107:
2098:
2089:
2061:
2009:
1978:
1967:and connects it with
1954:
1870:
1829:The historical term "
1651:
1619:
1548:calisthenics without
1528:
1392:
1230:
1130:Warring States period
1108:Warring States period
1082:is pronounced with a
917:
692:of "crossroads", and
654:) has equivalents of:
511:
487:
418:embryonic breathing,
392:Warring States period
3143:Body Scan Meditation
2973:Huang, Jane (1998),
2905:Bishop, Tom (2016),
2621:"brain palace") and
2598:, "elixir fields"):
1983:breathe like a fetus
1903:, with the standard
1866:Lower Cinnabar Field
1577:) five times in the
1326:through the body").
1136:Warring States texts
867:Within this sample,
822:. (Luo 1994 3: 905)
434:internal exercises,
288:Revised Romanization
228:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
3402:(self-cultivation)
2949:, 1943, E.J. Brill.
2152:Xingqi zhibing jing
1974:embryonic breathing
1654:ocean (a reservoir
791:in three meanings:
688:) was originally a
3394:(external alchemy)
3386:(internal alchemy)
2936:, Routledge, 1108.
2802:
2766:
2336:
2141:Emperor Jing of Wu
779:comparable to the
738:steam rising from
706:compound ideograph
543:) is a linguistic
530:
506:
492:Oracle bone script
426:internal alchemy,
27:Circulating Breath
4010:
4009:
3621:Tianhuang Emperor
3361:
3360:
3283:
3282:
2768:According to the
2417:Taiqing xingqi fu
2309:Taiqing xingqi fu
1340:Xingqi yupei ming
926:(Sivin 1987: 47)
854:"circulating the
832:, as evident in:
777:lexicographically
752:variant character
400:Daoist meditation
368:
367:
360:
359:
300:
299:
240:
239:
120:Standard Mandarin
4040:
4028:Taoist practices
3958:Wudang Mountains
3369:
3291:
3290:
3268:(transformation)
3245:(eight trigrams)
3197:
3196:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3154:
3153:
3134:
3127:
3126:
3079:
3073:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2948:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2911:, version 4.3.2.
2876:
2870:
2869:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2808:
2795:Baduanjin qigong
2773:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2748:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2351:Shangqing School
2344:Chinese Buddhism
2333:
2332:
2327:
2318:, Great Clarity
2317:
2316:
2311:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2277:
2276:
2262:
2261:
2245:
2244:
2230:
2229:
2221:
2220:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2183:
2177:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2138:
2137:
2128:
2082:
2076:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2024:, 8 June 2009).
2006:
2005:
2000:
1994:
1972:
1966:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1892:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1750:
1740:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1669:
1659:
1658:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1564:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1525:
1519:
1504:
1498:
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1487:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1442:
1389:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1292:, "cloud") as a
1291:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1260:
1240:
1226:
1218:
1210:
1200:
1189:
1181:
1172:
1165:
1157:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1102:Textual examples
1097:
1096:
1091:
1081:
1060:
1059:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1003:
997:
996:
991:
982:
981:
976:
970:
960:
959:
954:
941:
940:
935:
924:
906:
890:
883:
872:
859:
831:
821:
820:
813:
812:
805:
804:
799:
798:
790:
774:
759:
758:
750:has an uncommon
749:
743:
742:
737:
736:
731:
730:
725:
719:
718:
713:
703:
702:
697:
687:
686:
681:
653:
652:
647:
638:
637:
632:
626:
625:
620:
611:
602:
601:
561:
560:
555:
542:
541:
536:
528:
527:
523:
504:
503:
499:
475:
461:
449:
441:
433:
425:
417:
409:
389:
383:
382:
376:
356:
355:
339:
338:
333:
332:
319:
318:
296:
295:
279:
278:
273:
272:
259:
258:
236:
235:
215:
214:
194:
193:
170:
169:
149:
148:
135:
134:
111:
110:
105:
104:
91:
90:
70:
69:
64:
58:
52:
40:
26:
19:
18:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4006:
3936:
3844:
3681:
3648:Eight Immortals
3606:Four Sovereigns
3594:Lingbao Tianzun
3589:Yuanshi Tianzun
3584:Three Pure Ones
3565:
3477:
3421:Three Treasures
3370:
3357:
3289:
3279:
3186:
3181:
3119:
3063:Unearthing the
3006:Hanyu da cidian
2954:Daoism Handbook
2902:
2883:
2871:) 12th-century
2788:
2750:energy channels
2362:Fuqi jingyi lun
2325:Fuqi jingyi lun
2300:
2022:Stéphane Mifsud
1942:than any other
1841:(265–420), and
1827:
1664:The c. 139 BCE
1561:Huangdi neijing
1520:(below) quotes
1512:'s 4th-century
1427:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1265:
1262:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1234:
1132:
1104:
803:指呼吸吐纳等养生方法的内修功夫
771:Hanyu Da Cidian
767:The unabridged
482:
384:, "circulating
348:Revised Hepburn
72:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4046:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3995:Tong Jee Teung
3992:
3987:
3982:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3950:
3948:Grotto-heavens
3944:
3942:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3914:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3823:Zhang Guoxiang
3820:
3815:
3813:Wang Chongyang
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3793:Cheng Xuanying
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3672:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3663:Yellow Emperor
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3581:
3575:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3460:
3452:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3437:
3431:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3410:(calisthenics)
3395:
3387:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3328:(spontenaity)
3319:
3309:
3299:
3297:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3269:
3261:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3238:
3232:
3231:(non-polarity)
3214:
3205:
3203:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3180:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3147:Jon Kabat-Zinn
3140:
3118:
3117:External links
3115:
3114:
3113:
3102:
3095:
3094:, E. J. Brill.
3088:
3081:
3059:
3052:
3051:60.2: 295–314.
3045:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3010:
2995:
2988:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2937:
2919:
2912:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2890:
2882:
2879:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2838:Yellow Emperor
2787:
2784:
2752:, Wang Cai's (
2527:Li Fengshi's (
2299:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2279:
2270:
2264:
2255:
2238:
2232:
2223:
2214:
2208:
2174:Shenxian Zhuan
2123:While several
2057:Lingbao School
1851:Huangting jing
1837:(220–280 CE),
1835:Three Kingdoms
1826:
1823:
1815:, Five-Phases
1474:Guice liezhuan
1426:
1423:
1393:
1331:received texts
1231:
1131:
1128:
1122:(618-907) and
1103:
1100:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1062:
971:or colloquial
865:
864:
861:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
824:
823:
815:
807:
670:
669:
666:
663:
660:
656:
655:
588:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
568:
567:
562:) has English
481:
478:
366:
365:
362:
361:
358:
357:
350:
344:
343:
342:Transcriptions
335:
334:
327:
321:
320:
313:
307:
306:
302:
301:
298:
297:
290:
284:
283:
282:Transcriptions
275:
274:
267:
261:
260:
253:
247:
246:
242:
241:
238:
237:
230:
224:
223:
217:
216:
209:
207:Middle Chinese
203:
202:
200:Middle Chinese
196:
195:
188:
179:
178:
172:
171:
164:
158:
157:
155:Yue: Cantonese
151:
150:
143:
137:
136:
129:
123:
122:
116:
115:
114:Transcriptions
107:
106:
99:
93:
92:
85:
79:
78:
74:
73:
41:
33:
32:
29:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4045:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3965:Mount Penglai
3963:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:Sacred places
3939:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3828:Zhang Sanfeng
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3718:Zhang Daoling
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3676:Other deities
3673:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3616:Ziwei Emperor
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3599:Daode Tianzun
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3579:Hongjun Laozu
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3546:Qingjing Jing
3543:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3459:(immortality)
3458:
3457:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3349:Five Precepts
3347:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3260:(five phases)
3259:
3258:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3173:
3171:
3166:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3121:
3120:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3007:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2970:, Kegan Paul.
2969:
2965:
2963:, SUNY Press.
2962:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2925:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2903:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2844:
2839:
2828:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2812:
2807:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2783:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2691:
2685:
2681:), "external
2674:
2668:
2662:
2650:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2625:
2614:
2602:
2601:Niwan dantian
2590:
2589:
2576:
2569:
2564:
2561:
2549:
2537:
2524:
2519:
2516:
2505:
2494:
2482:
2475:
2470:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2418:
2412:
2401:
2395:
2387:
2376:
2375:
2363:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2326:
2321:
2310:
2304:
2291:
2280:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2224:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2168:
2162:
2153:
2147:
2142:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2043:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2008:
1999:
1993:
1986:
1984:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1928:
1925:
1919:
1907:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1862:triple burner
1852:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1831:Six Dynasties
1825:Six dynasties
1822:
1819:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1784:
1773:
1767:
1755:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1661:
1650:
1641:
1634:
1618:
1609:
1597:
1596:
1583:
1582:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1532:
1527:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1492:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1431:
1420:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1353:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1312:
1300:
1295:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1264:
1259:
1239:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1155:
1142:
1137:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:Six Dynasties
1113:
1109:
1099:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1040:
1034:
1022:
1017:
1008:
1002:
990:
986:
975:
969:
964:
953:
948:
943:
934:
927:
923:
916:
914:
910:
905:
904:
898:
897:ancient Greek
894:
889:
884:
882:
876:
871:
862:
858:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
834:
833:
830:
816:
808:
794:
793:
792:
789:
784:
783:
778:
773:
772:
765:
763:
753:
748:
724:
712:
707:
696:
691:
680:
675:
667:
664:
661:
658:
657:
646:
642:
641:
640:
631:
619:
615:
610:
606:
597:
593:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
569:
565:
554:
550:
549:
548:
546:
535:
522:
517:
514:
510:
498:
493:
490:
489:Shang dynasty
486:
477:
474:
469:
465:
460:
459:
453:
448:
447:
440:
439:
432:
431:
424:
423:
416:
415:
408:
407:
401:
397:
393:
388:
377:
375:
363:
351:
349:
345:
340:
336:
328:
326:
322:
314:
312:
308:
305:Japanese name
303:
291:
289:
285:
280:
276:
268:
266:
262:
254:
252:
248:
243:
234:*ˁraŋ-s ʰəp-s
231:
229:
225:
222:
218:
210:
208:
204:
201:
197:
189:
187:
184:
180:
177:
173:
165:
163:
159:
156:
152:
144:
142:
138:
130:
128:
124:
121:
117:
112:
108:
100:
98:
94:
86:
84:
80:
75:
63:
57:
51:
50:
44:
39:
34:
30:
25:
20:
3970:Mount Kunlun
3838:
3803:Zhang Boduan
3788:Tao Hongjing
3708:Heshang Gong
3675:
3670:Guan Shengdi
3611:Jade Emperor
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3532:Sanhuangjing
3530:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3490:Tao Te Ching
3488:
3472:(talismancy)
3467:
3454:
3439:
3425:
3405:
3397:
3389:
3381:
3354:Ten Precepts
3341:
3331:
3322:
3321:
3312:
3311:
3302:
3301:
3271:
3263:
3255:
3240:
3235:Yin and yang
3226:
3217:
3216:
3208:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3064:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3013:
2997:Luo Zhufeng
2991:
2982:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2940:
2933:
2915:
2906:
2865:Ceng Cao's (
2864:
2815:
2813:(960-1279).
2803:
2799:Qing dynasty
2786:Song dynasty
2779:
2776:
2767:
2730:
2699:, "internal
2645:
2640:
2571:
2566:
2526:
2521:
2477:
2472:
2456:
2396:
2373:
2348:
2340:Tang dynasty
2337:
2298:Tang dynasty
2281:Huang Jing (
2272:Dong Zhong (
2164:Besides the
2163:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2059:scriptures.
2026:
2018:static apnea
2015:
2010:
1988:
1979:
1960:
1955:
1929:
1894:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1847:
1828:
1782:
1732:
1727:
1684:yin and yang
1676:Confucianist
1663:
1652:
1636:
1620:
1595:Lingshu Jing
1556:
1534:
1529:
1508:
1491:plastromancy
1447:and his son
1434:
1428:
1394:
1335:Chinese jade
1328:
1267:
1232:
1221:
1175:
1133:
1105:
1084:neutral tone
1075:
1052:
1018:
989:xíngqìsànjié
962:
944:
929:
918:
912:
893:Nathan Sivin
878:meanings of
866:
825:
780:
766:
732:, "rice"), "
672:In terms of
671:
589:
531:
464:vital breath
371:
369:
213:hængH khjɨjH
176:Southern Min
127:Hanyu Pinyin
77:Chinese name
4000:White Cloud
3921:Dragon Gate
3778:Kou Qianzhi
3773:Bao Jingyan
3698:Zhuang Zhou
3518:Taipingjing
3336:(plainness)
3318:(nonaction)
3308:(integrity)
3276:(reversion)
3223:(ultimate)
3201:Metaphysics
2887:Anapanasati
2624:Xia dantian
2504:gunu zhi fa
2478:The c. 745
2349:The Daoist
2338:During the
2257:She Zheng (
1930:Chapter 8 (
1915:, with the
1897:; written (
1845:(420–589).
1839:Jin Dynasty
1470:Chapter 128
1430:Han dynasty
1425:Han dynasty
1374:dodecagonal
1352:Xingqi ming
1274:" follows
1235:Relax your
1203:Victor Mair
1201:translator
1112:Han dynasty
1007:xíngqìkāiyù
998:, "set the
614:fourth tone
605:second tone
516:Slip script
513:Qin dynasty
480:Terminology
245:Korean name
221:Old Chinese
4023:Meditation
4017:Categories
3990:Louguantai
3783:Lu Xiujing
3763:Wei Huacun
3713:Wei Boyang
3416:Meditation
3192:Philosophy
3137:Wikisource
3110:of Ko Hung
2900:References
2729:"prenatal
2487:延陵先生集新舊服氣經
2267:Zhang Ling
2252:atractylis
2235:Kong Anguo
2131:Eastern Wu
1754:Tianxingqi
1737:Baihu Tong
875:polysemous
785:, defines
690:pictograph
468:life force
452:polysemous
147:hsing-chʻi
141:Wade–Giles
53:(Original
3912:Chongxuan
3895:Shangqing
3858:Huang–Lao
3818:Qiu Chuji
3808:Sun Bu'er
3798:Chen Tuan
3758:Guo Xiang
3728:Zhang Jue
3703:Lie Yukou
3539:Huahujing
3511:Huainanzi
3430:(essence)
3399:Yangsheng
3251:Feng shui
3237:(duality)
3016:, Bantam.
2893:Pranayama
2818:Chisongzi
2575:Xingqijue
2533:) c. 780
2248:Dong Feng
2225:Gan Shi (
2216:Liu Gen (
2117:yangsheng
1705:Huainanzi
1667:Huainanzi
1449:Sima Qian
1215:sirsasana
985:phrasemes
930:The term
762:talismans
596:character
446:taijiquan
62:Daoyin tu
3917:Quanzhen
3905:Jingming
3833:Zhu Quan
3733:Zhang Lu
3525:Xiang'er
3497:Zhuangzi
3444:(spirit)
3436:(breath)
3375:Practice
3139:edition.
3125:嵩山太無先生氣經
3112:, Dover.
3108:Nei Pien
2881:See also
2843:taozheng
2635:perineum
2588:dantians
2542:嵩山太無先生氣經
2466:太清王老服氣口訣
2400:Fuqi lun
2320:Talisman
1806:Wuxingqi
1788:wu-hsing
1680:Legalist
1445:Sima Tan
1382:lapidary
1198:Zhuangzi
1192:true man
1179:Zhuangzi
1158:and the
1154:Zhuangzi
909:Stoicism
545:compound
454:keyword
370:Chinese
325:Hiragana
192:hêng-khì
168:hang hei
162:Jyutping
59:), 1875
3985:Hanford
3975:Temples
3900:Lingbao
3890:Xuanxue
3883:Zhengyi
3863:Taiping
3850:Schools
3839:Fangshi
3768:Ge Hong
3748:Wang Bi
3738:Ge Xuan
3653:Chang'e
3571:Deities
3560:Daozang
3553:Baopuzi
3343:Zhenren
3265:Bianhua
3077:I Ching
3071:Yi Jing
3065:Changes
2780:in toto
2655:太無先生氣服氣
2613:naotian
2452:zhenren
2240:Bo He (
2189:Peng Zu
2167:Baopuzi
2146:Baopuzi
2126:Baopuzi
2074:Baopuzi
2053:Ge Xuan
2030:shengqi
1945:Baopuzi
1889:Baopuzi
1885:'s 318
1883:Ge Hong
1539:Baopuzi
1516:Baopuzi
1510:Ge Hong
1378:Needham
974:xíngxiě
968:xíngxuè
811:中医指输送精气
704:) is a
594:, this
430:neigong
294:haenggi
183:Hokkien
3743:He Yan
3723:Gan Ji
3686:People
3407:Daoyin
3391:Waidan
3383:Neidan
3314:Wu wei
3295:Ethics
3257:Wuxing
3184:Taoism
2924:Xingqi
2833:寧先生導引法
2822:Pengzu
2806:Xingqi
2741:Qigong
2720:yuanqi
2661:yuanqi
2515:xingqi
2493:yuanqi
2290:liujia
2198:daoyin
2193:cassia
2181:xingqi
2080:xingqi
1992:xingqi
1964:xingqi
1939:xingqi
1924:xingqi
1895:xingqi
1783:wuxing
1748:Wuxing
1743:Ban Gu
1723:Xingqi
1693:wuzang
1688:Wuxing
1678:, and
1672:Daoist
1568:xingqi
1551:xingqi
1545:daoyin
1502:daoyin
1496:xingqi
1460:daoyin
1454:xingqi
1387:Xingqi
1364:Xíngqì
1277:Guanzi
1208:asanas
1186:daoyin
1162:Guanzi
1141:xingqi
1039:xingqi
952:xíngqì
903:pneuma
829:xingqi
819:指使气血畅通
788:xingqi
534:Xíngqì
473:xingqi
438:qigong
422:neidan
406:daoyin
374:xingqi
251:Hangul
133:xíngqì
49:Yuanqi
43:Daoyin
24:Xingqi
3927:Wuliu
3693:Laozi
3626:Houtu
3504:Liezi
3482:Texts
3324:Ziran
3242:Bagua
3219:Taiji
3213:(way)
2714:neiqi
2708:waiqi
2690:neiqi
2673:waiqi
2667:taixi
2422:太清行氣符
2368:服氣精義論
2331:服氣精義論
2315:太清行氣符
2211:Laozi
2158:行氣治病經
1970:taixi
1800:hsing
1794:hsing
1781:) in
1646:太陰陽明論
1640:Suwen
1608:Suwen
1581:Suwen
1523:Shiji
1466:Shiji
1439:Shiji
1346:行气玉佩铭
1311:yùnqì
1224:Neiye
1169:Neiye
1089:yùnqi
1076:When
1021:Yùnqì
899:word
708:with
414:taixi
354:gyōki
311:Kanji
265:Hanja
3980:Cebu
3469:Fulu
3456:Xian
3450:Diet
3441:Shen
3427:Jing
3228:Wuji
2820:and
2811:Song
2761:修真秘要
2607:泥丸丹田
2572:The
2560:biqi
2509:鼓努之法
2457:The
2374:guan
2356:司馬承禎
2306:The
2071:The
2042:siqi
1998:biqi
1772:xing
1686:and
1637:And
1614:經脈別論
1480:龜策列傳
1457:and
1435:The
1296:for
1176:One
1124:Song
1120:Tang
995:行氣散結
870:xing
679:xíng
630:háng
618:xìng
609:xíng
553:Xíng
497:xing
331:ぎょうき
3932:Yao
3463:Art
3273:Fan
3210:Tao
3000:羅竹風
2637:).
2630:下丹田
2581:行氣訣
2530:李奉時
2405:服氣論
2386:lun
1857:黃庭經
1812:五行氣
1760:天行氣
1486:褚少孫
1358:行气铭
1299:yùn
1283:yún
1261:" .
1053:Yùn
945:In
797:道教语
590:In
566:of:
518:of
494:of
470:",
186:POJ
68:導引圖
4019::
3434:Qi
3333:Pu
3304:De
3145:,
3129:,
2929:行氣
2868:曾造
2848:陶正
2755:王蔡
2746:qi
2731:qi
2726:元氣
2702:qi
2696:內氣
2684:qi
2678:外氣
2618:腦宮
2595:丹田
2548:yi
2512:)
2498:元氣
2446:qi
2440:qi
2434:qi
2428:Qi
2411:qi
2284:黄敬
2275:董仲
2260:涉正
2243:帛和
2228:甘始
2219:劉根
2204:導引
2136:石春
2048:死炁
2036:生炁
2004:閉氣
1976:.
1933:釋滯
1918:qi
1912:行炁
1906:qi
1900:行氣
1818:Qi
1766:Qi
1728:qi
1717:qi
1711:qi
1699:五臟
1674:,
1630:百脈
1602:靈樞
1588:素問
1574:行氣
1463:.
1369:行氣
1323:qì
1317:運氣
1271:qi
1258:qi
1238:qi
1147:行氣
1095:運氣
1086:,
1079:qi
1045:行氣
1033:qì
1027:運氣
1013:行氣
1001:qì
980:行血
963:qì
958:行氣
949:,
933:qi
922:qi
915::
913:qi
891:.
888:qi
881:qi
857:qi
814:.
806:.
800:.
747:Qi
723:mǐ
711:qì
695:qì
676:,
645:Qì
540:行氣
521:qi
466:;
458:qi
402:,
398:,
387:qi
381:行氣
317:行気
271:行氣
257:행기
103:行气
89:行氣
56:Qi
3923:)
3919:(
3176:e
3169:t
3162:v
3074:(
2830:(
2723:(
2693:(
2652:(
2627:(
2604:(
2592:(
2578:(
2554:意
2551:(
2539:(
2484:(
2463:(
2391:論
2380:觀
2377:(
2365:(
2328:(
2312:(
2155:(
2045:(
2033:(
2001:(
1854:(
1809:(
1778:行
1775:(
1757:(
1696:(
1657:海
1643:(
1624:經
1611:(
1599:(
1585:(
1571:(
1477:(
1355:(
1343:(
1314:(
1305:運
1302:(
1289:雲
1286:(
1144:(
1092:(
1058:運
1055:(
1042:(
1024:(
1010:(
992:(
977:(
955:(
939:氣
936:(
757:炁
754:(
741:米
735:气
729:米
726:(
717:气
714:(
701:氣
698:(
685:行
682:(
651:氣
648:(
636:行
633:(
624:行
621:(
600:行
559:行
556:(
537:(
526:氣
502:行
378:(
65:(
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