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disks. A self-contained unit holding 16 or more disks and connected by SCSI to a host computer, the library required specialized archival software to store indices of data, and select disks. Popular uses were for legal document storage and medical imaging, where high reliability, long life, and (at the time) high storage capacity were required. The optical libraries could also manually be used on a
Windows 2000/XP machine by selecting and ejecting discs under the Computer Management icon's Removable Storage Service, but this is cumbersome in practice.
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While they were never particularly popular with consumers (the main consumer market was the 90 mm drives), the 130 mm drives had some lasting service in corporate storage and retrieval. Optical libraries, such as the
Hewlett Packard 40XT, were created to automate loading and storing of the
886:
By default, magneto-optical drives verify information after writing it to the disc, and are able to immediately report any problems to the operating system. This means writing can actually take three times longer than reading, but it makes the media extremely reliable, unlike the CD-R or DVD-R media
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drives, which likewise combine ferromagnetic and optical technologies, albeit in a different manner. Flopticals are 21 megabyte 3.5" magnetic diskettes using optical tracks to increase the tracking precision of the magnetic head, from the usual 135 tracks per inch to 1,250 tracks per inch. No laser
1059:
Corp., was a major manufacturer of 130 mm or 5.25" magneto-optical drives. A current model is the T7-9100 drive, which has a maximum capacity of 9.1 GB and is downward read and write compatible with 5.2 GB, 4.8 GB, 4.1 GB, 2.6 GB, and 2.3 GB magneto-optical disks,
1045:
Pinnacle Micro was a major manufacturer of magneto-optical drives. 3.5" drives were 128 MB and 230 MB. 5.25" drives produced were 650 MB and 1.3 GB (Sierra), 2.6 GB (Vertex) and 4.6 GB (Apex). The Vertex and Apex were non-ISO standard drives and used proprietary media.
992:
In the spring of 1997 Plasmon launched its DW260 drive, which used LIMDOW technology for a higher level of performance than previous magneto-optical drives. LIMDOW drives that shipped in the second half of 1997 has search speeds of less than 15 ms and data transfer rates in excess of 4 Mbit/s,
980:
The LIMDOW disk has two magnetic layers just behind the reflective writing surface. This write surface can take magnetism from one of those magnetic layers when it is heated up to one temperature; but if it is heated up further, it will take its polarity from the other magnetic layer. To write the
872:
to heat the recording layer; the magnetic field is used to change the magnetic orientation of the recording layer. The electromagnet reverses polarity for writing, and the laser is pulsed to record spots of "1" over the erased region of "0". As a result of this two-pass process, it takes twice as
984:
At high power, the surface heats up more and takes its magnetic charge from the north pole magnetic layer. At the lower power, it heats up less and takes its magnetic charge from the south pole layer. Thus, with LIMDOW the magneto-optical write process has a single stage, improving write times.
1122:
In 2016 a new phenomenon, magnetization melting by photoinduced photoconductors, was discovered in magnetic photoconductors. It was demonstrated that extremely low light intensities in the range of 1 μWcm can be used to read/write magnetic information in femtosecond (10 s timescales) allowing
976:
LIMDOW disks and drives worked on the same basic principle as a standard magneto-optical drive: the write surface is heated up and took on a magnetic force applied from outside. But instead of using a magnetic head in the drive to make the changes, the magnets were built into the disk itself.
1033:
are magneto-optical, and Sony produces many other formats of magneto-optical media. As of August 2021, Sony continues to manufacture one type of MiniDisc available in Japan; the rest of the world only has access to dwindling new stock from vendors on sites such as eBay or Amazon.
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is used to follow the optical tracks, while a magnetic head touches the recording surface. The drives can also read and write traditional 3.5" diskettes, although not the 2.88 megabyte variety. Flopticals were manufactured by Insite
Peripherals, a company founded by Jim Burke.
898:
The 130 mm drives have been available in capacities from 650 MB to 9.2 GB. However, this is split in half over both sides of the disk. The 2.6 GB disks, for example, have a formatted capacity of 1.2 GB per side. The 130 mm drives were always
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and read compatible with 1.3 GB, 1.2 GB, 650 MB, and 600 MB magneto-optical disks. Popular older models of 5.25" Maxoptix MO drives are the T6 Star, T6-5200 and T5-2600 MO drives. Maxoptix was acquired by
Techware Distribution in 2008.
1114:
As with all removable storage media, the advent of cheap CD and DVD drives and flash memory has made them largely obsolete. Magneto-optical disks in particular were expensive when new, with high reliability but slow writing. Magnetic tape formats like
894:
During a read cycle, the laser is operated at a lower power setting, emitting polarized light. The reflected light has a change in Kerr rotation and Kerr ellipticity which is measured by an analyzer and corresponds to either a logical 0 or 1.
988:
Because the magnetic surface is adjacent to the writing surface, rather than somewhere outside the disk itself, the magnetic writing can be done at a higher resolution, including that of the resolution of the laser spot doing the heating up.
903:. The 90 mm discs had their entire capacity on one side, with no capability to flip them over. The 90 mm drives were produced in SCSI, IDE, and USB formats. Capacities range from 128 MB to 2.3 GB.
1069:
PDO Konica
Minolta was the last manufacturer of 90 mm 3.5" magneto-optical drives. They had a 3.5" 1.3 GB USB external pocket drive available for sale in the United States and Europe.
845:
material sealed beneath a plastic coating. The only physical contact is during recording when a magnetic head is brought into contact with the side of the disc opposite to the laser, similar to
834:, but twice the thickness. The cases provide dust resistance, and the drives themselves have slots constructed in such a way that they always appear to be closed. Original MO systems were
973:
Light
Intensity Modulated Direct OverWrite (LIMDOW) technology used a different write technology, which improved on the performance levels of earlier magneto-optical devices.
1248:"ECMA-153 Information interchange on 130 mm optical disk cartridges of the Write Once, Read Multiple (WORM) type, using the magneto-optical effect | ecma-international.org"
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was a major manufacturer of 90 mm magneto-optical drives, exceeding 2 GB in capacity, but they have discontinued production and sale of this product category.
1326:
1111:. Its recorders can also double the capacity of regular MiniDiscs with special formatting that renders the disc incompatible with other recorders.
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positioned on the opposite side of the disc to change the local magnetic polarization. The polarization is retained after the temperature drops.
748:. 130 mm (5.25 in) and 90 mm (3.5 in) discs were the most common sizes. In 1983, just a year after the introduction of the
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upon which data is written without any concurrent data integrity checking. Using a magneto-optical disc is much more like using a
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technology was introduced for 90 mm discs eliminating the initial erase pass when writing. This requires special media.
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projects a beam on the disk and, according to the magnetic state of the surface, the reflected light varies due to the
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Visible sectors partition lines on a 130 mm 652 MB magneto-optical disk. (1024 user byte, 17 sectors per track).
115:
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Each write cycle requires both a pass to erase a region and another pass to write information. Both passes use the
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continued to manufacture MiniDisc decks up until 2020 while Sony ceased production of hardware in 2013.
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854:
788:
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648:
780:. Magneto-optical drives were common in some countries, such as Japan, but have fallen into disuse.
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Early drives are 130 mm and have the size of full-height 130 mm hard-drives (like in the
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89:
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768:. The technology was introduced commercially in 1985. Although optical, they normally appear as
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presented the first experiments with erasable magneto-optical compact discs during the 73rd
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data onto the disk, the magneto-optical drive's laser pulses between two powers.
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have far surpassed MO media for high capacity enterprise-grade backup storage.
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131:
1413:"Optically switched magnetism in photovoltaic perovskite CH3NH3(Mn:Pb)I3"
1369:
858:
857:. During recording, laser power is increased to heat the material to the
831:
777:
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In 1990, a 300 mm disc with 7 GB capacity was made available.
816:). 130 mm media looks similar to a CD-ROM enclosed in an old-style
1136:
945: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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19:"MO disc" redirects here. For the M-DISC optical media format, see
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1398:"Sony Ends Production on all MiniDisc Players | Stereophile.com"
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A Magneto-optical disc surface has sector partition rectangles.
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1135:(DWDD), a magneto-optical reproducing technology developed by
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838:(write once, read many), and later systems were read/write.
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Pinnacle Micro has ceased production of these products.
1234:"Sony announces the end of the MiniDisc – Ars Technica"
1486:
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which are fast enough for storing audio and streaming
1123:
high-speed, high-density data storage in principle.
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1262:
1201:
436:High-Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc (HD VMD)
1493:
1052:produced 5.25" magneto-optical drives as well.
1012:are magneto-optical discs used to store music.
1172:"Experiments Toward an Erasable Compact Disc"
1016:Magneto-optical drives were first offered in
744:capable of writing and rewriting data upon a
709:
1404:
808:A 230 MB Fujitsu 90 mm magneto-optical disc.
1020:computers. They were later also offered in
16:Computer drive that uses removable MO media
1487:The Optical Storage Technology Association
1348:"LIMDOW recording on magneto-optical disk"
1170:K. Schouhamer Immink and J. Braat (1984).
1082:or heating is involved; a simple infrared
873:long to write data as it does to read it.
716:
702:
1454:
1428:
961:Learn how and when to remove this message
800:A 130 mm 2.6 GB magneto-optical disc
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1004:
803:
795:
787:
727:
1410:
1260:
1199:
688:High-definition optical disc format war
1507:Computer-related introductions in 1985
1494:
1254:
849:, but not the same. During reading, a
527:Stacked Volumetric Optical Disk (SVOD)
410:China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD)
1354:(white paper). Hewlett-Packard. 1999.
1411:Náfrádi, Bálint (24 November 2016).
943:adding citations to reliable sources
914:
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
1324:
1295:"WORM disk stores 7 Gbytes of data"
1099:in January 2004, Sony revealed a 1
1072:
13:
1133:Domain Wall Displacement Detection
861:in a single spot. This enables an
14:
1528:
1475:
1384:"Mdデッキ生産の終息について – 株式会社 松本無線音響設備"
919:
683:History of optical storage media
403:Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD)
138:
30:
1390:
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1077:Magneto-optical drives are not
930:needs additional citations for
41:needs additional citations for
1358:
1340:
1318:
1287:
1261:Mueller, Scott (August 2003).
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1226:
1193:
1163:
776:and can be formatted with any
1:
1336:(15th ed.). p. 670.
1327:"12 "Magneto-Optical Drives""
1156:
389:Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD)
396:Forward Versatile Disc (FVD)
7:
1334:Upgrading and Repairing PCs
1265:Upgrading and Repairing PCs
1204:Upgrading and Repairing PCs
1126:
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783:
548:Nintendo optical disc (NOD)
534:Fluorescent Multilayer Disc
513:Ultra Density Optical (UDO)
10:
1533:
1000:
382:Universal Media Disc (UMD)
18:
1208:(19th ed.). p.
1097:Consumer Electronics Show
910:
855:magneto-optic Kerr effect
649:Apple ISO 9660 Extensions
457:Personal Video Disc (PVD)
1502:Optical computer storage
1055:Maxoptix, a spin-off of
1200:Mueller, Scott (2010).
841:The disc consists of a
655:Universal Disk Format (
520:3D optical data storage
499:Video Single Disc (VSD)
65:"Magneto-optical drive"
1013:
809:
801:
793:
754:Kees Schouhamer Immink
733:
609:(layer jump recording)
175:Recording technologies
165:Optical disc authoring
1517:Magneto-optic effects
1417:Nature Communications
1151:Ultra Density Optical
1008:
807:
799:
791:
738:magneto-optical drive
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506:Magneto-optical discs
939:improve this article
891:than a CD-RW drive.
746:magneto-optical disc
50:improve this article
1447:10.1038/ncomms13406
1439:2016NatCo...713406N
251:), Super Video CD (
204:Optical media types
1386:. 27 January 2020.
1236:. 2 February 2013.
1014:
810:
802:
794:
742:optical disc drive
734:
235:, Super Audio CD (
192:Burst cutting area
170:Authoring software
160:Optical disc drive
1219:978-0-7897-3954-4
1176:J. Audio Eng. Soc
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563:Professional Disc
470:MD Data, MD Data2
364:Mini Blu-ray Disc
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1400:. February 2013.
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881:Direct Overwrite
847:Floptical drives
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774:operating system
770:hard disk drives
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603:(packet writing)
368:Ultra HD Blu-ray
356:BD-R & BD-RE
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1368:(definition).
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233:5.1 Music Disc
210:Compact disc (
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951:December 2014
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