Compact disc - Knowledge

1608:, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 and 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall by 20%. Despite rapidly declining sales year-over-year, the pervasiveness of the technology lingered for a time, with companies placing CDs in pharmacies, supermarkets, and filling station convenience stores to target buyers less likely to be able to use Internet-based distribution. In 2012, CDs and DVDs made up only 34% of music sales in the United States. By 2015, only 24% of music in the United States was purchased on physical media, two thirds of this consisting of CDs; however, in the same year in Japan, over 80% of music was bought on CDs and other physical formats. In 2018, U.S. CD sales were 52 million units—less than 6% of the peak sales volume in 2000. In the UK, 32 million units were sold, almost 100 million fewer than in 2008. In 2018, 1890: 1914:

The laser hits the disc, casting a circle of light wider than the modulated spiral track reflecting partially from the lands and partially from the top of any bumps where they are present. As the laser passes over a pit (bump), its height means that the round trip path of the light reflected from its peak is 1/2 wavelength out of phase with the light reflected from the land around it. This is because the height of a bump is around 1/4 of the wavelength of the light used, so the light falls 1/4 out of phase before reflection and another 1/4 wavelength out of phase after reflection. This causes partial

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vinyl LPs, and, by 1992, CD sales surpassed those of prerecorded music-cassette tapes. The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, which together agreed upon and developed compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged.

1823: 1761: 6538: 1938: 1512:, which converts high-resolution low-frequency digital input signal into a lower-resolution high-frequency signal that is mapped to voltages and then smoothed with an analog filter. The temporary use of a lower-resolution signal simplified circuit design and improved efficiency, which is why it became dominant in CD players starting from the early 1990s. Philips used a variation of this technique called 8452: 2311: 2293: 1322:, told by a former member of the task force, gives background information on the many technical decisions made, including the choice of the sampling frequency, playing time, and disc diameter. The task force consisted of around 6 persons, though according to Philips, the compact disc was "invented collectively by a large group of people working as a team". 2547:) resolution was chosen because it is half the vertical and half the horizontal resolution of the NTSC video. 352×288 is a similarly one-quarter PAL/SECAM resolution. This approximates the (overall) resolution of an analog VHS tape, which, although it has double the number of (vertical) scan lines, has a much lower horizontal resolution. 2736: 1989:

Scratches on the clear side can be repaired by refilling them with similar refractive plastic or by careful polishing. The edges of CDs are sometimes incompletely sealed, allowing gases and liquids to enter the CD and corrode the metal reflective layer and/or interfere with the focus of the laser on the pits, a condition known as

1934:. Where a worm gear is used, a second shorter-throw linear motor, in the form of a coil and magnet, makes fine position adjustments to track eccentricities in the disk at high speed. Some CD drives (particularly those manufactured by Philips during the 1980s and early 1990s) use a swing arm similar to that seen on a gramophone. 2569:

of DVD, and over 2.7 times the resolution of VCD. One CD-R disc can hold up to 60 minutes of standard-quality SVCD-format video. While no specific limit on SVCD video length is mandated by the specification, one must lower the video bit rate, and therefore quality, to accommodate very long videos. It

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plastic, and weighs 14–33 grams. From the center outward, components are: the center spindle hole (15 mm), the first-transition area (clamping ring), the clamping area (stacking ring), the second-transition area (mirror band), the program (data) area, and the rim. The inner program area occupies

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is a re-recordable medium that uses a metallic alloy instead of a dye. The write laser, in this case, is used to heat and alter the properties (amorphous vs. crystalline) of the alloy, and hence change its reflectivity. A CD-RW does not have as great a difference in reflectivity as a pressed CD or a

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video recorder. After this, in 1974 the leap to storing digital audio on an optical disc was easily made. Sony first publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976. A year later, in September 1977, Sony showed the press a 30 cm (12 in) disc that could play an hour of

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In 1974, Lou Ottens, director of the audio division of Philips, started a small group to develop an analog optical audio disc with a diameter of 20 cm (7.9 in) and a sound quality superior to that of the vinyl record. However, due to the unsatisfactory performance of the analog format, two

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CD-DA standard was published in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $ 1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984. By 1988, CD sales in the United States surpassed those of

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In 1995, material costs were 30 cents for the jewel case and 10 to 15 cents for the CD. The wholesale cost of CDs was $ 0.75 to $ 1.15, while the typical retail price of a prerecorded music CD was $ 16.98. On average, the store received 35 percent of the retail price, the record company 27 percent,

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CDs are susceptible to damage during handling and from environmental exposure. Pits are much closer to the label side of a disc, enabling defects and contaminants on the clear side to be out of focus during playback. Consequently, CDs are more likely to suffer damage on the label side of the disc.

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through the bottom of the polycarbonate layer. The change in height between pits and lands results in a difference in the way the light is reflected. Because the pits are indented into the top layer of the disc and are read through the transparent polycarbonate base, the pits form bumps when read.

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beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Unlike the prior art by Optophonie and James Russell, the information on the disc is read from a reflective layer using a laser as a light source through a protective substrate. Prototypes were

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is a special audio compact disc that contains graphics data in addition to the audio data on the disc. The disc can be played on a regular audio CD player, but when played on a special CD+G player, it can output a graphics signal (typically, the CD+G player is hooked up to a television set or a

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code format had not yet been decided in December 1979, when the 120 mm size was adopted. The adoption of EFM in June 1980 allowed 30 percent more playing time that would have resulted in 97 minutes for 120 mm diameter or 74 minutes for a disc as small as 100 millimetres (3.9 in).

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The digital data on a CD begins at the center of the disc and proceeds toward the edge, which allows adaptation to the different sizes available. Standard CDs are available in two sizes. By far, the most common is 120 millimetres (4.7 in) in diameter, with a 74-, 80, 90, or 99-minute audio

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Milestone award, 2009, for Philips alone with the citation: "On 8 March 1979, N.V. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken demonstrated for the international press a Compact Disc Audio Player. The demonstration showed that it is possible by using digital optical recording and playback to reproduce audio

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citing its rise to "young people who are finding they like hard copies of music in the digital age". It came at the same time as both vinyl and cassette reached sales levels not seen in 30 years. The RIAA reported that CD revenue made a dip in 2022, before increasing again in 2023 and overtook

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With a scanning speed of 1.2 m/s, the playing time is 74 minutes or 650 MiB of data on a CD-ROM. A disc with data packed slightly more densely is tolerated by most players (though some old ones fail). Using a linear velocity of 1.2 m/s and a narrower track pitch of 1.5 μm

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Philips research engineers recommended a digital format in March 1974. In 1977, Philips then established a laboratory with the mission of creating a digital audio disc. The diameter of Philips's prototype compact disc was set at 11.5 cm (4.5 in), the diagonal of an audio cassette.

1505:, a time-related defect. Confronted with the instability of DACs, manufacturers initially turned to increasing the number of bits in the DAC and using several DACs per audio channel, averaging their output. This increased the cost of CD players but did not solve the core problem. 2819:. The design life is from 20 to 100 years, depending on the quality of the discs, the quality of the writing drive, and storage conditions. Testing has demonstrated such degradation of some discs in as little as 18 months under normal storage conditions. This failure is known as 3172: 2561:

Super Video CD (Super Video Compact Disc or SVCD) is a format used for storing video media on standard compact discs. SVCD was intended as a successor to VCD and an alternative to DVD-Video and falls somewhere between both in terms of technical capability and picture quality.

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encoding is used: a change from either pit to land or land to pit indicates a 1, while no change indicates a series of 0s. There must be at least two, and no more than ten 0s between each 1, which is defined by the length of the pit. This, in turn, is decoded by reversing the

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increases the playing time to 80 minutes, and data capacity to 700 MiB. Even denser tracks are possible, with semi-standard 90 minute/800 MiB discs having 1.33 μm, and 99 minute/870 MiB having 1.26 μm, but compatibility suffers as density increases.

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capacity and a 650, 700, 800, or 870 MiB (737,280,000-byte) data capacity. Discs are 1.2 millimetres (0.047 in) thick, with a 15 millimetres (0.59 in) center hole. The size of the hole was chosen by Joop Sinjou and based on a Dutch 10-cent coin: a

1867:, CLV)—equivalent to approximately 500 RPM at the inside of the disc, and approximately 200 RPM at the outside edge. The track on the CD begins at the inside and spirals outward so a disc played from beginning to end slows its rotation rate during playback. 1585:. However neither of these were adopted partly due to increased relevance of digital (virtual) music and the apparent lack of audible improvements in audio quality to most human ears. These effectively extended the CD's longevity in the music market. 2934:). One major drawback to these copy-protected discs is that most will not play on either computer CD-ROM drives or some standalone CD players that use CD-ROM mechanisms. Philips has stated that such discs are not permitted to bear the trademarked 2814:

CD-R recordings are designed to be permanent. Over time, the dye's physical characteristics may change causing read errors and data loss until the reading device cannot recover with error correction methods. Errors can be predicted using

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is usually difficult to fit much more than 100 minutes of video onto one SVCD without incurring a significant quality loss, and many hardware players are unable to play a video with an instantaneous bit rate lower than 300 to 600

2411:(CD+G) format. Like CD+G, CD+EG uses basic CD-ROM features to display text and video information in addition to the music being played. This extra data is stored in subcode channels R-W. Very few CD+EG discs have been published. 1925:

To accommodate the spiral pattern of data, the laser is placed on a mobile mechanism within the disc tray of any CD player. This mechanism typically takes the form of a sled that moves along a rail. The sled can be driven by a

1237:. Sony's AES technical paper was published on 1 March 1979. A week later, on 8 March, Philips publicly demonstrated a prototype of an optical digital audio disc at a press conference called "Philips Introduce Compact Disc" in 2752:, and CDs were introduced, each was marketed at a higher price than the format they succeeded, even though the cost to produce the media was reduced. This was done because the perceived value increased. This continued from 2324:

The logical format of an audio CD (officially Compact Disc Digital Audio or CD-DA) is described in a document produced in 1980 by the format's joint creators, Sony and Philips. The document is known colloquially as the

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for digitizing and storing photos on a CD. Launched in 1992, the discs were designed to hold nearly 100 high-quality images, scanned prints, and slides using special proprietary encoding. Photo CDs are defined in the

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Titles in the SACD format can be issued as hybrid discs; these discs contain the SACD audio stream as well as a standard audio CD layer which is playable in standard CD players, thus making them backward compatible.

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has been credited with inventing the first system to record digital media on a photosensitive plate. Russell's patent application was filed in 1966, and he was granted a patent in 1970. Following litigation,

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video. Poorly compressed VCD video can sometimes be of lower quality than VHS video, but VCD exhibits block artifacts rather than analog noise and does not deteriorate further with each use. 352×240 (or

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specification for an audio CD that allows for the storage of additional text information (e.g., album name, song name, artist) on a standards-compliant audio CD. The information is stored either in the

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High-capacity recordable CD is a higher-density recording format that can hold 20% more data than conventional discs. The higher capacity is incompatible with some recorders and recording software.

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The ReWritable Audio CD is designed to be used in a consumer audio CD recorder, which will not (without modification) accept standard CD-RW discs. These consumer audio CD recorders use the

1442:. One of the first CD markets was devoted to reissuing popular music whose commercial potential was already proven. The first major artist to have their entire catalog converted to CD was 1162:

licensed Russell's patents for recording in 1988. It is debatable whether Russell's concepts, patents, and prototypes instigated and in some measure influenced the compact disc's design.

1501:(DAC), which contained individual electrical components for each bit of the DAC. Even when using high-precision components, this approach was prone to decoding errors. Another issue was 7692: 7142: 4086: 1627:

connections. Automakers viewed CD players as using up valuable space and taking up weight which could be reallocated to more popular features, like large touchscreens. By 2021, only

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sales began to decline in the late 1980s; CD sales overtook cassette sales in the early 1990s. In 1988, 400 million CDs were manufactured by 50 pressing plants around the world.

1229:—specifications similar to those later settled upon for the standard compact disc format in 1980. Technical details of Sony's digital audio disc were presented during the 62nd 1221:

encoding. In September 1978, the company demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with a 150-minute playing time, 44,056 Hz sampling rate, 16-bit linear resolution, and

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Video CD (VCD, View CD, and Compact Disc digital video) is a standard digital format for storing video media on a CD. VCDs are playable in dedicated VCD players, most modern

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Instead, the information density was lowered by 30 percent to keep the playing time at 74 minutes. The 120 mm diameter has been adopted by subsequent formats, including

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to see the data, just as it would with a standard stamped disc. The resulting discs can be read by most CD-ROM drives and played in most audio CD players. CD-Rs follow the

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format struggled. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the

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The growing acceptance of the CD in 1983 marks the beginning of the popular digital audio revolution. It was enthusiastically received, especially in the early-adopting

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discs were introduced. Recordable CDs became an alternative to tape for recording and distributing music and could be duplicated without degradation in sound quality.

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for playing music, rather than as a data storage medium. However, CDs have grown to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's introduction, Immink and

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The Japanese launch was followed on 14 March 1983 by the introduction of CD players and discs to Europe and North America where CBS Records released sixteen titles.

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is a format used to store music-performance data, which upon playback is performed by electronic instruments that synthesize the audio. Hence, unlike the original

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player as standard equipment in new automobiles, with 2010 being the final model year for any car in the United States to have a factory-equipped cassette player.

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and CD-i Bridge specifications as well. They are intended to play on CD-i players, Photo CD players, and any computer with suitable software (irrespective of

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During the 2010s, the increasing popularity of solid-state media and music streaming services caused automakers to remove automotive CD players in favor of

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mechanism. Known at least as early as 2001, attempts were made by record companies to market "copy-protected" non-standard compact discs, which cannot be

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Small quantities of 90-minute and 99-minute blanks have appeared Indications are that many recorders and some software don't work with the longer discs.

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specifications. Numerous copy-protection systems have been countered by readily available, often free, software, or even by simply turning off automatic

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in 2023, 10.5 million CDs were sold, almost double that of vinyl, but both of them represented generated 12% each of the French music industry revenues.

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communities, and its handling quality received particular praise. As the price of players gradually came down, and with the introduction of the portable

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Tim Buthe and Walter Mattli, The New Global Rulers: The Privatization of Regulation in the World Economy, Princeton University Press, Feb. 2011.

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Error scanning can reliably predict data losses caused by media deterioration. Support of error scanning differs between vendors and models of

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performers to sing along with. The CD+G format takes advantage of the channels R through W. These six bits store the graphics information.

4834: 3934: 3306: 8370: 4386: 3683: 5562: 3567: 9617: 7960: 7750: 4795: 2605:). The images can also be printed out on photographic paper with a special Kodak machine. This format is not to be confused with Kodak 1681:

signals with superb stereo quality. This research at Philips established the technical standard for digital optical recording systems."

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and Norio Ohga (Sony), Joop van Tilburg (Philips), and Richard Busch (PolyGram), in the presence of Karajan who praised the new format.

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announced plans to decrease their focus on CD sales, however, while continuing to sell records, sales of which are growing during the

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CD-DA, these recordings are not digitally sampled audio recordings. The CD-MIDI format is defined as an extension of the original

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Sony and Philips received praise for the development of the compact disc from professional organizations. These awards include:

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The decline in CD sales has slowed in recent years; in 2021, CD sales increased in the US for the first time since 2004, with

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The recordable audio CD is designed to be used in a consumer audio CD recorder. These consumer audio CD recorders use SCMS (

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in February 1985, along with four greatest hits albums; his fifteenth and sixteenth albums had already been issued on CD by

6178: 5055: 3631: 2899: 2886:(AHRA). The ReWritable Audio CD is typically somewhat more expensive than CD-R due to (a) lower volume and (b) a 3 percent 1999:

has been found—under conditions of high heat and humidity—to consume the polycarbonate plastic and aluminium found in CDs.

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format which typically provides 74 minutes of audio on a disc. In later years, the compact disc was adapted for non-audio

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780 nm wavelength, 800 nm wavelength, 870 nm wavelength (infrared and red edge) semiconductor laser in recordable formats

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CD-R, and so many earlier CD audio players cannot read CD-RW discs, although most later CD audio players and stand-alone

2838:). The Recordable Audio CD is typically somewhat more expensive than CD-R due to lower production volume and a 3 percent 356: 5002: 1473:, the CD began to gain popularity in the larger popular and rock music markets. With the rise in CD sales, pre-recorded 6422: 4885: 4701: 3709: 3004: 2974: 1524:(PWM), advertising it as MASH, which is an acronym derived from their patented Multi-stAge noiSe-sHaping PWM topology. 5708: 5471: 5365: 5109: 5091: 4017: 3501: 1269:

In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. Led by engineers

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Standard CDs have a diameter of 120 mm (4.7 in), and are designed to hold up to 74 minutes of uncompressed

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Comparison of several forms of disk storage showing tracks (not to scale); green denotes start and red denotes end.

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players, personal computers, and some video game consoles. The VCD standard was created in 1993 by Sony, Philips,

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When playing an audio CD, a motor within the CD player spins the disc to a scanning velocity of 1.2–1.4 m/s (

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were convinced of the format's commercial potential and pushed further development despite widespread skepticism.

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marketed MP3s for $ 0.99, and albums for $ 9.99. The incremental cost, though, to produce an MP3 is negligible.

1844:, encoded in a spiral track molded into the top of the polycarbonate layer. The areas between pits are known as 9602: 9432: 8609: 8597: 8488: 7743: 6541: 6045: 4975: 4639: 2252: 1723: 1134: 782: 517: 5734: 4489: 9612: 8150: 7775: 7653: 7423: 6724: 6447: 2875: 2827: 2248: 2118: 1719: 1218: 6777: 6765: 6742: 6712: 6706: 6700: 4460:"Music Sales Decline for Seventh Time in Eight Years: Digital Downloads Can't Offset 20% Plunge in CD Sales" 3872: 1208:, in 1970, became general manager of Sony's audio department in 1971. In 1973, his team developed a digital 9632: 9187: 9182: 8776: 8345: 8170: 8087: 8011: 7849: 7598: 7358: 7148: 6690: 6674: 3243: 2126: 1959: 1954: 1390: 1309: 361: 5811: 5106:"ISO/IEC 10149 Information technology -- Data interchange on read-only 120 mm optical data disks (CD-ROM)" 4949: 2505:

medium using the same physical format as audio compact discs, readable by a computer with a CD-ROM drive.

1204:, who developed an early digital audio recorder within Japan's national public broadcasting organization, 9488: 9176: 9142: 9070: 8365: 7780: 7403: 7130: 6577: 6407: 6230: 3170:, "Analog to digital to optical photographic recording and playback system", published 1970-03-17 1570:

CD sales in the United States peaked by 2000. By the early 2000s, the CD player had largely replaced the

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computer monitor); these graphics are almost exclusively used to display lyrics on a television set for

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CDs continued to be strong in some markets such as Japan where 132 million units were produced in 2019.

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specification was added to create CD-i-compatible discs that can be accessed by regular CD-ROM drives.

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is applied to the surface, making it reflective. The metal is protected by a film of lacquer normally

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has various diameters ranging from 60 to 80 millimetres (2.4 to 3.1 in); they have been used for

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The readable surface of a compact disc includes a spiral track wound tightly enough to cause light to

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as an international standard in 1987, with various amendments becoming part of the standard in 1996.

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in October 1982, the CD was the second optical disc technology to be invented, after the much larger

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audio specification, except for a simple "anti-copy" statement in the subcode, does not include any

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For the first few years of its existence, the CD was a medium used purely for audio. In 1988, the

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Sony History, Chapter 8, This is the replacement of Gramophone record ! (第8章レコードに代わるものはこれだ)

5210: 3190: 2699: 2680: 2404: 2241: 1708: 960:(LD). By 2007, 200 billion CDs (including audio CDs, CD-ROMs and CD-Rs) had been sold worldwide. 701: 570: 537: 8541: 2440:. Introduced in 1999, it was developed by Sony and Philips, the same companies that created the 2359:

CD; thus, the mono source material is usually presented as two identical channels in a standard

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developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s. Although originally dismissed by

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Electronics Technology (ISSE), 2010 33rd International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology

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of the laser's reflection from the surface. By measuring the reflected intensity change with a

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and data in a second session. It was developed by Philips and Sony, and it is defined in the

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compact disc was produced on 17 August 1982, a 1979 recording of Chopin waltzes performed by

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Appetite for Self-Destruction: The Rise and Fall of the Record Industry in the Digital Age

3187:"Inventor and physicist James Russell '53 will receive Vollum Award at Reed's convocation" 2721:. The vinyl layer on the disc's label side can hold approximately three minutes of music. 8: 9652: 9508: 9427: 9367: 9287: 9147: 9000: 8721: 7927: 7609: 7286: 6666: 6123: 4670: 2544: 1995: 1910: 1784:

A laser beam is reflected off the CD to a sensor, which converts it into electronic data.

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Standard ECMA-130: Data Interchange on Read-only 120 mm Optical Data Disks (CD-ROM)

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the artist 16 percent, the manufacturer 13 percent, and the distributor 9 percent. When

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of track 1. This format was supposed to be more compatible with older audio CD players.

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specification was later created to improve compatibility with audio CD players, and the

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standard was established by Sony and Philips, which defined a non-volatile optical data

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directly on the reflective layer. The label is printed on the lacquer layer, usually by

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technology. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the task force produced the

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Kaptainis, Arthur (5 March 1983). "Sampling the latest sound: should last a lifetime".

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Philips CD100 from 1983, the first commercially released CD player in the US and Europe

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Kozinn, Allan (December 1988). "Have Compact Disks Become Too Much of a Good Thing?".

9528: 9402: 9377: 9105: 9060: 9010: 8929: 8818: 8736: 8165: 8049: 8026: 7887: 7446: 7280: 7238: 6759: 6395: 6245: 6093: 5861: 5846: 5817: 5800: 5424: 5391: 5226: 5161: 5126: 5028: 5008: 4313: 4179: 3969: 3785: 3746: 3532: 3393: 3339: 3110: 3031: 2782: 2753: 2718: 2364: 1915: 1804: 1598: 1316:

method, CIRC, which offers resilience to defects such as scratches and fingerprints.

1113: 1078: 1031: 814: 744: 680: 5954: 5644: 5190: 4886:

https://www.riaa.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/2023-Year-End-Revenue-Statistics.pdf

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management as a trivial pursuit, the CD became the primary focus for Philips as the

9538: 9503: 9483: 9452: 8936: 8556: 8340: 8279: 8238: 8145: 8122: 8092: 7937: 7897: 7767: 7759: 7304: 7262: 7028: 6639: 6562: 5836: 5218: 4118: 4058: 3777: 3524: 3381: 2749: 2602: 1973: 1313: 1301: 1246: 1201: 1175: 1027: 549: 545: 69: 5949: 4796:"Let's Get Physical! Vinyl Sales up >51%, CD Sales up for First Time in 17-yrs" 3815: 3272: 2633:

players (1993). CD-i discs can contain audio tracks that can be played on regular

1289:

CD-DA standard. First published in 1980, the standard was formally adopted by the

1077:) for general purpose data storage and initially could hold much more data than a 9566: 9447: 9437: 9248: 9208: 9075: 9065: 9005: 8506: 8314: 8289: 8274: 8175: 8160: 8135: 7864: 7859: 7244: 6602: 5840: 5197: 4408: 3590: 2915: 2773: 2101:* Some CD-R(W) and DVD-R(W)/DVD+R(W) recorders operate in ZCLV, CAA or CAV modes. 1889: 1816: 1812: 1778: 1647: 1577:

Two new formats were marketed in the 2000s designed as successors to the CD: the

1462: 1454:

in 1983 and 1984, respectively. On 26 February 1987, the first four UK albums by

1339: 1081: 5307:"Perfecting the Compact Disc System - The six Philips/Sony meetings - 1979-1980" 3622: 2735: 2685:

Enhanced Music CD, also known as CD Extra or CD Plus, is a format that combines

2080: 9543: 9533: 9493: 9442: 9360: 9313: 9297: 8656: 8350: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8259: 8077: 8072: 7808: 7556: 7388: 7352: 6898: 6872: 6795: 6503: 6432: 6380: 6320: 6135: 4765: 4640:"Best Buy, Winding Down CD Sales, Pounds Another Nail Into The Format's Coffin" 3385: 2556: 2420: 2386:

of the CD, where there are roughly five kilobytes of space available or in the

2131: 2113:

The official Philips history says the capacity was specified by Sony executive

2076: 2003: 1632: 1578: 1571: 1536: 1117: 1097: 1063: 434: 418: 414: 366: 260: 88: 5902: 5280: 4924:"En France comme aux États-Unis, les vinyles en position de force face aux CD" 3989: 3781: 3528: 3468: 3220: 2452:, but neither has replaced audio CDs. The SACD standard is referred to as the 1446:, whose first fourteen studio albums of (then) sixteen were made available by 9581: 9498: 9478: 9419: 9345: 9055: 8951: 8909: 8823: 8751: 8573: 8474: 8437: 8406: 8107: 8041: 7985: 7955: 7892: 7869: 7803: 7680: 7495: 7487: 7470: 7455: 7334: 7121: 7048: 6846: 6807: 6654: 6163: 6103: 5230: 4096: 3789: 3536: 3114: 2433: 2429: 2340: 1906: 1878:

The program area is 86.05 cm and the length of the recordable spiral is

1870: 1792: 1635:

were still including CD players as standard equipment with certain vehicles.

1613: 1474: 1402: 1274: 1184: 1035: 1023: 1019: 1012: 937: 919: 796: 736: 183: 6183: 4968: 3676: 1535:

presented the first experiments with erasable compact discs during the 73rd

30:

For the 'audio CD' specifically or the chemical element with symbol Cd, see

9518: 9387: 9382: 9323: 8798: 8726: 8520: 8180: 8140: 8082: 7975: 7945: 7824: 7382: 6789: 6622: 6055: 5704: 5463: 5105: 5087: 4607:"Best Buy will stop selling CDs as digital music revenue continues to grow" 4025: 3076: 2992: 2694: 2629:

specifies a standard for interactive multimedia compact discs designed for

2618: 2426: 2296: 1931: 1671: 1601: 1558:

use the same physical geometry as CD, and most DVD and Blu-ray players are

1532: 1528: 1433: 1282: 1039: 925: 922: 722: 336: 313: 81: 5764: 5222: 2095: 2010:, which can measure the rates of different types of data errors, known as 1066:

music formats in the mid-2000s ended the decade-long dominance of the CD.

1018:

The CD gained rapid popularity in the 1990s, quickly outselling all other

9548: 9409: 9392: 9372: 9027: 8894: 8838: 8803: 8793: 8761: 8756: 8746: 8602: 8525: 8421: 8416: 8375: 8360: 8284: 8269: 8228: 8185: 8001: 7429: 7298: 7062: 6680: 5886: 5154:"Optical measurements upon compact discs in education in optoelectronics" 3582: 3189:(Press release). Reed College public affairs office. 2000. Archived from 2800: 2646: 2122: 1950: 1808: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1364: 1217:

digital audio (44,100 Hz sampling rate and 16-bit resolution) using

1209: 1043: 5498:"Pennies That Add Up to $ 16.98: Why CD's Cost So Much – New York Times" 1485: 1003: bytes) by arranging data more closely on the same-sized disc. The 50: 9397: 9229: 9085: 8914: 8889: 8671: 8561: 8411: 8401: 8218: 8006: 7970: 7839: 7834: 7623: 7617: 7250: 6878: 6830: 6684: 6628: 6452: 6250: 6220: 5889:

Co., Ltd. in 1988 as part of the joint Philips-Sony development effort.

4090: 4049:"How Billy Joel's '52nd Street' Became the First Compact Disc released" 3702: 3367: 3365: 2998: 2947: 2922:, or copied, to hard drives or easily converted to other formats (like 2757: 2664: 2658: 2642: 2606: 2445: 2114: 1919: 1902: 1834: 1726: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1466: 1413: 1412:

in Japan on 1 October 1982, the first of which was a re-release of the

1242: 1105: 979: bytes) of data. Capacity is routinely extended to 80 minutes and 819: 611: 541: 6551: 4693: 4517:"News and Notes on 2015 Mid-Year RIAA Shipment and Revenue Statistics" 4370: 4341: 4339: 1976:, but they later became a standard for almost all CD formats (such as 59: 9513: 9355: 9335: 9318: 9032: 8924: 8899: 8884: 8676: 8590: 8585: 8031: 7950: 7716: 7562: 7274: 7196: 6860: 6854: 6835: 6801: 6493: 6462: 6427: 6315: 6310: 6293: 6255: 4611: 4434:"Blu-ray is to DVD as SACD was to CD: Better, but not enough better?" 4131:

The New Schwann Record & Tape Guide Volume 37 No. 2 February 1985

3935:"Weltpräsentation des "Compact Disc Digital Audio System" (Audio-CD)" 3731: 3330: 3328: 2804: 2712: 2634: 2598: 2524: 2520: 2449: 2107: 2057: 1937: 1927: 1894: 1860:) is 1.6 μm (measured center-to-center, not between the edges). 1849: 1624: 1582: 1517: 1238: 1179: 1166: 1142: 1059: 1047: 1008: 957: 844: 665: 607: 513: 509: 489: 481: 446: 233: 134: 130: 126: 8636: 4598: 4451: 4134: 3438:

Billboard (March 1992). "CD Unit Sales Pass Cassettes, Majors Say".

3362: 2226: 1697: 1330:

Early milestones in the launch and adoption of the format included:

1265:

was part of the team that produced the standard compact disc in 1980

8731: 8701: 8223: 8200: 8190: 8130: 7917: 7728: 7698: 7629: 7586: 7580: 7568: 7538: 7316: 6498: 6457: 6417: 6390: 6385: 6235: 6215: 6198: 6140: 6108: 5730: 4729: 4727: 4336: 4223: 4125: 4111: 4010: 3957: 3857: 3768:

Peek, Hans B. (January 2010). "The Emergence of the Compact Disc".

3515:

Peek, Hans B. (January 2010). "The Emergence of the Compact Disc".

2986: 2943: 2820: 2803:

changes the color of the dye to allow the read laser of a standard

2583: 2514: 2352: 2337: 2304: 2177: 2049: 2016: 1990: 1800: 1620: 1609: 1385: 1257: 1234: 1101: 1093: 972: 804: 751: 646: 603: 485: 477: 430: 426: 422: 138: 4093:, Philips Media Release, 16 August 2007. Retrieved 6 October 2013. 3963: 3887: 3842: 3325: 3001: – Classification system for commercial compact disc releases 1852:

deep by 500 nm wide, and varies from 850 nm to 3.5

1508:

A breakthrough in the late 1980s culminated in development of the

9090: 9022: 8941: 8904: 8879: 8869: 8859: 8828: 8741: 8651: 8641: 8614: 8319: 8064: 7686: 7417: 7370: 6478: 6442: 6193: 6098: 6067: 5933: 5923: 4942: 4311: 4229:

MAC Audio News. No. 178, November 1989. pp 19–21 Glenn Baddeley.

3804: 2919: 2571: 2398: 2390:

channels R to W on the disc, which can store about 31 megabytes.

2387: 2374: 2332:

after the color of its cover. The format is a two-channel 16-bit

2147: 2143: 1654:

In the US, 33.4 million CD albums were sold in the year 2022. In

1555: 1490: 1470: 1213: 1159: 1004: 929: 651: 532: 525: 521: 501: 497: 458: 442: 197: 150: 35: 8874: 4724: 2890:

used to compensate the music industry for the making of a copy.

2842:

used to compensate the music industry for the making of a copy.

1822: 1623:

auxiliary inputs, wired connections to USB devices and wireless

1356:, who had been enlisted as an ambassador for the format in 1979. 1308:, based on video LaserDisc technology. Philips also contributed 9153: 9137: 8977: 8766: 8716: 8711: 8696: 6488: 6030: 5960: 5152:

Pencheva, Tamara; Gyoch, Berkant; Mashkov, Petko (1 May 2010).

5088:"IEC 60908 Audio recording - Compact disc digital audio system" 4857:"Vinyl and cassette UK sales continue to surge to 30 year high" 4547:"Music Streaming Service Aims at Japan, Where CD Is Still King" 4490:"Buying CDs continues to be a tradition in Japan – Tokyo Times" 4409:"Journal of the AES » 2007 September - Volume 55 Number 9" 3761: 2931: 2690: 2638: 2498: 2489: 2368: 2139: 1977: 1768:

A polycarbonate disc layer has the data encoded by using bumps.

1655: 1540: 1502: 1074: 1055: 964: 949: 674: 670: 631: 598: 556: 493: 473: 454: 402: 321: 2823:, for which there are several, mostly environmental, reasons. 9271: 8919: 8833: 8706: 8691: 8646: 8385: 8355: 7574: 7435: 7346: 6087: 6050: 6040: 2859: 2854: 2686: 2589: 2329: 1628: 1278: 1170: 1121: 1089: 1046:. The CD is considered the last dominant audio format of the 953: 657: 624: 505: 469: 438: 410: 250: 170: 9225:

Sony Toshiba IBM Center of Competence for the Cell Processor

3916:, and the first CD actually pressed at a factory was ABBA's 3213:"Inventor of the Week – James T. Russell – The Compact Disc" 2310: 1853: 1760: 9159: 8956: 8946: 8854: 8813: 8497: 8155: 7704: 7550: 6910: 6890: 6402: 6118: 6020: 5943: 5758: 4522:. Recording Industry Association of America. Archived from 4021: 2923: 2796: 2790: 2630: 2469: 2407:(CD+EG, also known as CD+XG) is an improved variant of the 2084: 2053: 1677: 1544: 1155: 1109: 1085: 933: 450: 406: 201: 166: 5833:, IEEE Communications Magazine, Jan. 2010, pp. 10–17. 2292: 9240: 8686: 7922: 6483: 5908: 5678: 5563:"Cost Per Gigabyte of Popular Data Storage - Infographic" 5127:"Compact disc (CD) | Definition & Facts | Britannica" 4084:"Philips celebrates 25th anniversary of the Compact Disc" 3922:, but that disc wasn't released commercially until later. 3216: 2927: 2864: 2778: 2539: 2528: 2333: 2135: 1605: 1551: 1375: 1290: 1205: 1051: 464: 255: 142: 110: 106: 102: 3964:

Bilyeu, Melinda; Hector Cook; Andrew Môn Hughes (2004).

2538:

Overall picture quality is intended to be comparable to

1791:

A CD is made from 1.2-millimetre (0.047 in) thick,

8466: 8264: 4766:"Physical Formats Still Dominate Japanese Music Market" 4671:"End of a Era: Best Buy Significantly Cuts Back on CDs" 3941:(in German). Salzburg: Archiv der Erzdiözese Salzburg. 2977: – Proprietary backward-compatible CD audio format 2717:

VinylDisc is the hybrid of a standard audio CD and the

2300: 2150:") can hold up to 24 minutes of music or 210 MiB. 2146:

Disc. The 80-millimetre (3.1 in) diameter discs ("

2024:

and extended (finer-grain) error measurements known as

1897:

wide, between 830 nm and 3,000 nm long and 150 nm deep.

5386: 5180:

An Introduction to Digital Audio, John Watkinson, 1994

2425:

Super Audio CD (SACD) is a high-resolution, read-only

1192: 5885:

The world's first CD-R was made by the Japanese firm

3473:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 10 June 2015. 1840:

CD data is represented as tiny indentations known as

1527:

The CD was primarily planned as the successor to the

1425:

The first CD played on BBC Radio was in October 1982.

6592: 5419: 5151: 4283:"PDM, PWM, Delta-Sigma, 1-Bit DACs by John Atkinson" 3810: 3334: 3267: 2739:

Individual pits are visible on the micrometer scale.

2693:

on the same disc by putting audio tracks in a first

1432:

The first artist to sell a million copies on CD was

1252: 1038:. By 2000, the CD accounted for 92.3% of the entire 5267:"Philips DVD-R 8x (InfodiscR20) - Philips - Gleitz" 3498:"Why CDs may actually sound better than vinyl]" 1962:used in mastering the disc, and then reversing the 9209:Sony Institute of Higher Education Shohoku College 3621: 3589: 2960:Comparison of popular optical data-storage systems 1856:in length. The distance between the windings (the 1149:. More than thirty years later, American inventor 618:High-Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc (HD VMD) 19:"CD" and "CDs" redirect here. For other uses, see 5358:"Sony chairman credited with developing CDs dies" 3991:1985 News Story on Debut of the Compact Disc (CD) 3710:"Sony chairman credited with developing CDs dies" 3372:Straw, Will (2009). "The Music CD and Its Ends". 2724: 2110:. Philips/Sony patented the physical dimensions. 1922:, a modulated signal is read back from the disc. 1651:downloading for the first time in over a decade. 9579: 4249: 2995: – Music not detectable by casual listeners 2663:Philips defined a format similar to CD-i called 2609:, which is a consumer product in CD-ROM format. 1348:, recorded December 1–3, 1980 and played by the 5759:Campaign For Digital Rights (5 December 2001). 2371:, can have audio file formats with mono sound. 5189:Council on Library and Information Resources: 5004:The Compact Disc: A Handbook of Theory and Use 4018:"Sony History: A Great Invention 100 Years On" 3848: 3614: 3557: 2637:, but CD-i discs are not compatible with most 1325: 145:edge) semiconductor laser (early players used 9256: 9046: 8482: 7744: 6578: 5976: 5676: 4314:"Experiments Toward an Erasable Compact Disc" 3236:"Scientist's invention was let go for a song" 2667:, which puts CD-i software and data into the 1359:The world presentation took place during the 891: 173:, pressed mold (stamper) in read only formats 5495: 5380: 5350: 4668: 4201:"When Did the CD Replace the Cassette Tape?" 3233: 2090: 1774:A layer of lacquer protects the shiny layer. 1543:(read-only memory) and, in 1990, recordable 1304:, and contributed the general manufacturing 8371:Professional Lighting and Sound Association 5672: 5670: 5491: 5489: 4898:"Physical album shipments in the U.S. 2022" 4699: 4514: 4379:"For Car Cassette Decks, Play Time Is Over" 4140: 3470:Introducing the amazing Compact Disc (1982) 2299:from 1982, the first commercially released 2255:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1874:Comparison of various optical storage media 1363:on 15 April 1981, at a press conference of 9263: 9249: 8489: 8475: 7961:Comparison of analog and digital recording 7751: 7737: 6585: 6571: 5983: 5969: 5813:Origins and Successors of the Compact Disc 5429:IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter 5425:"Shannon, Beethoven, and the Compact Disc" 4312:K. Schouhamer Immink and J. Braat (1984). 3646: 3344:IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter 3340:"Shannon, Beethoven, and the Compact Disc" 2674: 2121:on one disc. This is a myth according to 1497:Early CD players employed binary-weighted 1493:D-E307CK portable CD player with 1-bit DAC 1261:Dutch inventor and Philips chief engineer 898: 884: 58: 9643:Science and technology in the Netherlands 9638:Information technology in the Netherlands 5611: 5585: 5053: 4102: 3437: 3263: 3261: 2763: 2347:was to be an allowable option within the 2275:Learn how and when to remove this message 1742:Learn how and when to remove this message 1233:Convention, held on 13–16 March 1979, in 6831:Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon 5667: 5593:"CD-R Unreadable in Less Than Two Years" 5486: 5098: 5000: 4637: 4376: 4280: 3912:The first test CD was Richard Strauss's 3820:Journal of the Audio Engineering Society 3495: 3277:Journal of the Audio Engineering Society 2906:Sony BMG copy protection rootkit scandal 2882:(DRM), to conform to the United States' 2772: 2734: 2351:format, but has never been implemented. 2309: 2291: 2094: 1936: 1888: 1869: 1821: 1759: 1714:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1484: 1300:in line with another audio product, the 1256: 109:(also up to 90 minutes audio), 870 16:Digital optical disc data storage format 9524:Multiple-prism grating laser oscillator 5816:. Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 5752: 5723: 5413: 4824: 4736:"Do You Want a CD Player in a New Car?" 4544: 4348:"The Rise and Fall of the Compact Disc" 3966:The Bee Gees:tales of the brothers Gibb 3623:"A Long Play Digital Audio Disc System" 3591:"A Long Play Digital Audio Disc System" 3100: 2006:of compact discs can be measured using 1901:A CD is read by focusing a 780 nm 1661: 1458:were released in mono on compact disc. 952:and its derivatives. First released in 870:High-definition optical disc format war 9580: 5799:. Middleton, Wisconsin: A-R Editions. 5685:from the original on 20 September 2007 5655:from the original on 15 September 2016 5528: 5259: 5255:from the original on 12 December 2013. 5237:from the original on 12 December 2013. 5080: 4921: 4250:van Willenswaard, Peter (1 May 1989). 4176:Digital Audio's Guide to Compact Discs 4173: 3452: 3258: 3027:Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics 3023: 2983: – Type of compact disc corrosion 2117:to be able to contain the entirety of 1539:. In June 1985, the computer-readable 1480: 1245:, later CEO and chairman of Sony, and 709:Stacked Volumetric Optical Disk (SVOD) 592:China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD) 213:Thickness: 1.2 mm (0.047 in) 9244: 8470: 8432:New Interfaces for Musical Expression 7732: 6566: 5964: 5737:from the original on 18 November 2013 5273: 5208: 5121: 5119: 4982:from the original on 26 November 2009 4827:"CD Sales Are Rising Again, but Why?" 4806:from the original on 14 November 2022 4733: 4496:from the original on 20 December 2016 4457: 4389:from the original on 10 November 2012 4377:Williams, Stephen (4 February 2011). 4143:"NOW ON CD'S, FIRST 4 BEATLES ALBUMS" 4046: 3994:. acmestreamingDOTcom. 20 July 2010. 3893: 3477:from the original on 23 November 2015 3419:from the original on 16 December 2015 3406: 3371: 3103:"How the compact disc lost its shine" 1964:cross-interleaved Reed–Solomon coding 1848:. Each pit is approximately 100 1223:cross-interleaved Reed-Solomon coding 9598:Rotating disc computer storage media 7758: 6537: 5950:Popularized History on Soundfountain 5911:Exhaustive basics on CD-Recordable's 5183: 5061:. Deluxe Global Media Services Ltd. 4956:from the original on 26 October 2014 4776:from the original on 28 October 2022 4712:from the original on 12 January 2022 4619:from the original on 6 February 2018 4587:from the original on 8 November 2020 4557:from the original on 20 October 2017 4470:from the original on 20 October 2017 4358:from the original on 13 October 2019 4293:from the original on 4 February 2021 4262:from the original on 4 February 2021 4211:from the original on 13 October 2019 3896:"Rock on! The compact disc turns 30" 3894:Kelly, Heather (29 September 2012). 3767: 3514: 3508: 3409:"Compact Discs: Sound of the Future" 3052:"The Compact Disc (CD) is Developed" 2900:Compact Disc and DVD copy protection 2436:digital audio reproduction than the 2432:format that was designed to provide 2355:audio has no existing standard on a 2253:adding citations to reliable sources 2220: 1949:directly represent the 0s and 1s of 1724:adding citations to reliable sources 1691: 1165:The compact disc is an evolution of 1135:Compact Disc Digital Audio § History 211:Diameter: 120 mm (4.7 in) 5955:A Media History of the Compact Disc 5510:from the original on 11 August 2013 5191:Conditions that Affect CDs and DVDs 4867:from the original on 27 August 2023 4837:from the original on 27 August 2023 4746:from the original on 27 August 2023 4700:Biersdorfer, J.D. (17 March 2017). 4604: 4345: 4252:"PDM, PWM, Delta-Sigma, 1-Bit DACs" 3945:from the original on 27 August 2023 3902:from the original on 28 August 2018 3496:Kornelis, Chris (27 January 2015). 2087:optical drives so far, as of 2020. 1687: 1212:that made audio recordings using a 1193:Digital audio laser-disc prototypes 105:(up to 80 minutes audio), 800 13: 5905:How Compact Discs are Manufactured 5775: 5711:from the original on 1 August 2013 5573:from the original on 17 April 2016 5116: 4825:Kariuki, Patrick (18 March 2022). 4650:from the original on 6 August 2018 4577:"Is this the end of owning music?" 4198: 4155:from the original on 10 March 2017 3830:from the original on 19 April 2023 3570:from the original on 19 March 2015 3309:. Philips Research. Archived from 3287:from the original on 19 April 2023 3005:List of optical disc manufacturers 2975:High Definition Compatible Digital 2946:to prevent the running of the DRM 2893: 2408: 2201:80×54 mm – 80×64 mm 1593:With the advent and popularity of 1550:Other newer video formats such as 1312:(EFM), while Sony contributed the 14: 9664: 9618:Audiovisual introductions in 1982 7981:Reel-to-reel audio tape recording 7693:Pioneer Artists Compact LaserDisc 7143:Mohawk Message repeater cartridge 5915:Philips history of the CD (cache) 5896: 5830:The emergence of the compact disc 5279: 5068:from the original on 9 March 2016 4922:Bazoge, Mickaël (27 March 2024). 4681:from the original on 14 July 2018 3998:from the original on 25 June 2022 3849:Knopper, Steve (7 January 2009). 3634:from the original on 25 July 2009 3602:from the original on 25 July 2009 3558:McClure, Steve (8 January 2000). 3234:Brier Dudley (29 November 2004). 3148:from the original on 4 April 2016 2989: – Double-sided optical disc 2588:Photo CD is a system designed by 2550: 2414: 2216: 1771:A shiny layer reflects the laser. 1638: 1253:Collaboration and standardization 9562: 9561: 8450: 6546: 6536: 6527: 6526: 5990: 5705:"Understanding CD-R & CD-RW" 5543:from the original on 12 May 2013 5112:from the original on 6 May 2016. 5094:from the original on 6 May 2016. 5035:from the original on 12 May 2016 4141:JON PARELES (25 February 1987). 4065:from the original on 6 July 2017 3745:. 17 August 2007. Archived from 3720:from the original on 21 May 2013 3660:. 17 August 2007. Archived from 2970:Extended Resolution Compact Disc 2848: 2768: 2225: 1796:a radius from 25 to 58 mm. 1696: 1133:This section is an excerpt from 928:format that was co-developed by 865:History of optical storage media 585:Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD) 320: 49: 9648:Science and technology in Japan 7966:Experimental musical instrument 7221:Nippon Electronic Vity cassette 6932:Cosmos Industries MX-303A/ANQ-1 6365:Optical disc authoring software 5879: 5731:"CD-Recordable FAQ – Section 3" 5697: 5677:Andy McFadden (8 August 2007). 5637: 5555: 5529:Harmon, Amy (12 October 2003). 5522: 5474:from the original on 6 May 2016 5464:"IEC 60908:1999 | IEC Webstore" 5456: 5447: 5364:. 24 April 2011. Archived from 5324: 5299: 5241: 5202: 5174: 5145: 5056:"Introduction to CD and CD-ROM" 5054:Sharpless, Graham (July 2003). 5047: 5021: 4994: 4978:. IEEE Global History Network. 4915: 4890: 4879: 4849: 4818: 4788: 4758: 4662: 4638:Owsinski, Bobby (7 July 2018). 4631: 4569: 4533: 4515:Friedlander, Joshua P. (2015). 4508: 4482: 4458:Smith, Ethan (2 January 2009). 4426: 4401: 4305: 4192: 4167: 4077: 4040: 3982: 3927: 3551: 3489: 3461: 3446: 3431: 3400: 3299: 3219:. December 1999. Archived from 3101:Lynskey, Dorian (28 May 2015). 2867:players can. CD-RWs follow the 2834:(DRM), to conform to the AHRA ( 2056:written to by a malfunctioning 1972:) were originally designed for 1707:needs additional citations for 9433:Amplified spontaneous emission 8610:Sony Music Entertainment Japan 8598:Sony Interactive Entertainment 5595:. cdfreaks.com. Archived from 5392:"How we made the compact disc" 5269:(in German). 18 November 2006. 4734:Ramey, Jay (9 February 2021). 4047:Giles, Jeff (1 October 2012). 3968:. Omnibus Press. p. 519. 3227: 3205: 3179: 3160: 3128: 3094: 3069: 3044: 3017: 2938:logo because they violate the 2725:Manufacture, cost, and pricing 1277:, the research pushed forward 1241:, Netherlands. Sony executive 1: 8151:Electronic musical instrument 5858:Compact Disc (Object Lessons) 5793:Pohlmann, Kenneth C. (1992). 4605:Ong, Thuy (6 February 2018). 4545:Sisario, Ben (11 June 2015). 3939:Salzburg. Geschichte. Kultur. 3077:"U.S. Music Revenue Database" 3010: 2876:Serial Copy Management System 2828:Serial Copy Management System 2652: 2079:) has only been available on 1516:(PDM), while Matsushita (now 1219:modified frequency modulation 1073:format was later adapted (as 571:Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD) 9179:(umbrella company in the US) 8547:Sony Semiconductor Solutions 8457:Record production portal 8346:Institute of Broadcast Sound 7017:Thermionic Products Recordon 5496:Neil Strauss (5 July 1995). 4669:Chris Morris (2 July 2018). 3770:IEEE Communications Magazine 3517:IEEE Communications Magazine 3024:Träger, Frank (5 May 2012). 2756:to CDs, but was broken when 2706: 1983: 1960:eight-to-fourteen modulation 1955:non-return-to-zero, inverted 1499:digital-to-analog converters 1310:eight-to-fourteen modulation 1169:technology, where a focused 1108:, Compact Disc-Interactive ( 995: bytes), or 99 minutes 578:Forward Versatile Disc (FVD) 113:(and up to 99 minutes audio) 7: 9489:Chirped pulse amplification 9177:Sony Corporation of America 9143:Sony Professional Solutions 9138:Sony Network Communications 8366:Musical Electronics Library 7404:Analog-to-digital converter 7311:Nippon Electronic Memo-call 4233:. Melbourne Audio Club Inc. 4178:. Bantam Books. p. 4. 3136:"Das Photo als Schalplatte" 2953: 2577: 2508: 2287: 1674:for Sony and Philips, 1998. 1595:Internet-based distribution 1326:Initial launch and adoption 730:Nintendo optical disc (NOD) 716:Fluorescent Multilayer Disc 695:Ultra Density Optical (UDO) 292:; 41 years ago 278:; 41 years ago 10: 9669: 9293:List of laser applications 9270: 9101:Sony Entertainment Network 8784:Sony Entertainment Network 8113:Sound reinforcement system 8022:Sound reinforcement system 7527:Compact Disc Digital Audio 6611:Music box cylinder or disc 6355:CD copy protection schemes 5957:(1-hour podcast interview) 5920:Patent History (CD Player) 5790:, 2nd edition (June 1996). 5531:"MUSIC; What Price Music?" 3739:"How the CD Was Developed" 3654:"How the CD Was Developed" 3407:Rasen, Edward (May 1985). 3386:10.2752/175470709787375751 2936:Compact Disc Digital Audio 2903: 2897: 2852: 2795:Recordable Compact Discs, 2788: 2731:Compact Disc manufacturing 2728: 2710: 2678: 2656: 2616: 2581: 2554: 2531:and is referred to as the 2512: 2487: 2463: 2418: 2320:Compact Disc Digital Audio 2317: 2119:Beethoven's Ninth Symphony 1833:of a compact disc under a 1753: 1588: 1132: 1127: 942:Compact Disc Digital Audio 564:Universal Media Disc (UMD) 301:(Europe and North America) 32:Compact Disc Digital Audio 29: 18: 9557: 9471: 9418: 9306: 9278: 9217: 9201: 9169: 9125: 8987: 8965: 8847: 8625: 8534: 8513: 8504: 8446: 8394: 8336:Audio Engineering Society 8328: 8252: 8234:Software effect processor 8214:Digital audio workstation 8199: 8121: 8063: 8055:Digital signal processing 8040: 7994: 7936: 7878: 7819:Digital audio workstation 7794: 7766: 7673: 7608: 7517: 7486: 7454: 7445: 7402: 7227:Grundig Cassette LFH 0084 7120: 7044: 7006: 6989: 6908: 6888: 6845: 6823: 6752: 6664: 6647: 6638: 6601: 6522: 6471: 6373: 6347: 6331: 6277:Hardware/software/content 6276: 6156: 5998: 5810:Peek, Hans et al. (2009) 5796:The Compact Disc Handbook 5196:15 September 2016 at the 5001:Pohlmann, Ken C. (1989). 4231:November 1989 News Update 3782:10.1109/MCOM.2010.5394021 3686:. Philips. Archived from 3628:Audio Engineering Society 3596:Audio Engineering Society 3529:10.1109/MCOM.2010.5394021 2880:digital rights management 2878:(SCMS), an early form of 2832:digital rights management 2641:drives and software. The 2483: 2091:Disc shapes and diameters 2073:"advanced error scanning" 2071:error scanning (known as 1893:The pits in a CD are 500 1408:The first 50 titles were 987: bytes), 90 minutes 831:Apple ISO 9660 Extensions 639:Personal Video Disc (PVD) 269: 239: 225: 217: 207: 189: 177: 157: 117: 101:Typically up to 700 97: 87: 77: 57: 48: 9033:Great American Pure Flix 8496: 8427:Professional audio store 8329:People and organizations 8315:Sound recording engineer 7477:Digital Compact Cassette 7365:Capitol Records Audiopak 7215:Dictaphone Travel master 7011:Telefunken magnetic disc 6980:Crouzet-Jaeger cartridge 5872: 5860:. New York: Bloomsbury. 5839:; Ogawa, Hiroshi (1992) 5287:. QPxTool. 1 August 2008 4950:"Technical Grammy Award" 3865:"The Inventor of the CD" 3816:"The Compact Disc Story" 3273:"The Compact Disc Story" 3056:historyofinformation.com 2884:Audio Home Recording Act 2836:Audio Home Recording Act 2565:SVCD has two-thirds the 1880:86.05 cm / 1.6 μm = 1865:constant linear velocity 1514:pulse-density modulation 1436:, with their 1985 album 1361:Salzburg Easter Festival 1296:Philips coined the term 1120:(SACD) which may have a 940:recordings. It uses the 9202:Nonprofit organizations 7845:Microphone preamplifier 7293:Assmann-Stuzzi Memocord 6974:Protona Minifon special 6595:audio recording formats 6360:CD player manufacturers 5842:Compact Disc Technology 4281:Atkinson, John (1989). 4107:. Toronto. p. E11. 3307:"The History of the CD" 2681:Blue Book (CD standard) 2675:Enhanced Music CD (CD+) 2612: 2409:Compact Disc + Graphics 2394:Compact Disc + Graphics 2377:is an extension of the 1941:Philips CDM210 CD Drive 1781:on the top of the disc. 1565: 967:digital audio or about 837:Universal Disk Format ( 702:3D optical data storage 681:Video Single Disc (VSD) 9283:List of laser articles 8973:Sony Creative Software 7786:Electronic and digital 7377:Bandai micro cartridge 7323:Muntz Stereo Mini-twin 5930:Patent History CD Disc 5856:Barry, Robert (2020). 5388:K.A. Schouhamer Immink 5285:qpxtool.sourceforge.io 5209:Bosch, Xavier (2001). 4702:"Hand Me the AUX Cord" 4174:Canale, Larry (1986). 3684:"Philips Compact Disc" 2965:Optical disc packaging 2817:surface error scanning 2786: 2764:Writable compact discs 2740: 2405:CD + Extended Graphics 2315: 2307: 2102: 2008:surface error scanning 1945:The pits and lands do 1942: 1898: 1875: 1837: 1788: 1522:pulse-width modulation 1494: 1338:was of a recording of 1320:The Compact Disc Story 1271:Kees Schouhamer Immink 1266: 1263:Kees Schouhamer Immink 1147:transparent photograph 791:(layer jump recording) 357:Recording technologies 347:Optical disc authoring 221:Audio and data storage 9603:Digital audio storage 9071:Anime Digital Network 7245:Cousino Echo-matic II 6725:Indestructible record 5932: – published by 5922: – published by 5845:, Tokyo, Ohmsha Ltd. 5311:DutchAudioClassics.nl 5223:10.1038/news010628-11 5007:. A-R Editions, Inc. 4529:on 30 September 2015. 4054:Ultimate Classic Rock 2981:Compact disc bronzing 2776: 2738: 2503:computer data storage 2313: 2295: 2210:"Business card" size 2162:CD-ROM data capacity 2098: 1940: 1892: 1873: 1825: 1764:Diagram of CD layers 1763: 1488: 1378:television programme 1260: 1227:error correction code 1088:), rewritable media ( 946:computer data storage 688:Magneto-optical discs 9613:Consumer electronics 9458:Population inversion 9188:List of acquisitions 9037:Great American Media 9035:(joint venture with 8581:Sony Financial Group 8244:Software synthesizer 8209:Digital audio editor 7995:Playback transducers 7855:Multitrack recording 7341:Sanyo Tape cartridge 7167:Rediffusion Reditune 7046:Loose (reel-to-reel) 6997:Magnetic stripe card 6926:US Army RD-11B/GNQ-1 6691:Perfected phonograph 6619:(early 17th century) 6374:Variants based on CD 6339:Orange-Book-Standard 5761:"Copy Protected CDs" 5567:Blank Media Printing 5421:K. Schouhamer Immink 5160:. pp. 531–535. 4006:– via YouTube. 3812:K. Schouhamer Immink 3485:– via YouTube. 3336:K. Schouhamer Immink 3269:K. Schouhamer Immink 2830:), an early form of 2363:stereo track (i.e., 2249:improve this section 1720:improve this article 1662:Awards and accolades 1372:public demonstration 1026:by 1991, ending the 25:CDS (disambiguation) 9633:Japanese inventions 9509:Laser beam profiler 9428:Active laser medium 9368:Free-electron laser 9288:List of laser types 9148:Sony Honda Mobility 9001:PlayStation Network 8989:Online distribution 8848:Historical products 8819:Video8/Hi8/Digital8 7155:Mohawk Midgetape RL 6968:Protona Minifon P55 6962:Protona Minifon P51 6737:Blue Amberol record 6719:Gold moulded record 6713:Le Céleste cylinder 6685:Dictaphone cylinder 6675:Phonograph cylinder 5946:website in Japanese 5767:on 5 December 2001. 5679:"CD-Recordable FAQ" 5599:on 14 February 2007 5249:"Fungus 'eats' CDs" 4976:"IEEE CD Milestone" 4802:. 26 January 2022. 4464:Wall Street Journal 3749:on 22 December 2007 3664:on 22 December 2007 2597:and conform to the 2065:optical disc drives 2050:deteriorating media 1996:Geotrichum candidum 1911:semiconductor laser 1756:Shaped compact disc 1560:backward compatible 1481:Further development 1354:Herbert von Karajan 1350:Berlin Philharmonic 433:), Super Video CD ( 386:Optical media types 45: 21:CD (disambiguation) 9183:Other subsidiaries 9018:Sony Pictures Core 8552:Sony Entertainment 8535:Primary businesses 8295:Re-recording mixer 8098:Keyboard amplifier 7814:Binaural recording 7610:Electronic circuit 7465:Digital Audio Tape 7179:RCA tape cartridge 7137:Cousino Echo-matic 7035:Audio High Density 6784:Edison Voicewriter 6299:Portable CD player 6179:CD copy protection 5782:Ecma International 5733:. 9 January 2010. 5625:on 4 February 2005 5536:The New York Times 5503:The New York Times 5396:Nature Electronics 5281:"QPxTool glossary" 5251:. BBC. June 2001. 5131:www.britannica.com 4861:Officialcharts.com 4706:The New York Times 4583:, 3 January 2019, 4551:The New York Times 4492:. 23 August 2013. 4148:The New York Times 4105:The Globe and Mail 4089:17 August 2015 at 3914:Eine Alpensinfonie 3875:on 29 January 2008 3560:"Heitaro Nakajima" 3455:The New York Times 3374:Design and Culture 2787: 2754:phonograph records 2746:8-track cartridges 2741: 2345:Four-channel sound 2316: 2308: 2103: 1943: 1899: 1876: 1838: 1789: 1495: 1394:(1981) was played. 1384:in 1981, when the 1345:An Alpine Symphony 1267: 936:to store and play 417:, Super Audio CD ( 374:Burst cutting area 352:Authoring software 342:Optical disc drive 147:helium–neon lasers 43: 9575: 9574: 9529:Optical amplifier 9378:Solid-state laser 9238: 9237: 9193:List of libraries 9121: 9120: 9061:PlayStation Video 9011:PlayStation Store 8464: 8463: 8270:Guitar technician 8166:Music workstation 8050:Digital recording 8027:Speaker enclosure 7946:8-track cartridge 7888:Phonograph record 7726: 7725: 7669: 7668: 7398: 7397: 7233:Orrtronic Tapette 7161:Dictaphone Dictet 6760:Phonograph record 6617:Mechanical cuckoo 6560: 6559: 6396:Video Single Disc 5909:CD-Recordable FAQ 5866:978-1-5013-4851-8 5837:Nakajima, Heitaro 5822:978-1-4020-9552-8 5167:978-1-4244-7849-1 5014:978-0-89579-228-0 4318:J. Audio Eng. Soc 4185:978-0-553-34356-4 3975:978-1-84449-057-8 3716:, 24 April 2011, 3246:on 10 August 2014 3240:The Seattle Times 3223:on 17 April 2003. 3193:on 9 October 2013 2783:mechanical pencil 2750:compact cassettes 2285: 2284: 2277: 2214: 2213: 1803:or, more rarely, 1752: 1751: 1744: 1352:and conducted by 1114:Enhanced Music CD 1079:personal computer 1050:, as the rise of 1032:phonograph record 908: 907: 745:Professional Disc 652:MD Data, MD Data2 546:Mini Blu-ray Disc 308: 307: 276:October 1982 9660: 9628:Dutch inventions 9565: 9564: 9539:Optical isolator 9504:Injection seeder 9484:Beam homogenizer 9463:Ultrashort pulse 9453:Lasing threshold 9265: 9258: 9251: 9242: 9241: 9126:Other businesses 9044: 9043: 8557:Sony Music Group 8542:Sony Corporation 8491: 8484: 8477: 8468: 8467: 8455: 8454: 8453: 8341:Goji Electronics 8280:Monitor engineer 8239:Software sampler 8146:Electronic drums 8123:Electronic music 8093:Guitar amplifier 7938:Analog recording 7898:Compact cassette 7860:Music production 7768:Music technology 7760:Music technology 7753: 7746: 7739: 7730: 7729: 7452: 7451: 7305:DC-International 7263:Compact cassette 7081:Fullcoat magfilm 7023:Record Maker Pye 6990:Magnetic surface 6920:Lorenz Textophon 6743:Paradis cylinder 6707:Stentor cylinder 6645: 6644: 6587: 6580: 6573: 6564: 6563: 6550: 6540: 6539: 6530: 6529: 6428:Hybrid DVD-Audio 6189:CD manufacturing 6129:business card CD 5985: 5978: 5971: 5962: 5961: 5890: 5883: 5769: 5768: 5763:. Archived from 5756: 5750: 5749: 5744: 5742: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5701: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5674: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5621:. 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Archived from 4014: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3909: 3907: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3871:. Archived from 3869:Philips Research 3861: 3855: 3854: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3690:on 19 March 2009 3680: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3625: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3593: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3504:on 9 April 2016. 3500:. Archived from 3493: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3369: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3332: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3265: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3242:. Archived from 3231: 3225: 3224: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3147: 3140: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3021: 2603:operating system 2444:. SACD was in a 2280: 2273: 2269: 2266: 2260: 2229: 2221: 2153: 2152: 2054:recordable media 1974:CD Digital Audio 1884: 1881: 1799:A thin layer of 1747: 1740: 1736: 1733: 1727: 1700: 1692: 1688:Physical details 1599:lossy-compressed 1562:with audio CDs. 1439:Brothers in Arms 1381:Tomorrow's World 1314:error-correction 1302:Compact Cassette 1247:Heitaro Nakajima 1202:Heitaro Nakajima 1176:Philips Research 1151:James T. Russell 1042:in regard to US 1028:market dominance 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 970: 900: 893: 886: 785:(packet writing) 550:Ultra HD Blu-ray 538:BD-R & BD-RE 324: 310: 309: 300: 298: 293: 286: 284: 279: 243: 229: 193: 161: 133:wavelength, 870 129:wavelength, 800 121: 70:visible spectrum 62: 53: 46: 42: 9668: 9667: 9663: 9662: 9661: 9659: 9658: 9657: 9578: 9577: 9576: 9571: 9553: 9467: 9448:Laser linewidth 9438:Continuous wave 9414: 9307:Types of lasers 9302: 9274: 9269: 9239: 9234: 9213: 9197: 9165: 9117: 9076:Anime on Demand 9066:PlayStation Vue 9042: 9006:PlayStation Now 8991: 8983: 8978:FeliCa Networks 8961: 8843: 8777:8 channel films 8628: 8621: 8530: 8509: 8500: 8495: 8465: 8460: 8451: 8449: 8442: 8390: 8324: 8290:Record producer 8275:Mixing engineer 8248: 8195: 8161:MIDI controller 8136:Circuit bending 8117: 8059: 8036: 8012:Monitor speaker 7990: 7932: 7880:Recording media 7874: 7865:Music sequencer 7850:Monitor speaker 7796:Sound recording 7790: 7762: 7757: 7727: 7722: 7665: 7654:USB flash drive 7648:Toymax VJ Starz 7604: 7513: 7482: 7441: 7394: 7257:Philips EL 3583 7203:Cousino MR-9000 7191:Protona Attaché 7185:Philips EL 3581 7116: 7040: 7002: 6985: 6904: 6889:Loose magnetic 6884: 6841: 6819: 6748: 6660: 6648:Grooved surface 6634: 6597: 6591: 6561: 6556: 6518: 6467: 6369: 6343: 6327: 6272: 6152: 5994: 5989: 5899: 5894: 5893: 5884: 5880: 5875: 5827:Peek, Hans B., 5778: 5776:Further reading 5773: 5772: 5757: 5753: 5740: 5738: 5729: 5728: 5724: 5714: 5712: 5703: 5702: 5698: 5688: 5686: 5675: 5668: 5658: 5656: 5643: 5642: 5638: 5628: 5626: 5617: 5616: 5612: 5602: 5600: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5576: 5574: 5561: 5560: 5556: 5546: 5544: 5527: 5523: 5513: 5511: 5494: 5487: 5477: 5475: 5468:webstore.iec.ch 5462: 5461: 5457: 5452: 5448: 5438: 5436: 5418: 5414: 5404: 5402: 5385: 5381: 5371: 5369: 5356: 5355: 5351: 5341: 5339: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5315: 5313: 5305: 5304: 5300: 5290: 5288: 5278: 5274: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5247: 5246: 5242: 5207: 5203: 5198:Wayback Machine 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4135: 4130: 4126: 4116: 4112: 4101: 4097: 4082: 4078: 4068: 4066: 4045: 4041: 4031: 4029: 4016: 4015: 4011: 4001: 3999: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3976: 3962: 3958: 3948: 3946: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3905: 3903: 3892: 3888: 3878: 3876: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3847: 3843: 3833: 3831: 3809: 3805: 3766: 3762: 3752: 3750: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3723: 3721: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3693: 3691: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3667: 3665: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3637: 3635: 3620: 3619: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3573: 3571: 3556: 3552: 3513: 3509: 3494: 3490: 3480: 3478: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3451: 3447: 3436: 3432: 3422: 3420: 3405: 3401: 3370: 3363: 3353: 3351: 3333: 3326: 3316: 3314: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3290: 3288: 3266: 3259: 3249: 3247: 3232: 3228: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3196: 3194: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3151: 3149: 3145: 3138: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3099: 3095: 3085: 3083: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3060: 3058: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3022: 3018: 3013: 2956: 2916:copy protection 2908: 2902: 2896: 2894:Copy protection 2857: 2851: 2793: 2781:CD-R next to a 2771: 2766: 2733: 2727: 2715: 2709: 2683: 2677: 2661: 2655: 2621: 2615: 2586: 2580: 2559: 2553: 2517: 2511: 2492: 2486: 2466: 2434:higher-fidelity 2423: 2417: 2322: 2290: 2281: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2246: 2230: 2219: 2193:185–210 MB 2159:Audio capacity 2100: 2093: 1986: 1882: 1879: 1817:offset printing 1813:screen printing 1787: 1758: 1748: 1737: 1731: 1728: 1713: 1701: 1690: 1685: 1684: 1664: 1641: 1591: 1568: 1483: 1463:classical music 1340:Richard Strauss 1328: 1255: 1195: 1138: 1130: 1082:hard disk drive 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 968: 904: 875: 874: 860: 852: 851: 766: 758: 757: 387: 379: 378: 362:Recording modes 332: 304: 296: 294: 291: 290:March 1983 282: 280: 277: 265: 241: 227: 212: 191: 159: 119: 73: 39: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9666: 9656: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9623:Joint ventures 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9573: 9572: 9570: 9569: 9558: 9555: 9554: 9552: 9551: 9546: 9544:Output coupler 9541: 9536: 9534:Optical cavity 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9494:Gain-switching 9491: 9486: 9481: 9475: 9473: 9469: 9468: 9466: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9443:Laser ablation 9440: 9435: 9430: 9424: 9422: 9416: 9415: 9413: 9412: 9407: 9406: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9364: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9341:Carbon dioxide 9333: 9332: 9331: 9329:Liquid-crystal 9326: 9316: 9314:Chemical laser 9310: 9308: 9304: 9303: 9301: 9300: 9298:Laser acronyms 9295: 9290: 9285: 9279: 9276: 9275: 9268: 9267: 9260: 9253: 9245: 9236: 9235: 9233: 9232: 9227: 9221: 9219: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9211: 9205: 9203: 9199: 9198: 9196: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9173: 9171: 9167: 9166: 9164: 9163: 9157: 9151: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9129: 9127: 9123: 9122: 9119: 9118: 9116: 9115: 9114: 9113: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9052: 9050: 9048:Former/Defunct 9041: 9040: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9014: 9013: 9008: 8997: 8995: 8985: 8984: 8982: 8981: 8975: 8969: 8967: 8963: 8962: 8960: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8933: 8932: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8851: 8849: 8845: 8844: 8842: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8780: 8779: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8707:HDCAM/HDCAM-SR 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8633: 8631: 8623: 8622: 8620: 8619: 8618: 8617: 8607: 8606: 8605: 8595: 8594: 8593: 8588: 8578: 8577: 8576: 8571: 8570: 8569: 8564: 8549: 8544: 8538: 8536: 8532: 8531: 8529: 8528: 8523: 8517: 8515: 8511: 8510: 8505: 8502: 8501: 8494: 8493: 8486: 8479: 8471: 8462: 8461: 8447: 8444: 8443: 8441: 8440: 8435: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8398: 8396: 8395:Related topics 8392: 8391: 8389: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8351:Lejaren Hiller 8348: 8343: 8338: 8332: 8330: 8326: 8325: 8323: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8310:Sound operator 8307: 8305:Sound follower 8302: 8300:Sound designer 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8260:Audio engineer 8256: 8254: 8250: 8249: 8247: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8205: 8203: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8127: 8125: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8078:Bass amplifier 8075: 8073:Mixing console 8069: 8067: 8061: 8060: 8058: 8057: 8052: 8046: 8044: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7998: 7996: 7992: 7991: 7989: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7942: 7940: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7884: 7882: 7876: 7875: 7873: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7816: 7811: 7809:Mixing console 7806: 7800: 7798: 7792: 7791: 7789: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7772: 7770: 7764: 7763: 7756: 7755: 7748: 7741: 7733: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7720: 7714: 7711:Timecode vinyl 7708: 7702: 7696: 7690: 7684: 7677: 7675: 7671: 7670: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7663: 7657: 7651: 7645: 7639: 7633: 7627: 7621: 7614: 7612: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7602: 7596: 7590: 7584: 7578: 7572: 7566: 7560: 7557:Super Audio CD 7554: 7548: 7542: 7536: 7533:Philips CD-BGM 7530: 7523: 7521: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7511: 7505: 7499: 7492: 7490: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7480: 7474: 7468: 7461: 7459: 7449: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7439: 7433: 7427: 7421: 7415: 7408: 7406: 7400: 7399: 7396: 7395: 7393: 7392: 7389:Pocket Rockers 7386: 7380: 7374: 7368: 7362: 7356: 7353:Steno-Cassette 7350: 7344: 7338: 7332: 7329:Grundig DeJ614 7326: 7320: 7314: 7308: 7302: 7296: 7290: 7284: 7278: 7272: 7266: 7260: 7254: 7248: 7242: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7218: 7212: 7206: 7200: 7194: 7188: 7182: 7176: 7170: 7164: 7158: 7152: 7146: 7140: 7134: 7127: 7125: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7114: 7108: 7102: 7096: 7090: 7087:Stripe magfilm 7084: 7078: 7072: 7066: 7060: 7053: 7051: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7038: 7032: 7026: 7020: 7014: 7007: 7004: 7003: 7001: 7000: 6993: 6991: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6983: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6959: 6956:Peirce 330/360 6953: 6947: 6941: 6935: 6929: 6923: 6916: 6914: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6902: 6899:Wire recording 6895: 6893: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6882: 6876: 6870: 6864: 6858: 6851: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6839: 6833: 6827: 6825: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6817: 6811: 6805: 6799: 6793: 6787: 6781: 6778:Pathé Actuelle 6775: 6769: 6763: 6756: 6754: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6746: 6740: 6734: 6731:Amberol record 6728: 6722: 6716: 6710: 6704: 6701:Salon cylinder 6698: 6688: 6678: 6671: 6669: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6658: 6651: 6649: 6642: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6632: 6626: 6620: 6614: 6607: 6605: 6599: 6598: 6590: 6589: 6582: 6575: 6567: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6554: 6544: 6534: 6523: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6475: 6473: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6439: 6438: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6414: 6413: 6405: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6388: 6383: 6381:5.1 Music Disc 6377: 6375: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6351: 6349: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6341: 6335: 6333: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6325: 6324: 6323: 6321:Mini CD single 6313: 6308: 6303: 6302: 6301: 6291: 6286: 6280: 6278: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6259: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6207: 6206: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6160: 6158: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6150: 6149: 6148: 6138: 6133: 6132: 6131: 6121: 6116: 6115: 6114: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6085: 6080: 6079: 6078: 6070: 6065: 6064: 6063: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6037: 6036: 6028: 6027: 6026: 6018: 6017: 6016: 6008: 6002: 6000: 5996: 5995: 5988: 5987: 5980: 5973: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5952: 5947: 5937: 5927: 5917: 5912: 5906: 5898: 5897:External links 5895: 5892: 5891: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5869: 5854: 5834: 5825: 5808: 5791: 5777: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5751: 5722: 5696: 5666: 5636: 5610: 5584: 5554: 5521: 5485: 5455: 5446: 5412: 5379: 5368:on 21 May 2013 5349: 5338:. 25 June 2015 5323: 5298: 5272: 5258: 5240: 5201: 5182: 5173: 5166: 5144: 5133:. 7 March 2024 5115: 5097: 5079: 5046: 5029:"Compact Disc" 5020: 5013: 4993: 4967: 4941: 4914: 4889: 4878: 4848: 4817: 4800:Strata-gee.com 4787: 4757: 4723: 4692: 4661: 4630: 4597: 4568: 4543:11 June 2015: 4541:New York Times 4532: 4507: 4481: 4450: 4425: 4400: 4383:New York Times 4369: 4335: 4304: 4273: 4235: 4222: 4191: 4184: 4166: 4133: 4124: 4110: 4095: 4076: 4039: 4009: 3981: 3974: 3956: 3926: 3886: 3856: 3841: 3826:(5): 458–460. 3803: 3760: 3730: 3701: 3675: 3645: 3630:. March 1979. 3613: 3598:. March 1979. 3581: 3566:. p. 68. 3550: 3507: 3488: 3460: 3445: 3430: 3399: 3361: 3324: 3313:on 23 May 2016 3298: 3283:(5): 458–460. 3257: 3226: 3204: 3178: 3159: 3127: 3093: 3068: 3043: 3036: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3008: 3007: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2955: 2952: 2898:Main article: 2895: 2892: 2853:Main article: 2850: 2847: 2789:Main article: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2729:Main article: 2726: 2723: 2711:Main article: 2708: 2705: 2679:Main article: 2676: 2673: 2657:Main article: 2654: 2651: 2617:Main article: 2614: 2611: 2582:Main article: 2579: 2576: 2557:Super Video CD 2555:Main article: 2552: 2551:Super Video CD 2549: 2513:Main article: 2510: 2507: 2488:Main article: 2485: 2482: 2465: 2462: 2421:Super Audio CD 2419:Main article: 2416: 2415:Super Audio CD 2413: 2336:encoding at a 2318:Main article: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2233: 2231: 2224: 2218: 2217:Logical format 2215: 2212: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2184: 2183: 2182:Standard size 2180: 2174: 2171: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2156:Physical size 2132:Super Audio CD 2092: 2089: 2077:Nero DiscSpeed 2004:data integrity 1985: 1982: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1779:screen printed 1775: 1772: 1769: 1765: 1750: 1749: 1718:. Please help 1704: 1702: 1695: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1675: 1663: 1660: 1640: 1639:Current status 1637: 1633:General Motors 1590: 1587: 1579:Super Audio CD 1572:audio cassette 1567: 1564: 1537:AES Convention 1482: 1479: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1406: 1395: 1368: 1357: 1327: 1324: 1254: 1251: 1194: 1191: 1139: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1118:Super Audio CD 1098:Super Video CD 1013:device drivers 1011:or delivering 906: 905: 903: 902: 895: 888: 880: 877: 876: 873: 872: 867: 861: 858: 857: 854: 853: 850: 849: 848: 847: 842: 835: 834: 833: 828: 823: 817: 812: 799: 794: 793: 792: 786: 767: 764: 763: 760: 759: 756: 755: 748: 741: 733: 726: 719: 712: 705: 698: 691: 684: 677: 661: 654: 642: 635: 628: 621: 614: 595: 588: 581: 574: 567: 560: 553: 548:, 4K Blu-ray ( 531:Blu-ray Disc ( 528: 461: 415:5.1 Music Disc 392:Compact disc ( 388: 385: 384: 381: 380: 377: 376: 371: 370: 369: 367:Packet writing 364: 354: 349: 344: 339: 333: 330: 329: 326: 325: 317: 316: 306: 305: 303: 302: 288: 273: 271: 267: 266: 264: 263: 261:Super Audio CD 258: 253: 247: 245: 237: 236: 231: 223: 222: 219: 215: 214: 209: 205: 204: 195: 187: 186: 181: 175: 174: 163: 155: 154: 123: 115: 114: 99: 95: 94: 91: 85: 84: 79: 75: 74: 63: 55: 54: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9665: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9608:Video storage 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9585: 9583: 9568: 9560: 9559: 9556: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9499:Gaussian beam 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9479:Beam expander 9477: 9476: 9474: 9470: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9425: 9423: 9421: 9420:Laser physics 9417: 9411: 9408: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9380: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9338: 9337: 9334: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9321: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9311: 9309: 9305: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9280: 9277: 9273: 9266: 9261: 9259: 9254: 9252: 9247: 9246: 9243: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9222: 9220: 9216: 9210: 9207: 9206: 9204: 9200: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9178: 9175: 9174: 9172: 9168: 9161: 9158: 9155: 9152: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9130: 9128: 9124: 9112: 9109: 9108: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9053: 9051: 9049: 9045: 9038: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9003: 9002: 8999: 8998: 8996: 8994: 8990: 8986: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8970: 8968: 8964: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8937:1 inch Type C 8935: 8931: 8928: 8927: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8846: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8778: 8775: 8774: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8682:Dream Machine 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8634: 8632: 8630: 8624: 8616: 8613: 8612: 8611: 8608: 8604: 8601: 8600: 8599: 8596: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8583: 8582: 8579: 8575: 8574:Sony Pictures 8572: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8562:Entertainment 8560: 8559: 8558: 8555: 8554: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8539: 8537: 8533: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8518: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8503: 8499: 8492: 8487: 8485: 8480: 8478: 8473: 8472: 8469: 8459: 8458: 8445: 8439: 8438:Vehicle audio 8436: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8407:High fidelity 8405: 8403: 8400: 8399: 8397: 8393: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8327: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8251: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8206: 8204: 8202: 8198: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8128: 8126: 8124: 8120: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8070: 8068: 8066: 8062: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8047: 8045: 8043: 8042:Digital audio 8039: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7999: 7997: 7993: 7987: 7986:Tape recorder 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7956:Cassette deck 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7943: 7941: 7939: 7935: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7893:Magnetic tape 7891: 7889: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7877: 7871: 7870:Outboard gear 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7804:Audio channel 7802: 7801: 7799: 7797: 7793: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7754: 7749: 7747: 7742: 7740: 7735: 7734: 7731: 7718: 7715: 7712: 7709: 7706: 7703: 7700: 7697: 7694: 7691: 7688: 7685: 7682: 7681:Mini-cassette 7679: 7678: 7676: 7672: 7661: 7658: 7655: 7652: 7649: 7646: 7643: 7642:Takara E-kara 7640: 7637: 7634: 7631: 7628: 7625: 7622: 7619: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7611: 7607: 7600: 7597: 7594: 7591: 7588: 7585: 7582: 7579: 7576: 7573: 7570: 7567: 7564: 7561: 7558: 7555: 7552: 7549: 7546: 7543: 7540: 7537: 7534: 7531: 7528: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7520: 7516: 7509: 7506: 7503: 7500: 7497: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7489: 7488:Sound-on-film 7485: 7478: 7475: 7472: 7469: 7466: 7463: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7456:Magnetic tape 7453: 7450: 7448: 7444: 7437: 7434: 7431: 7428: 7425: 7422: 7419: 7416: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7401: 7390: 7387: 7384: 7381: 7378: 7375: 7372: 7369: 7366: 7363: 7360: 7359:Stenorette DL 7357: 7354: 7351: 7348: 7345: 7342: 7339: 7336: 7335:Microcassette 7333: 7330: 7327: 7324: 7321: 7318: 7315: 7312: 7309: 7306: 7303: 7300: 7297: 7294: 7291: 7288: 7287:Micro pack 35 7285: 7282: 7279: 7276: 7273: 7270: 7267: 7264: 7261: 7258: 7255: 7252: 7249: 7246: 7243: 7240: 7237: 7234: 7231: 7228: 7225: 7222: 7219: 7216: 7213: 7210: 7209:IBM Magnabelt 7207: 7204: 7201: 7198: 7195: 7192: 7189: 7186: 7183: 7180: 7177: 7174: 7171: 7168: 7165: 7162: 7159: 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Free Press. 3852: 3845: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3764: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3734: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3705: 3689: 3685: 3679: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3617: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3585: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3476: 3472: 3471: 3464: 3456: 3449: 3441: 3434: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3403: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3368: 3366: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3329: 3312: 3308: 3302: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3264: 3262: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3192: 3188: 3182: 3169: 3163: 3144: 3141:(in German). 3137: 3131: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3097: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3057: 3053: 3047: 3039: 3037:9783642194092 3033: 3029: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2849:ReWritable CD 2846: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2792: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2769:Recordable CD 2761: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2737: 2732: 2722: 2720: 2714: 2704: 2702: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2660: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2627: 2620: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2585: 2575: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2548: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2516: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2461: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2428: 2422: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2365:mirrored mono 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2343:per channel. 2342: 2341:sampling rate 2339: 2338:44.1 kHz 2335: 2331: 2328: 2321: 2312: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2279: 2276: 2268: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2239: 2234:This section 2232: 2228: 2223: 2222: 2209: 2207:10–65 MB 2206: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2196:Mini-CD size 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2179: 2176:650–700 2175: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2109: 2097: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2018: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1997: 1993:. The fungus 1992: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1939: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1908: 1907:near infrared 1904: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1883:5.38 km. 1872: 1868: 1866: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1794: 1793:polycarbonate 1783: 1780: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1746: 1743: 1735: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1711: 1710: 1705:This section 1703: 1699: 1694: 1693: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1669: 1668: 1667: 1659: 1657: 1652: 1649: 1644: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1615: 1614:vinyl revival 1611: 1607: 1603: 1602:audio formats 1600: 1596: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1573: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1492: 1487: 1478: 1476: 1475:cassette tape 1472: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1440: 1435: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1404: 1403:Claudio Arrau 1400: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1387: 1383: 1382: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1337: 1336:test pressing 1333: 1332: 1331: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1275:Toshitada Doi 1272: 1264: 1259: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1136: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1071:Digital Audio 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1036:cassette tape 1033: 1029: 1025: 1024:United States 1021: 1020:audio formats 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 974: 966: 961: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 938:digital audio 935: 931: 927: 924: 921: 917: 913: 901: 896: 894: 889: 887: 882: 881: 879: 878: 871: 868: 866: 863: 862: 856: 855: 846: 843: 840: 836: 832: 829: 827: 824: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 807: 806: 803: 802: 801:File systems 800: 798: 797:Rainbow Books 795: 790: 787: 784: 783:Mount Rainier 781: 780: 779: 775: 772: 769: 768: 762: 761: 754: 753: 749: 747: 746: 742: 740: 738: 737:Archival Disc 734: 732: 731: 727: 725: 724: 720: 718: 717: 713: 711: 710: 706: 704: 703: 699: 697: 696: 692: 690: 689: 685: 683: 682: 678: 676: 672: 669: 667: 662: 660: 659: 655: 653: 650: 648: 643: 641: 640: 636: 634: 633: 629: 627: 626: 622: 620: 619: 615: 613: 609: 605: 602: 600: 596: 594: 593: 589: 587: 586: 582: 580: 579: 575: 573: 572: 568: 566: 565: 561: 559: 558: 554: 551: 547: 543: 539: 536: 534: 529: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 468: 466: 462: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 429:), Video CD ( 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 397: 395: 390: 389: 383: 382: 375: 372: 368: 365: 363: 360: 359: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 334: 328: 327: 323: 319: 318: 315: 314:Optical discs 312: 311: 289: 275: 274: 272: 268: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 248: 246: 238: 235: 232: 224: 220: 216: 210: 206: 203: 199: 196: 188: 185: 184:Rainbow Books 182: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 90: 86: 83: 80: 76: 71: 67: 61: 56: 52: 47: 41: 37: 33: 26: 22: 9593:120 mm discs 9588:Compact disc 9519:Mode locking 9472:Laser optics 9170:Other assets 9047: 8799:Tunnel diode 8727:Memory Stick 8722:LocationFree 8661: 8627:Technologies 8521:Masaru Ibuka 8448: 8181:Sound module 8141:Drum machine 8083:Effects unit 7976:Player piano 7903:Compact disc 7902: 7825:Effects unit 7620:(late 1970s) 7519:Optical disc 7383:Picocassette 7379:(late 1980s) 7173:Saba Sabafon 6944:RCA MI-12877 6938:RCA MI-12875 6824:Grooved tape 6790:SoundScriber 6786:(late 1940s) 6772:Diamond disc 6753:Grooved disc 6655:Phonautogram 6623:Punched card 6437:Scarlet Book 6184:CD emulation 6169:CD authoring 6005: 5992:Compact disc 5991: 5881: 5857: 5841: 5829: 5812: 5795: 5786: 5765:the original 5754: 5746: 5739:. 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Springer. 3026: 3019: 2993:Hidden track 2939: 2935: 2911: 2909: 2888:AHRA royalty 2873: 2868: 2858: 2844: 2840:AHRA royalty 2825: 2813: 2808: 2794: 2742: 2719:vinyl record 2716: 2698: 2687:audio tracks 2684: 2662: 2624: 2623:The Philips 2622: 2619:Philips CD-i 2594: 2587: 2574:per second. 2564: 2560: 2537: 2532: 2518: 2495: 2493: 2477: 2473: 2467: 2458: 2454:Scarlet Book 2453: 2441: 2437: 2424: 2403: 2392: 2384:lead-in area 2378: 2373: 2360: 2356: 2348: 2326: 2323: 2297:Sony CDP-101 2271: 2262: 2247:Please help 2235: 2112: 2104: 2072: 2068: 2062: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2015: 2011: 2001: 1994: 1987: 1967: 1946: 1944: 1932:linear motor 1924: 1916:cancellation 1900: 1877: 1862: 1857: 1845: 1841: 1839: 1830: 1826: 1798: 1790: 1738: 1729: 1709:verification 1706: 1672:Grammy Award 1665: 1653: 1645: 1642: 1618: 1597:of files in 1592: 1576: 1569: 1549: 1533:Joseph Braat 1529:vinyl record 1526: 1507: 1496: 1460: 1437: 1434:Dire Straits 1431: 1417: 1409: 1398: 1389: 1379: 1371: 1343: 1335: 1329: 1319: 1318: 1298:compact disc 1297: 1295: 1286: 1283:optical disc 1268: 1200: 1196: 1183: 1164: 1140: 1070: 1068: 1064:downloadable 1062:, and other 1040:market share 1017: 962: 948:purposes as 926:data storage 923:optical disc 915: 912:compact disc 911: 909: 750: 743: 735: 728: 723:Hyper CD-ROM 721: 714: 707: 700: 693: 686: 679: 663: 656: 644: 637: 630: 623: 616: 597: 590: 583: 576: 569: 562: 555: 530: 463: 425:, CD Video ( 393: 391: 337:Optical disc 137:wavelength ( 82:Optical disc 68:into a full 44:Compact disc 40: 9549:Q-switching 9410:X-ray laser 9403:Ti-sapphire 9373:Laser diode 9351:Helium–neon 9028:Crunchyroll 8966:Electronics 8804:TransferJet 8794:Sony Tablet 8757:PlayStation 8603:PlayStation 8526:Akio Morita 8422:Music store 8417:Home cinema 8376:Robert Moog 8361:Max Mathews 8285:Piano tuner 8253:Professions 8229:Scorewriter 8186:Synthesizer 8002:Loudspeaker 7430:PCM adaptor 7418:X80/ProDigi 7412:Soundstream 7299:Cantata 700 7269:Grundig En3 7063:Magnetophon 6950:Peirce 265B 6814:Bandai 8ban 6681:Graphophone 6433:Hybrid SACD 6412:Purple Book 6332:Court cases 6306:CD recorder 6204:CD bronzing 6035:Yellow Book 6025:Orange Book 5887:Taiyo Yuden 5741:25 November 5336:justice.gov 4930:(in French) 4871:14 November 4841:14 November 4810:14 November 4780:14 November 4500:30 December 4413:www.aes.org 4032:28 February 3694:14 February 3638:14 February 3606:14 February 2869:Orange Book 2809:Orange Book 2801:CD recorder 2691:data tracks 2647:CD-i Bridge 2496:Yellow Book 2303:player for 2170:120 mm 2165:Definition 2123:Kees Immink 1953:. 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