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On ordinary (non-WORM) data storage devices, the number of times data can be modified is limited only by the lifespan of the device, as modification involves physical changes that may cause wear to the device. The "read many" aspect is unremarkable, as modern storage devices permit unlimited reading
191:
and microSD card spec allows for multiple forms of write-protection. The most common form, only available when using a full-size SD card, provides a physical write protection switch which allows the user to advise the host card reader to disallow write access. This does not protect the data on the
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There are multiple vendors providing
Magnetic Storage technologies including NetApp, EMC Centera, KOM Networks, and others. In 2013, GreenTec-USA, Inc. developed WORM hard disk drives in capacities of 3 TB and greater. Prevention of rewrite is done at the physical disk level and cannot be
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magnetic (and solid-state) storage has decreased, so has the cost for these archival storage technologies. These technologies are almost always integrated directly into a content/document management system that manages retention schedules and access controls, along with document level history.
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Multiple vendors beginning in the early 2000s developed
Magnetic WORM devices. These archival grade storage devices utilize a variation of RAID and magnetic storage technologies to secure data from unauthorized alteration or modification at both the hardware and software levels. As the cost of
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WORM protects the important files by keeping them safe and intact. It ensures the highest level of integrity and data security by eliminating the risk of important data from being deleted or modified. This way, the WORM helps to preserve the authenticity and safety of recorded data.
184:, and even revised versions of a file by the same name, to be recorded in a different region of the disc. To the user, the disc appears to allow additions and revisions until all the disk space is used.
508:
Teo, E. Y. H.; Zhang, C.; Lim, S. L.; Kang, E.; Chan, D. S. H.; Zhu, C. (May 2009). "An
Organic-Based Diode–Memory Device With Rectifying Property for Crossbar Memory Array Applications".
92:
optical layer that could be written to only once, and were often used in places like libraries that needed to store large amounts of data. Interfaces to connect these to PCs also existed.
481:"Smith and Forrest "A low switching voltage organic-on-inorganic heterojunction memory element utilizing a conductive polymer fuse on a doped silicon substrate""
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are obsolete WORM media. Although any unpunched area of the medium could be punched after the first write of the medium, doing so was virtually never useful.
88:. An example was the IBM 3363. These drives typically used either a 5.1 in (13 cm) or a 12 in (30 cm) disc in a cartridge, with an
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Möller, Sven; Perlov, Craig; Jackson, Warren; Taussig, Carl; Forrest, Stephen R. (2003). "A polymer/Semiconductor write-once read-many-times memory".
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or other polymers such as PVK or PCz. Organic WORM devices, considered organic memory, could be used as memory elements for low-power
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130:
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495:"Lin and Ma "Realization of write-once-read-many-times memory devices based on poly(N-vinylcarbazole) by thermally annealing""
295:"Simplified Specifications - SD Association, version 3.10 , Part 1, Physical Layer, section 4.3.6" Write Protect Management""
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114:. The non-technical end-user, however, cannot write the ROM even once but considers it part of the unchangeable
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Once written to, the data on a once-writable optical disc can not be modified and the space is reserved.
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are common WORM devices. On these discs, no region of the disc can be recorded a second time. Through
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106:(ROM) is also a WORM medium. Such memory may contain the instructions to a computer to read the
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In recent years there has been a renewed interest in WORM based on organic components, such as
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416:"Best Practices to Secure Data from Modification: Eliminating the Risk to Online Content"
330:"Analysis, Selection, and Implementation of Electronic Document Management Systems (EDMS)"
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cannot be tampered with once it is written to the device, excluding the possibility of
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card if the card reader hardware is not built to respect the write protection switch.
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283:. November 21, 1987 – via Computer History Museum Archive.
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in which information, once written, cannot be modified. This
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Historical exceptions include time-limited discs such as
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http://greentec-usa.com/wp/GreenTec-WORM-Whitepaper.pdf
561:"Holst Centre reports major step towards organic RFID"
236:, designed for short-term rental of movies; and early
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http://www.aiim.org/documents/standards/ARP1-2009.pdf
200:modified or overridden by the attached computer.
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404:"GreenTec-USA, Inc. WORM Read Only Disk Drives"
337:Association for Information and Image Management
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358:"SnapLock: WORM Compliance – Data Compliance"
176:(UDF) file system, these discs often use a
76:WORM drives preceded the invention of the
248:, from which reading data also erased it.
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131:U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
127:Financial Industry Regulatory Authority
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110:from another storage device such as a
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346:from the original on 2009-12-29.
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34:affords the assurance that the
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281:"IBM 3363 optical WORM drive"
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511:IEEE Electron Device Letters
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16:Type of data storage device
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578:Optical computer storage
532:10.1109/LED.2009.2017387
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180:that permits additional
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121:WORM was utilized for
58:of data once written.
240:technologies such as
174:Universal Disk Format
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72:Magneto-optical drive
242:magnetic-core memory
20:Write once read many
524:2009IEDL...30..487Y
451:10.1038/nature02070
443:2003Natur.426..166M
388:"Products Overview"
238:non-volatile memory
137:Current WORM drives
125:records within the
28:data storage device
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116:computing platform
437:(6963): 166–169.
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375:EMC Centers
262:Append-only
178:file system
44:human error
304:2019-04-11
268:References
100:paper tape
70:See also:
540:0741-3106
210:PEDOT:PSS
166:computers
112:hard disk
40:data loss
572:Category
548:19858062
459:14614502
341:Archived
339:. 2009.
256:See also
234:Flexplay
204:Research
129:and the
90:ablative
520:Bibcode
467:4337352
439:Bibcode
377:emc.com
189:SD card
66:History
52:malware
546:
538:
465:
457:
431:Nature
362:NetApp
216:tags.
544:S2CID
463:S2CID
344:(PDF)
333:(PDF)
220:Notes
182:files
155:DVD-R
82:DVD-R
50:, or
42:from
536:ISSN
455:PMID
244:and
214:RFID
187:The
164:for
159:BD-R
157:and
151:CD-R
149:The
98:and
86:BD-R
84:and
78:CD-R
36:data
24:WORM
528:doi
447:doi
435:426
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